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Degotte G, Pendeville H, Di Chio C, Ettari R, Pirotte B, Frédérich M, Francotte P. Dimeric polyphenols to pave the way for new antimalarial drugs. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:715-733. [PMID: 37122550 PMCID: PMC10131582 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00392a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the threat of resistant Plasmodium sp., new orally active antimalarials are urgently needed. Inspired by the structure of ellagic acid, exhibiting potent in vivo and in vitro antiplasmodial effects, polyphenolic structures possessing a similar activity-safety profile were synthesized. Indeed, most exhibited a marked in vitro effect (IC50 < 4 μM) on resistant P. falciparum, without any detrimental effects reported during the toxicity assays (hemolysis, cytotoxicity, in vivo). In addition, they possessed a greater hydrosolubility (from 7 μM to 2.7 mM) compared to ellagic acid. Among them, 30 is the most promising for antimalarial purposes since it displayed a significant parasitaemia reduction after oral administration in mice (50 mg kg-1) compared to the orally ineffective ellagic acid. In conclusion, our investigations led to the identification of a promising scaffold, which could bring new insights for malaria treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Degotte
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CIRM, Department of Pharmacy, University of Liège Quartier Hôpital - B36 Tower 4, +5, Avenue Hippocrate 15 4000 Liège Belgium
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, CIRM, Department of Pharmacy, University of Liège Quartier Hôpital - B36 Tower 4, +5, Avenue Hippocrate 15 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Hélène Pendeville
- Platform Zebrafish facility & transgenics, GIGA, University of Liège Quartier Hôpital - B34, +2, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Carla Di Chio
- Dipartimento di Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche e ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina Viale Annunziata 98168 Messina Italy
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Dipartimento di Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche e ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina Viale Annunziata 98168 Messina Italy
| | - Bernard Pirotte
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CIRM, Department of Pharmacy, University of Liège Quartier Hôpital - B36 Tower 4, +5, Avenue Hippocrate 15 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Michel Frédérich
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, CIRM, Department of Pharmacy, University of Liège Quartier Hôpital - B36 Tower 4, +5, Avenue Hippocrate 15 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Pierre Francotte
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CIRM, Department of Pharmacy, University of Liège Quartier Hôpital - B36 Tower 4, +5, Avenue Hippocrate 15 4000 Liège Belgium
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Henao E, Murphy PJ, Falfushynska H, Horyn O, Evans DM, Klimaszyk P, Rzymski P. Polymethoxy-1-Alkenes Screening of Chlorella and Spirulina Food Supplements Coupled with In Vivo Toxicity Studies. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E111. [PMID: 32050689 PMCID: PMC7077266 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Selected species of cyanobacteria and green algae have been reported to produce lipophilic polymethoxy-1-alkenes (PMAs) which were shown to exhibit in vivo teratogenicity. Considering that information on PMAs in Arthospira sp. (known commercially as Spirulina) and Chlorella sp. cultivated for food supplement production was essentially lacking, the present study screened Chlorella (n = 10) and Spirulina (n = 13) food supplements registered in the European Union. Mass spectrometry analysis of column fractionated extracts was performed. None of the four variants previously reported in some cyanobacteria and green algae, nor any potentially related structures were detected in the studied samples. Since the isolated lipophilic fractions contained various compounds, they were further screened for in vivo teratogenicity in Danio rerio embryo, and for the potential to induce oxidative stress and genotoxicity in the liver and neurotoxicity in the brain of adult zebrafish. None of the tested food supplements had detectable levels of PMAs or any potentially related structures. No teratogenicity was revealed except for spinal curvature induced by fractions obtained from two Chlorella products. Selected fractions revealed cytotoxicity as indicated by an increased level of reactive oxygen species, catalase activity, lipid peroxidation and increased frequency of DNA strand breaks in hepatic tissue. The majority (60%) of Chlorella fractions induced an increase in cholinesterase activity in zebrafish brain homogenate while exposure to 61.5% of Spirulina fractions was associated with its decrease. The present study confirms that Chlorella and Spirulina food supplements are free of teratogenic PMAs, although the observed in vivo toxicities raise questions regarding the quality of selected products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Henao
- Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, 100-00 Cali, Colombia;
| | - Patrick J. Murphy
- School of Natural Sciences, Alun Roberts Building (Chemistry), Bangor University, LL57 2UW Bangor, Wales;
| | - Halina Falfushynska
- Department of Orthopedagogy and Physical Therapy, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine;
| | - Oksana Horyn
- Department of Orthopedagogy and Physical Therapy, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine;
| | - Daniel M. Evans
- School of Natural Sciences, Alun Roberts Building (Chemistry), Bangor University, LL57 2UW Bangor, Wales;
| | - Piotr Klimaszyk
- Department of Water Protection, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
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Rzymski P, Evans DM, Murphy PJ, Kokociński M. A study of polymethoxy-1-alkenes in Raphidiopsis (Cylindrospermopsis) raciborskii and Aphanizomenon gracile isolated in Poland. Toxicon 2019; 171:51-53. [PMID: 31586555 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that teratogenic polymethoxy-1-alkenes (PMAs) are produced by phylogenetically diverse cyanobacteria taxa, however corresponding studies on the occurrence of PMAs in European cyanobacteria are lacking. Herein, the presence of PMAs in strains of Raphidiopsis raciborskii and Aphanizomenon gracile isolated from surface waters in Poland was studied using nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. No PMAs were detected in any of the strains investigated, indicating that production of these compounds may be geographically diversified. Further studies are necessary to elucidate mechanisms of cyanobacterial PMAs synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Daniel M Evans
- School of Natural Sciences, Alun Roberts Building (Chemistry), Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Patrick J Murphy
- School of Natural Sciences, Alun Roberts Building (Chemistry), Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2DG, UK
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Naman CB, Almaliti J, Armstrong L, Caro-Díaz EJ, Pierce ML, Glukhov E, Fenner A, Spadafora C, Debonsi HM, Dorrestein PC, Murray TF, Gerwick WH. Discovery and Synthesis of Caracolamide A, an Ion Channel Modulating Dichlorovinylidene Containing Phenethylamide from a Panamanian Marine Cyanobacterium cf. Symploca Species. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:2328-2334. [PMID: 28783331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A recent untargeted metabolomics investigation into the chemical profile of 10 organic extracts from cf. Symploca spp. revealed several interesting chemical leads for further natural product drug discovery. Subsequent target-directed isolation efforts with one of these, a Panamanian marine cyanobacterium cf. Symploca sp., yielded a phenethylamide metabolite that terminates in a relatively rare gem-dichlorovinylidene moiety, caracolamide A (1), along with a known isotactic polymethoxy-1-alkene (2). Detailed NMR and HRESIMS analyses were used to determine the structures of these molecules, and compound 1 was confirmed by a three-step synthesis. Pure compound 1 was shown to have in vitro calcium influx and calcium channel oscillation modulatory activity when tested as low as 10 pM using cultured murine cortical neurons, but was not cytotoxic to NCI-H460 human non-small-cell lung cancer cells in vitro (IC50 > 10 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Benjamin Naman
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jehad Almaliti
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan , Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Lorene Armstrong
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Avenida Do Café, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo J Caro-Díaz
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Marsha L Pierce
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University School of Medicine , 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United States
| | - Evgenia Glukhov
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Amanda Fenner
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, City of Knowledge, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Sevicios de Alta Tecnología , Bldg. 219, P.O. Box 7250, Panama 5, Republic of Panama
| | - Carmenza Spadafora
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, City of Knowledge, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Sevicios de Alta Tecnología , Bldg. 219, P.O. Box 7250, Panama 5, Republic of Panama
| | - Hosana M Debonsi
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Avenida Do Café, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Thomas F Murray
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University School of Medicine , 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United States
| | - William H Gerwick
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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5
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Jaja-Chimedza A, Sanchez K, Gantar M, Gibbs P, Schmale M, Berry JP. Carotenoid glycosides from cyanobacteria are teratogenic in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo model. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 174:478-489. [PMID: 28189893 PMCID: PMC5835316 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Toxigenicity of cyanobacteria is widely associated with production of several well-described toxins that pose recognized threats to human and ecosystem health as part of both freshwater eutrophication, and episodic blooms in freshwater and coastal habitats. However, a preponderance of evidence indicates contribution of additional bioactive, and potentially toxic, metabolites. In the present study, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo was used as a model of vertebrate development to identify, and subsequently isolate and characterize, teratogenic metabolites from two representative strains of C. raciborskii. Using this approach, three chemically related carotenoids - and specifically the xanthophyll glycosides, myxol 2'-glycoside (1), 4-ketomyxol 2'-glycoside (2) and 4-hydroxymyxol 2'-glycoside (3) - which are, otherwise, well known pigment molecules from cyanobacteria were isolated as potently teratogenic compounds. Carotenoids are recognized "pro-retinoids" with retinoic acid, as a metabolic product of the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids, established as both key mediator of embryo development and, consequently, a potent teratogen. Accordingly, a comparative toxicological study of chemically diverse carotenoids, as well as apocarotenoids and retinoids, was undertaken. Based on this, a working model of the developmental toxicity of carotenoids as pro-retinoids is proposed, and the teratogenicity of these widespread metabolites is discussed in relation to possible impacts on aquatic vertebrate populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Jaja-Chimedza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Marine Science Program, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
| | - Kristel Sanchez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Miroslav Gantar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Patrick Gibbs
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33146, USA.
| | - Michael Schmale
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33146, USA.
| | - John P Berry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Marine Science Program, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
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Berry JP, Roy U, Jaja-Chimedza A, Sanchez K, Matysik J, Alia A. High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Intact Zebrafish Embryos Detects Metabolic Changes Following Exposure to Teratogenic Polymethoxyalkenes from Algae. Zebrafish 2016; 13:456-65. [PMID: 27348393 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2016.1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Techniques based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for imaging and chemical analyses of in vivo, or otherwise intact, biological systems are rapidly emerging and finding diverse applications within a wide range of fields. Very recently, several NMR-based techniques have been developed for the zebrafish as a model animal system. In the current study, the novel application of high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR is presented as a means of metabolic profiling of intact zebrafish embryos. Toward investigating the utility of HR-MAS NMR as a toxicological tool, these studies specifically examined metabolic changes of embryos exposed to polymethoxy-1-alkenes (PMAs)-a recently identified family of teratogenic compounds from freshwater algae-as emerging environmental contaminants. One-dimensional and two-dimensional HR-MAS NMR analyses were able to effectively identify and quantify diverse metabolites in early-stage (≤36 h postfertilization) embryos. Subsequent comparison of the metabolic profiles between PMA-exposed and control embryos identified several statistically significant metabolic changes associated with subacute exposure to the teratogen, including (1) elevated inositol as a recognized component of signaling pathways involved in embryo development; (2) increases in several metabolites, including inositol, phosphoryl choline, fatty acids, and cholesterol, which are associated with lipid composition of cell membranes; (3) concomitant increase in glucose and decrease in lactate; and (4) decreases in several biochemically related metabolites associated with central nervous system development and function, including γ-aminobutyric acid, glycine, glutamate, and glutamine. A potentially unifying model/hypothesis of PMA teratogenicity based on the data is presented. These findings, taken together, demonstrate that HR-MAS NMR is a promising tool for metabolic profiling in the zebrafish embryo, including toxicological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Berry
- 1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University , North Miami, Florida
| | - Upasana Roy
- 2 Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany .,3 Institut für Analytische Chemie, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany
| | - Asha Jaja-Chimedza
- 1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University , North Miami, Florida
| | - Kristel Sanchez
- 1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University , North Miami, Florida
| | - Joerg Matysik
- 3 Institut für Analytische Chemie, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Alia
- 2 Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany .,4 Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden, the Netherlands
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Jaja-Chimedza A, Saez C, Sanchez K, Gantar M, Berry JP. Identification of teratogenic polymethoxy-1-alkenes from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, and taxonomically diverse freshwater cyanobacteria and green algae. HARMFUL ALGAE 2015; 49:156-161. [PMID: 26770179 PMCID: PMC4707965 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is among the most commonly recognized toxigenic cyanobacteria associated with harmful algal blooms (HAB) in freshwater systems, and specifically associated with multiple water-soluble toxins. Lipophilic metabolites from C. raciborskii, however, were previously shown to exert teratogenicity (i.e. inhibition of vertebrate development) in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo model, specifically suggesting the presence of additional bioactive compounds unrelated to the currently known toxins. In the present study, a series of known teratogenic polymethoxy-1-alkenes (PMA) were identified, purified and chemically characterized from an otherwise well-characterized strain of toxigenic C. raciborskii. Although PMA have been previously identified in other cyanobacteria, this is the first time they have been identified from this recognized HAB species. Following their identification from C. raciborskii, the taxonomic distribution of the PMA was additionally investigated by chemical screening of a freshwater algal (i.e. cyanobacteria, green algal) culture collection. Screening suggests that these compounds are distributed among phylogenetically diverse taxa. Furthermore, parallel screening of the algal culture collection, using the zebrafish embryo model of teratogenicity, the presence of PMA was found to closely correlate with developmental toxicity of these diverse algal isolates. Taken together, the data suggest PMA contribute to the toxicity of C. raciborskii, as well as apparently several other taxonomically disparate cyanobacterial and green algal genera, and may, accordingly, contribute to the toxicity of diverse freshwater HAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Jaja-Chimedza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Marine Science Program, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151 Street, North Miami, FL 33181 U.S.A
| | - Christopher Saez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Marine Science Program, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151 Street, North Miami, FL 33181 U.S.A
| | - Kristel Sanchez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street, Miami, FL 33199 U.S.A
| | - Miroslav Gantar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street, Miami, FL 33199 U.S.A
| | - John P. Berry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Marine Science Program, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151 Street, North Miami, FL 33181 U.S.A
- Corresponding author. 354 Marine Science Building, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151 Street, North Miami, FL 33181 U.S.A. Tel.: 305 919 4569; fax: 305 919 4030.
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Walton K, Gantar M, Gibbs PDL, Schmale MC, Berry JP. Indole alkaloids from Fischerella inhibit vertebrate development in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo model. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:3568-81. [PMID: 25533520 PMCID: PMC4280548 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6123568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are recognized producers of toxic or otherwise bioactive metabolite associated, in particular, with so-called “harmful algal blooms” (HABs) and eutrophication of freshwater systems. In the present study, two apparently teratogenic indole alkaloids from a freshwater strain of the widespread cyanobacterial genus, Fischerella (Stigonemataceae), were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation, specifically using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo, as a model of vertebrate development. The two alkaloids include the previously known 12-epi-hapalindole H isonitrile (1), and a new nitrile-containing variant, 12-epi-ambiguine B nitrile (2). Although both compounds were toxic to developing embryos, the former compound was shown to be relatively more potent, and to correlate best with the observed embryo toxicity. Related indole alkaloids from Fischerella, and other genera in the Stigonemataceae, have been widely reported as antimicrobial compounds, specifically in association with apparent allelopathy. However, this is the first report of their vertebrate toxicity, and the observed teratogenicity of these alkaloids supports a possible contribution to the toxicity of this widespread cyanobacterial family, particularly in relation to freshwater HABs and eutrophication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Walton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
| | - Miroslav Gantar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Patrick D L Gibbs
- Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33146, USA.
| | - Michael C Schmale
- Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33146, USA.
| | - John P Berry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
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Jonas A, Buranova V, Scholz S, Fetter E, Novakova K, Kohoutek J, Hilscherova K. Retinoid-like activity and teratogenic effects of cyanobacterial exudates. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 155:283-290. [PMID: 25103898 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acids and their derivatives have been recently identified by chemical analyses in cyanobacteria and algae. Given the essential role of retinoids for vertebrate development this has raised concerns about a potential risk for vertebrates exposed to retinoids during cyanobacterial blooms. Our study focuses on extracellular compounds produced by phytoplankton cells (exudates). In order to address the capacity for the production of retinoids or compounds with retinoid-like activity we compared the exudates of ten cyanobacteria and algae using in vitro reporter gene assay. Exudates of three cyanobacterial species showed retinoid-like activity in the range of 269-2,265 ng retinoid equivalents (REQ)/L, while there was no detectable activity in exudates of the investigated algal species. The exudates of one green alga (Desmodesmus quadricaudus) and the two cyanobacterial species with greatest REQ levels, Microcystis aeruginosa and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, were selected for testing of the potential relation of retinoid-like activity to developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos. The exudates of both cyanobacteria were indeed provoking diverse teratogenic effects (e.g. tail, spine and mouth deformation) and interference with growth in zebrafish embryos, while such effects were not observed for the alga. Fish embryos were also exposed to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in a range equivalent to the REQ concentrations detected in exudates by in vitro bioassays. Both the phenotypes and effective concentrations of exudates corresponded to ATRA equivalents, supporting the hypothesis that the teratogenic effects of cyanobacterial exudates are likely to be associated with retinoid-like activity. The study documents that some cyanobacteria are able to produce and release retinoid-like compounds into the environment at concentrations equivalent to those causing teratogenicity in zebrafish. Hence, the characterization of retinoid-like and teratogenic potency should be included in the assessment of the potential adverse effects caused by the release of toxic and bioactive compounds during cyanobacterial blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jonas
- RECETOX-Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Buranova
- RECETOX-Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Scholz
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eva Fetter
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katerina Novakova
- RECETOX-Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kohoutek
- RECETOX-Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Hilscherova
- RECETOX-Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic.
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