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Wang Z, Chen H, Wang Y, Liu Q, Sun Y, Yang Z. Inhibitory effects of toxic Dolichospermum flos-aquae and anatoxin-a on inducible defenses of Daphnia magna. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142952. [PMID: 39067826 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms, resulting from serious eutrophication, can produce various cyanotoxins and severely disrupt aquatic ecosystems. Inducible defenses are adaptive traits developed by prey in response to predation risks. However, the effects of the increasing proportion of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins produced during cyanobacterial blooms on the inducible defenses of cladocerans, particularly in terms of behavioral defenses, remain unclear. In this study, we selected Daphnia magna and investigated the defensive traits against predation risks by the predator Rhodeus ocellatus under different ratios of cyanobacteria (Dolichospermum flos-aquae) and green algae (Scenedesmus obliquus), as well as varying concentrations of anatoxin-a (ATX), a cyanotoxin. We recorded the inducible defensive traits involving to morphology, behavior, and offspring production of D. magna. Results showed that the body length of D. magna at sexual maturity and the number of offspring in the first brood were significantly reduced by the presence of D. flos-aquae. Moreover, when the proportion of D. flos-aquae reached 75% and 100%, D. magna did not develop to sexual maturity. Furthermore, D. flos-aquae inhibited the formation of inducible behavioral defense of D. magna, with a stronger inhibitory effect as the proportion of D. flos-aquae increased. In this experiment, the effects of ATX on the morphological traits at sexual maturity and offspring production of D. magna were minor, but ATX still had the potential to inhibit the formation of inducible behavioral defense. We confirmed that changes in the proportion of cyanobacteria and green algae as well as the production of ATX by cyanobacteria during cyanobacterial blooms can affect the growth, development, and inducible defensive traits of cladocerans, potentially altering their population dynamics during such events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihang Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yixiang Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Mohammed V, Arockiaraj J. Unveiling the trifecta of cyanobacterial quorum sensing: LuxI, LuxR and LuxS as the intricate machinery for harmful algal bloom formation in freshwater ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171644. [PMID: 38471587 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are causing significant disruptions in freshwater ecosystems, primarily due to the proliferation of cyanobacteria. These blooms have a widespread impact on various lakes globally, leading to profound environmental and health consequences. Cyanobacteria, with their ability to produce diverse toxins, pose a particular concern as they negatively affect the well-being of humans and animals, exacerbating the situation. Notably, cyanobacteria utilize quorum sensing (QS) as a complex communication mechanism that facilitates coordinated growth and toxin production. QS plays a critical role in regulating the dynamics of HABs. However, recent advances in control and mitigation strategies have shown promising results in effectively managing and reducing the occurrence of HABs. This comprehensive review explores the intricate aspects of cyanobacteria development in freshwater ecosystems, explicitly focusing on deciphering the signaling molecules associated with QS and their corresponding genes. Furthermore, a concise overview of diverse measures implemented to efficiently control and mitigate the spread of these bacteria will be provided, shedding light on the ongoing global efforts to address this urgent environmental issue. By deepening our understanding of the mechanisms driving cyanobacteria growth and developing targeted control strategies, we hope to safeguard freshwater ecosystems and protect the health of humans and animals from the detrimental impacts of HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vajagathali Mohammed
- Department of Forensic Science, Yenepoya Institute of Arts, Science, Commerce, and Management, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru 575013, Karnataka, India
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India.
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3
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Langan LM, Lovin LM, Taylor RB, Scarlett KR, Kevin Chambliss C, Chatterjee S, Scott JT, Brooks BW. Proteome changes in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) exposed to (±) anatoxin-a. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 185:108514. [PMID: 38394915 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Anatoxin-a and its analogues are potent neurotoxins produced by several genera of cyanobacteria. Due in part to its high toxicity and potential presence in drinking water, these toxins pose threats to public health, companion animals and the environment. It primarily exerts toxicity as a cholinergic agonist, with high affinity at neuromuscular junctions, but molecular mechanisms by which it elicits toxicological responses are not fully understood. To advance understanding of this cyanobacteria, proteomic characterization (DIA shotgun proteomics) of two common fish models (zebrafish and fathead minnow) was performed following (±) anatoxin-a exposure. Specifically, proteome changes were identified and quantified in larval fish exposed for 96 h (0.01-3 mg/L (±) anatoxin-a and caffeine (a methodological positive control) with environmentally relevant treatment levels examined based on environmental exposure distributions of surface water data. Proteomic concentration - response relationships revealed 48 and 29 proteins with concentration - response relationships curves for zebrafish and fathead minnow, respectively. In contrast, the highest number of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) varied between zebrafish (n = 145) and fathead minnow (n = 300), with only fatheads displaying DEPs at all treatment levels. For both species, genes associated with reproduction were significantly downregulated, with pathways analysis that broadly clustered genes into groups associated with DNA repair mechanisms. Importantly, significant differences in proteome response between the species was also observed, consistent with prior observations of differences in response using both behavioral assays and gene expression, adding further support to model specific differences in organismal sensitivity and/or response. When DEPs were read across from humans to zebrafish, disease ontology enrichment identified diseases associated with cognition and muscle weakness consistent with the prior literature. Our observations highlight limited knowledge of how (±) anatoxin-a, a commonly used synthetic racemate surrogate, elicits responses at a molecular level and advances its toxicological understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Langan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Lea M Lovin
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Raegyn B Taylor
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Kendall R Scarlett
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - C Kevin Chambliss
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Department of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - J Thad Scott
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
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4
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Beach DG, Zamlynny L, MacArthur M, Miles CO. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry of anatoxins, including new conjugates and reduction products. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5281-5296. [PMID: 37507466 PMCID: PMC10444699 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04836-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Anatoxins (ATXs) are a potent class of cyanobacterial neurotoxins for which only a handful of structural analogues have been well characterized. Here, we report the development of an LC-HRMS/MS method for the comprehensive detection of ATXs. Application of this method to samples of benthic cyanobacterial mats and laboratory cultures showed detection of several new ATXs. Many of these result from nucleophilic addition to the olefinic bond of the α,β-unsaturated ketone functional group of anatoxin-a (ATX) and homoanatoxin-a (hATX), analogous to the conjugation chemistry of microcystins, which contain similar α,β-unsaturated amide functionality. Conjugates with glutathione, γ-glutamylcysteine, methanethiol, ammonia, methanol and water were detected, as well as putative C-10 alcohol derivatives. Structural confirmation was obtained by simple and selective analytical-scale semisynthetic reactions starting from available ATX standards. Methanol, water and ammonia conjugates were found to result primarily from sample preparation. Reduction products were found to result from enzymatic reactions occurring primarily after cell lysis in laboratory cultures of Kamptonema formosum and Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi. The relative contributions of the identified analogues to the anatoxin profiles in a set of 22 benthic-cyanobacterial-mat field samples were estimated, showing conjugates to account for up to 15% of total ATX peak area and 10-hydroxyanatoxins up to 38%. The developed methodology, new analogues and insight into the chemical and enzymatic reactivity of ATXs will enable a more comprehensive study of the class than possible previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Beach
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Lydia Zamlynny
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Melanie MacArthur
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, NS, Canada
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Kadikova GN, D’yakonov VA. Synthesis of New Fluorene-Containing 9-Azabicyclo[4.2.1]nona-2,4,7-trienes by [6π+2π]-Cycloaddition of Alkynes to 9H-Fluoren-9-ylmethyl 1H-Azepine-1-carboxylate. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428022120284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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6
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Kadikova G, D’yakonov VA, Dzhemilev UM. Cobalt(I)-Catalyzed [6π + 2π] Cycloaddition of 1,2-Dienes and 1,3-Diynes to N-Carbocholesteroxyazepine in the Synthesis of Previously Undescribed Heterofunctional 9-Azabicyclo[4.2.1]nonadi(tri)enes. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:21755-21763. [PMID: 34471777 PMCID: PMC8388074 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Promising heterofunctional (E)-9-azabicyclo[4.2.1]nona-2,4-dienes (79-92%) and 9-azabicyclo[4.2.1]nona-2,4,7-trienes (77-90%) containing a cholesterol fragment in the structure have been synthesized for the first time through the [6π + 2π] cycloaddition reaction of terminal 1,2-dienes and symmetric 1,3-diynes with N-carbocholesteroxyazepine under the action of the Co(acac)2(dppe)/Zn/ZnI2 three-component catalytic system.
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7
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Paguigan ND, Tun JO, Leavitt LS, Lin Z, Chase K, Dowell C, Deering-Rice CE, Lim AL, Karthikeyan M, Hughen RW, Zhang J, Peterson RT, Reilly CA, Light AR, Raghuraman S, McIntosh JM, Olivera BM, Schmidt EW. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Partial Antagonist Polyamides from Tunicates and Their Predatory Sea Slugs. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2693-2704. [PMID: 34213884 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In our efforts to discover new drugs to treat pain, we identified molleamines A-E (1-5) as major neuroactive components of the sea slug, Pleurobranchus forskalii, and their prey, Didemnum molle, tunicates. The chemical structures of molleamines were elucidated by spectroscopy and confirmed by the total synthesis of molleamines A (1) and C (3). Synthetic 3 completely blocked acetylcholine-induced calcium flux in peptidergic nociceptors (PNs) in the somatosensory nervous system. Compound 3 affected neither the α7 nAChR nor the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in calcium flux assays. In addition to nociceptors, 3 partially blocked the acetylcholine-induced calcium flux in the sympathetic nervous system, including neurons from the superior cervical ganglion. Electrophysiology revealed a block of α3β4 (mouse) and α6/α3β4 (rat) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), with IC50 values of 1.4 and 3.1 μM, respectively. Molleamine C (3) is a partial antagonist, reaching a maximum block of 76-82% of the acetylcholine signal and showing no partial agonist response. Molleamine C (3) may thus provide a lead compound for the development of neuroactive compounds with unique biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi D. Paguigan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jortan O. Tun
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Lee S. Leavitt
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Zhenjian Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Kevin Chase
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Cheryl Dowell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Cassandra E. Deering-Rice
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Albebson L. Lim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Manju Karthikeyan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ronald W. Hughen
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Randall T. Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Christopher A. Reilly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Alan R. Light
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shrinivasan Raghuraman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - J. Michael McIntosh
- Department of Psychiatry, and School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- George E Whalen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84148, United States
| | - Baldomero M. Olivera
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Eric W. Schmidt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Kadikova GN, D’yakonov VA, Dzhemilev UM. Synthesis of New Functionally Substituted 9-Azabicyclo[4.2.1]nona-2,4,7-trienes by Cobalt(I)-Catalyzed [6π + 2π]-Cycloaddition of N-Carbocholesteroxyazepine to Alkynes. Molecules 2021; 26:2932. [PMID: 34069183 PMCID: PMC8156619 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalytic [6π + 2π]-cycloaddition of N-carbocholesteroxyazepine with functionally substituted terminal alkynes and 1,4-butynediol was performed for the first time under the action of the Co(acac)2(dppe)/Zn/ZnI2 three-component catalytic system. The reaction gave previously undescribed but promising 9-azabicyclo[4.2.1]nona-2,4,7-trienes (in 79-95% yields), covalently bound to a natural metabolite, cholesterol. The structure of the synthesized azabicycles was confirmed by analysis of one- and two-dimensional (1H, 13C, DEPT 13C, COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC) NMR spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir A. D’yakonov
- Laboratory of Catalytic Synthesis, Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 450075 Ufa, Russia; (G.N.K.); (U.M.D.)
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9
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Colas S, Marie B, Lance E, Quiblier C, Tricoire-Leignel H, Mattei C. Anatoxin-a: Overview on a harmful cyanobacterial neurotoxin from the environmental scale to the molecular target. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 193:110590. [PMID: 33307089 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anatoxin-a (ATX-a) is a neurotoxic alkaloid, produced by several freshwater planktonic and benthic cyanobacteria (CB). Such CB have posed human and animal health issues for several years, as this toxin is able to cause neurologic symptoms in humans following food poisoning and death in wild and domestic animals. Different episodes of animal intoxication have incriminated ATX-a worldwide, as confirmed by the presence of ATX-a-producing CB in the consumed water or biofilm, or the observation of neurotoxic symptoms, which match experimental toxicity in vivo. Regarding toxicity parameters, toxicokinetics knowledge is currently incomplete and needs to be improved. The toxin can passively cross biological membranes and act rapidly on nicotinic receptors, its main molecular target. In vivo and in vitro acute effects of ATX-a have been studied and make possible to draw its mode of action, highlighting its deleterious effects on the nervous systems and its effectors, namely muscles, heart and vessels, and the respiratory apparatus. However, very little is known about its putative chronic toxicity. This review updates available data on ATX-a, from the ecodynamic of the toxin to its physiological and molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Colas
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN "Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Micro-organismes", Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Mitochondrial and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, UBL/Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Benjamin Marie
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN "Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Micro-organismes", Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Lance
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN "Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Micro-organismes", Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Quiblier
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN "Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Micro-organismes", Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Université de Paris - Paris Diderot, 5 rue Thomas Mann, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Tricoire-Leignel
- Mitochondrial and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, UBL/Angers University, Angers, France.
| | - César Mattei
- Mitochondrial and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, UBL/Angers University, Angers, France.
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10
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Lima DJP, Santana AEG, Birkett MA, Porto RS. Recent progress in the synthesis of homotropane alkaloids adaline, euphococcinine and N-methyleuphococcinine. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:28-41. [PMID: 33488829 PMCID: PMC7801782 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane ring system is present in several insect- and plant-derived alkaloids. (-)-Adaline (1) and (+)-euphococcinine (2), found in secretions of Coccinelid beetles, and (+)-N-methyleuphococcinine (3), isolated from the Colorado blue spruce Picea pungens, are members of this alkaloid family. Their unique bicyclic system with a quaternary stereocenter, and the potent biological activity exerted by these homotropane alkaloids, make them attractive synthetic targets. This work aims briefly to review the chemical ecology of Adalia bipunctata and the recent methodologies to obtain adaline (1), euphococcinine (2), and N-methyleuphococcinine (3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimas J P Lima
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072970, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Antonio E G Santana
- Center of Engineering and Agrarian Science, Federal University of Alagoas, 57100-000, Rio Largo, Brazil
| | - Michael A Birkett
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdon
| | - Ricardo S Porto
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072970, Maceió, Brazil
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11
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Beach DG, Rafuse C, Melanson JE, McCarron P. Rapid quantitative screening of cyanobacteria for production of anatoxins using direct analysis in real time high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e8940. [PMID: 32881159 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Anatoxins (ATXs) are a potent class of cyanobacterial neurotoxins that are increasingly problematic in drinking water reservoirs and recreational water bodies worldwide. Because of their high polarity and low molecular weight, analysis of ATXs is challenging and they can be considered underreported compared with other classes of cyanobacterial toxins. Improved screening methods are therefore needed to effectively assess their occurrence and concentrations in the environment. METHODS A rapid screening method was developed for ATXs in cyanobacteria using direct analysis in real time combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS), requiring less than 2 min per sample for triplicate analysis. The developed method was evaluated for its quantitative capabilities, applied to the screening of 30 cyanobacterial culture samples for the presence of anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a and dihydroanatoxin-a, and compared with a more typical liquid chromatography (LC)/HRMS method. RESULTS Excellent linearity was observed in the analysis of a matrix-matched calibration curve using DART-HRMS, with ionization suppression of about 50% and relative standard deviations between replicate analyses of approximately 30%. Limits of detection for both anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a were estimated as 1 ng/mL. Excellent agreement was observed between DART-HRMS and LC/HRMS with all ATX-producing cultures correctly identified and only one false positive culture by DART-HRMS. CONCLUSIONS DART-HRMS shows excellent promise for the rapid, quantitative screening of ATXs in cyanobacteria and could be expanded in the future to include the analysis of field samples and drinking water, as well as additional ATX analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Beach
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Cheryl Rafuse
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Jeremy E Melanson
- Organic Chemical Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
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12
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Plaas HE, Paerl HW. Toxic Cyanobacteria: A Growing Threat to Water and Air Quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:44-64. [PMID: 33334098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The global expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms (CyanoHABs) poses an increasing threat to public health. CyanoHABs are characterized by the production of toxic metabolites known as cyanotoxins. Human exposure to cyanotoxins is challenging to forecast, and perhaps the least understood exposure route is via inhalation. While the aerosolization of toxins from marine harmful algal blooms (HABs) has been well documented, the aerosolization of cyanotoxins in freshwater systems remains understudied. In recent years, spray aerosol (SA) produced in the airshed of the Laurentian Great Lakes (United States and Canada) has been characterized, suggesting that freshwater systems may impact atmospheric aerosol loading more than previously understood. Therefore, further investigation regarding the impact of CyanoHABs on human respiratory health is warranted. This review examines current research on the incorporation of cyanobacterial cells and cyanotoxins into SA of aquatic ecosystems which experience HABs. We present an overview of cyanotoxin fate in the environment, biological incorporation into SA, existing data on cyanotoxins in SA, relevant collection methods, and adverse health outcomes associated with cyanotoxin inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley E Plaas
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC 28557, United States
| | - Hans W Paerl
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC 28557, United States
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13
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Pereira AG, Jimenez-Lopez C, Fraga M, Lourenço-Lopes C, García-Oliveira P, Lorenzo JM, Perez-Lamela C, Prieto MA, Simal-Gandara J. Extraction, Properties, and Applications of Bioactive Compounds Obtained from Microalgae. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1929-1950. [PMID: 32242779 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200403172206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in the global population, getting new sources of food is essential. One of the solutions can be found in the oceans due to algae. Microalgae are aquatic photosynthetic organisms used mainly due to their variety of bioactive compounds. The consumption of microalgae has been carried out for centuries and is recommended by organizations, such as OMS and FAO, due to its nutritional value and its properties. Based on the existing literature, there is substantial evidence of the nutritional quality of the algae as well as their functional elements. However, much quantification is still necessary, as well as studying possible adverse effects. The present review describes the compounds of alimentary interest present in these algae as well as different extraction techniques assisted by different energetic mechanisms (such as heat, supercritical-fluid, microwave, ultrasound, enzymes, electric field, high hydrostatic pressure, among others). The most challenging and crucial issues are reducing microalgae growth cost and optimizing extraction techniques. This review aimed a better understanding of the uses of microalgae for new researches in nutrition. Since the use of microalgae is still a field in which there is much to discover, it is likely that more benefits will be found in its consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antia G Pereira
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain.,Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Cecilia Jimenez-Lopez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain.,Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Maria Fraga
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain.,Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Catarina Lourenço-Lopes
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain.,Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Paula García-Oliveira
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Jose M Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Rúa Galicia No. 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain
| | - Concepcion Perez-Lamela
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Miguel A Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
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14
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Understanding the Differences in the Growth and Toxin Production of Anatoxin-Producing Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi Cultured with Inorganic and Organic N Sources from a New Perspective: Carbon/Nitrogen Metabolic Balance. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110724. [PMID: 33228063 PMCID: PMC7699347 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanotoxins are the underlying cause of the threat that globally pervasive Cyanobacteria Harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) pose to humans. Major attention has been focused on the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystins (MCs); however, there is a dearth of studies on cyanobacterial neurotoxin anatoxins. In this study, we explored how an anatoxin-producing Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi strain responded to culture with inorganic and organic nitrogen sources in terms of growth and anatoxins production. The results of our study revealed that ʟ- alanine could greatly boost cell growth, and was associated with the highest cell productivity, while urea significantly stimulated anatoxin production with the maximum anatoxin yield reaching 25.86 μg/mg dry weight, which was 1.56-fold higher than that in the control group (BG11). To further understand whether the carbon/nitrogen balance in C. issatschenkoi would affect anatoxin production, we explored growth and toxin production in response to different carbon/nitrogen ratios (C/N). Anatoxin production was mildly promoted when the C/N ratio was within low range, and significantly inhibited when the C/N ratio was within high range, showing approximately a three-fold difference. Furthermore, the transcriptional profile revealed that anaC gene expression was significantly up-regulated over 2–24 h when the C/N ratio was increased, and was significantly down-regulated after 96 h. Overall, our results further enriched the evidence that urea can stimulate cyanotoxin production, and ʟ-alanine could boost C. issatschenkoi proliferation, thus providing information for better management of aquatic systems. Moreover, by focusing on the intracellular C/N metabolic balance, this study explained the anatoxin production dynamics in C. issatschenkoi in response to different N sources.
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15
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Colas S, Duval C, Marie B. Toxicity, transfer and depuration of anatoxin-a (cyanobacterial neurotoxin) in medaka fish exposed by single-dose gavage. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 222:105422. [PMID: 32112996 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The proliferations of cyanobacteria are increasingly prevalent in many rivers and water bodies due especially to eutrophication. This work aims to study in female medaka fish the toxicity, the transfer and the depuration of the anatoxin-a, a neurotoxin produced by benthic cyanobacterial biofilms. This work will provide answers regarding acute toxicity induced by single gavage by anatoxin-a and to the risks of exposure by ingestion of contaminated fish flesh, considering that data on these aspects remain particularly limited. The oral LD50 and NOAEL of a single dose of (±)-anatoxin-a were determined at 11.50 and 6.67 μg.g-1, respectively. Subsequently, the toxico-kinetics of the (±)-anatoxin-a was observed in the guts, the livers and the muscles of female medaka fish for 10 days. Anatoxin-a was quantified by high-resolution qTOF mass spectrometry coupled upstream to a UHPLC chromatographic chain. The toxin could not be detected in the liver after 12 h, and in the gut and muscle after 3 days. Overall, the medaka fish do not appear to accumulate (±)-anatoxin-a and to largely recover after 24 h following a single sub-acute oral liquid exposure at the NOAEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Colas
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN "Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Micro-organismes", Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris France
| | - Charlotte Duval
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN "Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Micro-organismes", Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris France
| | - Benjamin Marie
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN "Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Micro-organismes", Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris France.
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16
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Du YD, Zhou CY, To WP, Wang HX, Che CM. Iron porphyrin catalysed light driven C-H bond amination and alkene aziridination with organic azides. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4680-4686. [PMID: 34122922 PMCID: PMC8159214 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00784f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Visible light driven nitrene transfer and insertion reactions of organic azides are an attractive strategy for the design of C-N bond formation reactions under mild reaction conditions, the challenge being lack of selectivity as a free nitrene reactive intermediate is usually involved. Herein is described an iron(iii) porphyrin catalysed sp3 C-H amination and alkene aziridination with selectivity by using organic azides as the nitrogen source under blue LED light (469 nm) irradiation. The photochemical reactions display chemo- and regio-selectivity and are effective for the late-stage functionalization of natural and bioactive compounds with complexity. Mechanistic studies revealed that iron porphyrin plays a dual role as a photosensitizer and as a catalyst giving rise to a reactive iron-nitrene intermediate for subsequent C-N bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Dan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong China .,Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry 354 Feng Lin Road Shanghai China
| | - Cong-Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong China
| | - Wai-Pong To
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong China
| | - Hai-Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong China .,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research & Innovation Shenzhen China.,Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry 354 Feng Lin Road Shanghai China
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17
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Conklin KY, Stancheva R, Otten TG, Fadness R, Boyer GL, Read B, Zhang X, Sheath RG. Molecular and morphological characterization of a novel dihydroanatoxin-a producing Microcoleus species (cyanobacteria) from the Russian River, California, USA. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 93:101767. [PMID: 32307065 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reports of anatoxins poisoning of wildlife and domestic animals by toxigenic cyanobacteria in streams and rivers are increasing globally. Little is known about the taxonomy, morphology and genomics of anatoxins producing species, limiting our knowledge about their environmental preferences. We isolated three benthic non-heterocystous filamentous cyanobacterial strains from the Russian River in Northern California (USA), which produce anatoxin-a and dihydroanatoxin-a. Both 16S rRNA and protein sequence phylogenetic analyses showed that the strains represent a distinct new member of the cyanobacterial genus Microcoleus (Oscillatoriales). A novel species, Microcoleus anatoxicus is described and accompanied with light microscope photomicrographs, toxin profiles and the complete anatoxin-a gene cassette with the first description of the anaK gene in Microcoleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Y Conklin
- California State University San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Rd., San Marcos, CA, 92096, USA
| | - Rosalina Stancheva
- California State University San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Rd., San Marcos, CA, 92096, USA.
| | - Timothy G Otten
- Bend Genetics, 87 Scripps Dr Ste 301, Sacramento, CA, 95825, USA
| | - Rich Fadness
- North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board, 5550 Skylane Blvd, Ste A, Santa Rosa, CA, 95403, USA
| | - Gregory L Boyer
- State University of New York - College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Dr., Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Betsy Read
- California State University San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Rd., San Marcos, CA, 92096, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- California State University San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Rd., San Marcos, CA, 92096, USA
| | - Robert G Sheath
- California State University San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Rd., San Marcos, CA, 92096, USA
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18
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Xing H, Keshwah S, Rouchaud A, Kem WR. A Pharmacological Comparison of Two Isomeric Nicotinic Receptor Agonists: The Marine Toxin Isoanatabine and the Tobacco Alkaloid Anatabine. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E106. [PMID: 32053997 PMCID: PMC7073524 DOI: 10.3390/md18020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organisms possess "secondary" compounds to avoid consumption or to immobilize prey. While the most abundant or active compounds are initially investigated, more extensive analyses reveal other "minor" compounds with distinctive properties that may also be of biomedical and pharmaceutical significance. Here, we present an initial in vitro investigation of the actions of two isomeric tetrahydropyridyl ring-containing anabasine analogs: isoanatabine, an alkaloid isolated from a marine worm, and anatabine, a relatively abundant minor alkaloid in commercial tobacco plants. Both compounds have a double bond that is distal to the piperidine ring nitrogen of anabasine. Racemic isoanatabine and anatabine were synthesized and their S- and R-enantiomers were isolated by chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Both isoanatabines displayed higher efficacies at α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) relative to the anatabines; R-isoanatabine was most potent. Radioligand binding experiments revealed similar α4β2 nAChR binding affinities for the isoanatabines, but R-anatabine affinity was twice that of S-anatabine. While the two anatabines and S-isoanatabine were highly efficacious agonists at α7 nAChRs, R-isoanatabine was only a weak partial agonist. The four compounds share an ability to stimulate both α4β2 and α7 nAChRs, a property that may be useful in developing more efficacious drugs to treat neurodegenerative and other medical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - William R. Kem
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA (S.K.)
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19
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Kust A, Méjean A, Ploux O. Biosynthesis of Anatoxins in Cyanobacteria: Identification of the Carboxy-anatoxins as the Penultimate Biosynthetic Intermediates. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:142-151. [PMID: 31899634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a, and dihydroanatoxin-a are potent cyanobacterial neurotoxins. They are biosynthesized in cyanobacteria from proline and acetate by a pathway involving three polyketide synthases. We report the identification of carboxy-anatoxin-a, carboxy-homoanatoxin-a, and carboxy-dihydroanatoxin-a in acidic extracts of Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi CHARLIE-1, Oscillatoria sp. PCC 6506, and Cylindrospermum stagnale PCC 7417, respectively, using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The structure of these carboxy derivatives was confirmed by mass spectrometry and by isotopic incorporation experiments using labeled proline and acetate. Each of these three cyanobacteria only produce one carboxy-anatoxin, suggesting that these metabolites are the product of the hydrolysis by AnaA, the type II thioesterase, of the thioesters bound to AnaG, the last polyketide synthase of the pathway. By measuring the rate of isotopic incorporation of labeled proline into carboxy-homoanatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a produced by Oscillatoria sp. PCC 6506, we show that carboxy-homoanatoxin-a is the intracellular precursor of homoanatoxin-a, and that homoanatoxin-a is then excreted into the extracellular medium. The transformation of carboxy-homoanatoxin-a into homoanatoxin-a is a very slow two-step process, with accumulation of carboxy-homoanatoxin-a, suggesting that the decarboxylation is spontaneous and not enzymatically catalyzed. However, an unidentified and extracellular catalyst accelerates the decarboxylation when the cell extracts are prepared at neutral pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Kust
- LIED, UMR 8236 CNRS , Université Paris Diderot , 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre , Institute of Hydrobiology , 370 05 České Budějovice , Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology CAS, Center Algatech , 37981 Třeboň , Czech Republic
| | - Annick Méjean
- LIED, UMR 8236 CNRS , Université Paris Diderot , 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Olivier Ploux
- LIED, UMR 8236 CNRS , Université Paris Diderot , 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL , 75005 Paris , France
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20
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Bownik A, Pawlik-Skowrońska B. Early indicators of behavioral and physiological disturbances in Daphnia magna (Cladocera) induced by cyanobacterial neurotoxin anatoxin-a. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133913. [PMID: 31756843 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The majority of reports on the toxic effect of cyanobacterial metabolites on the freshwater invertebrates is based on determination of two endpoints: mortality or immobilization. However, detection of sub-lethal effects requires more sensitive indicators The aim of the present study was to evaluate the applicability of digital-video analysis for determination of early behavioral and physiological responses in the assessment of effects caused by the cyanobacterial neurotoxin, anatoxin-a (ANTX) at a broad range of its concentration (0.5-50 μg/mL). Swimming speed (SS), heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (OC), thoracic limb activity (TLA) and abdominal claw movement (ACM) of Daphnia magna were evaluated. Swimming speed and abdominal claw movements were determined by digital analysis of video clips by Tracker® software; OC by Oxygraph Plus System® while HR, TLA and ACM by digital frame-by-frame analysis of video clips of microscopic view with the use of a media player software. The experimental study showed a concentration- and time-dependent decrease of SS, HR, OC, TLA and ACM. SS was inhibited as early as after 10 s of the exposure of Daphnia magna to ANTX, and the other physiological responses after 2 h. Further inhibition of these parameters was also noted after 24 h of the exposure. On the other hand, stimulation of ACM was noted at the lower (0.5 and 2.5 μg/mL) ANTX concentrations after both 2 h and 24 h of exposure. The results indicated that some behavioral and physiological biomarkers measured by video analysis may be a valuable tool for an early determination of toxic effects induced by cyanobacterial metabolites in zooplankters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bownik
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Barbara Pawlik-Skowrońska
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland
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21
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Abstract
Eutrophication is a process that occurs due to the excessive accumulation of nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, from natural and anthropogenic sources. This phenomenon causes cyanobacterial overgrowth, which over time leads to cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) that affect public drinking water sources and water sites with recreational usage. The rapid detection of bloom-forming cyanobacteria in freshwater bodies is critical in order to implement prevention strategies. Cyanobacteria contain phycobiliproteins such as phycoerythrin and allophycocyanin as part of the phycobilisome that allows autofluorescence. In this study, samples from 36 freshwater bodies in 14 New Jersey counties were collected and analyzed using flow cytometry with forward-scatter phycoerythrin and allophycocyanin parameters. Pure cultures of Synechococcus sp. IU 625, Cylindrospermum spp. and Microcystis aeruginosa were used as references. The results revealed that 17 out of the 36 analyzed sites contained all three references and related species. Seven sites showed Microcystis and Cylindrospermum-like species, while four sites indicated Microcystis and Cylindrospermum-like species. Six water bodies showed Cylindrospermum-like species, and two sites showed Microcystis-like species. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays further confirmed the flow cytometric results. The findings from this study suggest that flow cytometry could potentially serve as a rapid method for freshwater cyanobacteria detection and screening.
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22
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Kono M, Harada S, Nemoto T. Exploring New Reactivity of Metal Carbenoids and its Application to Organic Synthesis. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2019. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.77.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shingo Harada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
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23
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Dawood RS, Chidipudi SR, O'Connor DC, Lewis W, Hamza D, Pearce CA, Jones G, Wilkie RP, Georgiou I, Storr TE, Moore JC, Stockman RA. PdII
-Mediated Oxidative Amination for Access to a 9-Azabicyclo[4.2.1]nonane Compound Library and Anatoxin-a. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafid S. Dawood
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park 2RD Nottingham, NG7 UK
- Department of Chemistry; College of Science; University of Baghdad; Al-Jadriya campus 10071 Baghdad Iraq
| | - Suresh R. Chidipudi
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park 2RD Nottingham, NG7 UK
| | - Daniel C. O'Connor
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park 2RD Nottingham, NG7 UK
| | - William Lewis
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park 2RD Nottingham, NG7 UK
| | - Daniel Hamza
- BioCity; College of Science; Sygnature Discovery Limited; Pennyfoot Street NG7 1GF Nottingham UK
| | - Christopher A. Pearce
- BioCity; College of Science; Sygnature Discovery Limited; Pennyfoot Street NG7 1GF Nottingham UK
| | - Geraint Jones
- BioCity; College of Science; Sygnature Discovery Limited; Pennyfoot Street NG7 1GF Nottingham UK
| | - Ross P. Wilkie
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park 2RD Nottingham, NG7 UK
| | - Irene Georgiou
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park 2RD Nottingham, NG7 UK
| | - Thomas E. Storr
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park 2RD Nottingham, NG7 UK
| | - Jonathan C. Moore
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park 2RD Nottingham, NG7 UK
| | - Robert A. Stockman
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park 2RD Nottingham, NG7 UK
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24
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A unified approach to the synthesis of both enantiomers of anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a cyanotoxins. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Méjean A, Dalle K, Paci G, Bouchonnet S, Mann S, Pichon V, Ploux O. Dihydroanatoxin-a Is Biosynthesized from Proline in Cylindrospermum stagnale PCC 7417: Isotopic Incorporation Experiments and Mass Spectrometry Analysis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:1775-1782. [PMID: 27340731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
LC-MS and GC-MS analytical conditions have been developed to detect the cis- and trans-epimers (relative configuration of the carbon bearing the acetyl or propionyl group) of dihydroanatoxin-a and dihydrohomoanatoxin-a, in biological samples. These compounds epimerize under acidic conditions, yielding a major species that was tentatively assigned as the cis-epimer. Cylindrospermum stagnale PCC 7417 was definitively shown to produce dihydroanatoxin-a (1.2 mg/g dried cells). Oscillatoria sp. PCC 9107, Oscillatoria sp. PCC 6506, and C. stagnale PCC 7417, which produce anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a, and dihydroanatoxin-a, respectively, were cultivated in the presence of isotopically labeled proline, and the toxins were extracted. Interpretation of the GC-MS electron ionization mass spectra of these labeled anatoxins showed that they are all biosynthesized from proline and that the positions of the labels in these molecules are identical. These data and the fact that the ana cluster of genes is conserved in these cyanobacteria suggest that dihydroanatoxin-a is formed by the reduction of either anatoxin-a or its precursor in a specific step involving AnaK, an F420-dependent oxido-reductase whose gene is found in the ana gene cluster in C. stagnale PCC 7417. This is the first report of a cyanobacterium producing dihydroanatoxin-a, suggesting that other producers are present in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Méjean
- LIED, UMR 8236 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot , 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Klervi Dalle
- LIED, UMR 8236 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot , 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Guillaume Paci
- LIED, UMR 8236 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot , 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | | | - Stéphane Mann
- MCAM, UMR 7245, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS , 75005 Paris, France
| | - Valérie Pichon
- LSABM CBI, UMR 8231 ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS, PSL Research University , 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Ploux
- LIED, UMR 8236 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot , 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Chimie ParisTech, ENSCP , 75005 Paris, France
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26
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Loftin KA, Graham JL, Hilborn ED, Lehmann SC, Meyer MT, Dietze JE, Griffith CB. Cyanotoxins in inland lakes of the United States: Occurrence and potential recreational health risks in the EPA National Lakes Assessment 2007. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 56:77-90. [PMID: 28073498 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A large nation-wide survey of cyanotoxins (1161 lakes) in the United States (U.S.) was conducted during the EPA National Lakes Assessment 2007. Cyanotoxin data were compared with cyanobacteria abundance- and chlorophyll-based World Health Organization (WHO) thresholds and mouse toxicity data to evaluate potential recreational risks. Cylindrospermopsins, microcystins, and saxitoxins were detected (ELISA) in 4.0, 32, and 7.7% of samples with mean concentrations of 0.56, 3.0, and 0.061μg/L, respectively (detections only). Co-occurrence of the three cyanotoxin classes was rare (0.32%) when at least one toxin was detected. Cyanobacteria were present and dominant in 98 and 76% of samples, respectively. Potential anatoxin-, cylindrospermopsin-, microcystin-, and saxitoxin-producing cyanobacteria occurred in 81, 67, 95, and 79% of samples, respectively. Anatoxin-a and nodularin-R were detected (LC/MS/MS) in 15 and 3.7% samples (n=27). The WHO moderate and high risk thresholds for microcystins, cyanobacteria abundance, and total chlorophyll were exceeded in 1.1, 27, and 44% of samples, respectively. Complete agreement by all three WHO microcystin metrics occurred in 27% of samples. This suggests that WHO microcystin metrics based on total chlorophyll and cyanobacterial abundance can overestimate microcystin risk when compared to WHO microcystin thresholds. The lack of parity among the WHO thresholds was expected since chlorophyll is common amongst all phytoplankton and not all cyanobacteria produce microcystins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Loftin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory, Kansas Water Science Center, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Graham
- U.S. Geological Survey, Kansas Water Science Center, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA.
| | - Elizabeth D Hilborn
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, NHEERL, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Sarah C Lehmann
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds, Ariel Rios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Mail Code 4503T, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
| | - Michael T Meyer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory, Kansas Water Science Center, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA.
| | - Julie E Dietze
- U.S. Geological Survey, Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory, Kansas Water Science Center, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA.
| | - Christopher B Griffith
- U.S. Geological Survey, Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory, Kansas Water Science Center, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA.
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Kono M, Harada S, Hamada Y, Nemoto T. Formal amide insertion strategy for the synthesis of anatoxin-a using rhodium catalysis. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Harada S, Kono M, Nozaki T, Menjo Y, Nemoto T, Hamada Y. General Approach to Nitrogen-Bridged Bicyclic Frameworks by Rh-Catalyzed Formal Carbenoid Insertion into an Amide C-N Bond. J Org Chem 2015; 80:10317-33. [PMID: 26400763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Various nitrogen-bridged bicyclic skeletons are found in bioactive natural products and pharmaceuticals. The development of a new reaction to construct these molecular frameworks has attracted considerable attention in synthetic organic chemistry. We developed a novel synthetic method for obtaining a wide variety of nitrogen-bridged bicyclic compounds with a catalytic process, Rh-catalyzed formal carbenoid insertion into an amide C-N bond. Using 0.1-0.4 mol % Rh2(NHCO(t)Bu)4 catalyst, various azabicyclo[X.Y.Z]alkane derivatives were obtained in good to excellent yield, successfully demonstrating the broad substrate scope of the developed process. Experimental and computational studies to elucidate the reaction mechanism revealed that the formal insertion reaction of a carbenoid into an amide C-N bond proceeded via the formation of Rh-associated N-ylides, followed by an acyl group-selective Stevens [1,2]-shift through a concerted addition/elimination process on the sp(2)-hybridized carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Harada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University , 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Masato Kono
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University , 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nozaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University , 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Menjo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University , 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Nemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University , 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Hamada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University , 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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Jakubowska N, Szeląg-Wasielewska E. Toxic picoplanktonic cyanobacteria--review. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1497-518. [PMID: 25793428 PMCID: PMC4377996 DOI: 10.3390/md13031497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria of a picoplanktonic cell size (0.2 to 2.0 µm) are common organisms of both freshwater and marine ecosystems. However, due to their small size and relatively short study history, picoplanktonic cyanobacteria, in contrast to the microplanktonic cyanobacteria, still remains a poorly studied fraction of plankton. So far, only little information on picocyanobacteria toxicity has been reported, while the number of reports concerning their presence in ecosystems is increasing. Thus, the issue of picocyanobacteria toxicity needs more researchers' attention and interest. In this report, we present information on the current knowledge concerning the picocyanobacteria toxicity, as well as their harmfulness and problems they can cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Jakubowska
- Department of Water Protection, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Szeląg-Wasielewska
- Department of Water Protection, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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Colorimetric microtiter plate receptor-binding assay for the detection of freshwater and marine neurotoxins targeting the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Toxicon 2014; 91:45-56. [PMID: 25260255 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a, produced by cyanobacteria, are agonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Pinnatoxins, spirolides, and gymnodimines, produced by dinoflagellates, are antagonists of nAChRs. In this study we describe the development and validation of a competitive colorimetric, high throughput functional assay based on the mechanism of action of freshwater and marine toxins against nAChRs. Torpedo electrocyte membranes (rich in muscle-type nAChR) were immobilized and stabilized on the surface of 96-well microtiter plates. Biotinylated α-bungarotoxin (the tracer) and streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase (the detector) enabled the detection and quantitation of anatoxin-a in surface waters and cyclic imine toxins in shellfish extracts that were obtained from different locations across the US. The method compares favorably to LC/MS/MS and provides accurate results for anatoxin-a and cyclic imine toxins monitoring. Study of common constituents at the concentrations normally found in drinking and environmental waters, as well as the tolerance to pH, salt, solvents, organic and inorganic compounds did not significantly affect toxin detection. The assay allowed the simultaneous analysis of up to 25 samples within 3.5 h and it is well suited for on-site or laboratory monitoring of low levels of toxins in drinking, surface, and ground water as well as in shellfish extracts.
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31
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Biosynthesis of anatoxin-a and analogues (anatoxins) in cyanobacteria. Toxicon 2014; 91:15-22. [PMID: 25108149 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater cyanobacteria produce secondary metabolites that are toxic to humans and animals, the so-called cyanotoxins. Among them, anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a are potent neurotoxins that are agonists of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. These alkaloids provoke a rapid death if ingested at low doses. Recently, the cluster of genes responsible for the biosynthesis of these toxins, the ana cluster, has been identified in Oscillatoria sp. PCC 6506, and a biosynthetic pathway was proposed. This biosynthesis was reconstituted in vitro using purified enzymes confirming the predicted pathway. One of the enzymes, AnaB a prolyl-acyl carrier protein oxidase, was crystallized and its three dimensional structure solved confirming its reaction mechanism. Three other ana clusters have now been identified and sequenced in other cyanobacteria. These clusters show similarities and some differences suggesting a common evolutionary origin. In particular, the cluster from Cylindrospermum stagnale PCC 7417, possesses an extra gene coding for an F420-dependent oxidoreductase that is likely involved in the biosynthesis of dihydroanatoxin-a. This review summarizes all these new data and discusses them in relation to the production of anatoxins in the environment.
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Sanchez JA, Otero P, Alfonso A, Ramos V, Vasconcelos V, Aráoz R, Molgó J, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Detection of anatoxin-a and three analogs in Anabaena spp. cultures: new fluorescence polarization assay and toxin profile by LC-MS/MS. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:402-15. [PMID: 24469431 PMCID: PMC3942742 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatoxin-a (ATX) is a potent neurotoxin produced by several species of Anabaena spp. Cyanobacteria blooms around the world have been increasing in recent years; therefore, it is urgent to develop sensitive techniques that unequivocally confirm the presence of these toxins in fresh water and cyanobacterial samples. In addition, the identification of different ATX analogues is essential to later determine its toxicity. In this paper we designed a fluorescent polarization (FP) method to detect ATXs in water samples. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) labeled with a fluorescein derivative was used to develop this assay. Data showed a direct relationship between the amount of toxin in a sample and the changes in the polarization degree of the emitted light by the labeled nAChR, indicating an interaction between the two molecules. This method was used to measure the amount of ATX in three Anabaena spp. cultures. Results indicate that it is a good method to show ATXs presence in algal samples. In order to check the toxin profile of Anabaena cultures a LC-MS/MS method was also developed. Within this new method, ATX-a, retention time (RT) 5 min, and three other molecules with a mass m/z 180.1 eluting at 4.14 min, 5.90 min and 7.14 min with MS/MS spectra characteristic of ATX toxin group not previously identified were detected in the Anabaena spp. cultures. These ATX analogues may have an important role in the toxicity of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon A Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology, Veterinary School, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
| | - Paz Otero
- Department of Pharmacology, Veterinary School, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Department of Pharmacology, Veterinary School, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
| | - Vitor Ramos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto 4619-007, Portugal.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto 4619-007, Portugal.
| | - Romulo Aráoz
- CNRS, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard-FRC2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Développement-UPR3294, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur Yvette Cedex 91198, France.
| | - Jordi Molgó
- CNRS, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard-FRC2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Développement-UPR3294, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur Yvette Cedex 91198, France.
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary School, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Department of Pharmacology, Veterinary School, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
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Moncoq K, Regad L, Mann S, Méjean A, Ploux O. Structure of the prolyl-acyl carrier protein oxidase involved in the biosynthesis of the cyanotoxin anatoxin-a. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:2340-52. [DOI: 10.1107/s0907444913021859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a are two potent cyanobacterial neurotoxins biosynthesized from L-proline by a short pathway involving polyketide synthases. Proline is first loaded onto AnaD, an acyl carrier protein, and prolyl-AnaD is then oxidized to 1-pyrroline-5-carboxyl-AnaD by a flavoprotein, AnaB. Three polyketide synthases then transform this imine into anatoxin-a or homoanatoxin-a. AnaB was crystallized in its holo form and its three-dimensional structure was determined by X-ray diffraction at 2.8 Å resolution. AnaB is a homotetramer and its fold is very similar to that of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (ACADs). The active-site base of AnaB, Glu244, superimposed very well with that of human isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase, confirming previous site-directed mutagenesis experiments and mechanistic proposals. The substrate-binding site of AnaB is small and is likely to be fitted for the pyrrolidine ring of proline. However, in contrast to ACADs, which use an electron-transport protein, AnaB uses molecular oxygen as the electron acceptor, as in acyl-CoA oxidases. Calculation of the solvent-accessible surface area around the FAD in AnaB and in several homologues showed that it is significantly larger in AnaB than in its homologues. A protonated histidine near the FAD in AnaB is likely to participate in oxygen activation. Furthermore, an array of water molecules detected in the AnaB structure suggests a possible path for molecular oxygen towards FAD. This is consistent with AnaB being an oxidase rather than a dehydrogenase. The structure of AnaB is the first to be described for a prolyl-ACP oxidase and it will contribute to defining the structural basis responsible for oxygen reactivity in flavoenzymes.
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34
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Synthesis and differential functionalisation of pyrrolidine and piperidine based spirodiamine scaffolds. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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35
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Lemoine P, Roy-Lachapelle A, Prévost M, Tremblay P, Solliec M, Sauvé S. Ultra-fast analysis of anatoxin-A using laser diode thermal desorption-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry: Validation and resolution from phenylalanine. Toxicon 2013; 61:165-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Mann S, Cohen M, Chapuis-Hugon F, Pichon V, Mazmouz R, Méjean A, Ploux O. Synthesis, configuration assignment, and simultaneous quantification by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, of dihydroanatoxin-a and dihydrohomoanatoxin-a together with the parent toxins, in axenic cyanobacterial strains and in environmental samples. Toxicon 2012; 60:1404-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mann S, Lombard B, Loew D, Méjean A, Ploux O. Insights into the Reaction Mechanism of the Prolyl–Acyl Carrier Protein Oxidase Involved in Anatoxin-a and Homoanatoxin-a Biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2011; 50:7184-97. [DOI: 10.1021/bi200892a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Mann
- Laboratoire
Charles Friedel,
Chimie ParisTech, ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre
et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
- CNRS, UMR 7223, 75005
Paris, France
| | - Bérangère Lombard
- Laboratory of Proteomic Mass
Spectrometry, Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Laboratory of Proteomic Mass
Spectrometry, Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Annick Méjean
- Laboratoire
Charles Friedel,
Chimie ParisTech, ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre
et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
- CNRS, UMR 7223, 75005
Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Ploux
- Laboratoire
Charles Friedel,
Chimie ParisTech, ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre
et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
- CNRS, UMR 7223, 75005
Paris, France
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Mazmouz R, Chapuis-Hugon F, Mann S, Pichon V, Méjean A, Ploux O. Biosynthesis of cylindrospermopsin and 7-epicylindrospermopsin in Oscillatoria sp. strain PCC 6506: identification of the cyr gene cluster and toxin analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:4943-9. [PMID: 20525864 PMCID: PMC2916468 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00717-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin is a cytotoxin produced by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and other cyanobacteria that has been implicated in human intoxications. We report here the complete sequence of the gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of this toxin in Oscillatoria sp. strain PCC 6506. This cluster of genes was found to be homologous with that of C. raciborskii but with a different gene organization. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an optimized liquid chromatography analytical method coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, we detected 7-epicylindrospermopsin, cylindrospermopsin, and 7-deoxycylindrospermopsin in the culture medium of axenic Oscillatoria PCC 6506 at the following relative concentrations: 68.6%, 30.2%, and 1.2%, respectively. We measured the intracellular and extracellular concentrations, per mg of dried cells of Oscillatoria PCC 6506, of 7-epicylindrospermopsin (0.18 microg/mg and 0.29 microg/mg, respectively) and cylindrospermopsin (0.10 microg/mg and 0.11 microg/mg, respectively). We showed that these two toxins accumulated in the culture medium of Oscillatoria PCC 6506 but that the ratio (2.5 +/- 0.3) was constant with 7-epicylindrospermopsin being the major metabolite. We also determined the concentrations of these toxins in culture media of other Oscillatoria strains, PCC 6407, PCC 6602, PCC 7926, and PCC 10702, and found that, except for PCC 6602, they all produced 7-epicylindrospermopsin and cylindrospermopsin, with the former being the major toxin, except for PCC 7926, which produced very little 7-epicylindrospermopsin. All the cylindrospermopsin producers studied gave a PCR product using specific primers for the amplification of the cyrJ gene from genomic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Mazmouz
- Laboratoire Charles Friedel, UMR CNRS 7223, ENSCP ChimieParisTech, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75013 Paris, France, Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, UMR PECSA CNRS 7195, ESPCI ParisTech, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Florence Chapuis-Hugon
- Laboratoire Charles Friedel, UMR CNRS 7223, ENSCP ChimieParisTech, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75013 Paris, France, Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, UMR PECSA CNRS 7195, ESPCI ParisTech, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Stéphane Mann
- Laboratoire Charles Friedel, UMR CNRS 7223, ENSCP ChimieParisTech, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75013 Paris, France, Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, UMR PECSA CNRS 7195, ESPCI ParisTech, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Valérie Pichon
- Laboratoire Charles Friedel, UMR CNRS 7223, ENSCP ChimieParisTech, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75013 Paris, France, Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, UMR PECSA CNRS 7195, ESPCI ParisTech, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Annick Méjean
- Laboratoire Charles Friedel, UMR CNRS 7223, ENSCP ChimieParisTech, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75013 Paris, France, Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, UMR PECSA CNRS 7195, ESPCI ParisTech, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Olivier Ploux
- Laboratoire Charles Friedel, UMR CNRS 7223, ENSCP ChimieParisTech, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75013 Paris, France, Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, UMR PECSA CNRS 7195, ESPCI ParisTech, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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The genome sequence of the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp. PCC 6506 reveals several gene clusters responsible for the biosynthesis of toxins and secondary metabolites. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:5264-5. [PMID: 20675499 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00704-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a draft sequence of the genome of Oscillatoria sp. PCC 6506, a cyanobacterium that produces anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a, two neurotoxins, and cylindrospermopsin, a cytotoxin. Beside the clusters of genes responsible for the biosynthesis of these toxins, we have found other clusters of genes likely involved in the biosynthesis of not-yet-identified secondary metabolites.
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Méjean A, Mann S, Vassiliadis G, Lombard B, Loew D, Ploux O. In Vitro Reconstitution of the First Steps of Anatoxin-a Biosynthesis in Oscillatoria PCC 6506: From Free l-Proline to Acyl Carrier Protein Bound Dehydroproline. Biochemistry 2009; 49:103-13. [DOI: 10.1021/bi9018785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annick Méjean
- Biochimie des micro-organismes, Laboratoire Charles Friedel, UMR CNRS 7223, ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Mann
- Biochimie des micro-organismes, Laboratoire Charles Friedel, UMR CNRS 7223, ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Gaëlle Vassiliadis
- Biochimie des micro-organismes, Laboratoire Charles Friedel, UMR CNRS 7223, ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Bérangère Lombard
- Laboratory of Proteomic Mass Spectrometry, Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Laboratory of Proteomic Mass Spectrometry, Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Ploux
- Biochimie des micro-organismes, Laboratoire Charles Friedel, UMR CNRS 7223, ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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41
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Identification of a polyketide synthase coding sequence specific for anatoxin-a-producing Oscillatoria cyanobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:4909-12. [PMID: 19447947 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02478-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the identification of a sequence from the genome of Oscillatoria sp. strain PCC 6506 coding for a polyketide synthase. Using 50 axenic cyanobacteria, we found this sequence only in the genomes of Oscillatoria strains producing anatoxin-a or homoanatoxin-a, indicating its likely involvement in the biosynthesis of these toxins.
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42
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Méjean A, Mann S, Maldiney T, Vassiliadis G, Lequin O, Ploux O. Evidence that Biosynthesis of the Neurotoxic Alkaloids Anatoxin-a and Homoanatoxin-a in the Cyanobacterium Oscillatoria PCC 6506 Occurs on a Modular Polyketide Synthase Initiated by l-Proline. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:7512-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9024353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annick Méjean
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Microorganismes: Enzymologie, Métabolisme et Antibiotiques (UMR CNRS 7223), ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Unité des Cyanobactéries (CNRS URA 2172), Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75013 Paris, France, and Laboratoire des Biomolécules (UMR CNRS 7203), UPMC Université Paris 6, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Stéphane Mann
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Microorganismes: Enzymologie, Métabolisme et Antibiotiques (UMR CNRS 7223), ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Unité des Cyanobactéries (CNRS URA 2172), Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75013 Paris, France, and Laboratoire des Biomolécules (UMR CNRS 7203), UPMC Université Paris 6, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Thomas Maldiney
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Microorganismes: Enzymologie, Métabolisme et Antibiotiques (UMR CNRS 7223), ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Unité des Cyanobactéries (CNRS URA 2172), Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75013 Paris, France, and Laboratoire des Biomolécules (UMR CNRS 7203), UPMC Université Paris 6, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Gaëlle Vassiliadis
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Microorganismes: Enzymologie, Métabolisme et Antibiotiques (UMR CNRS 7223), ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Unité des Cyanobactéries (CNRS URA 2172), Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75013 Paris, France, and Laboratoire des Biomolécules (UMR CNRS 7203), UPMC Université Paris 6, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Olivier Lequin
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Microorganismes: Enzymologie, Métabolisme et Antibiotiques (UMR CNRS 7223), ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Unité des Cyanobactéries (CNRS URA 2172), Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75013 Paris, France, and Laboratoire des Biomolécules (UMR CNRS 7203), UPMC Université Paris 6, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Olivier Ploux
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Microorganismes: Enzymologie, Métabolisme et Antibiotiques (UMR CNRS 7223), ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Unité des Cyanobactéries (CNRS URA 2172), Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75013 Paris, France, and Laboratoire des Biomolécules (UMR CNRS 7203), UPMC Université Paris 6, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Roe SJ, Stockman RA. A two-directional approach to the anatoxin alkaloids: second synthesis of homoanatoxin and efficient synthesis of anatoxin-a. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:3432-4. [DOI: 10.1039/b804304c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kanakubo A, Gray D, Innocent N, Wonnacott S, Gallagher T. The synthesis and nicotinic binding activity of (±)-epiquinamide and (±)-C(1)-epiepiquinamide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4648-51. [PMID: 16784846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of (+/-)-epiquinamide 1 and (+/-)-C(1)-epiepiquinamide 2 based on the use of a Curtius rearrangement to introduce the C(1) amino residue is reported. In a competition binding assay for [(3)H]epibatidine binding to rat brain membranes neither (+/-)-1 nor (+/-)-2 showed any significant level of nicotinic activity.
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