1
|
Semmouri I, Janssen CR, Asselman J. Health risks associated with the consumption of sea turtles: A review of chelonitoxism incidents and the presumed responsible phycotoxins. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 954:176330. [PMID: 39293768 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
Consuming the meat of some marine turtles can lead to a specific type of seafood poisoning known as chelonitoxism. A recent poisoning event (March 2024) on the Tanzanian island Pemba, resulting in the death of 9 people and hospitalization of 78 others, underscores the need to obtain an up to date overview and understanding of chelonitoxism. Here, we document a global overview of poisoning incidents resulting from the consumption of sea turtle flesh worldwide. All events combined involved over 2400 victims and 420 fatalities. Incidents were predominantly reported in remote regions (often islands) across the Indo-Pacific region. Reported health effects of consuming poisonous sea turtles include epigastric pain, diarrhea, vomiting, a burning mouth and throat sensation, and dehydration. In addition, ulcerative oeso-gastro-duodenal lesions, which occasionally have resulted in hospitalization and death, have been reported. Lyngbyatoxins have been suggested as (one of) the causative agents, originating from the cyanobacterium Moorena producens, growing epiphytically on the seagrass and seaweed consumed by green turtles. However, due to the limited evidence of their involvement, the actual etiology of chelonitoxism remains unresolved and other compounds may be responsible. The data outlined in this review offer valuable insights to both regulatory bodies and the general public regarding the potential risks linked to consuming sea turtles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Semmouri
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Bluebridge, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium.
| | - Colin R Janssen
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Bluebridge, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Jana Asselman
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Bluebridge, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Meng R, Du X, Ge K, Wu C, Zhang Z, Liang X, Yang J, Zhang H. Does climate change increase the risk of marine toxins? Insights from changing seawater conditions. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:2743-2762. [PMID: 38795135 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03784-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Marine toxins produced by marine organisms threaten human health and impose a heavy public health burden on coastal countries. Lately, there has been an emergence of marine toxins in regions that were previously unaffected, and it is believed that climate change may be a significant factor. This paper systematically summarizes the impact of climate change on the risk of marine toxins in terms of changes in seawater conditions. From our findings, climate change can cause ocean warming, acidification, stratification, and sea-level rise. These climatic events can alter the surface temperature, salinity, pH, and nutrient conditions of seawater, which may promote the growth of various algae and bacteria, facilitating the production of marine toxins. On the other hand, climate change may expand the living ranges of marine organisms (such as algae, bacteria, and fish), thereby exacerbating the production and spread of marine toxins. In addition, the sources, distribution, and toxicity of ciguatoxin, tetrodotoxin, cyclic imines, and microcystin were described to improve public awareness of these emerging marine toxins. Looking ahead, developing interdisciplinary cooperation, strengthening monitoring of emerging marine toxins, and exploring more novel approaches are essential to better address the risks of marine toxins posed by climate change. Altogether, the interrelationships between climate, marine ecology, and marine toxins were analyzed in this study, providing a theoretical basis for preventing and managing future health risks from marine toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Meng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Kangfeng Ge
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chunrui Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zongxin Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kobayashi M, Masuda J, Oshiro N. Detection of Extremely Low Level Ciguatoxins through Monitoring of Lithium Adduct Ions by Liquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:170. [PMID: 38668595 PMCID: PMC11053878 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is the most common type of marine biotoxin food poisoning worldwide, and it is caused by ciguatoxins (CTXs), thermostable polyether toxins produced by dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa spp. It is typically caused by the consumption of large fish high on the food chain that have accumulated CTXs in their flesh. CTXs in trace amounts are found in natural samples, and they mainly induce neurotoxic effects in consumers at concentrations as low as 0.2 µg/kg. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has established CTX maximum permitted levels of 0.01 µg/kg for CTX1B and 0.1 µg/kg for C-CTX1 based on toxicological data. More than 20 variants of the CTX1B and CTX3C series have been identified, and the simultaneous detection of trace amounts of CTX analogs has recently been required. Previously published works using LC-MS/MS achieved the safety levels by monitoring the sodium adduct ions of CTXs ([M+Na]+ > [M+Na]+). In this study, we optimized a highly sensitive method for the detection of CTXs using the sodium or lithium adducts, [M+Na]+ or [M+Li]+, by adding alkali metals such as Na+ or Li+ to the mobile phase. This work demonstrates that CTXs can be successfully detected at the low concentrations recommended by the FDA with good chromatographic separation using LC-MS/MS. It also reports on the method's new analytical conditions and accuracy using [M+Li]+.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manami Kobayashi
- Shimadzu Corporation, 3-25-40, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Junichi Masuda
- Shimadzu Corporation, 3-25-40, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Naomasa Oshiro
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Kanagawa, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Triantafyllakis M, Alexander S, Woolford S, Wilson C, Clark JS. Synthesis of the A-F Fragment of the Pacific Ciguatoxin CTX3C by Iterative Ring-Closing Metathesis and Tsuji-Trost Allylation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202303121. [PMID: 37830907 PMCID: PMC10946863 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The fully functionalized A-F fragment of the Pacific ciguatoxin CTX3C has been synthesized from a derivative of D-glucal, which serves as the B-ring. Rings A and C were introduced to either side of ring B by ring-closing diene and enyne metathesis (RCM). The seven-membered D-ring and eight-membered E-ring were assembled by iterative use of a six-step reaction sequence in which RCM was used for ring construction and Tsuji-Trost allylation was employed for subsequent stereoselective functionalization. The nine-membered F-ring was formed by use of an RCM reaction and bears the functionality required for attachment of the I-M fragment and subsequent closure of rings G and H.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myron Triantafyllakis
- School of ChemistryJoseph Black BuildingUniversity of GlasgowUniversity AvenueGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Sam Alexander
- School of ChemistryJoseph Black BuildingUniversity of GlasgowUniversity AvenueGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Sophie Woolford
- School of ChemistryJoseph Black BuildingUniversity of GlasgowUniversity AvenueGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Claire Wilson
- School of ChemistryJoseph Black BuildingUniversity of GlasgowUniversity AvenueGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - J. Stephen Clark
- School of ChemistryJoseph Black BuildingUniversity of GlasgowUniversity AvenueGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pinto A, Botelho MJ, Churro C, Asselman J, Pereira P, Pereira JL. A review on aquatic toxins - Do we really know it all regarding the environmental risk posed by phytoplankton neurotoxins? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118769. [PMID: 37597370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic toxins are potent natural toxins produced by certain cyanobacteria and marine algae species during harmful cyanobacterial and algal blooms (CyanoHABs and HABs, respectively). These harmful bloom events and the toxins produced during these events are a human and environmental health concern worldwide, with occurrence, frequency and severity of CyanoHABs and HABs being predicted to keep increasing due to ongoing climate change scenarios. These contexts, as well as human health consequences of some toxins produced during bloom events have been thoroughly reviewed before. Conversely, the wider picture that includes the non-human biota in the assessment of noxious effects of toxins is much less covered in the literature and barely covered by review works. Despite direct human exposure to aquatic toxins and related deleterious effects being responsible for the majority of the public attention to the blooms' problematic, it constitutes a very limited fraction of the real environmental risk posed by these toxins. The disruption of ecological and trophic interactions caused by these toxins in the aquatic biota building on deleterious effects they may induce in different species is paramount as a modulator of the overall magnitude of the environmental risk potentially involved, thus necessarily constraining the quality and efficiency of the management strategies that should be placed. In this way, this review aims at updating and consolidating current knowledge regarding the adverse effects of aquatic toxins, attempting to going beyond their main toxicity pathways in human and related models' health, i.e., also focusing on ecologically relevant model organisms. For conciseness and considering the severity in terms of documented human health risks as a reference, we restricted the detailed revision work to neurotoxic cyanotoxins and marine toxins. This comprehensive revision of the systemic effects of aquatic neurotoxins provides a broad overview of the exposure and the hazard that these compounds pose to human and environmental health. Regulatory approaches they are given worldwide, as well as (eco)toxicity data available were hence thoroughly reviewed. Critical research gaps were identified particularly regarding (i) the toxic effects other than those typical of the recognized disease/disorder each toxin causes following acute exposure in humans and also in other biota; and (ii) alternative detection tools capable of being early-warning signals for aquatic toxins occurrence and therefore provide better human and environmental safety insurance. Future directions on aquatic toxins research are discussed in face of the existent knowledge, with particular emphasis on the much-needed development and implementation of effective alternative (eco)toxicological biomarkers for these toxins. The wide-spanning approach followed herein will hopefully stimulate future research more broadly addressing the environmental hazardous potential of aquatic toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albano Pinto
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Botelho
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Catarina Churro
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Jana Asselman
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Bluebridge Building, Ostend Science Park 1, 8400, Ostend, Belgium
| | - Patrícia Pereira
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Luísa Pereira
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pottier I, Lewis RJ, Vernoux JP. Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean: Reconciling the Multiplicity of Ciguatoxins and Analytical Chemistry Approach for Public Health Safety. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:453. [PMID: 37505722 PMCID: PMC10467118 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera is a major circumtropical poisoning caused by the consumption of marine fish and invertebrates contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs): neurotoxins produced by endemic and benthic dinoflagellates which are biotransformed in the fish food-web. We provide a history of ciguatera research conducted over the past 70 years on ciguatoxins from the Pacific Ocean (P-CTXs) and Caribbean Sea (C-CTXs) and describe their main chemical, biochemical, and toxicological properties. Currently, there is no official method for the extraction and quantification of ciguatoxins, regardless their origin, mainly due to limited CTX-certified reference materials. In this review, the extraction and purification procedures of C-CTXs are investigated, considering specific objectives such as isolating reference materials, analysing fish toxin profiles, or ensuring food safety control. Certain in vitro assays may provide sufficient sensitivity to detect C-CTXs at sub-ppb levels in fish, but they do not allow for individual identification of CTXs. Recent advances in analysis using liquid chromatography coupled with low- or high-resolution mass spectrometry provide new opportunities to identify known C-CTXs, to gain structural insights into new analogues, and to quantify C-CTXs. Together, these methods reveal that ciguatera arises from a multiplicity of CTXs, although one major form (C-CTX-1) seems to dominate. However, questions arise regarding the abundance and instability of certain C-CTXs, which are further complicated by the wide array of CTX-producing dinoflagellates and fish vectors. Further research is needed to assess the toxic potential of the new C-CTX and their role in ciguatera fish poisoning. With the identification of C-CTXs in the coastal USA and Eastern Atlantic Ocean, the investigation of ciguatera fish poisoning is now a truly global effort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivannah Pottier
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen, France;
| | - Richard J. Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mudge EM, Miles CO, Ivanova L, Uhlig S, James KS, Erdner DL, Fæste CK, McCarron P, Robertson A. Algal ciguatoxin identified as source of ciguatera poisoning in the Caribbean. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 330:138659. [PMID: 37044143 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a severe seafood-borne disease, caused by the consumption of reef fish contaminated with Caribbean ciguatoxins (C-CTXs) in the Caribbean and tropical Atlantic. However, C-CTXs have not been identified from their presumed algal source, so the relationship to the CTXs in fish causing illness remains unknown. This has hindered the development of detection methods, diagnostics, monitoring programs, and limited fundamental knowledge on the environmental factors that regulate C-CTX production. In this study, in vitro and chemical techniques were applied to unambiguously identify a novel C-CTX analogue, C-CTX5, from Gambierdiscus silvae and Gambierdiscus caribaeus strains from the Caribbean. Metabolism in vitro by fish liver microsomes converted algal C-CTX5 into C-CTX1/2, the dominant CTX in ciguatoxic fish from the Caribbean. Furthermore, C-CTX5 from G. silvae was confirmed to have voltage-gated sodium-channel-specific activity. This finding is crucial for risk assessment, understanding the fate of C-CTXs in food webs, and is a prerequisite for development of effective analytical methods and monitoring programs. The identification of an algal precursor produced by two Gambierdiscus species is a major breakthrough for ciguatera research that will foster major advances in this important seafood safety issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Mudge
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Lada Ivanova
- Chemistry and Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Silvio Uhlig
- Chemistry and Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Keiana S James
- School of Marine & Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, 600 Clinic Drive, AL, 36688, USA; Marine Ecotoxicology Group, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528, USA
| | - Deana L Erdner
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Dr, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
| | - Christiane K Fæste
- Chemistry and Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Alison Robertson
- School of Marine & Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, 600 Clinic Drive, AL, 36688, USA; Marine Ecotoxicology Group, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kamali N, Abbas F, Lehane M, Griew M, Furey A. A Review of In Situ Methods-Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) for the Collection and Concentration of Marine Biotoxins and Pharmaceuticals in Environmental Waters. Molecules 2022; 27:7898. [PMID: 36431996 PMCID: PMC9698218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) are in situ methods that have been applied to pre-concentrate a range of marine toxins, pesticides and pharmaceutical compounds that occur at low levels in marine and environmental waters. Recent research has identified the widespread distribution of biotoxins and pharmaceuticals in environmental waters (marine, brackish and freshwater) highlighting the need for the development of effective techniques to generate accurate quantitative water system profiles. In this manuscript, we reviewed in situ methods known as Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) for the collection and concentration of marine biotoxins, freshwater cyanotoxins and pharmaceuticals in environmental waters since the 1980s to present. Twelve different adsorption substrates in SPATT and 18 different sorbents in POCIS were reviewed for their ability to absorb a range of lipophilic and hydrophilic marine biotoxins, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, antibiotics and microcystins in marine water, freshwater and wastewater. This review suggests the gaps in reported studies, outlines future research possibilities and guides researchers who wish to work on water contaminates using Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Kamali
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- HALPIN Centre for Research & Innovation, National Maritime College of Ireland (NMCI), Munster Technological University (MTU), P43 XV65 Ringaskiddy, Ireland
| | - Feras Abbas
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| | - Mary Lehane
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael Griew
- HALPIN Centre for Research & Innovation, National Maritime College of Ireland (NMCI), Munster Technological University (MTU), P43 XV65 Ringaskiddy, Ireland
| | - Ambrose Furey
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Clinical Characteristics of Ciguatera Poisoning in Martinique, French West Indies—A Case Series. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080535. [PMID: 36006197 PMCID: PMC9415704 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is one of the most common causes worldwide of marine poisoning associated with fish consumption from tropical areas. Its incidence is underreported. CP cases seem to increase with grouped cases reported during summer. Exposure to ciguatoxins, toxins responsible for CP with sodium-channel agonistic, voltage-gated potassium channel blocking, cholinergic, and adrenergic activities, may result in a large spectrum of manifestations. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, management, and outcome of CP in Martinique, French West Indies. We conducted an observational retrospective single-center study during six years (October 2012 to September 2018) including all CP patients managed by the prehospital medical services, admitted to the university hospital emergency department, or declared to the regional health agency. A total of 149 CP patients (81 females/63 males; median age, 46 years (interquartile range, 34–61)) were included. Acute features consisted in general (91%; mainly, myalgia pruritus, and asthenia), gastrointestinal (90%; mainly diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea), neurological (72%; mainly, paresthesia, dysgeusia, and impairment of hot/cold feeling), and cardiovascular manifestations (22%; bradycardia, hypotension, and heart conduction disorders). Management was supportive. No patient died but symptoms persisted in 40% of the 77 patients with follow-up at day 15. CP was mainly attributed to the ingestion of trevallies (59%), snappers (13%), and king mackerels (8%) with collective contaminations (71%). Unusual fish (tuna, salmon, and spider conchs) were suspected in rare cases. Ingestion of trevallies was associated with significantly higher persistent symptoms (odds ratio, 3.00; 95% confidence interval, (1.20–8.00); p = 0.03). CP incidence was 0.67 cases per 10,000 patient-years in Martinique over the study period. To conclude, CP represents an increasing public health issue in Martinique, as is the case in other Caribbean islands. Patients present usual but possibly life-threatening features. Outcome is excellent despite frequently prolonged manifestations.
Collapse
|
10
|
Giglio ML, Boland W, Heras H. Egg toxic compounds in the animal kingdom. A comprehensive review. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1938-1969. [PMID: 35916025 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00029f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1951 to 2022Packed with nutrients and unable to escape, eggs are the most vulnerable stage of an animal's life cycle. Consequently, many species have evolved chemical defenses and teamed up their eggs with a vast array of toxic molecules for defense against predators, parasites, or pathogens. However, studies on egg toxins are rather scarce and the available information is scattered. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of animal egg toxins and to analyze the trends and patterns with respect to the chemistry and biosynthesis of these toxins. We analyzed their ecology, distribution, sources, occurrence, structure, function, relative toxicity, and mechanistic aspects and include a brief section on the aposematic coloration of toxic eggs. We propose criteria for a multiparametric classification that accounts for the complexity of analyzing the full set of toxins of animal eggs. Around 100 properly identified egg toxins are found in 188 species, distributed in 5 phyla: cnidarians (2) platyhelminths (2), mollusks (9), arthropods (125), and chordates (50). Their scattered pattern among animals suggests that species have evolved this strategy independently on numerous occasions. Alkaloids are the most abundant and widespread, among the 13 types of egg toxins recognized. Egg toxins are derived directly from the environment or are endogenously synthesized, and most of them are transferred by females inside the eggs. Their toxicity ranges from ρmol kg-1 to mmol kg-1, and for some species, experiments support their role in predation deterrence. There is still a huge gap in information to complete the whole picture of this field and the number of toxic eggs seems largely underestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matías L Giglio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr Rodolfo R. Brenner", INIBIOLP, CONICET CCT La Plata - Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Horacio Heras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr Rodolfo R. Brenner", INIBIOLP, CONICET CCT La Plata - Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. .,Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gambierdiscus and Its Associated Toxins: A Minireview. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070485. [PMID: 35878223 PMCID: PMC9324261 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gambierdiscus is a dinoflagellate genus widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions. Some members of this genus can produce a group of potent polycyclic polyether neurotoxins responsible for ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), one of the most significant food-borne illnesses associated with fish consumption. Ciguatoxins and maitotoxins, the two major toxins produced by Gambierdiscus, act on voltage-gated channels and TRPA1 receptors, consequently leading to poisoning and even death in both humans and animals. Over the past few decades, the occurrence and geographic distribution of CFP have undergone a significant expansion due to intensive anthropogenic activities and global climate change, which results in more human illness, a greater public health impact, and larger economic losses. The global spread of CFP has led to Gambierdiscus and its toxins being considered an environmental and human health concern worldwide. In this review, we seek to provide an overview of recent advances in the field of Gambierdiscus and its associated toxins based on the existing literature combined with re-analyses of current data. The taxonomy, phylogenetics, geographic distribution, environmental regulation, toxin detection method, toxin biosynthesis, and pharmacology and toxicology of Gambierdiscus are summarized and discussed. We also highlight future perspectives on Gambierdiscus and its associated toxins.
Collapse
|
12
|
Reductive Amination for LC-MS Signal Enhancement and Confirmation of the Presence of Caribbean Ciguatoxin-1 in Fish. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060399. [PMID: 35737060 PMCID: PMC9245599 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning is a global health concern caused by the consumption of seafood containing ciguatoxins (CTXs). Detection of CTXs poses significant analytical challenges due to their low abundance even in highly toxic fish, the diverse and in-part unclarified structures of many CTX congeners, and the lack of reference standards. Selective detection of CTXs requires methods such as liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) or high-resolution MS (LC-HRMS). While HRMS data can provide greatly improved resolution, it is typically less sensitive than targeted LC-MS/MS and does not reliably comply with the FDA guidance level of 0.1 µg/kg CTXs in fish tissue that was established for Caribbean CTX-1 (C-CTX-1). In this study, we provide a new chemical derivatization approach employing a fast and simple one-pot derivatization with Girard's reagent T (GRT) that tags the C-56-ketone intermediate of the two equilibrating C-56 epimers of C-CTX-1 with a quaternary ammonium moiety. This derivatization improved the LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS responses to C-CTX-1 by approximately 40- and 17-fold on average, respectively. These improvements in sensitivity to the GRT-derivative of C-CTX-1 are attributable to: the improved ionization efficiency caused by insertion of a quaternary ammonium ion; the absence of adduct-ions and water-loss peaks for the GRT derivative in the mass spectrometer, and; the prevention of on-column epimerization (at C-56 of C-CTX-1) by GRT derivatization, leading to much better chromatographic peak shapes. This C-CTX-1-GRT derivatization strategy mitigates many of the shortcomings of current LC-MS analyses for C-CTX-1 by improving instrument sensitivity, while at the same time adding selectivity due to the reactivity of GRT with ketones and aldehydes.
Collapse
|
13
|
Darius HT, Revel T, Viallon J, Sibat M, Cruchet P, Longo S, Hardison DR, Holland WC, Tester PA, Litaker RW, McCall JR, Hess P, Chinain M. Comparative Study on the Performance of Three Detection Methods for the Quantification of Pacific Ciguatoxins in French Polynesian Strains of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060348. [PMID: 35736151 PMCID: PMC9229625 DOI: 10.3390/md20060348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa dinoflagellates produce a suite of secondary metabolites, including ciguatoxins (CTXs), which bioaccumulate and are further biotransformed in fish and marine invertebrates, causing ciguatera poisoning when consumed by humans. This study is the first to compare the performance of the fluorescent receptor binding assay (fRBA), neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a), and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the quantitative estimation of CTX contents in 30 samples, obtained from four French Polynesian strains of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. fRBA was applied to Gambierdiscus matrix for the first time, and several parameters of the fRBA protocol were refined. Following liquid/liquid partitioning to separate CTXs from other algal compounds, the variability of CTX contents was estimated using these three methods in three independent experiments. All three assays were significantly correlated with each other, with the highest correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.841) found between fRBA and LC-MS/MS. The CBA-N2a was more sensitive than LC-MS/MS and fRBA, with all assays showing good repeatability. The combined use of fRBA and/or CBA-N2a for screening purposes and LC-MS/MS for confirmation purposes allows for efficient CTX evaluation in Gambierdiscus. These findings, which support future collaborative studies for the inter-laboratory validation of CTX detection methods, will help improve ciguatera risk assessment and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +689-40-416-484
| | - Taina Revel
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Manoëlla Sibat
- IFREMER, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Philippe Cruchet
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Sébastien Longo
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Donnie Ransom Hardison
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA; (D.R.H.); (W.C.H.)
| | - William C. Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA; (D.R.H.); (W.C.H.)
| | | | - R. Wayne Litaker
- CSS, Inc. Under Contract to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA;
| | - Jennifer R. McCall
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA;
| | - Philipp Hess
- IFREMER, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Darius HT, Paillon C, Mou-Tham G, Ung A, Cruchet P, Revel T, Viallon J, Vigliola L, Ponton D, Chinain M. Evaluating Age and Growth Relationship to Ciguatoxicity in Five Coral Reef Fish Species from French Polynesia. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040251. [PMID: 35447924 PMCID: PMC9027493 DOI: 10.3390/md20040251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) results from the consumption of coral reef fish or marine invertebrates contaminated with potent marine polyether compounds, namely ciguatoxins. In French Polynesia, 220 fish specimens belonging to parrotfish (Chlorurus microrhinos, Scarus forsteni, and Scarus ghobban), surgeonfish (Naso lituratus), and groupers (Epinephelus polyphekadion) were collected from two sites with contrasted risk of CP, i.e., Kaukura Atoll versus Mangareva Island. Fish age and growth were assessed from otoliths’ yearly increments and their ciguatoxic status (negative, suspect, or positive) was evaluated by neuroblastoma cell-based assay. Using permutational multivariate analyses of variance, no significant differences in size and weight were found between negative and suspect specimens while positive specimens showed significantly greater size and weight particularly for E. polyphekadion and S. ghobban. However, eating small or low-weight specimens remains risky due to the high variability in size and weight of positive fish. Overall, no relationship could be evidenced between fish ciguatoxicity and age and growth characteristics. In conclusion, size, weight, age, and growth are not reliable determinants of fish ciguatoxicity which appears to be rather species and/or site-specific, although larger fish pose an increased risk of poisoning. Such findings have important implications in current CP risk management programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +689-40-416-484
| | - Christelle Paillon
- ENTROPIE, IRD-Université de la Réunion-CNRS-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie-IFREMER, Labex Corail, 98848 Nouméa, New Caledonia, France; (C.P.); (G.M.-T.); (L.V.)
| | - Gérard Mou-Tham
- ENTROPIE, IRD-Université de la Réunion-CNRS-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie-IFREMER, Labex Corail, 98848 Nouméa, New Caledonia, France; (C.P.); (G.M.-T.); (L.V.)
| | - André Ung
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Philippe Cruchet
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Taina Revel
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Laurent Vigliola
- ENTROPIE, IRD-Université de la Réunion-CNRS-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie-IFREMER, Labex Corail, 98848 Nouméa, New Caledonia, France; (C.P.); (G.M.-T.); (L.V.)
| | - Dominique Ponton
- ENTROPIE, IRD-Université de la Réunion-CNRS-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie-IFREMER, c/o Institut Halieutique et des Sciences Marines (IH.SM), Université de Toliara, Rue Dr. Rabesandratana, P.O. Box 141, Toliara 601, Madagascar;
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tudó À, Rambla-Alegre M, Flores C, Sagristà N, Aguayo P, Reverté L, Campàs M, Gouveia N, Santos C, Andree KB, Marques A, Caixach J, Diogène J. Identification of New CTX Analogues in Fish from the Madeira and Selvagens Archipelagos by Neuro-2a CBA and LC-HRMS. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040236. [PMID: 35447910 PMCID: PMC9031360 DOI: 10.3390/md20040236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is caused by consumption of fish or invertebrates contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). Presently CP is a public concern in some temperate regions, such as Macaronesia (North-Eastern Atlantic Ocean). Toxicity analysis was performed to characterize the fish species that can accumulate CTXs and improve understanding of the ciguatera risk in this area. For that, seventeen fish specimens comprising nine species were captured from coastal waters inMadeira and Selvagens Archipelagos. Toxicity was analysed by screening CTX-like toxicity with the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (neuro-2a CBA). Afterwards, the four most toxic samples were analysed with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Thirteen fish specimens presented CTX-like toxicity in their liver, but only four of these in their muscle. The liver of one specimen of Muraena augusti presented the highest CTX-like toxicity (0.270 ± 0.121 µg of CTX1B equiv·kg−1). Moreover, CTX analogues were detected with LC-HRMS, for M. augusti and Gymnothorax unicolor. The presence of three CTX analogues was identified: C-CTX1, which had been previously described in the area; dihydro-CTX2, which is reported in the area for the first time; a putative new CTX m/z 1127.6023 ([M+NH4]+) named as putative C-CTX-1109, and gambieric acid A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Àngels Tudó
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Maria Rambla-Alegre
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-977-74-54-27 (ext. 1824)
| | - Cintia Flores
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Organic Pollutants, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (C.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Núria Sagristà
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Paloma Aguayo
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Laia Reverté
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Mònica Campàs
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Neide Gouveia
- Regional Fisheries Management-Madeira Government, Direção de Serviços de Investigação das Pescas (DSI-DRP), Estrada da Pontinha, 9004-562 Funchal, Portugal;
| | - Carolina Santos
- Instituto das Florestas e Conservação da Natureza, IP-RAM, Secretaria Regional do Ambiente e Recursos Naturais, Regional Government of Madeira, IFCN IP-RAM, 9050-027 Funchal, Portugal;
| | - Karl B. Andree
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Antonio Marques
- Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Division of Aquaculture, Seafood Upgrading and Bioprospection (DivAV), Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Josep Caixach
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Organic Pollutants, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (C.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
A Generic LC-HRMS Screening Method for Marine and Freshwater Phycotoxins in Fish, Shellfish, Water, and Supplements. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110823. [PMID: 34822607 PMCID: PMC8619867 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycotoxins occur in various marine and freshwater environments, and can accumulate in edible species such as fish, crabs, and shellfish. Human exposure to these toxins can take place, for instance, through consumption of contaminated species or supplements and through the ingestion of contaminated water. Symptoms of phycotoxin intoxication include paralysis, diarrhea, and amnesia. When the cause of an intoxication cannot directly be found, a screening method is required to identify the causative toxin. In this work, such a screening method was developed and validated for marine and freshwater phycotoxins in different matrices: fish, shellfish, water, and food supplements. Two LC methods were developed: one for hydrophilic and one for lipophilic phycotoxins. Sample extracts were measured in full scan mode with an Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometer. Additionally, a database was created to process the data. The method was successfully validated for most matrices, and in addition, regulated lipophilic phycotoxins, domoic acid, and some paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins could be quantified in shellfish. The method showed limitations for hydrophilic phycotoxins in sea water and for lipophilic phycotoxins in food supplements. The developed method is a screening method; in order to confirm suspected compounds, comparison with a standard or an additional analysis such as NMR is required.
Collapse
|
17
|
Darius HT, Revel T, Cruchet P, Viallon J, Gatti CMI, Sibat M, Hess P, Chinain M. Deep-Water Fish Are Potential Vectors of Ciguatera Poisoning in the Gambier Islands, French Polynesia. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19110644. [PMID: 34822515 PMCID: PMC8621427 DOI: 10.3390/md19110644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) cases linked to the consumption of deep-water fish occurred in 2003 in the Gambier Islands (French Polynesia). In 2004, on the request of two local fishermen, the presence of ciguatoxins (CTXs) was examined in part of their fish catches, i.e., 22 specimens representing five deep-water fish species. Using the radioactive receptor binding assay (rRBA) and mouse bioassay (MBA), significant CTX levels were detected in seven deep-water specimens in Lutjanidae, Serranidae, and Bramidae families. Following additional purification steps on the remaining liposoluble fractions for 13 of these samples (kept at -20 °C), these latter were reanalyzed in 2018 with improved protocols of the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Using the CBA-N2a, the highest CTX-like content found in a specimen of Eumegistus illustris (Bramidae) was 2.94 ± 0.27 µg CTX1B eq. kg-1. Its toxin profile consisted of 52-epi-54-deoxyCTX1B, CTX1B, and 54-deoxyCTX1B, as assessed by LC-MS/MS. This is the first study demonstrating that deep-water fish are potential ciguatera vectors and highlighting the importance of a systematic monitoring of CTXs in all exploited fish species, especially in ciguatera hotspots, including deep-water fish, which constitute a significant portion of the commercial deep-sea fisheries in many Asian-Pacific countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, University of French Polynesia), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (P.C.); (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +689-40-416-484
| | - Taina Revel
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, University of French Polynesia), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (P.C.); (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Philippe Cruchet
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, University of French Polynesia), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (P.C.); (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, University of French Polynesia), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (P.C.); (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Clémence Mahana iti Gatti
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, University of French Polynesia), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (P.C.); (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Manoëlla Sibat
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, University of French Polynesia), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (P.C.); (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Extraction and LC-MS/MS Analysis of Ciguatoxins: A Semi-Targeted Approach Designed for Fish of Unknown Origin. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090630. [PMID: 34564634 PMCID: PMC8473320 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are polyether marine biotoxins that can cause ciguatera poisoning (CP) after the consumption of fish or invertebrates containing sub ppb levels; concentrations that present a challenge for current extraction and analysis methods. Here, a newly developed and (partly) validated single-day extraction protocol is presented. First, the fish sample is broken-down by enzymatic digestion, followed by extraction and extract clean-up by defatting and two solid-phase extractions. Final extracts were investigated using two different CTX-analysis methods; an in vitro cytotoxicity assay (N2a-assay) and by LC-MS/MS. Validation was performed for both fillet and freeze-dried samples of snapper, parrotfish, and grouper spiked with CTX1B, 52-epi-54-deoxyCTX1B, 54-deoxyCTX1B, and CTX3C. Based on recovery rates (35–88%) and matrix effects (66–116%) determined by LC-MS/MS, the enzyme protocol is applicable to various matrices. The protocol was applied to naturally contaminated fish tissue (Lutjanus bohar) obtained during a CP incident in Germany. Several potential CTX congeners were identified by a two-tier LC-MS/MS approach (screening of sodium adducts, high-resolution or low-resolution confirmation via ammonium adducts). Inclusion of >30 known CTX congeners into the LC-MS/MS methods and single-day sample preparation make the method suitable for analysis of ciguatera suspect samples at sub ppb levels also with undisclosed CTX profiles.
Collapse
|
19
|
Asynchrony of Gambierdiscus spp. Abundance and Toxicity in the U.S. Virgin Islands: Implications for Monitoring and Management of Ciguatera. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060413. [PMID: 34200870 PMCID: PMC8230442 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) poses a significant threat to ecosystem services and fishery resources in coastal communities. The CP-causative ciguatoxins (CTXs) are produced by benthic dinoflagellates including Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa spp., and enter reef food webs via grazing on macroalgal substrates. In this study, we report on a 3-year monthly time series in St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands where Gambierdiscus spp. abundance and Caribbean-CTX toxicity in benthic samples were compared to key environmental factors, including temperature, salinity, nutrients, benthic cover, and physical data. We found that peak Gambierdiscus abundance occurred in summer while CTX-specific toxicity peaked in cooler months (February-May) when the mean water temperatures were approximately 26-28 °C. These trends were most evident at deeper offshore sites where macroalgal cover was highest year-round. Other environmental parameters were not correlated with the CTX variability observed over time. The asynchrony between Gambierdiscus spp. abundance and toxicity reflects potential differences in toxin cell quotas among Gambierdiscus species with concomitant variability in their abundances throughout the year. These results have significant implications for monitoring and management of benthic harmful algal blooms and highlights potential seasonal and highly-localized pulses in reef toxin loads that may be transferred to higher trophic levels.
Collapse
|
20
|
Murray JS, Finch SC, Puddick J, Rhodes LL, Harwood DT, van Ginkel R, Prinsep MR. Acute Toxicity of Gambierone and Quantitative Analysis of Gambierones Produced by Cohabitating Benthic Dinoflagellates. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050333. [PMID: 34063025 PMCID: PMC8147941 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the toxicity and production rates of the various secondary metabolites produced by Gambierdiscus and cohabitating benthic dinoflagellates is essential to unravelling the complexities associated with ciguatera poisoning. In the present study, a sulphated cyclic polyether, gambierone, was purified from Gambierdiscus cheloniae CAWD232 and its acute toxicity was determined using intraperitoneal injection into mice. It was shown to be of low toxicity with an LD50 of 2.4 mg/kg, 9600 times less toxic than the commonly implicated Pacific ciguatoxin-1B, indicating it is unlikely to play a role in ciguatera poisoning. In addition, the production of gambierone and 44-methylgambierone was assessed from 20 isolates of ten Gambierdiscus, two Coolia and two Fukuyoa species using quantitative liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Gambierone was produced by seven Gambierdiscus species, ranging from 1 to 87 pg/cell, and one species from each of the genera Coolia and Fukuyoa, ranging from 2 to 17 pg/cell. The production of 44-methylgambierone ranged from 5 to 270 pg/cell and was ubiquitous to all Gambierdiscus species tested, as well as both species of Coolia and Fukuyoa. The relative production ratio of these two secondary metabolites revealed that only two species produced more gambierone, G. carpenteri CAWD237 and G. cheloniae CAWD232. This represents the first report of gambierone acute toxicity and production by these cohabitating benthic dinoflagellate species. While these results demonstrate that gambierones are unlikely to pose a risk to human health, further research is required to understand if they bioaccumulate in the marine food web.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Sam Murray
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (J.P.); (L.L.R.); (D.T.H.); (R.v.G.)
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sarah C. Finch
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
| | - Jonathan Puddick
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (J.P.); (L.L.R.); (D.T.H.); (R.v.G.)
| | - Lesley L. Rhodes
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (J.P.); (L.L.R.); (D.T.H.); (R.v.G.)
| | - D. Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (J.P.); (L.L.R.); (D.T.H.); (R.v.G.)
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Roel van Ginkel
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (J.P.); (L.L.R.); (D.T.H.); (R.v.G.)
| | - Michèle R. Prinsep
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Loeffler CR, Tartaglione L, Friedemann M, Spielmeyer A, Kappenstein O, Bodi D. Ciguatera Mini Review: 21st Century Environmental Challenges and the Interdisciplinary Research Efforts Rising to Meet Them. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3027. [PMID: 33804281 PMCID: PMC7999458 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Globally, the livelihoods of over a billion people are affected by changes to marine ecosystems, both structurally and systematically. Resources and ecosystem services, provided by the marine environment, contribute nutrition, income, and health benefits for communities. One threat to these securities is ciguatera poisoning; worldwide, the most commonly reported non-bacterial seafood-related illness. Ciguatera is caused by the consumption of (primarily) finfish contaminated with ciguatoxins, potent neurotoxins produced by benthic single-cell microalgae. When consumed, ciguatoxins are biotransformed and can bioaccumulate throughout the food-web via complex pathways. Ciguatera-derived food insecurity is particularly extreme for small island-nations, where fear of intoxication can lead to fishing restrictions by region, species, or size. Exacerbating these complexities are anthropogenic or natural changes occurring in global marine habitats, e.g., climate change, greenhouse-gas induced physical oceanic changes, overfishing, invasive species, and even the international seafood trade. Here we provide an overview of the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century regarding the many facets of ciguatera, including the complex nature of this illness, the biological/environmental factors affecting the causative organisms, their toxins, vectors, detection methods, human-health oriented responses, and ultimately an outlook towards the future. Ciguatera research efforts face many social and environmental challenges this century. However, several future-oriented goals are within reach, including digital solutions for seafood supply chains, identifying novel compounds and methods with the potential for advanced diagnostics, treatments, and prediction capabilities. The advances described herein provide confidence that the tools are now available to answer many of the remaining questions surrounding ciguatera and therefore protection measures can become more accurate and routine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Loeffler
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
- CoNISMa—National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Miriam Friedemann
- Department Exposure, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Astrid Spielmeyer
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Oliver Kappenstein
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Dorina Bodi
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Consumers of mislabeled tropical fish exhibit increased risks of ciguatera intoxication: A report on substitution patterns in fish imported at Frankfurt Airport, Germany. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
23
|
Loeffler CR, Bodi D, Tartaglione L, Dell'Aversano C, Preiss-Weigert A. Improving in vitro ciguatoxin and brevetoxin detection: selecting neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) cells with lower sensitivity to ouabain and veratridine (OV-LS). HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 103:101994. [PMID: 33980434 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine biotoxins accumulating in seafood products pose a risk to human health. These toxins are often potent in minute amounts and contained within complex matrices; requiring sensitive, reliable, and robust methods for their detection. The mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) cytotoxicity assay (N2a-assay) is a sensitive, high-throughput, in vitro method effective for detecting sodium channel-specific marine biotoxins. The N2a-assay can be conducted to distinguish between specific effects on voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels, caused by toxins that activate (e.g., ciguatoxins (CTXs), brevetoxins (PbTxs)) or block (e.g., tetrodotoxins, saxitoxins) the target NaV. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay to compounds activating the NaV are achieved through the addition of the pharmaceuticals ouabain (O) and veratridine (V). However, these compounds can be toxic to Neuro-2a cells and their application at insufficient or excessive concentrations can reduce the effectiveness of this assay for marine toxin detection. Therefore, during growth incubation, Neuro-2a cells were exposed to O and V, and surviving cells exhibiting a lower sensitivity to O and V (OV-LS) were propagated. OV-LS Neuro-2a cells were selected for 60-80% survival when exposed to 0.22/0.022 mM O/V during the cytotoxicity assay. At these conditions, OV-LS N2a cells demonstrated a 3.5-fold higher survival rate 71% ± 7.9 SD (n = 232), and lower sensitivity to O/V, compared to the original Neuro-2a cells 20% ± 9.0 SD (n = 16). Additionally, OV-LS N2a cells were 1.3-2.6-fold more sensitive for detecting CTX3C 1.35 pg/ml, CTX1B 2.06 pg/ml, and PbTx-3 3.04 ng/ml compared to Neuro-2a cells using 0.1/0.01 mM O/V. Detection of CTX3C in a complex fish matrix using OV-LS cells was 0.0048 pg CTX3C/mg fish tissue equivalent. This work shows the potential for a significant improvement in sensitivity for CTX3C, CTX1B, and PbTx-3 using the OV-LS N2a-assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Loeffler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany - www.bfr.bund.de; Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Dorina Bodi
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany - www.bfr.bund.de
| | - Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy; CoNISMa - Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Dell'Aversano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy; CoNISMa - Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Angelika Preiss-Weigert
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany - www.bfr.bund.de
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chinain M, Gatti CMI, Darius HT, Quod JP, Tester PA. Ciguatera poisonings: A global review of occurrences and trends. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101873. [PMID: 33875186 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is the most prevalent, phycotoxin related seafood poisoning across the globe, affecting between 10,000 and 50,000 people annually. This illness results from the consumption of seafood contaminated with lipid soluble toxins known as ciguatoxins (CTXs) that are produced by benthic dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. The present work reviews the global occurrence of CP events and outbreaks, based on both scientific and gray literature. Ciguatera prevalence is significantly underestimated due to a lack of recognition of ciguatera symptoms, limited collection of epidemiological data on a global level, and reticence to report ciguatera in CP-endemic regions. Analysis of the time-series data available for a limited number of countries indicates the highest incidence rates are consistently reported from two historical CP-endemic areas i.e., the Pacific and Caribbean regions, a situation due in part to the strong reliance of local communities on marine resources. Ciguatera-related fatalities are rare (<0.1% of reported cases). The vast majority of outbreaks involve carnivorous fish including snappers, groupers, wrasses, and barracudas. Since 2000, an expansion of the geographical range of CP has been observed in several areas like Macaronesia and east and southeast Asia. In some of these locales, random surveys confirmed the presence of CTXs in locally sourced fish, consistent with the concurrent report of novel CP incidents (e.g., Canary Islands, Madeira, Selvagens Islands, New South Wales). One characteristic of outbreaks occurring in Asia is that they often present as large disease clusters due to group consumption of a single contaminated fish. Similar observations are reported from the Indian Ocean in the form of shark poisoning outbreaks which often lead to singular types of CP characterized by a high fatality rate. Other atypical forms of CP linked to the consumption of marine invertebrates also have been documented recently. Owing to the significant health, socioeconomic and socio-cultural impacts of ciguatera, there is an urgent need for increased, standardized, coordinated efforts in ciguatera education, monitoring and research programs. Several regional and international initiatives have emerged recently, that may help improve patients' care, data collection at a global scale, and risk monitoring and management capabilities in countries most vulnerable to CP's toxic threat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Chinain
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé - UMR 241 EIO, BP 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - C M I Gatti
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé - UMR 241 EIO, BP 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - H T Darius
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé - UMR 241 EIO, BP 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - J-P Quod
- ARVAM-Pareto, Technopole de la Réunion, 14 rue Henri Cornu, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - P A Tester
- Ocean Tester, LLC, 295 Dills Point Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gaiani G, Leonardo S, Tudó À, Toldrà A, Rey M, Andree KB, Tsumuraya T, Hirama M, Diogène J, O'Sullivan CK, Alcaraz C, Campàs M. Rapid detection of ciguatoxins in Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa with immunosensing tools. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 204:111004. [PMID: 32768745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) leads to a foodborne disease known as ciguatera. Primary producers of CTXs are epibenthic dinoflagellates of the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. In this study, thirteen Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa strains were cultured, harvested at exponential phase, and CTXs were extracted with an implemented rapid protocol. Microalgal extracts were obtained from pellets with a low cell abundance (20,000 cell/mL) and were then analyzed with magnetic bead (MB)-based immunosensing tools (colorimetric immunoassay and electrochemical immunosensor). It is the first time that these approaches are used to screen Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa strains, providing not only a global indication of the presence of CTXs, but also the ability to discriminate between two series of congeners (CTX1B and CTX3C). Analysis of the microalgal extracts revealed the presence of CTXs in 11 out of 13 strains and provided new information about Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa toxin profiles. The use of immunosensing tools in the analysis of microalgal extracts facilitates the elucidation of further knowledge regarding these dinoflagellate genera and can contribute to improved ciguatera risk assessment and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Gaiani
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - S Leonardo
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - À Tudó
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - A Toldrà
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - M Rey
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - K B Andree
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - T Tsumuraya
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 599-8570, Japan
| | - M Hirama
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 599-8570, Japan
| | - J Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - C K O'Sullivan
- Departament D'Enginyeria Química, URV, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Alcaraz
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - M Campàs
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tudó À, Gaiani G, Rey Varela M, Tsumuraya T, Andree KB, Fernández-Tejedor M, Campàs M, Diogène J. Further advance of Gambierdiscus Species in the Canary Islands, with the First Report of Gambierdiscus belizeanus. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110692. [PMID: 33142836 PMCID: PMC7693352 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is a human food-borne poisoning that has been known since ancient times to be found mainly in tropical and subtropical areas, which occurs when fish or very rarely invertebrates contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) are consumed. The genus of marine benthic dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus produces CTX precursors. The presence of Gambierdiscus species in a region is one indicator of CP risk. The Canary Islands (North Eastern Atlantic Ocean) is an area where CP cases have been reported since 2004. In the present study, samplings for Gambierdiscus cells were conducted in this area during 2016 and 2017. Gambierdiscus cells were isolated and identified as G. australes, G. excentricus, G. caribaeus, and G. belizeanus by molecular analysis. In this study, G. belizeanus is reported for the first time in the Canary Islands. Gambierdiscus isolates were cultured, and the CTX-like toxicity of forty-one strains was evaluated with the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (neuro-2a CBA). G. excentricus exhibited the highest CTX-like toxicity (9.5-2566.7 fg CTX1B equiv. cell-1) followed by G. australes (1.7-452.6.2 fg CTX1B equiv. cell-1). By contrast, the toxicity of G. belizeanus was low (5.6 fg CTX1B equiv. cell-1), and G. caribaeus did not exhibit CTX-like toxicity. In addition, for the G. belizeanus strain, the production of CTXs was evaluated with a colorimetric immunoassay and an electrochemical immunosensor resulting in G. belizeanus producing two types of CTX congeners (CTX1B and CTX3C series congeners) and can contribute to CP in the Canary Islands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Àngels Tudó
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Greta Gaiani
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Rey Varela
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Takeshi Tsumuraya
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8570, Japan;
| | - Karl B. Andree
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Margarita Fernández-Tejedor
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Mònica Campàs
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Epidemiology and Toxicology of Ciguatera Poisoning in the Colombian Caribbean. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18100504. [PMID: 33019517 PMCID: PMC7601626 DOI: 10.3390/md18100504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera is a food intoxication caused by the consumption of primarily coral fish; these species exist in large numbers in the seas that surround the Colombian territory. The underreported diagnosis of this clinical entity has been widely highlighted due to multiple factors, such as, among others, ignorance by the primary care practitioner consulted for this condition as well as clinical similarity to secondary gastroenteric symptoms and common food poisonings of bacterial, parasitic or viral etiology. Eventually, it was found that people affected by ciguatoxins had trips to coastal areas hours before the onset of symptoms. Thanks to multiple studies over the years, it has been possible to identify the relation between toxigenic dinoflagellates and seagrasses, as well as its incorporation into the food chain, starting by fish primarily inhabiting reef ecosystems and culminating in the intake of these by humans. Identifying the epidemiological link, its cardinal symptoms and affected systems, such as gastrointestinal, the peripheral nervous system and, fortunately with a low frequency, the cardiovascular system, leads to a purely clinical diagnostic impression without necessitating further complementary studies; in addition, what would also help fight ciguatera poisoning is performing an adequate treatment of the symptoms right from the start, without underestimating or overlooking any associated complications.
Collapse
|
28
|
Advances in Detecting Ciguatoxins in Fish. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080494. [PMID: 32752046 PMCID: PMC7472146 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is currently the most common marine biotoxin food poisoning worldwide, associated with human consumption of circumtropical fish and marine invertebrates that are contaminated with ciguatoxins. Ciguatoxins are very potent sodium-channel activator neurotoxins, that pose risks to human health at very low concentrations (>0.01 ng per g of fish flesh in the case of the most potent Pacific ciguatoxin). Symptoms of CFP are nonspecific and intoxication in humans is often misdiagnosed. Presently, there is no medically approved treatment of ciguatera. Therefore, to mitigate the risks of CFP, reliable detection of ciguatoxins prior to consumption of fish tissue is acutely needed, which requires application of highly sensitive and quantitative analytical tests. During the last century a number of methods have been developed to identify and quantify the concentration of ciguatoxins, including in vivo animal assays, cell-based assays, receptor binding assays, antibody-based immunoassays, electrochemical methods, and analytical techniques based on coupling of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Development of these methods, their various advantages and limitations, as well as future challenges are discussed in this review.
Collapse
|
29
|
Murray JS, Nishimura T, Finch SC, Rhodes LL, Puddick J, Harwood DT, Larsson ME, Doblin MA, Leung P, Yan M, Rise F, Wilkins AL, Prinsep MR. The role of 44-methylgambierone in ciguatera fish poisoning: Acute toxicity, production by marine microalgae and its potential as a biomarker for Gambierdiscus spp. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 97:101853. [PMID: 32732047 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is prevalent around the tropical and sub-tropical latitudes of the world and impacts many Pacific island communities intrinsically linked to the reef system for sustenance and trade. While the genus Gambierdiscus has been linked with CFP, it is commonly found on tropical reef systems in microalgal assemblages with other genera of toxin-producing, epiphytic and/or benthic dinoflagellates - Amphidinium, Coolia, Fukuyoa, Ostreopsis and Prorocentrum. Identifying a biomarker compound that can be used for the early detection of Gambierdiscus blooms, specifically in a mixed microalgal community, is paramount in enabling the development of management and mitigation strategies. Following on from the recent structural elucidation of 44-methylgambierone, its potential to contribute to CFP intoxication events and applicability as a biomarker compound for Gambierdiscus spp. was investigated. The acute toxicity of this secondary metabolite was determined by intraperitoneal injection using mice, which showed it to be of low toxicity, with an LD50 between 20 and 38 mg kg-1. The production of 44-methylgambierone by 252 marine microalgal isolates consisting of 90 species from 32 genera across seven classes, was assessed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. It was discovered that the production of this secondary metabolite was ubiquitous to the eight Gambierdiscus species tested, however not all isolates of G. carpenteri, and some species/isolates of Coolia and Fukuyoa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Sam Murray
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| | | | - Sarah C Finch
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | | | | | - D Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Michaela E Larsson
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123 Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Martina A Doblin
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123 Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Priscilla Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Frode Rise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alistair L Wilkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Michèle R Prinsep
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Neves RAF, Pardal MA, Nascimento SM, Silva A, Oliveira PJ, Rodrigues ET. High sensitivity of rat cardiomyoblast H9c2(2-1) cells to Gambierdiscus toxic compounds. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 223:105475. [PMID: 32325308 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning is a frequently reported non-bacterial food-borne illness related to the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins, and possibly maitotoxins. These toxins are synthesized by marine dinoflagellate species of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa genera, and their abundance is a matter of great concern due to their adverse effects to aquatic life and human health. The present study aims to assess the sensitivity of rat cardiomyoblast H9c2(2-1) cells to Gambierdiscus toxic compounds using concentration- and time-dependent sulforhodamine B (SRB) colorimetric assays. Low concentrations of Gambierdiscus extracts (corresponding to 1.3-2.3 cells mL-1) induced a concentration-dependent response. Specificity in time-dependent response of H9c2(2-1) cells was demonstrated for G. excentricus after a 180 min exposure compared to both G. cf. belizeanus and G. silvae species, with EC50s obtained after 720 and 360 min, respectively. The sensitivity of H9c2(2-1) cells to dinoflagellate toxic compounds was also tested with other genera from benthic (Coolia malayensis, Ostreopsis cf. ovata, Prorocentrum hoffmannianum and P. lima) and planktonic (Amphidinium carterae and Lingulodinium polyedrum) habitats. Amphidinium, Coolia and Lingulodinium data did not present any concentration-response relationships, and EC50 values could only be obtained after 720 and 1440 min of exposure to both Prorocentrum species and O. cf. ovata, respectively. This study demonstrated that the H9c2(2-1) SRB assay represents a promising and sensitive tool for the detection of Gambierdiscus toxic compounds present in water samples, particularly of G. excentricus at very low cell abundances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A F Neves
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av Pasteur 458-307, 22290-240, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Miguel A Pardal
- CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Silvia M Nascimento
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av Pasteur 458-307, 22290-240, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Alexandra Silva
- Phytoplankton Laboratory, Division of Oceanography and Environment, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-006, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Biotech Building, Lot 8A, Biocant Park, 3060-197, Cantanhede, Portugal.
| | - Elsa T Rodrigues
- CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Castro D, Manger R, Vilariño O, Gago-Martínez A. Evaluation of Matrix Issues in the Applicability of the Neuro-2a Cell Based Assay on the Detection of CTX in Fish Samples. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050308. [PMID: 32397386 PMCID: PMC7290336 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are a group of neurotoxins responsible for the syndrome ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) as a result of the consumption of contaminated fish. The presence of these toxins has been detected around the Pacific, Caribbean and Indian coasts. Recent reports indicate the emergence of CFP in other geographic areas, in particular in European coasts, of the Canary Islands (Spain) and Madeira (Portugal). A neuroblastoma cell line of murine origin (N2a) has been applied to assay different groups of neurotoxins, acting on voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) of excitable cells, N2a-MTT. The great potential of N2a-MTT as a sensitive tool for the CTXs screening is clearly recognized, notably because it allows the detection of these toxins at levels below recommended as security levels. However, the complexity of the matrix is a critical point on the application of N2a-MTT, which needs to be evaluated. The aim of this work is to provide recommendations for an implemented N2a-MTT method for CTXs determination in fish that avoids matrix effects, particularly those related to high lipid content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Castro
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.C.); (O.V.)
| | - Ronald Manger
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (retired), Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Oscar Vilariño
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.C.); (O.V.)
| | - Ana Gago-Martínez
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.C.); (O.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-647-343-417
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Popadynec M, Gibbard H, Clark JS. Bidirectional Synthesis of the IJK Fragment of Ciguatoxin CTX3C by Sequential Double Ring-Closing Metathesis and Tsuji-Trost Allylation. Org Lett 2020; 22:3734-3738. [PMID: 32306737 PMCID: PMC7304930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A novel four-step bidirectional strategy
has been used to synthesize
the IJK fragment of the marine polyether natural product CTX3C from
a simple monocyclic precursor in a concise and efficient manner. The
four-step bidirectional sequence involves ring-closing metathesis,
alcohol oxidation, enol carbonate formation, and palladium-mediated
Tsuji–Trost allylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Popadynec
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Gibbard
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - J Stephen Clark
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Viallon J, Chinain M, Darius HT. Revisiting the Neuroblastoma Cell-Based Assay (CBA-N2a) for the Improved Detection of Marine Toxins Active on Voltage Gated Sodium Channels (VGSCs). Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E281. [PMID: 32349302 PMCID: PMC7290318 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) is widely used for the detection of marine biotoxins in seafood products, yet a consensus protocol is still lacking. In this study, six key parameters of CBA-N2a were revisited: cell seeding densities, cell layer viability after 26 h growth, MTT incubation time, Ouabain and Veratridine treatment and solvent and matrix effects. A step-by-step protocol was defined identifying five viability controls for the validation of CBA-N2a results. Specific detection of two voltage gated sodium channel activators, pacific ciguatoxin (P-CTX3C) and brevetoxin (PbTx3) and two inhibitors, saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dc-STX) was achieved, with EC50 values of 1.7 ± 0.35 pg/mL, 5.8 ± 0.9 ng/mL, 3 ± 0.5 ng/mL and 15.8 ± 3 ng/mL, respectively. When applied to the detection of ciguatoxin (CTX)-like toxicity in fish samples, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were 0.031 ± 0.008 and 0.064 ± 0.016 ng P-CTX3C eq/g of flesh, respectively. Intra and inter-assays comparisons of viability controls, LOD, LOQ and toxicity in fish samples gave coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 3% to 29%. This improved test adaptable to either high throughput screening or composite toxicity estimation is a useful starting point for a standardization of the CBA-N2a in the field of marine toxin detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins-UMR 241-EIO, 98713 Papeete-Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rossignoli AE, Tudó A, Bravo I, Díaz PA, Diogène J, Riobó P. Toxicity Characterisation of Gambierdiscus Species from the Canary Islands. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020134. [PMID: 32098095 PMCID: PMC7076799 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, several outbreaks of ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) have been reported in the Canary Islands (central northeast Atlantic Ocean), confirming ciguatera as an emerging alimentary risk in this region. Five Gambierdiscus species, G. australes, G. excentricus, G. silvae, G. carolinianus and G. caribaeus, have been detected in macrophytes from this area and are known to produce the ciguatoxins (CTXs) that cause CFP. A characterization of the toxicity of these species is the first step in identifying locations in the Canary Islands at risk of CFP. Therefore, in this study the toxicity of 63 strains of these five Gambierdiscus species were analysed using the erythrocyte lysis assay to evaluate their maitotoxin (MTX) content. In addition, 20 of the strains were also analysed in a neuroblastoma Neuro-2a (N2a) cytotoxicity assay to determine their CTX-like toxicity. The results allowed the different species to be grouped according to their ratios of CTX-like and MTX-like toxicity. MTX-like toxicity was especially high in G. excentricus and G. australes but much lower in the other species and lowest in G. silvae. CTX-like toxicity was highest in G. excentricus, which produced the toxin in amounts ranging between 128.2 ± 25.68 and 510.6 ± 134.2 fg CTX1B equivalents (eq) cell−1 (mean ± SD). In the other species, CTX concentrations were as follows: G. carolinianus (100.84 ± 18.05 fg CTX1B eq cell−1), G. australes (31.1 ± 0.56 to 107.16 ± 21.88 fg CTX1B eq cell−1), G. silvae (12.19 ± 0.62 to 76.79 ± 4.97 fg CTX1B eq cell−1) and G. caribaeus (<LOD to 90.37 ± 15.89 fg CTX1B eq cell−1). Unlike the similar CTX-like toxicity of G. australes and G. silvae strains from different locations, G. excentricus and G. caribaeus differed considerably according to the origin of the strain. These differences emphasise the importance of species identification to assess the regional risk of CFP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Araceli E. Rossignoli
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Ocenográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radiofaro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-986492111; Fax: +34-986498626
| | - Angels Tudó
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; (A.T.); (J.D.)
| | - Isabel Bravo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Ocenográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radiofaro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Patricio A. Díaz
- Centro i~mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile;
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; (A.T.); (J.D.)
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Department of Photobiology and Toxinology of Phytoplankton, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gray MJ, Gates MC. A descriptive study of ciguatera fish poisoning in Cook Islands dogs and cats: Exposure history, clinical signs, and formulation of a case definition. Vet World 2020; 13:372-385. [PMID: 32255982 PMCID: PMC7096299 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.372-385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a multisystem toxicosis caused by the ingestion of warm water marine species. Dogs and cats are susceptible to CFP, but there is little published and much unknown about the condition in these species. This study aims to describe the syndrome of CFP in dogs and cats and to develop a case definition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six years (March 2011-February 2017) of medical records from the Esther Honey Foundation Animal Clinic (the only veterinary clinic in the Cook Islands during the study period) were reviewed to identify cases of CFP. Data relating to exposure history and clinical signs were collected. RESULTS Two hundred forty-six cases of CFP were identified, comprising 165 dogs and 81 cats. Fish ingestion was documented in 29% of cases. Reef/lagoon fish and moray eels were most commonly implicated. The toxicosis was characterized by motor dysfunction with a high frequency of ataxia and paresis/paralysis/recumbency. Respiratory and gastrointestinal systems were also affected, especially in canine CFP cases. A multi-tiered case definition and a diagnostic algorithm for CFP in dogs and cats were developed based upon the findings of this study and a review of the existing literature. CONCLUSION This case series is the largest study of canine and feline CFP to date. It documents the exposure history of cases and describes in detail clinical signs of the toxicosis. It also proposes a system of case classification that has the potential to both assist the diagnosis of CFP and facilitate future surveillance and research activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J. Gray
- Master of Veterinary Medicine Program, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M. Carolyn Gates
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tester PA, Litaker RW, Berdalet E. Climate change and harmful benthic microalgae. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 91:101655. [PMID: 32057343 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sea surface temperatures in the world's oceans are projected to warm by 0.4-1.4 °C by mid twenty-first century causing many tropical and sub-tropical harmful dinoflagellate genera like Gambierdiscus, Fukuyoa and Ostreopsis (benthic harmful algal bloom species, BHABs) to exhibit higher growth rates over much of their current geographic range, resulting in higher population densities. The primary exception to this trend will be in the tropics where temperatures exceed species-specific upper thermal tolerances (30-31 °C) beyond which growth slows significantly. As surface waters warm, migration to deeper habitats is expected to provide refuge. Range extensions of several degrees of latitude also are anticipated, but only where species-specific habitat requirements can be met (e.g., temperature, suitable substrate, low turbulence, light, salinity, pH). The current understanding of habitat requirements that determine species distributions are reviewed to provide fuller understanding of how individual species will respond to climate change from the present to 2055 while addressing the paucity of information on environmental factors controlling small-scale distribution in localized habitats. Based on the available information, we hypothesized how complex environmental interactions can influence abundance and potential range extensions of BHAB species in different biogeographic regions and identify sentinel sites appropriate for long-term monitoring programs to detect range extensions and reduce human health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, USA
| | - Elisa Berdalet
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gallardo-Rodríguez J, Astuya-Villalón A, Avello V, Llanos-Rivera A, Krock B, Agurto-Muñoz C, Sánchez-Mirón A, García-Camacho F. Production of extracts with anaesthetic activity from the culture of Heterosigma akashiwo in pilot-scale photobioreactors. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
38
|
Sanchez-Henao JA, García-Álvarez N, Fernández A, Saavedra P, Silva Sergent F, Padilla D, Acosta-Hernández B, Martel Suárez M, Diogène J, Real F. Predictive score and probability of CTX-like toxicity in fish samples from the official control of ciguatera in the Canary Islands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 673:576-584. [PMID: 30999098 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This research identifies factors associated with the contamination by ciguatoxins (CTXs) in a population of fish and proposes a predictive score of the presence of CTX-like toxicity in amberjack samples from the official control program of ciguatera in the Canary Islands of the Directorate-General (DG) Fisheries (Canary Government). Out of the 970 samples of fish studied, 177 (18.2%) samples showed CTX-like toxicity. The fish were classified according to the species, amberjack (Seriola dumerili and S. rivoliana) (n = 793), dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus) (n = 145) and wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) (n = 32). The data were separated by species category and statistically examined, resulting in 137 (17.3%) amberjack and 39 (26.9%) grouper samples showing CTX-like toxicity; regarding wahoo species, only 1 toxic sample (3.1%) was found. According to fishing location the contamination rates suggested grouping the islands in four clusters; namely: {El Hierro: HI; La Gomera: LG; La Palma: LP}, {Gran Canaria: GC; Tenerife: TF}, {Fuerteventura: FU} and {Lanzarote: LZ}. For the amberjack species, the multivariate logistic regression showed the factors that maintained independent association with the outcome, which were the warm season (OR = 3.617; 95% CI = 1.249-10.474), the weight (per kg, 1.102; 95% CI = 1.069-1.136) and the island of fish catching. A prediction score was obtained for the probability of contamination by CTX in amberjack fish samples. The area under de curve (AUC) obtained using the validation data was 0.747 (95% CI = 0.662-0.833). Regarding grouper species, the island of fishing was the only factor that showed significant differences associated with the presence of CTX-like toxicity. We provide herein data for a better management and prediction of ciguatera in the Canary Islands, suggesting a review of the minimum limits of fish weight established by the Canary Government for the control program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Andres Sanchez-Henao
- Division of Fish Health and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Natalia García-Álvarez
- Division of Fish Health and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain.
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Division of Fish Health and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Pedro Saavedra
- Department of Mathematics, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Freddy Silva Sergent
- Division of Fish Health and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Daniel Padilla
- Division of Fish Health and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Begoña Acosta-Hernández
- Division of Fish Health and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Manuela Martel Suárez
- Division of Fish Health and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Marine and Continental Waters Environmental Monitoring, IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Fernando Real
- Division of Fish Health and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Díaz-Asencio L, Vandersea M, Chomérat N, Fraga S, Clausing RJ, Litaker RW, Chamero-Lago D, Gómez-Batista M, Moreira-González A, Tester P, Alonso-Hernández C, Dechraoui Bottein MY. Morphology, toxicity and molecular characterization of Gambierdiscus spp. towards risk assessment of ciguatera in south central Cuba. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 86:119-127. [PMID: 31358271 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning is caused by the consumption of reef fish or shellfish that have accumulated ciguatoxins, neurotoxins produced by benthic dinoflagellates of the genera Gambierdiscus or Fukuyoa. Although ciguatera constitutes the primary cause of seafood intoxication in Cuba, very little information is available on the occurrence of ciguatoxins in the marine food web and the causative benthic dinoflagellate species. This study conducted on the south-central coast of Cuba reports the occurrence of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa genera and the associated benthic genera Ostreopsis and Prorocentrum. Gambierdiscus/Fukuyoa cells were present at low to moderate abundances depending on the site and month of sampling. This genus was notably higher on Dictyotaceae than on other macrophytes. PCR analysis of field-collected samples revealed the presence of six different Gambierdiscus and one Fukuyoa species, including G. caribaeus, G. carolinianus, G. carpenteri, G. belizeanus, F. ruetzleri, G. silvae, and Gambierdiscus sp. ribotype 2. Only Gambierdiscus excentricus was absent from the eight Gambierdiscus/Fukuyoa species known in the wider Caribbean region. Eleven clonal cultures were established and confirmed by PCR and SEM as being either G. carolinianus or G. caribaeus. Toxin production in each isolate was assessed by a radioligand receptor binding assay and found to be below the assay quantification limit. These novel findings augment the knowledge of the ciguatoxin-source dinoflagellates that are present in Cuba, however further studies are needed to better understand the correlation between their abundance, species-specific toxin production in the environment, and the risk for fish contamination, in order to develop better informed ciguatera risk management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisbet Díaz-Asencio
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), Carretera a Castillo de Jagua Km 1 ½ Ciudad Nuclear AP, 59350, Cienfuegos, Cuba
| | - Mark Vandersea
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, USA
| | - Nicolas Chomérat
- Ifremer, Laboratory of Environment and Resources Western Britanny, Coastal Research Unit, Place de la Croix, B.P. 40537, 29185, Concarneau Cedex, France
| | - Santiago Fraga
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390, Vigo, Spain
| | - Rachel J Clausing
- Environment Laboratories, Department of Nuclear Science and Application, International Atomic Energy Agency, 98000, Monaco
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, USA
| | - Donaida Chamero-Lago
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), Carretera a Castillo de Jagua Km 1 ½ Ciudad Nuclear AP, 59350, Cienfuegos, Cuba
| | - Miguel Gómez-Batista
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), Carretera a Castillo de Jagua Km 1 ½ Ciudad Nuclear AP, 59350, Cienfuegos, Cuba
| | - Angel Moreira-González
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), Carretera a Castillo de Jagua Km 1 ½ Ciudad Nuclear AP, 59350, Cienfuegos, Cuba
| | - Patricia Tester
- Ocean Tester, LLC, 295 Dills Point Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, USA
| | - Carlos Alonso-Hernández
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), Carretera a Castillo de Jagua Km 1 ½ Ciudad Nuclear AP, 59350, Cienfuegos, Cuba
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gerssen A, Bovee TH, van Ginkel LA, van Iersel ML, Hoogenboom RL. Food and feed safety: Cases and approaches to identify the responsible toxins and toxicants. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
41
|
Lozano-Duque Y, Richlen ML, Smith TB, Anderson DM, Erdner DL. Development and Validation of PCR-RFLP Assay for Identification of Gambierdiscus species in the Greater Caribbean region. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2018; 30:3529-3540. [PMID: 31551649 PMCID: PMC6759227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The genus Gambierdiscus is a recognized group of marine epiphytic-benthic dinoflagellates that produce the toxins that cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP). To date, thirteen species and six ribotypes of Gambierdiscus have been identified, and multiple species commonly co-occur within a single site or epiphyte community. Toxicity can vary by species, thus it is important to be able to differentiate among species for research and monitoring purposes. Gambierdiscus species have very similar morphological characteristics and are difficult or impossible to distinguish using light microscopy. DNA sequencing has been an important tool in the definition of Gambierdiscus species, but it can be time-consuming and relatively expensive. To provide an alternative approach, a PCR-RFLP protocol was developed for efficient, rapid, and cost-effective identification of Gambierdiscus strains isolated from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, where CFP cases and Gambierdiscus spp. have been reported. The assay targets the D1-D2 hypervariable regions of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene and uses a single restriction enzyme, BsrI. This method produces distinct RFLP banding patterns for the six species of Gambierdiscus reported from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, and also distinguishes them from four Pacific endemic species. This method was successfully used to type 465 clonal isolates of Gambierdiscus from the U.S. Virgin Islands and Akumal Beach - Mexico This BsrI PCR-RFLP method expands the tools available to researchers and managers engaged in monitoring activities and ecological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yesid Lozano-Duque
- Marine Science Institute - University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, USA
| | - Mindy L. Richlen
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tyler B. Smith
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands, USA
| | - Donald M. Anderson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deana L. Erdner
- Marine Science Institute - University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Murray JS, Boundy MJ, Selwood AI, Harwood DT. Development of an LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously monitor maitotoxins and selected ciguatoxins in algal cultures and P-CTX-1B in fish. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 80:80-87. [PMID: 30502815 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning is a serious human health issue that is highly localized to tropical and sub-tropical coastal areas, affecting many of the indigenous island communities intrinsically linked to reef systems for sustenance and trade. It is caused by the consumption of reef fish contaminated with ciguatoxins and is reported as the most common cause of non-bacterial food poisoning. The causative toxins bioaccumulate up the food web, from small herbivorous fish that graze on microalgae of the genus Gambierdiscus into the higher trophic level omnivorous and carnivorous fish predating on them. The number of Gambierdiscus species being described is increasing rapidly and the role of other toxins produced by this microalgal genus in ciguatera intoxications, such as maitotoxin, remains unclear. Ciguatoxins and maitotoxin are among the most potent marine toxins known and there are currently no methods of analysis that can simultaneously monitor these toxins with a high degree of specificity. To meet this need a rapid and selective ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed to rapidly screen Gambierdiscus cultures and environmental sample device extracts for ciguatoxins and maitotoxins. A fast sample preparation method has also been developed to allow sensitive quantification of the potent ciguatoxin fish metabolite P-CTX-1B from fish extracts, and this method has been subjected to a small validation study. Novel aspects of this approach include the use of alkaline mobile phase for chromatographic separation and specific monitoring of the various toxins. This method has good potential to help evaluate ciguatera risk associated with Gambierdiscus and related microalgal species, and to help promote method development activities for this important and analytically challenging toxin class.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Sam Murray
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand(1)
| | | | | | - D Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand(1).
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Díaz-Asencio L, Clausing RJ, Rañada ML, Alonso-Hernández CM, Dechraoui Bottein MY. A radioligand receptor binding assay for ciguatoxin monitoring in environmental samples: Method development and determination of quality control criteria. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 192:289-294. [PMID: 30015314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatoxins are algal toxins responsible for tens of thousands of human intoxications yearly, both in tropical and subtropical endemic regions as well as worldwide through fish exportation. Previously developed methods for biotoxin surveillance in the environment and seafood include analytical methods and in vivo and in vitro bioassays. The radioligand receptor binding assay (r-RBA) is among the in vitro methodologies currently used for the detection and quantification of marine biotoxins. For the ciguatoxin group, the r-RBA has been widely used as a means to characterize the mode of action and as detection method in various biological matrices. Yet, screening methods have not been standardized, and the details of the ciguatoxin-specific r-RBA are not well-documented, which limit interlaboratory comparison and progress toward method validation. This work presents the development of an optimized r-RBA for ciguatoxins and provides guidance on its use and quality control checks for analysis of environmental samples. We focus on the analysis of critical parameters involved in determining assay acceptability. Calculation of toxin concentrations in fish samples is illustrated with four examples. Thus, this paper provides the detailed information required for a full validation of the r-RBA, a necessary step toward the development and implementation of a regulatory monitoring programme for ciguatoxins in seafood products using the r-RBA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisbet Díaz-Asencio
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), Carretera a Castillo de Jagua Km 1 ½, Ciudad Nuclear AP, 59350, Cienfuegos, Cuba
| | - Rachel J Clausing
- Environment Laboratories, Department of Nuclear Science and Application, International Atomic Energy Agency, 98000, Monaco
| | - Ma Llorina Rañada
- IAEA Collaborating Center on Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) Studies, Chemistry Research Section, Philippine Nuclear Research Institute - Department of Science and Technology (DOST-PNRI), Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines
| | - Carlos M Alonso-Hernández
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), Carretera a Castillo de Jagua Km 1 ½, Ciudad Nuclear AP, 59350, Cienfuegos, Cuba
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Moreiras G, Leão JM, Gago-Martínez A. Design of experiments for the optimization of electrospray ionization in the LC-MS/MS analysis of ciguatoxins. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:1059-1069. [PMID: 30109731 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) is being widely applied as an analytical tool in the field of marine biotoxins both for regulated and for new and emerging compounds. LC-MS/MS recently became the reference method for the control of lipophilic toxins in the European Union, and new methods are being developed and optimized to extend the applicability of this technique to other toxin groups. In this work, conditions for the analysis of ciguatoxins (CTXs) by LC-MS/MS were investigated using standard solutions of CTX1B and CTX3C, which are structurally representative compounds for the rest of the main congeners of Pacific group toxins (P-CTXs). Preliminary studies were carried out for the selection of precursor and product ions used for multiple reaction monitoring. Two transitions based on the chemical structures of CTXs were set up, and mass spectrometer parameters were adjusted for selected reactions monitored. The electrospray ionization source has been carefully optimized through a design of experiments that consisted of a two-level fractional factorial design of resolution IV for the screening of adequate source conditions and of response surface designs for optimization of the main interactions between factors. The statistical approach allowed maximizing the sensitivity on the MS analyzer that provides a good specificity in P-CTX detection, which can be also used for confirmation purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Moreiras
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - José Manuel Leão
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins (EURLMB), CITEXVI, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Ana Gago-Martínez
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins (EURLMB), CITEXVI, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Silva CJ. Food Forensics: Using Mass Spectrometry To Detect Foodborne Protein Contaminants, as Exemplified by Shiga Toxin Variants and Prion Strains. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8435-8450. [PMID: 29860833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Food forensicists need a variety of tools to detect the many possible food contaminants. As a result of its analytical flexibility, mass spectrometry is one of those tools. Use of the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method expands its use to quantitation as well as detection of infectious proteins (prions) and protein toxins, such as Shiga toxins. The sample processing steps inactivate prions and Shiga toxins; the proteins are digested with proteases to yield peptides suitable for MRM-based analysis. Prions are detected by their distinct physicochemical properties and differential covalent modification. Shiga toxin analysis is based on detecting peptides derived from the five identical binding B subunits comprising the toxin. 15N-labeled internal standards are prepared from cloned proteins. These examples illustrate the power of MRM, in that the same instrument can be used to safely detect and quantitate protein toxins, prions, and small molecules that might contaminate our food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Silva
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , Albany , California 94710 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sibat M, Herrenknecht C, Darius HT, Roué M, Chinain M, Hess P. Detection of pacific ciguatoxins using liquid chromatography coupled to either low or high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). J Chromatogr A 2018; 1571:16-28. [PMID: 30100527 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is primarily caused by consumption of tropical and sub-tropical fish contaminated by Ciguatoxins (CTXs). These lipid-soluble, polyether neurotoxins are produced by dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. While there is no regulatory level in Europe for CTXs, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) adopted the United States guidance level of 0.01 μg P-CTX1B eq.kg-1 of fish. This limit is extremely low and requires significant improvement in the detection of CTXs. In this study, we compared analytical protocols based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem low or high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-LRMS or HRMS) to find the best conditions for sensitivity and/or selectivity. Different approaches such as LC conditions, ion choice and acquisition modes, were evaluated to detect the Pacific-ciguatoxins (P-CTXs) on a triple quadrupole (API4000 Qtrap, Sciex) or a quadrupole time of flight (QTOF 6550, Agilent Technologies) spectrometer. Moreover, matrix effects were calculated using matrix-matched calibration solutions of P-CTX1B and P-CTX3C prepared in purified fish extract. Subsequently, the method performance was assessed on naturally contaminated samples of seafood and phytoplankton. With LRMS, the ammoniated adduct ion used as a precursor ion showed an advantage for selectivity through confirmatory transitions, without affecting signal-to-noise ratios, and hence limits of detection (LODs). As also reported by some studies in the literature, methanol-based mobile phase gave better selectivity and sensitivity for the detection of P-CTXs. While the LOD for P-CTX1B and P-CTX3C met the EFSA recommendation level when using LRMS, the findings suggested careful evaluation of instrumental parameters for determination of CTXs. LODs were significantly higher for HRMS, which currently results in the need for a significantly higher sample intake. Nevertheless, HRMS allowed for the identification of artefacts and may allow for improved confirmation of the identity of P-CTXs analogues. Consequently, LRMS and HRMS are considered complementary to ensure adequate quantitation and identification of P-CTXs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoella Sibat
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311, Nantes, France.
| | - Christine Herrenknecht
- LUNAM, Université de Nantes, MMS EA2160, Faculté de Pharmacie, 9 rue Bias, 44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae - UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) - UMR 241-EIO, PO box 53267, 98716, Pirae, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae - UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311, Nantes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wang B, Yao M, Zhou J, Tan S, Jin H, Zhang F, Mak YL, Wu J, Lai Chan L, Cai Z. Growth and Toxin Production of Gambierdiscus spp. Can Be Regulated by Quorum-Sensing Bacteria. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070257. [PMID: 29932442 PMCID: PMC6071102 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gambierdiscus spp. are the major culprit responsible for global ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP). At present, the effects of microbiological factors on algal proliferation and toxin production are poorly understood. To evaluate the regulatory roles of quorum-sensing (QS) bacteria in the physiology of Gambierdiscus, co-culture experiments with screened QS strains were conducted in this study. Except for the growth-inhibiting effect from the strain Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus, the algal host generally displayed much higher growth potential and toxin production ability with the existence of QS strains. In addition, Bacillus anthracis particularly exhibited a broad-spectrum growth enhancement effect on various Gambierdiscus types, as well as a remarkable influence on algal toxicity. The variations of algal physiological status, including growth rate, chlorophyll content, and responsive behaviors, are potential reasons for the observed positive or negative affection. This study suggests that QS bacteria regulate the algal growth and toxin production. Based on the evidence, we further speculate that QS bacteria may contribute to the site-specific distribution of CFP risk through regulating the algal host biomass and toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Mimi Yao
- Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jin Zhou
- Shenzhen Public Platform of Screening & Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Shangjin Tan
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Hui Jin
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Yim Ling Mak
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Jiajun Wu
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Leo Lai Chan
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Zhonghua Cai
- Shenzhen Public Platform of Screening & Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hardison DR, Holland WC, Darius HT, Chinain M, Tester PA, Shea D, Bogdanoff AK, Morris JA, Flores Quintana HA, Loeffler CR, Buddo D, Litaker RW. Investigation of ciguatoxins in invasive lionfish from the greater caribbean region: Implications for fishery development. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198358. [PMID: 29924826 PMCID: PMC6010213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lionfish, native to reef ecosystems of the tropical and sub-tropical Indo-Pacific, were introduced to Florida waters in the 1980s, and have spread rapidly throughout the northwestern Atlantic, Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. These invasive, carnivorous fish significantly reduce other fish and benthic invertebrate biomass, fish recruitment, and species richness in reef ecosystems. Fisheries resource managers have proposed the establishment of a commercial fishery to reduce lionfish populations and mitigate adverse effects on reef communities. The potential for a commercial fishery for lionfish is the primary reason to identify locations where lionfish accumulate sufficient amounts of ciguatoxin (CTX) to cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), the leading cause of non-bacterial seafood poisoning associated with fish consumption. To address this issue, an initial geographic assessment of CTX toxicity in lionfish from the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico was conducted. Lionfish samples (n = 293) were collected by spearfishing from 13 locations (74 sampling sites) around the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico between 2012 and 2015. The highest frequencies of lionfish containing measurable CTX occurred in areas known to be high-risk regions for CFP in the central to eastern Caribbean (e.g., 53% British Virgin Islands and 5% Florida Keys). Though measurable CTX was found in some locations, the majority of the samples (99.3%) contained CTX concentrations below the United States Food and Drug Administration guidance level of 0.1 ppb Caribbean ciguatoxin-1 (C-CTX-1) equivalents (eq.). Only 0.7% of lionfish tested contained more than 0.1 ppb C-CTX-1 eq. As of 2018, there has been one suspected case of CFP from eating lionfish. Given this finding, current risk reduction techniques used to manage CTX accumulating fish are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. Ransom Hardison
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - William C. Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - H. Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM)-UMR 241 EIO, Laboratory of Toxic-Microalgae, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM)-UMR 241 EIO, Laboratory of Toxic-Microalgae, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | | | - Damian Shea
- North Carolina State University, Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alex K. Bogdanoff
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - James A. Morris
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Harold A. Flores Quintana
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Christopher R. Loeffler
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Dayne Buddo
- University of the West Indies, Discovery Bay Marine Laboratory and Field Station, Discovery Bay, St. Ann, Jamaica WI
| | - R. Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Roué M, Darius HT, Chinain M. Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) Technology for the Monitoring of Aquatic Toxins: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10040167. [PMID: 29677131 PMCID: PMC5923333 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10040167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) technology, first introduced in 2004, uses porous synthetic resins capable of passively adsorbing toxins produced by harmful microalgae or cyanobacteria and dissolved in the water. This method allows for the detection of toxic compounds directly in the water column and offers numerous advantages over current monitoring techniques (e.g., shellfish or fish testing and microalgae/cyanobacteria cell detection), despite some limitations. Numerous laboratory and field studies, testing different adsorbent substrates of which Diaion® HP20 resin appears to be the most versatile substrate, have been carried out worldwide to assess the applicability of these passive monitoring devices to the detection of toxins produced by a variety of marine and freshwater microorganisms. SPATT technology has been shown to provide reliable, sensitive and time-integrated sampling of various aquatic toxins, and also has the potential to provide an early warning system for both the occurrence of toxic microalgae or cyanobacteria and bioaccumulation of toxins in foodstuffs. This review describes the wide range of lipophilic and hydrophilic toxins associated with toxin-producing harmful algal blooms (HABs) that are successfully detected by SPATT devices. Implications in terms of monitoring of emerging toxic risks and reinforcement of current risk assessment programs are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 241 EIO, P.O. box 53267, 98716 Pirae, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae, Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), UMR 241 EIO, P.O. box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae, Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), UMR 241 EIO, P.O. box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Martin-Yken H, Gironde C, Derick S, Darius HT, Furger C, Laurent D, Chinain M. Ciguatoxins activate the Calcineurin signalling pathway in Yeasts: Potential for development of an alternative detection tool? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 162:144-151. [PMID: 29306662 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are lipid-soluble polyether compounds produced by dinoflagellates from the genus Gambierdiscus spp. typically found in tropical and subtropical zones. This endemic area is however rapidly expanding due to environmental perturbations, and both toxic Gambierdiscus spp. and ciguatoxic fishes have been recently identified in the North Atlantic Ocean (Madeira and Canary islands) and Mediterranean Sea. Ciguatoxins bind to Voltage Gated Sodium Channels on the membranes of sensory neurons, causing Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) in humans, a disease characterized by a complex array of gastrointestinal, neurological, neuropsychological, and cardiovascular symptoms. Although CFP is the most frequently reported non bacterial food-borne poisoning worldwide, there is still no simple and quick way of detecting CTXs in contaminated samples. In the prospect to engineer rapid and easy-to-use CTXs live cells-based tests, we have studied the effects of CTXs on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a unicellular model which displays a remarkable conservation of cellular signalling pathways with higher eukaryotes. Taking advantage of this high level of conservation, yeast strains have been genetically modified to encode specific transcriptional reporters responding to CTXs exposure. These yeast strains were further exposed to different concentrations of either purified CTX or micro-algal extracts containing CTXs. Our data establish that CTXs are not cytotoxic to yeast cells even at concentrations as high as 1μM, and cause an increase in the level of free intracellular calcium in yeast cells. Concomitantly, a dose-dependent activation of the calcineurin signalling pathway is observed, as assessed by measuring the activity of specific transcriptional reporters in the engineered yeast strains. These findings offer promising prospects regarding the potential development of a yeast cells-based test that could supplement or, in some instances, replace current methods for the routine detection of CTXs in seafood products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Martin-Yken
- LISBP INSA Université de Toulouse, UMR CNRS 5504, UMR INRA 792, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France.
| | - Camille Gironde
- Led Engineering Development and LAAS-CNRS, 7 Avenue du colonel Roche, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvain Derick
- Led Engineering Development and LAAS-CNRS, 7 Avenue du colonel Roche, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Laboratoire des Micro-Algues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241-EIO, BP 30 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie Française
| | - Christophe Furger
- Led Engineering Development and LAAS-CNRS, 7 Avenue du colonel Roche, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Laurent
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3 UMR 152 et IRD Polynésie Française, BP 529 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie Française
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratoire des Micro-Algues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241-EIO, BP 30 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie Française
| |
Collapse
|