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Kuo PH, Jhong YC, Kuo TC, Hsu YT, Kuo CH, Tseng YJ. A Clinical Breathomics Dataset. Sci Data 2024; 11:203. [PMID: 38355591 PMCID: PMC10866892 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study entailed a comprehensive GC‒MS analysis conducted on 121 patient samples to generate a clinical breathomics dataset. Breath molecules, indicative of diverse conditions such as psychological and pathological states and the microbiome, were of particular interest due to their non-invasive nature. The highlighted noninvasive approach for detecting these breath molecules significantly enhances diagnostic and monitoring capacities. This dataset cataloged volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the breath of individuals with asthma, bronchiectasis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Uniform and consistent sample collection protocols were strictly adhered to during the accumulation of this extensive dataset, ensuring its reliability. It encapsulates extensive human clinical breath molecule data pertinent to three specific diseases. This consequential clinical breathomics dataset is a crucial resource for researchers and clinicians in identifying and exploring important compounds within the patient's breath, thereby augmenting future diagnostic and therapeutic initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hung Kuo
- National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1, Changde St., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City, 100229, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Chen Jhong
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Chueh Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Kuo
- The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Drug Research Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 33, Linsen S. Road, Taipei, 10055, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 33, Linsen S. Road, Taipei, 10055, Taiwan
| | - Yufeng Jane Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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Seidl E, Licht JC, de Vries R, Ratjen F, Grasemann H. Exhaled Breath Analysis Detects the Clearance of Staphylococcus aureus from the Airways of Children with Cystic Fibrosis. Biomedicines 2024; 12:431. [PMID: 38398033 PMCID: PMC10887307 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic nose (eNose) technology can be used to characterize volatile organic compound (VOC) mixes in breath. While previous reports have shown that eNose can detect lung infections with pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus (SA) in people with cystic fibrosis (CF), the clinical utility of eNose for longitudinally monitoring SA infection status is unknown. METHODS In this longitudinal study, a cloud-connected eNose, the SpiroNose, was used for the breath profile analysis of children with CF at two stable visits and compared based on changes in SA infection status between visits. Data analysis involved advanced sensor signal processing, ambient correction, and statistics based on the comparison of breath profiles between baseline and follow-up visits. RESULTS Seventy-two children with CF, with a mean (IQR) age of 13.8 (9.8-16.4) years, were studied. In those with SA-positive airway cultures at baseline but SA-negative cultures at follow-up (n = 19), significant signal differences were detected between Baseline and Follow-up at three distinct eNose sensors, i.e., S4 (p = 0.047), S6 (p = 0.014), and S7 (p = 0.014). Sensor signal changes with the clearance of SA from airways were unrelated to antibiotic treatment. No changes in sensor signals were seen in patients with unchanged infection status between visits. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the potential applicability of the eNose as a non-invasive clinical tool to longitudinally monitor pulmonary SA infection status in children with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Seidl
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; (E.S.); (J.-C.L.); (F.R.)
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johann-Christoph Licht
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; (E.S.); (J.-C.L.); (F.R.)
| | - Rianne de Vries
- Breathomix BV, Bargelaan 200, 2333 CW Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Felix Ratjen
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; (E.S.); (J.-C.L.); (F.R.)
- Translational Medicine Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Hartmut Grasemann
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; (E.S.); (J.-C.L.); (F.R.)
- Translational Medicine Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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Brener S, Snitz K, Sobel N. An electronic nose can identify humans by the smell of their ear. Chem Senses 2024; 49:bjad053. [PMID: 38237638 PMCID: PMC10810274 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial mammals identify conspecifics by body odor. Dogs can also identify humans by body odor, and in some instances, humans can identify other humans by body odor as well. Despite the potential for a powerful biometric tool, smell has not been systematically used for this purpose. A question arising in the application of smell to biometrics is which bodily odor source should we measure. Breath is an obvious candidate, but the associated humidity can challenge many sensing devices. The armpit is also a candidate source, but it is often doused in cosmetics. Here, we test the hypothesis that the ear may provide an effective source for odor-based biometrics. The inside of the ear has relatively constant humidity, cosmetics are not typically applied inside the ear, and critically, ears contain cerumen, a potent source of volatiles. We used an electronic nose to identify 12 individuals within and across days, using samples from the armpit, lower back, and ear. In an identification setting where chance was 8.33% (1 of 12), we found that we could identify a person by the smell of their ear within a day at up to ~87% accuracy (~10 of 12, binomial P < 10-5), and across days at up to ~22% accuracy (~3 of 12, binomial P < 0.012). We conclude that humans can indeed be identified from the smell of their ear, but the results did not imply a consistent advantage over other bodily odor sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Brener
- The Azrieli National Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- The Department for Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Kobi Snitz
- The Azrieli National Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- The Department for Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Noam Sobel
- The Azrieli National Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- The Department for Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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4
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Jadhav MR, Wankhede PR, Srivastava S, Bhargaw HN, Singh S. Breath-based biosensors and system development for noninvasive detection of diabetes: A review. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2024; 18:102931. [PMID: 38171153 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In recent years, noninvasive techniques are becoming conspicuous for diabetes detection. Sweat, tear, saliva, urine and breath-based methods showing prominent results in breath acetone detection which is considered as a biomarker of diabetes. A concrete relationship between breath acetone and BG helps in the development of devices for diabetes detection. METHODS The primary source for this study includes scholarly publications that primarily focus on the development of biosensors and systems for diabetes detection using acetone present in breath. Articles were analysed to examine various types of biosensors with their sensing materials to provide acetone detection limits. Recent noninvasive systems and products have been investigated and determine the relationship between breath acetone and BG levels. RESULTS Breath-based biosensor technologies are capable for diabetes detection. The acetone biosensor detection ranges from 100 ppb to 100 ppm, and it can applicable from room temperature to 400 °C. In healthy volunteers, acetone level ranges from 0.32 to 2.19 ppm, while patients with diabetes exhibit a wider range of 0.22-21 ppm depending on the biosensor, detection method, and clinical circumstances of patients and lab conditions. CONCLUSION This manuscript presents an extensive analysis of breath-based biosensors and their potential for detection of diabetes. Acetone detection methods are promising but unable to provide concrete correlation between breath acetone and blood glucose levels. The present study motivates the continued research and development of biosensors, and electronic devices to provide linear relationship of breath acetone and BG for noninvasive diabetes detection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra R Jadhav
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - P R Wankhede
- CSMSS Chh. Shahu College of Engineering, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, 431001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satyam Srivastava
- CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hari N Bhargaw
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Samarth Singh
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Catarata MJ, Creamer AW, Dias M, Toland S, Chaabouni M, Verbeke K, Vieira Naia J, Hassan M, Naidu SB, Lynch GA, Blyth KG, Rahman NM, Hardavella G. ERS International Congress 2023: highlights from the Thoracic Oncology Assembly. ERJ Open Res 2024; 10:00860-2023. [PMID: 38410708 PMCID: PMC10895436 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00860-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in the world. It greatly affects the patients' quality of life, and is thus a challenge for the daily practice in respiratory medicine. Advances in the genetic knowledge of thoracic tumours' mutational landscape, and the development of targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors, have led to a paradigm shift in the treatment of lung cancer and pleural mesothelioma. During the 2023 European Respiratory Society Congress in Milan, Italy, experts from all over the world presented their high-quality research and reviewed best clinical practices. Lung cancer screening, management of early stages of lung cancer, application of artificial intelligence and biomarkers were discussed and they will be summarised here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Joana Catarata
- Pulmonology Department, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal
- Tumour and Microenvironment Interactions Group, I3S – Institute for Health Research and Innovation, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Margarida Dias
- Pulmonology Department, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Sile Toland
- Department of Medicine, Letterkenny University Hospital, Letterkenny, Ireland
| | - Malek Chaabouni
- Asklepios Klinik Altona, Department of Internal Medicine II, Pulmonology and Thoracic Oncology Section, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Koen Verbeke
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Maged Hassan
- Chest Diseases Department, Alexandria University Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Geraldine A. Lynch
- Academic Respiratory Unit, University of Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Kevin G. Blyth
- Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Najib M. Rahman
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, UK
| | - Georgia Hardavella
- 9th Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sotiria Athens Chest Diseases Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Rodríguez-Torres M, Altuzar V, Mendoza-Barrera C, Beltrán-Pérez G, Castillo-Mixcóatl J, Muñoz-Aguirre S. Acetone Detection and Classification as Biomarker of Diabetes Mellitus Using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance Gas Sensor Array. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9823. [PMID: 38139667 PMCID: PMC10747227 DOI: 10.3390/s23249823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
A gas sensor array was developed and evaluated using four high-frequency quartz crystal microbalance devices (with a 30 MHz resonant frequency in fundamental mode). The QCM devices were coated with ethyl cellulose (EC), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), Apiezon L (ApL), and Apiezon T (ApT) sensing films, and deposited by the ultrasonic atomization method. The objective of this research was to propose a non-invasive technique for acetone biomarker detection, which is associated with diabetes mellitus disease. The gas sensor array was exposed to methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and acetone biomarkers in four different concentrations, corresponding to 1, 5, 10, and 15 µL, at temperature of 22 °C and relative humidity of 20%. These samples were used because human breath contains them and they are used for disease detection. Moreover, the gas sensor responses were analyzed using principal component analysis and discriminant analysis, achieving the classification of the acetone biomarker with a 100% membership percentage when its concentration varies from 327 to 4908 ppm, and its identification from methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Severino Muñoz-Aguirre
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Avenida San Claudio y 18 Sur, Colonia San Manuel, Edificio FM1-101B, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (M.R.-T.); (V.A.); (C.M.-B.); (G.B.-P.); (J.C.-M.)
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Jia Z, Thavasi V, Venkatesan T, Lee P. Breath Analysis for Lung Cancer Early Detection-A Clinical Study. Metabolites 2023; 13:1197. [PMID: 38132879 PMCID: PMC10745549 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13121197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This clinical study presents a comprehensive investigation into the utility of breath analysis as a non-invasive method for the early detection of lung cancer. The study enrolled 14 lung cancer patients, 14 non-lung cancer controls with diverse medical conditions, and 3 tuberculosis (TB) patients for biomarker discovery. Matching criteria including age, gender, smoking history, and comorbidities were strictly followed to ensure reliable comparisons. A systematic breath sampling protocol utilizing a BIO-VOC sampler was employed, followed by VOC analysis using Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (TD-GC/MS). The resulting VOC profiles were subjected to stringent statistical analysis, including Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA), Kruskal-Wallis test, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. Notably, 13 VOCs exhibited statistically significant differences between lung cancer patients and controls. The combination of eight VOCs (hexanal, heptanal, octanal, benzaldehyde, undecane, phenylacetaldehyde, decanal, and benzoic acid) demonstrated substantial discriminatory power with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.85, a sensitivity of 82%, and a specificity of 76% in the discovery set. Validation in an independent cohort yielded an AUC of 0.78, a sensitivity of 78%, and a specificity of 64%. Further analysis revealed that elevated aldehyde levels in lung cancer patients' breath could be attributed to overactivated Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) pathways in cancerous tissues. Addressing methodological challenges, this study employed a matching of physiological and pathological confounders, controlled room air samples, and standardized breath sampling techniques. Despite the limitations, this study's findings emphasize the potential of breath analysis as a diagnostic tool for lung cancer and suggest its utility in differentiating tuberculosis from lung cancer. However, further research and validation are warranted for the translation of these findings into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhunan Jia
- NUSNNI-Nanocore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore;
| | - Velmurugan Thavasi
- Center for Quantum Research and Technology, Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA;
| | - Thirumalai Venkatesan
- NUSNNI-Nanocore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore;
- Center for Quantum Research and Technology, Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA;
| | - Pyng Lee
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National University Hospital, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
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Virtanen J, Roine A, Kontunen A, Karjalainen M, Numminen J, Oksala N, Rautiainen M, Kivekäs I. The Detection of Bacteria in the Maxillary Sinus Secretion of Patients With Acute Rhinosinusitis Using an Electronic Nose: A Pilot Study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2023; 132:1330-1335. [PMID: 36691987 PMCID: PMC10498650 DOI: 10.1177/00034894231151301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Detecting bacteria as a causative pathogen of acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) is a challenging task. Electronic nose technology is a novel method for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that has also been studied in association with the detection of several diseases. The aim of this pilot study was to analyze maxillary sinus secretion with differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) and to determine whether the secretion demonstrates a different VOC profile when bacteria are present. METHODS Adult patients with ARS symptoms were examined. Maxillary sinus contents were aspirated for bacterial culture and DMS analysis. k-Nearest neighbor and linear discriminant analysis were used to classify samples as positive or negative, using bacterial cultures as a reference. RESULTS A total of 26 samples from 15 patients were obtained. After leave-one-out cross-validation, k-nearest neighbor produced accuracy of 85%, sensitivity of 67%, specificity of 94%, positive predictive value of 86%, and negative predictive value of 84%. CONCLUSIONS The results of this pilot study suggest that bacterial positive and bacterial negative sinus secretion release different VOCs and that DMS has the potential to detect them. However, as the results are based on limited data, further conclusions cannot be made. DMS is a novel method in disease diagnostics and future studies should examine whether the method can detect bacterial ARS by analyzing exhaled air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Virtanen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Pirkanmaa, Finland
| | - Antti Roine
- Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Hatanpää Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Olfactomics Ltd., Tampere, Finland
| | - Anton Kontunen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Pirkanmaa, Finland
- Olfactomics Ltd., Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Karjalainen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Pirkanmaa, Finland
- Olfactomics Ltd., Tampere, Finland
| | - Jura Numminen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Niku Oksala
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Pirkanmaa, Finland
- Olfactomics Ltd., Tampere, Finland
- Vascular Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Rautiainen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Pirkanmaa, Finland
| | - Ilkka Kivekäs
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Pirkanmaa, Finland
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Li Y, Wei X, Zhou Y, Wang J, You R. Research progress of electronic nose technology in exhaled breath disease analysis. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:129. [PMID: 37829158 PMCID: PMC10564766 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled breath analysis has attracted considerable attention as a noninvasive and portable health diagnosis method due to numerous advantages, such as convenience, safety, simplicity, and avoidance of discomfort. Based on many studies, exhaled breath analysis is a promising medical detection technology capable of diagnosing different diseases by analyzing the concentration, type and other characteristics of specific gases. In the existing gas analysis technology, the electronic nose (eNose) analysis method has great advantages of high sensitivity, rapid response, real-time monitoring, ease of use and portability. Herein, this review is intended to provide an overview of the application of human exhaled breath components in disease diagnosis, existing breath testing technologies and the development and research status of electronic nose technology. In the electronic nose technology section, the three aspects of sensors, algorithms and existing systems are summarized in detail. Moreover, the related challenges and limitations involved in the abovementioned technologies are also discussed. Finally, the conclusion and perspective of eNose technology are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
- Laboratory of Intelligent Microsystems, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
| | - Xiangyang Wei
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
- Laboratory of Intelligent Microsystems, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
| | - Yumeng Zhou
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022 China
| | - Rui You
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
- Laboratory of Intelligent Microsystems, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
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Licht JC, Seidl E, Slingers G, Waters V, de Vries R, Post M, Ratjen F, Grasemann H. Exhaled breath profiles to detect lung infection with Staphylococcus aureus in children with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2023; 22:888-893. [PMID: 36849333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An electronic nose (eNose) can be used to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Exhaled breath contains numerous VOCs and individuals' VOCs mixtures create distinct breath profiles. Previous reports have shown that eNose can detect lung infections. Whether eNose can detect Staphylococcus aureus airway infections in breath of children with cystic fibrosis (CF) is currently unclear. METHODS In this cross-sectional observational study, a cloud-connected eNose was used for breath profile analysis of clinically stable paediatric CF patients with airway microbiology cultures positive or negative for CF pathogens. Data-analysis involved advanced signal processing, ambient correction and statistics based on linear discriminant and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses. RESULTS Breath profiles from 100 children with CF (median predicted FEV1 91%) were obtained and analysed. CF patients with positive airway cultures for any CF pathogen were distinguishable from no CF pathogens (no growth or usual respiratory flora) with accuracy of 79.0% (AUC-ROC 0.791; 95% CI: 0.669-0.913) and between patients positive for Staphylococcus aureus (SA) only and no CF pathogen with accuracy of 74.0% (AUC-ROC 0.797; 95% CI: 0.698-0.896). Similar differences were seen for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infection vs no CF pathogens (78.0% accuracy, AUC-ROC 0.876, 95% CI: 0.794-0.958). SA- and PA-specific signatures were driven by different sensors in the SpiroNose suggesting pathogen-specific breath signatures. CONCLUSIONS Breath profiles of CF patients with SA in airway cultures are distinct from those with no infection or PA infection, suggesting the utility of eNose technology in the detection of this early CF pathogen in children with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann-Christoph Licht
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1 X 8, Canada and University of Toronto; Translational Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1 × 8, Canada
| | - Elias Seidl
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1 X 8, Canada and University of Toronto
| | - Gitte Slingers
- Breathomix BV, Bargelaan 200, 2333 CW Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Valerie Waters
- Translational Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1 × 8, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1 X 8, Canada and University of Toronto
| | - Rianne de Vries
- Breathomix BV, Bargelaan 200, 2333 CW Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Post
- Translational Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1 × 8, Canada
| | - Felix Ratjen
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1 X 8, Canada and University of Toronto; Translational Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1 × 8, Canada
| | - Hartmut Grasemann
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1 X 8, Canada and University of Toronto; Translational Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1 × 8, Canada.
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11
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Li J, Hannon A, Yu G, Idziak LA, Sahasrabhojanee A, Govindarajan P, Maldonado YA, Ngo K, Abdou JP, Mai N, Ricco AJ. Electronic Nose Development and Preliminary Human Breath Testing for Rapid, Non-Invasive COVID-19 Detection. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2309-2318. [PMID: 37224474 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We adapted an existing, spaceflight-proven, robust "electronic nose" (E-Nose) that uses an array of electrical resistivity-based nanosensors mimicking aspects of mammalian olfaction to conduct on-site, rapid screening for COVID-19 infection by measuring the pattern of sensor responses to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled human breath. We built and tested multiple copies of a hand-held prototype E-Nose sensor system, composed of 64 chemically sensitive nanomaterial sensing elements tailored to COVID-19 VOC detection; data acquisition electronics; a smart tablet with software (App) for sensor control, data acquisition and display; and a sampling fixture to capture exhaled breath samples and deliver them to the sensor array inside the E-Nose. The sensing elements detect the combination of VOCs typical in breath at parts-per-billion (ppb) levels, with repeatability of 0.02% and reproducibility of 1.2%; the measurement electronics in the E-Nose provide measurement accuracy and signal-to-noise ratios comparable to benchtop instrumentation. Preliminary clinical testing at Stanford Medicine with 63 participants, their COVID-19-positive or COVID-19-negative status determined by concomitant RT-PCR, discriminated between these two categories of human breath with a 79% correct identification rate using "leave-one-out" training-and-analysis methods. Analyzing the E-Nose response in conjunction with body temperature and other non-invasive symptom screening using advanced machine learning methods, with a much larger database of responses from a wider swath of the population, is expected to provide more accurate on-the-spot answers. Additional clinical testing, design refinement, and a mass manufacturing approach are the main steps toward deploying this technology to rapidly screen for active infection in clinics and hospitals, public and commercial venues, or at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - Ami Hannon
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - George Yu
- Variable, Inc., Chattanooga, Tennessee 37406, United States
| | - Luke A Idziak
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | | | | | - Yvonne A Maldonado
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Khoa Ngo
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - John P Abdou
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - Nghia Mai
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - Antonio J Ricco
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
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12
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Sharma A, Kumar R, Varadwaj P. Smelling the Disease: Diagnostic Potential of Breath Analysis. Mol Diagn Ther 2023; 27:321-347. [PMID: 36729362 PMCID: PMC9893210 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-023-00640-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Breath analysis is a relatively recent field of research with much promise in scientific and clinical studies. Breath contains endogenously produced volatile organic components (VOCs) resulting from metabolites of ingested precursors, gut and air-passage bacteria, environmental contacts, etc. Numerous recent studies have suggested changes in breath composition during the course of many diseases, and breath analysis may lead to the diagnosis of such diseases. Therefore, it is important to identify the disease-specific variations in the concentration of breath to diagnose the diseases. In this review, we explore methods that are used to detect VOCs in laboratory settings, VOC constituents in exhaled air and other body fluids (e.g., sweat, saliva, skin, urine, blood, fecal matter, vaginal secretions, etc.), VOC identification in various diseases, and recently developed electronic (E)-nose-based sensors to detect VOCs. Identifying such VOCs and applying them as disease-specific biomarkers to obtain accurate, reproducible, and fast disease diagnosis could serve as an alternative to traditional invasive diagnosis methods. However, the success of VOC-based identification of diseases is limited to laboratory settings. Large-scale clinical data are warranted for establishing the robustness of disease diagnosis. Also, to identify specific VOCs associated with illness states, extensive clinical trials must be performed using both analytical instruments and electronic noses equipped with stable and precise sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Sharma
- Systems Biology Lab, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Pritish Varadwaj
- Systems Biology Lab, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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13
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Mokrushin AS, Gorban YM, Averin AA, Gorobtsov PY, Simonenko NP, Lebedinskii YY, Simonenko EP, Kuznetsov NT. Obtaining of ZnO/Fe 2O 3 Thin Nanostructured Films by AACVD for Detection of ppb-Concentrations of NO 2 as a Biomarker of Lung Infections. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13040445. [PMID: 37185520 PMCID: PMC10136079 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ZnO/Fe2O3 nanocomposites with different concentration and thickness of the Fe2O3 layer were obtained by two-stage aerosol vapor deposition (AACVD). It was shown that the ZnO particles have a wurtzite structure with an average size of 51-66 nm, and the iron oxide particles on the ZnO surface have a hematite structure and an average size of 23-28 nm. According to EDX data, the iron content in the films was found to be 1.3-5.8 at.%. The optical properties of the obtained films were studied, and the optical band gap was found to be 3.16-3.26 eV. Gas-sensitive properties at 150-300 °C were studied using a wide group of analyte gases: CO, NH3, H2, CH4, C6H6, ethanol, acetone, and NO2. A high response to 100 ppm acetone and ethanol at 225-300 °C and a high and selective response to 300-2000 ppb NO2 at 175 °C were established. The effect of humidity on the magnitude and shape of the signal obtained upon NO2 detection was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem S Mokrushin
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Yulia M Gorban
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Faculty of Technology of Inorganic Substances and High Temperature Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Aleksey A Averin
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 199071, Russia
| | - Philipp Yu Gorobtsov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolay P Simonenko
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | | | - Elizaveta P Simonenko
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolay T Kuznetsov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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14
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Simonenko EP, Nagornov IA, Mokrushin AS, Averin AA, Gorban YM, Simonenko TL, Simonenko NP, Kuznetsov NT. Gas-Sensitive Properties of ZnO/Ti 2CT x Nanocomposites. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:725. [PMID: 37420958 DOI: 10.3390/mi14040725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
At present, a new class of 2D nanomaterials, MXenes, is of great scientific and applied interest, and their application prospects are very broad, including as effective doping components for receptor materials of MOS sensors. In this work we have studied the influence on the gas-sensitive properties of nanocrystalline zinc oxide synthesized by atmospheric pressure solvothermal synthesis, with the addition of 1-5% of multilayer two-dimensional titanium carbide Ti2CTx, obtained by etching Ti2AlC with NaF solution in hydrochloric acid. It was found that all the obtained materials have high sensitivity and selectivity with respect to 4-20 ppm NO2 at a detection temperature of 200 °C. It is shown that the selectivity towards this compound is best for the sample containing the highest amount of Ti2CTx dopant. It has been found that as the MXene content increases, there is an increase in nitrogen dioxide (4 ppm) from 1.6 (ZnO) to 20.5 (ZnO-5 mol% Ti2CTx). reactions which the responses to nitrogen dioxide increase. This may be due to the increase in the specific surface area of the receptor layers, the presence of MXene surface functional groups, as well as the formation of the Schottky barrier at the interface between the phases of the components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta P Simonenko
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ilya A Nagornov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Artem S Mokrushin
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Aleksey A Averin
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 199071, Russia
| | - Yulia M Gorban
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Tatiana L Simonenko
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolay P Simonenko
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolay T Kuznetsov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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15
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Wilson AD, Forse LB. Potential for Early Noninvasive COVID-19 Detection Using Electronic-Nose Technologies and Disease-Specific VOC Metabolic Biomarkers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2887. [PMID: 36991597 PMCID: PMC10054641 DOI: 10.3390/s23062887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The established efficacy of electronic volatile organic compound (VOC) detection technologies as diagnostic tools for noninvasive early detection of COVID-19 and related coronaviruses has been demonstrated from multiple studies using a variety of experimental and commercial electronic devices capable of detecting precise mixtures of VOC emissions in human breath. The activities of numerous global research teams, developing novel electronic-nose (e-nose) devices and diagnostic methods, have generated empirical laboratory and clinical trial test results based on the detection of different types of host VOC-biomarker metabolites from specific chemical classes. COVID-19-specific volatile biomarkers are derived from disease-induced changes in host metabolic pathways by SARS-CoV-2 viral pathogenesis. The unique mechanisms proposed from recent researchers to explain how COVID-19 causes damage to multiple organ systems throughout the body are associated with unique symptom combinations, cytokine storms and physiological cascades that disrupt normal biochemical processes through gene dysregulation to generate disease-specific VOC metabolites targeted for e-nose detection. This paper reviewed recent methods and applications of e-nose and related VOC-detection devices for early, noninvasive diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections. In addition, metabolomic (quantitative) COVID-19 disease-specific chemical biomarkers, consisting of host-derived VOCs identified from exhaled breath of patients, were summarized as possible sources of volatile metabolic biomarkers useful for confirming and supporting e-nose diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphus Dan Wilson
- Pathology Department, Center for Forest Health & Disturbance, Forest Genetics and Ecosystems Biology, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Lisa Beth Forse
- Southern Hardwoods Laboratory, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
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16
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Kort S, Brusse-Keizer M, Schouwink H, Citgez E, de Jongh FH, van Putten JWG, van den Borne B, Kastelijn EA, Stolz D, Schuurbiers M, van den Heuvel MM, van Geffen WH, van der Palen J. Diagnosing Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer by Exhaled Breath Profiling Using an Electronic Nose: A Multicenter Validation Study. Chest 2023; 163:697-706. [PMID: 36243060 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2022.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the potential of exhaled breath analysis of volatile organic compounds to diagnose lung cancer, clinical implementation has not been realized, partly due to the lack of validation studies. RESEARCH QUESTION This study addressed two questions. First, can we simultaneously train and validate a prediction model to distinguish patients with non-small cell lung cancer from non-lung cancer subjects based on exhaled breath patterns? Second, does addition of clinical variables to exhaled breath data improve the diagnosis of lung cancer? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In this multicenter study, subjects with non-small cell lung cancer and control subjects performed 5 min of tidal breathing through the aeoNose, a handheld electronic nose device. A training cohort was used for developing a prediction model based on breath data, and a blinded cohort was used for validation. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed, including breath data and clinical variables, in which the formula and cutoff value for the probability of lung cancer were applied to the validation data. RESULTS A total of 376 subjects formed the training set, and 199 subjects formed the validation set. The full training model (including exhaled breath data and clinical parameters from the training set) were combined in a multivariable logistic regression analysis, maintaining a cut off of 16% probability of lung cancer, resulting in a sensitivity of 95%, a specificity of 51%, and a negative predictive value of 94%; the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.87. Performance of the prediction model on the validation cohort showed corresponding results with a sensitivity of 95%, a specificity of 49%, a negative predictive value of 94%, and an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of 0.86. INTERPRETATION Combining exhaled breath data and clinical variables in a multicenter, multi-device validation study can adequately distinguish patients with lung cancer from subjects without lung cancer in a noninvasive manner. This study paves the way to implement exhaled breath analysis in the daily practice of diagnosing lung cancer. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION The Netherlands Trial Register; No.: NL7025; URL: https://trialregister.nl/trial/7025.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharina Kort
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente Enschede, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Marjolein Brusse-Keizer
- Medical School Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Universiteit of Twente, Faculty of Behavioural Management and Social Sciences, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Schouwink
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente Enschede, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Emanuel Citgez
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente Enschede, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Frans H de Jongh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente Enschede, Enschede, The Netherlands; Universiteit of Twente, Faculty of Behavioural Management and Social Sciences, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jan W G van Putten
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Martini Ziekenhuis, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben van den Borne
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Catharina Ziekenhuis, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A Kastelijn
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sint Antonius Ziekenhuis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daiana Stolz
- Clinic for Pulmonary Medicine and Respiratory Cell Research, Universitätspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Clinic for Respiratory Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Milou Schuurbiers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wouter H van Geffen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Medisch Centrum Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Job van der Palen
- Medical School Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Universiteit of Twente, Faculty of Behavioural Management and Social Sciences, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Safety and tolerability of stereotactic radiotherapy combined with durvalumab with or without tremelimumab in advanced non-small cell lung cancer, the phase I SICI trial. Lung Cancer 2023; 178:96-102. [PMID: 36806899 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This phase I study primarily addresses the safety and tolerability of Stereotactic radiotherapy on the primary tumor combined with double Immune Checkpoint Inhibition (SICI) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Increasing the release of neoantigens by radiotherapy might enhance response to immunotherapy. Especially, by targeting trunk mutations in the primary tumor. MATERIALS AND METHODS In three sequential cohorts, immunotherapy regimes combined with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) on the primary tumor (1x20 Gy on 9 cc) were studied in stage IIIB/IV NSCLC patients progressing on chemotherapy. The first cohort (n = 3) received durvalumab. The second (n = 6) received a combination of tremelimumab and durvalumab followed by durvalumab monotherapy. The third cohort (n = 6) was similar except that the combination was reversed. Descriptive statistics were used to assess safety parameters and the exploratory outcomes of efficacy. Adverse events were reported using NCI CTCAE version 4.03. Exhaled breath was analyzed at baseline. RESULTS Fifteen patients were included. Median irradiated volume was 9.13 cc, on a median primary tumor volume of 79 cc. There were seven patients with grade 1-2, and two patients with grade 3 treatment related adverse events. There was 1 dose limiting toxicity (colitis) with double immunotherapy. CONCLUSION The combination of SBRT to the primary tumor and double immunotherapy in advanced NSCLC patients is safe and feasible.
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P H, Rangarajan M, Pandya HJ. Breath VOC analysis and machine learning approaches for disease screening: a review. J Breath Res 2023; 17. [PMID: 36634360 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/acb283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Early disease detection is often correlated with a reduction in mortality rate and improved prognosis. Currently, techniques like biopsy and imaging that are used to screen chronic diseases are invasive, costly or inaccessible to a large population. Thus, a non-invasive disease screening technology is the need of the hour. Existing non-invasive methods like gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry, and proton transfer reaction-mass-spectrometry are expensive. These techniques necessitate experienced operators, making them unsuitable for a large population. Various non-invasive sources are available for disease detection, of which exhaled breath is preferred as it contains different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that reflect the biochemical reactions in the human body. Disease screening by exhaled breath VOC analysis can revolutionize the healthcare industry. This review focuses on exhaled breath VOC biomarkers for screening various diseases with a particular emphasis on liver diseases and head and neck cancer as examples of diseases related to metabolic disorders and diseases unrelated to metabolic disorders, respectively. Single sensor and sensor array-based (Electronic Nose) approaches for exhaled breath VOC detection are briefly described, along with the machine learning techniques used for pattern recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haripriya P
- Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Madhavan Rangarajan
- Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Hardik J Pandya
- Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.,Centre for Product Design and Manufacturing, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Hao QL, Yu LQ, Yang XQ, Xu RT, Lv YK. Two-Dimensional Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanosheets Derived from g-C 3N 4 /ZIF-8 for Solid-Phase Microextraction in Exhalation of Esophageal Cancer Patients. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:5990-5997. [PMID: 36689469 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Here, two-dimensional (2D) nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets (CNSs) were prepared through carbonizing MOFs (ZIF-8) in-situ grown using graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as a template. The developed ZIF-8 CNS was then used as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber coating for beneficiation of five biomarkers in exhalation of patients with esophageal cancer and in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for determination. The ZIF-8 CNS fiber exhibits satisfactory enrichment factors (3490-5631), wide linearity (5-1000 μg L-1), and low detection limits (0.26-0.96 μg L-1). The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for six replicate extractions of the same ZIF-8 CNS fiber were between 2.0-3.9% (intra-day) and 2.8-5.2% (inter-day). The reproducibility of three fibers prepared by the same approach was in the range 6.8-12.3% (RSD). The developed ZIF-8 CNS fiber can persist in 120 SPME cycles with no prominent loss of extraction efficiency and precision. The high enrichment factors of the 2D ZIF-8 CNS coatings are attributed to the high specific surface area, ultrathin thickness, and nano-pore or interlayer channels; moreover, nitrogen doping also endows the π system with a strong electron absorption ability, which will enhance the π-π interaction between the ZIF-8 CNS and the aromatic ring. Ultimately, the self-made ZIF-8 CNS-coated SPME fiber was applied to the analysis of exhaled breath samples. The recoveries of spiked analytes are between 84 and 105%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Long Hao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Li-Qing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Rui-Ting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yun-Kai Lv
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
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Sun P, Shi Y, Shi Y. Multivariate Regression in Conjunction with GA-BP for Optimization of Data Processing of Trace NO Gas Flow in Active Pumping Electronic Nose. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1524. [PMID: 36772572 PMCID: PMC9919135 DOI: 10.3390/s23031524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled nitric oxide trace gas at the ppb level is a biomarker of human airway inflammation. To detect this, we developed a method for the collection of active pumping electronic nose bionic chamber gas. An optimization algorithm based on multivariate regression (MR) and genetic algorithm-back propagation (GA-BP) was proposed to improve the accuracy of trace-level gas detection. An electronic nose was used to detect NO gas at the ppb level by substituting breathing gas with a sample gas. The impact of the pump suction flow capacity variation on the response of the electronic nose system was determined using an ANOVA. Further, the optimization algorithm based on MR and GA-BP was studied for flow correction. The results of this study demonstrate an increase in the detection accuracy of the system by more than twofold, from 17.40%FS before correction to 6.86%FS after correction. The findings of this research lay the technical groundwork for the practical application of electronic nose systems in the daily monitoring of FeNO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjiao Sun
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Measuring & Control Technology and Instrumentation of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
- Electronics and Communication Engineering School, Jilin Technology College of Electronic Information, Jilin 132021, China
| | - Yunbo Shi
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Measuring & Control Technology and Instrumentation of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Laser Spectroscopy Technology and Application, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Measurement and Control Technology and Instrumentation, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yeping Shi
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Measuring & Control Technology and Instrumentation of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
- Electronics and Communication Engineering School, Jilin Technology College of Electronic Information, Jilin 132021, China
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Mokrushin AS, Gorban YM, Nagornov IA, Simonenko NP, Simonenko EP, Kuznetsov NT. Effect of the Conditions of the AACVD Synthesis of Thin Nanostructured ZnO Films on Their Microstructural, Optical, and Gas-Sensing Characteristics. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023622601520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Massey RS, Gamero B, Prakash R. A System-on-Board Integrated Multi-analyte PoC Biosensor for Combined Analysis of Saliva and Exhaled Breath. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022; 2022:904-909. [PMID: 36086150 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9870980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The need for oral health monitoring Point of Care (PoC) systems is ever growing. This is effectively highlighted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic where the lack of rapid PoC testing has placed an unsustainable burden on centralized laboratory testing. Urgent development has furthered pathogenic nucleic acid and antibody detection in oral samples throat swabs, but without corresponding advancements in biochemical monitoring through oral biosensing. We have recently reported two novel biosensor technologies for detection of high impact hormones: cortisol in saliva by organic electrolyte gated FETs (OEGFETs), and 8-isoprostane in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) using molecularly imprinted electroimpedance spectroscopy biosensors (MIP EIS). In this work, we report a first stage integration of the two biosensors - previously bench-top proven - with a miniaturized semi-hermetically sealed soft-fluidic enclosure, onto a low-power (<300 mW) customized printed circuit board. Our findings established comparable detection thresholds for the miniaturized board-based configuration and a lab-based test setup, and their ability to characterize, calibrate, and operate these small footprint biosensors. Testing with the 8-isoprostane EBC MIP EIS biosensors showed the system-on-board had an effective frequency range of 100-100kHz, comparable to lab bench impedance analyzers. Despite internal impedance increases of 210%, the expected data features are present in the impedance graphs collected with the PCB. The system-on-board experiments using OEGFET aptasensor showed a predictable behavior and comparable sensor detection range and resolution using unadulterated supernatant and serial dilutions of cortisol over a range of 273 μM to 2.73pM. The portable, multi-analyte oral biosensor is a promising prototype for future packaging and clinical validation.
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Scheepers MHMC, Al-Difaie Z, Brandts L, Peeters A, van Grinsven B, Bouvy ND. Diagnostic Performance of Electronic Noses in Cancer Diagnoses Using Exhaled Breath: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2219372. [PMID: 35767259 PMCID: PMC9244610 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.19372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE There has been a growing interest in the use of electronic noses (e-noses) in detecting volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath for the diagnosis of cancer. However, no systematic evaluation has been performed of the overall diagnostic accuracy and methodologic challenges of using e-noses for cancer detection in exhaled breath. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of the diagnostic accuracy and methodologic challenges of using e-noses for the detection of cancer. DATA SOURCES An electronic search was performed in the PubMed and Embase databases (January 1, 2000, to July 1, 2021). STUDY SELECTION Inclusion criteria were the following: (1) use of e-nose technology, (2) detection of cancer, and (3) analysis of exhaled breath. Exclusion criteria were (1) studies published before 2000; (2) studies not performed in humans; (3) studies not performed in adults; (4) studies that only analyzed biofluids; and (5) studies that exclusively used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to analyze exhaled breath samples. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS PRISMA guidelines were used for the identification, screening, eligibility, and selection process. Quality assessment was performed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2. Generalized mixed-effects bivariate meta-analysis was performed. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Main outcomes were sensitivity, specificity, and mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS This review identified 52 articles with a total of 3677 patients with cancer. All studies were feasibility studies. The sensitivity of e-noses ranged from 48.3% to 95.8% and the specificity from 10.0% to 100.0%. Pooled analysis resulted in a mean (SE) area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 94% (95% CI, 92%-96%), a sensitivity of 90% (95% CI, 88%-92%), and a specificity of 87% (95% CI, 81%-92%). Considerable heterogeneity existed among the studies because of differences in the selection of patients, endogenous and exogenous factors, and collection of exhaled breath. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Results of this review indicate that e-noses have a high diagnostic accuracy for the detection of cancer in exhaled breath. However, most studies were feasibility studies with small sample sizes, a lack of standardization, and a high risk of bias. The lack of standardization and reproducibility of e-nose research should be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max H. M. C. Scheepers
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Zaid Al-Difaie
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lloyd Brandts
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Peeters
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Bart van Grinsven
- Sensor Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole D. Bouvy
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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24
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Classification of gases around Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii by infrared spectroscopy. J Microbiol Methods 2022; 196:106474. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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25
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An Experimental Apparatus for E-Nose Breath Analysis in Respiratory Failure Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12040776. [PMID: 35453824 PMCID: PMC9026987 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12040776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-invasive, bedside diagnostic tools are extremely important for tailo ring the management of respiratory failure patients. The use of electronic noses (ENs) for exhaled breath analysis has the potential to provide useful information for phenotyping different respiratory disorders and improving diagnosis, but their application in respiratory failure patients remains a challenge. We developed a novel measurement apparatus for analysing exhaled breath in such patients. Methods: The breath sampling apparatus uses hospital medical air and oxygen pipeline systems to control the fraction of inspired oxygen and prevent contamination of exhaled gas from ambient Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) It is designed to minimise the dead space and respiratory load imposed on patients. Breath odour fingerprints were assessed using a commercial EN with custom MOX sensors. We carried out a feasibility study on 33 SARS-CoV-2 patients (25 with respiratory failure and 8 asymptomatic) and 22 controls to gather data on tolerability and for a preliminary assessment of sensitivity and specificity. The most significant features for the discrimination between breath-odour fingerprints from respiratory failure patients and controls were identified using the Boruta algorithm and then implemented in the development of a support vector machine (SVM) classification model. Results: The novel sampling system was well-tolerated by all patients. The SVM differentiated between respiratory failure patients and controls with an accuracy of 0.81 (area under the ROC curve) and a sensitivity and specificity of 0.920 and 0.682, respectively. The selected features were significantly different in SARS-CoV-2 patients with respiratory failure versus controls and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 patients (p < 0.001 and 0.046, respectively). Conclusions: the developed system is suitable for the collection of exhaled breath samples from respiratory failure patients. Our preliminary results suggest that breath-odour fingerprints may be sensitive markers of lung disease severity and aetiology.
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26
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Hu B. Recent Advances in Facemask Devices for In Vivo Sampling of Human Exhaled Breath Aerosols and Inhalable Environmental Exposures. Trends Analyt Chem 2022; 151:116600. [PMID: 35310778 PMCID: PMC8917876 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the COVID-19 pandemic, the unprecedented use of facemasks has been requiring for wearing in daily life. By wearing facemask, human exhaled breath aerosols and inhaled environmental exposures can be efficiently filtered and thus various filtration residues can be deposited in facemask. Therefore, facemask could be a simple, wearable, in vivo, onsite and noninvasive sampler for collecting exhaled and inhalable compositions, and gain new insights into human health and environmental exposure. In this review, the recent advances in developments and applications of in vivo facemask sampling of human exhaled bacteria, viruses, proteins, and metabolites, and inhalable facemask contaminants and air pollutants, are reviewed. New features of facemask sampling are highlighted. The perspectives and challenges on further development and potential applications of facemask devices are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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27
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A pilot study for the prediction of liver function related scores using breath biomarkers and machine learning. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2032. [PMID: 35132067 PMCID: PMC8821604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05808-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in exhaled breath can help in analysing biochemical processes in the human body. Liver diseases can be traced using VOCs as biomarkers for physiological and pathophysiological conditions. In this work, we propose non-invasive and quick breath monitoring approach for early detection and progress monitoring of liver diseases using Isoprene, Limonene, and Dimethyl sulphide (DMS) as potential biomarkers. A pilot study is performed to design a dataset that includes the biomarkers concentration analysed from the breath sample before and after study subjects performed an exercise. A machine learning approach is applied for the prediction of scores for liver function diagnosis. Four regression methods are performed to predict the clinical scores using breath biomarkers data as features set by the machine learning techniques. A significant difference was observed for isoprene concentration (p < 0.01) and for DMS concentration (p < 0.0001) between liver patients and healthy subject's breath sample. The R-square value between actual clinical score and predicted clinical score is found to be 0.78, 0.82, and 0.85 for CTP score, APRI score, and MELD score, respectively. Our results have shown a promising result with significant different breath profiles between liver patients and healthy volunteers. The use of machine learning for the prediction of scores is found very promising for use of breath biomarkers for liver function diagnosis.
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28
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Kaloumenou M, Skotadis E, Lagopati N, Efstathopoulos E, Tsoukalas D. Breath Analysis: A Promising Tool for Disease Diagnosis-The Role of Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22031238. [PMID: 35161984 PMCID: PMC8840008 DOI: 10.3390/s22031238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Early-stage disease diagnosis is of particular importance for effective patient identification as well as their treatment. Lack of patient compliance for the existing diagnostic methods, however, limits prompt diagnosis, rendering the development of non-invasive diagnostic tools mandatory. One of the most promising non-invasive diagnostic methods that has also attracted great research interest during the last years is breath analysis; the method detects gas-analytes such as exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and inorganic gases that are considered to be important biomarkers for various disease-types. The diagnostic ability of gas-pattern detection using analytical techniques and especially sensors has been widely discussed in the literature; however, the incorporation of novel nanomaterials in sensor-development has also proved to enhance sensor performance, for both selective and cross-reactive applications. The aim of the first part of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of the main categories of sensors studied for disease diagnosis applications via the detection of exhaled gas-analytes and to highlight the role of nanomaterials. The second and most novel part of this review concentrates on the remarkable applicability of breath analysis in differential diagnosis, phenotyping, and the staging of several disease-types, which are currently amongst the most pressing challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kaloumenou
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (M.K.); (D.T.)
| | - Evangelos Skotadis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (M.K.); (D.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nefeli Lagopati
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias Str., Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece; (N.L.); (E.E.)
| | - Efstathios Efstathopoulos
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias Str., Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece; (N.L.); (E.E.)
| | - Dimitris Tsoukalas
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (M.K.); (D.T.)
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29
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Doty AC, Wilson AD, Forse LB, Risch TS. Biomarker Metabolites Discriminate between Physiological States of Field, Cave and White-nose Syndrome Diseased Bats. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22031031. [PMID: 35161777 PMCID: PMC8840073 DOI: 10.3390/s22031031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions using electronic-nose (e-nose) devices has shown promise for early detection of white-nose syndrome (WNS) in bats. Tricolored bats, Perimyotis subflavus, from three separate sampling groups defined by environmental conditions, levels of physical activity, and WNS-disease status were captured temporarily for collection of VOC emissions to determine relationships between these combinations of factors and physiological states, Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd)-infection status, and metabolic conditions. Physiologically active (non-torpid) healthy individuals were captured outside of caves in Arkansas and Louisiana. In addition, healthy and WNS-diseased torpid bats were sampled within caves in Arkansas. Whole-body VOC emissions from bats were collected using portable air-collection and sampling-chamber devices in tandem. Electronic aroma-detection data using three-dimensional Principal Component Analysis provided strong evidence that the three groups of bats had significantly different e-nose aroma signatures, indicative of different VOC profiles. This was confirmed by differences in peak numbers, peak areas, and tentative chemical identities indicated by chromatograms from dual-column GC-analyses. The numbers and quantities of VOCs present in whole-body emissions from physiologically active healthy field bats were significantly greater than those of torpid healthy and diseased cave bats. Specific VOCs were identified as chemical biomarkers of healthy and diseased states, environmental conditions (outside and inside of caves), and levels of physiological activity. These results suggest that GC/E-nose dual-technologies based on VOC-detection and analyses of physiological states, provide noninvasive alternative means for early assessments of Pd-infection, WNS-disease status, and other physiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Doty
- Department of Biology, California State University Bakersfield, Bakersfield, CA 93311, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-661-654-6836
| | - A. Dan Wilson
- Pathology Department, Southern Hardwoods Laboratory, Center for Forest Genetics & Ecosystems Biology, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 432 Stoneville Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA; (A.D.W.); (L.B.F.)
| | - Lisa B. Forse
- Pathology Department, Southern Hardwoods Laboratory, Center for Forest Genetics & Ecosystems Biology, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 432 Stoneville Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA; (A.D.W.); (L.B.F.)
| | - Thomas S. Risch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA;
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA
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30
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Voss A, Schroeder R, Schulz S, Haueisen J, Vogler S, Horn P, Stallmach A, Reuken P. Detection of Liver Dysfunction Using a Wearable Electronic Nose System Based on Semiconductor Metal Oxide Sensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12020070. [PMID: 35200331 PMCID: PMC8869535 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine whether liver dysfunction can be generally classified using a wearable electronic nose based on semiconductor metal oxide (MOx) gas sensors, and whether the extent of this dysfunction can be quantified. MOx gas sensors are attractive because of their simplicity, high sensitivity, low cost, and stability. A total of 30 participants were enrolled, 10 of them being healthy controls, 10 with compensated cirrhosis, and 10 with decompensated cirrhosis. We used three sensor modules with a total of nine different MOx layers to detect reducible, easily oxidizable, and highly oxidizable gases. The complex data analysis in the time and non-linear dynamics domains is based on the extraction of 10 features from the sensor time series of the extracted breathing gas measurement cycles. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for distinguishing compensated and decompensated cirrhosis patients from healthy controls was 1.00. Patients with compensated and decompensated cirrhosis could be separated with a sensitivity of 0.90 (correctly classified decompensated cirrhosis), a specificity of 1.00 (correctly classified compensated cirrhosis), and an accuracy of 0.95. Our wearable, non-invasive system provides a promising tool to detect liver dysfunctions on a functional basis. Therefore, it could provide valuable support in preoperative examinations or for initial diagnosis by the general practitioner, as it provides non-invasive, rapid, and cost-effective analysis results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Voss
- Institute of Innovative Health Technologies IGHT, Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany; (R.S.); (S.S.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMTI), Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3677-69-2861
| | - Rico Schroeder
- Institute of Innovative Health Technologies IGHT, Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany; (R.S.); (S.S.)
- UST Umweltsensortechnik GmbH, 99331 Geratal, Germany
| | - Steffen Schulz
- Institute of Innovative Health Technologies IGHT, Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany; (R.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Jens Haueisen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMTI), Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany;
| | - Stefanie Vogler
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany; (S.V.); (P.H.); (A.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Paul Horn
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany; (S.V.); (P.H.); (A.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany; (S.V.); (P.H.); (A.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Philipp Reuken
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany; (S.V.); (P.H.); (A.S.); (P.R.)
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31
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Xue Y, Thalmayer AS, Zeising S, Fischer G, Lübke M. Commercial and Scientific Solutions for Blood Glucose Monitoring-A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:425. [PMID: 35062385 PMCID: PMC8780031 DOI: 10.3390/s22020425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic and, according to the state of the art, an incurable disease. Therefore, to treat diabetes, regular blood glucose monitoring is crucial since it is mandatory to mitigate the risk and incidence of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Nowadays, it is common to use blood glucose meters or continuous glucose monitoring via stinging the skin, which is classified as invasive monitoring. In recent decades, non-invasive monitoring has been regarded as a dominant research field. In this paper, electrochemical and electromagnetic non-invasive blood glucose monitoring approaches will be discussed. Thereby, scientific sensor systems are compared to commercial devices by validating the sensor principle and investigating their performance utilizing the Clarke error grid. Additionally, the opportunities to enhance the overall accuracy and stability of non-invasive glucose sensing and even predict blood glucose development to avoid hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia using post-processing and sensor fusion are presented. Overall, the scientific approaches show a comparable accuracy in the Clarke error grid to that of the commercial ones. However, they are in different stages of development and, therefore, need improvement regarding parameter optimization, temperature dependency, or testing with blood under real conditions. Moreover, the size of scientific sensing solutions must be further reduced for a wearable monitoring system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Georg Fischer
- Institute for Electronics Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (Y.X.); (A.S.T.); (S.Z.)
| | - Maximilian Lübke
- Institute for Electronics Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (Y.X.); (A.S.T.); (S.Z.)
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32
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Virtanen J, Anttalainen A, Ormiskangas J, Karjalainen M, Kontunen A, Rautiainen M, Oksala N, Kivekäs I, Roine A. Differentiation of aspirated nasal air from room air using analysis with a differential mobility spectrometry-based electronic nose: a proof-of-concept study. J Breath Res 2021; 16. [PMID: 34794137 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac3b39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, breath analysis using electronic nose (eNose) technology has become a topic of intense research, as it is both non-invasive and painless, and is suitable for point-of-care use. To date, however, only a few studies have examined nasal air. As the air in the oral cavity and the lungs differs from the air in the nasal cavity, it is unknown whether aspirated nasal air could be exploited with eNose technology. Compared to traditional eNoses, differential mobility spectrometry uses an alternating electrical field to discriminate the different molecules of gas mixtures, providing analogous information. This study reports the collection of nasal air by aspiration and the subsequent analysis of the collected air using a differential mobility spectrometer. We collected nasal air from ten volunteers into breath collecting bags and compared them to bags of room air and the air aspirated through the device. Distance and dissimilarity metrics between the sample types were calculated and statistical significance evaluated with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. After leave-one-day-out cross-validation, a shrinkage linear discriminant classifier was able to correctly classify 100% of the samples. The nasal air differed (p< 0.05) from the other sample types. The results show the feasibility of collecting nasal air by aspiration and subsequent analysis using differential mobility spectrometry, and thus increases the potential of the method to be used in disease detection studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Virtanen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Jaakko Ormiskangas
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Automation Technology and Mechanical Engineering Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Karjalainen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Olfactomics Ltd, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anton Kontunen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Olfactomics Ltd, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Rautiainen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Niku Oksala
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Olfactomics Ltd, Tampere, Finland.,Vascular Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilkka Kivekäs
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Antti Roine
- Olfactomics Ltd, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Hatanpää Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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33
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Hermawan A, Amrillah T, Riapanitra A, Ong W, Yin S. Prospects and Challenges of MXenes as Emerging Sensing Materials for Flexible and Wearable Breath-Based Biomarker Diagnosis. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100970. [PMID: 34318999 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A fully integrated, flexible, and functional sensing device for exhaled breath analysis drastically transforms conventional medical diagnosis to non-invasive, low-cost, real-time, and personalized health care. 2D materials based on MXenes offer multiple advantages for accurately detecting various breath biomarkers compared to conventional semiconducting oxides. High surface sensitivity, large surface-to-weight ratio, room temperature detection, and easy-to-assemble structures are vital parameters for such sensing devices in which MXenes have demonstrated all these properties both experimentally and theoretically. So far, MXenes-based flexible sensor is successfully fabricated at a lab-scale and is predicted to be translated into clinical practice within the next few years. This review presents a potential application of MXenes as emerging materials for flexible and wearable sensor devices. The biomarkers from exhaled breath are described first, with emphasis on metabolic processes and diseases indicated by abnormal biomarkers. Then, biomarkers sensing performances provided by MXenes families and the enhancement strategies are discussed. The method of fabrications toward MXenes integration into various flexible substrates is summarized. Finally, the fundamental challenges and prospects, including portable integration with Internet-of-Thing (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), are addressed to realize marketization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angga Hermawan
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology Shinshu University 3‐15‐1 Tokida Ueda Nagano 386‐8567 Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material (IMRAM) Tohoku University 2‐1‐1 Katahira, Aoba‐ku Sendai Miyagi 980‐8577 Japan
| | - Tahta Amrillah
- Department of Nanotechnology Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline Universitas Airlangga Surabaya 60115 Indonesia
| | - Anung Riapanitra
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science Jenderal Soedirman University Purwokerto 53122 Indonesia
| | - Wee‐Jun Ong
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Malaysia Selangor Darul Ehsan 43900 Malaysia
- Center of Excellence for NaNo Energy & Catalysis Technology (CONNECT) Xiamen University Malaysia Sepang Selangor Darul Ehsan 43900 Malaysia
| | - Shu Yin
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material (IMRAM) Tohoku University 2‐1‐1 Katahira, Aoba‐ku Sendai Miyagi 980‐8577 Japan
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Talens JB, Pelegri-Sebastia J, Canet MJ. Low Complexity System on Chip Design to Acquire Signals from MOS Gas Sensor Applications. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21196552. [PMID: 34640865 PMCID: PMC8512171 DOI: 10.3390/s21196552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Analog signals from gas sensors are used to recognize all types of VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) substances, such as toxic gases, tobacco or ethanol. The processes to recognize these substances include acquisition, treatment and machine learning for classification, which can all be efficiently implemented on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) aided by Low-Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS). This article proposes a low-cost 11-bit effective number of bits (ENOB) sigma-delta Analog to Digital Converter (ADC), with an SNR of 75.97 dB and an SFDR of 72.28 dB, whose output is presented on screen in real time, thanks to the use of a Linux System on Chip (SoC) system that enables parallelism, high-level programming and provides a working environment for the scientific treatment of gas sensor signals. The high frequency achieved by the implemented ADC allows for multiplexing the capture of several analog signals with an optimal resolution. Additionally, several ADCs can be implemented in the same FPGA so several analog signals can be digitalized in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan B. Talens
- IGIC Institute, Campus Gandia, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46730 Gandia, Spain;
| | - Jose Pelegri-Sebastia
- IGIC Institute, Campus Gandia, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46730 Gandia, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Jose Canet
- Instituto de Telecomunicaciones y Aplicaciones Multimedia, Campus Gandia, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
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35
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Gao Y, Hou L, Gao J, Li D, Tian Z, Fan B, Wang F, Li S. Metabolomics Approaches for the Comprehensive Evaluation of Fermented Foods: A Review. Foods 2021; 10:2294. [PMID: 34681343 PMCID: PMC8534989 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentation is an important process that can provide new flavors and nutritional and functional foods, to deal with changing consumer preferences. Fermented foods have complex chemical components that can modulate unique qualitative properties. Consequently, monitoring the small molecular metabolites in fermented food is critical to clarify its qualitative properties and help deliver personalized nutrition. In recent years, the application of metabolomics to nutrition research of fermented foods has expanded. In this review, we examine the application of metabolomics technologies in food, with a primary focus on the different analytical approaches suitable for food metabolomics and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches. In addition, we summarize emerging studies applying metabolomics in the comprehensive analysis of the flavor, nutrition, function, and safety of fermented foods, as well as emphasize the applicability of metabolomics in characterizing the qualitative properties of fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Gao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (J.G.); (D.L.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Lizhen Hou
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (J.G.); (D.L.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Jie Gao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (J.G.); (D.L.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Danfeng Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (J.G.); (D.L.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Zhiliang Tian
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (J.G.); (D.L.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Bei Fan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (J.G.); (D.L.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuying Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (J.G.); (D.L.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
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Pham YL, Beauchamp J. Breath Biomarkers in Diagnostic Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185514. [PMID: 34576985 PMCID: PMC8468811 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of chemical compounds in exhaled human breath presents an opportunity to determine physiological state, diagnose disease or assess environmental exposure. Recent advancements in metabolomics research have led to improved capabilities to explore human metabolic profiles in breath. Despite some notable challenges in sampling and analysis, exhaled breath represents a desirable medium for metabolomics applications, foremost due to its non-invasive, convenient and practically limitless availability. Several breath-based tests that target either endogenous or exogenous gas-phase compounds are currently established and are in practical and/or clinical use. This review outlines the concept of breath analysis in the context of these unique tests and their applications. The respective breath biomarkers targeted in each test are discussed in relation to their physiological production in the human body and the development and implementation of the associated tests. The paper concludes with a brief insight into prospective tests and an outlook of the future direction of breath research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lan Pham
- Department of Sensory Analytics and Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354 Freising, Germany;
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Beauchamp
- Department of Sensory Analytics and Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354 Freising, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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Metabolic Phenotypes in Asthmatic Adults: Relationship with Inflammatory and Clinical Phenotypes and Prognostic Implications. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080534. [PMID: 34436475 PMCID: PMC8400680 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is a chronic disease that affects individuals of all ages. It has a high prevalence and is associated with high morbidity and considerable levels of mortality. However, asthma is not a single disease, and multiple subtypes or phenotypes (clinical, inflammatory or combinations thereof) can be detected, namely in aggregated clusters. Most studies have characterised asthma phenotypes and clusters of phenotypes using mainly clinical and inflammatory parameters. These studies are important because they may have clinical and prognostic implications and may also help to tailor personalised treatment approaches. In addition, various metabolomics studies have helped to further define the metabolic features of asthma, using electronic noses or targeted and untargeted approaches. Besides discriminating between asthma and a healthy state, metabolomics can detect the metabolic signatures associated with some asthma subtypes, namely eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic phenotypes or the obese asthma phenotype, and this may prove very useful in point-of-care application. Furthermore, metabolomics also discriminates between asthma and other “phenotypes” of chronic obstructive airway diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or Asthma–COPD Overlap (ACO). However, there are still various aspects that need to be more thoroughly investigated in the context of asthma phenotypes in adequately designed, homogeneous, multicentre studies, using adequate tools and integrating metabolomics into a multiple-level approach.
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Buma AIG, Muller M, de Vries R, Sterk PJ, van der Noort V, Wolf-Lansdorf M, Farzan N, Baas P, van den Heuvel MM. eNose analysis for early immunotherapy response monitoring in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2021; 160:36-43. [PMID: 34399166 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exhaled breath analysis by electronic nose (eNose) has shown to be a potential predictive biomarker before start of anti-PD-1 therapy in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). We hypothesized that the eNose could also be used as an early monitoring tool to identify responders more accurately at early stage of treatment when compared to baseline. In this proof-of-concept study we aimed to definitely discriminate responders from non-responders after six weeks of treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a prospective observational study in patients with advanced NSCLC eligible for anti-PD-1 treatment. The efficacy of treatment was assessed by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1 at 3-month follow-up. We analyzed SpiroNose exhaled breath data of 94 patients (training cohort n = 62, validation cohort n = 32). Data analysis involved signal processing and statistics based on Independent Samples T-tests and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) followed by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS In the training cohort, a specificity of 73% was obtained at a 100% sensitivity level to identify objective responders. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) was 0.95 (CI: 0.89-1.00). In the validation cohort, these results were confirmed with an AUC of 0.97 (CI: 0.91-1.00). CONCLUSION Exhaled breath analysis by eNose early during treatment allows for a highly accurate, non-invasive and low-cost identification of advanced NSCLC patients who benefit from anti-PD-1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirte Muller
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rianne de Vries
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Breathomix B.V. (www.breathomix.com), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Sterk
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Niloufar Farzan
- Breathomix B.V. (www.breathomix.com), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Baas
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Coronel Teixeira R, IJdema D, Gómez C, Arce D, Roman M, Quintana Y, González F, Jiménez de Romero N, Pérez Bejarano D, Aguirre S, Magis-Escurra C. The electronic nose as a rule-out test for tuberculosis in an indigenous population. J Intern Med 2021; 290:386-391. [PMID: 33720468 PMCID: PMC8361912 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To end the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic, efficient diagnostic tools are needed. In a previous calibration study, a portable 'point of care' electronic nose device (AeonoseTM ) proved to be a promising tool in a hospital setting. We evaluated this technology to detect TB in an indigenous population in Paraguay. METHODS A total of 131 participants were enrolled. eNose results were compared with anamnesis, physical examinations, chest radiography and mycobacterial cultures in individuals with signs and symptoms compatible with TB. The eNose analysis was performed in two stages: first, the training with a combination of a previous study population plus 47 participants from the new cohort (total n = 153), and second, the 'blind prediction' of 84 participants. RESULTS 21% of all participants (n = 131) showed symptoms and/or chest radiography abnormalities suspicious of TB. No sputum samples resulted culture positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Only one patient had a positive smell print analysis. In the training model, the specificity was 92% (95% confidence interval (CI): 85%-96%) and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 95%. In the blind prediction model, the specificity and the NPV were 99% (95% CI: 93%-99%) and 100%, respectively. Although the sensitivity and positive predictive value of the eNose could not be assessed in this cohort due to the small sample size, no active TB cases were found during a one year of follow-up period. CONCLUSION The eNose showed promising specificity and negative predictive value and might therefore be developed as a rule-out test for TB in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Coronel Teixeira
- From the, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases and the Environment (INERAM), Asunción, Paraguay.,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre - TB Expert Centre Dekkerswald, Nijmegen - Groesbeek, The Netherlands
| | - D IJdema
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre - TB Expert Centre Dekkerswald, Nijmegen - Groesbeek, The Netherlands
| | - C Gómez
- Medical Health Center, Puerto Casado, Chaco, Paraguay
| | - D Arce
- Medical Health Center, Puerto Casado, Chaco, Paraguay
| | - M Roman
- National Tuberculosis Control Program (PCNT), Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Y Quintana
- From the, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases and the Environment (INERAM), Asunción, Paraguay
| | - F González
- From the, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases and the Environment (INERAM), Asunción, Paraguay
| | - N Jiménez de Romero
- From the, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases and the Environment (INERAM), Asunción, Paraguay.,Central Public Health Laboratory (LCSP), Paraguay
| | - D Pérez Bejarano
- From the, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases and the Environment (INERAM), Asunción, Paraguay
| | - S Aguirre
- National Tuberculosis Control Program (PCNT), Asunción, Paraguay
| | - C Magis-Escurra
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre - TB Expert Centre Dekkerswald, Nijmegen - Groesbeek, The Netherlands
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Zhang Y, Sun J, Liu L, Qiao H. A review of biosensor technology and algorithms for glucose monitoring. J Diabetes Complications 2021; 35:107929. [PMID: 33902999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2021.107929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become a serious illness in the whole world. Until now, there is no effective cure for patients with DM. It is well known that the glucose level is one key factor to determine the progress of DM. It is also an important reference to carry out the accurate and timely treatment for patients with DM. In this article, the related biosensors technology that can be utilized to identify and predict glucose level are reviewed in detail, including the algorithms that can help to achieve numerical value of glucose level. Firstly, the biosensor technology based on the physiological fluids are illustrated, including blood, sweat, interstitial fluid, ocular fluid, and other available fluids. Secondly, the algorithms for achieving numerical value of glucose level are investigated, including the physiological model-based method and the machine learning-based method. Finally, the future development trend and challenges of glucose level monitoring are given and the conclusions are drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaguang Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Jingxue Sun
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Liansheng Liu
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Hong Qiao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China.
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Miller TC, Morgera SD, Saddow SE, Takshi A, Palm M. Electronic Nose With Detection Method for Alcohol, Acetone, and Carbon Monoxide in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Breath Simulation Model. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2021; 21:15935-15943. [PMID: 35789085 PMCID: PMC8791435 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2021.3076102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electronic nose technology may have the potential to substantially slow the spread of contagious diseases with rapid signal indication. As our understanding of infectious diseases such as Corona Virus Disease 2019 improves, we expect electronic nose technology to detect changes associated with pathogenesis of the disease such as biomarkers of immune response for respiratory symptoms, central nervous system injury, and/or peripheral nervous system injury in the breath and/or odor of an individual. In this paper, a design of an electronic nose was configured to detect the concentration of a COVID-19 breath simulation sample of alcohol, acetone, and carbon monoxide mixture. After preheating for 24 hours, the sample was carried into an internal bladder of the collection vessel for analysis and data was collected from three sensors to determine suitability of these sensors for the application of exhaled breath analysis. Test results show a detection range in parts-per-million within the sensor detection range of at least 10-300 ppm. The output response of an MQ-2 and an MQ-135 sensor to a diverse environment of target gasses show the MQ-2 taking a greater length of time to normalize baseline drift compared to an MQ-135 sensor due to cross interferences with other gasses. The COVID-19 breath simulation sample was established and validated based on preliminary data obtained from parallel COVID-19 breath studies based in Edinburgh and Dortmund. This detection method provides a non-invasive, rapid, and selective detection of gasses in a variety of applications in virus detection as well as agricultural and homeland security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C. Miller
- Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of South FloridaTampaFL33620USA
| | | | - Stephen E. Saddow
- Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of South FloridaTampaFL33620USA
| | - Arash Takshi
- Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of South FloridaTampaFL33620USA
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Manzini I, Schild D, Di Natale C. Principles of odor coding in vertebrates and artificial chemosensory systems. Physiol Rev 2021; 102:61-154. [PMID: 34254835 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological olfactory system is the sensory system responsible for the detection of the chemical composition of the environment. Several attempts to mimic biological olfactory systems have led to various artificial olfactory systems using different technical approaches. Here we provide a parallel description of biological olfactory systems and their technical counterparts. We start with a presentation of the input to the systems, the stimuli, and treat the interface between the external world and the environment where receptor neurons or artificial chemosensors reside. We then delineate the functions of receptor neurons and chemosensors as well as their overall I-O relationships. Up to this point, our account of the systems goes along similar lines. The next processing steps differ considerably: while in biology the processing step following the receptor neurons is the "integration" and "processing" of receptor neuron outputs in the olfactory bulb, this step has various realizations in electronic noses. For a long period of time, the signal processing stages beyond the olfactory bulb, i.e., the higher olfactory centers were little studied. Only recently there has been a marked growth of studies tackling the information processing in these centers. In electronic noses, a third stage of processing has virtually never been considered. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of both fields and, for the first time, attempt to tie them together. We hope it will be a breeding ground for better information, communication, and data exchange between very related but so far little connected fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Manzini
- Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Detlev Schild
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University Medical Center, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Durán Acevedo CM, Carrillo Gómez JK, Albarracín Rojas CA. Academic stress detection on university students during COVID-19 outbreak by using an electronic nose and the galvanic skin response. Biomed Signal Process Control 2021; 68:102756. [PMID: 36570516 PMCID: PMC9760229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.102756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Academic stress is an emotion that students experience during their time at the university, sometimes causing physical and mental health effects. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, universities worldwide have left the classroom to provide the method of teaching virtually, generating challenges, adaptations, and more stress in students. In this pilot study, a methodology for academic stress detection in engineering students at the University of Pamplona (Colombia) is proposed by developing and implementing an artificial electronic nose system and the galvanic skin response. For the study, the student's stress state and characteristics were taken into account to make the data analysis where a set of measurements were acquired when the students were presenting a virtual exam. Likewise, for the non-stress state, a set of measurements were obtained in a relaxation state after the exam date. To carry out the pre-processing and data processing from the measurements obtained previously by both systems, a set of algorithms developed in Python software were used to perform the data analysis. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), K-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification methods were applied for the data classification, where a 96 % success rate of classification was obtained with the E-nose, and 100 % classification was achieved by using the Galvanic Skin Response.
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Giang C, Calvert J, Rahmani K, Barnes G, Siefkas A, Green-Saxena A, Hoffman J, Mao Q, Das R. Predicting ventilator-associated pneumonia with machine learning. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26246. [PMID: 34115013 PMCID: PMC8202554 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most common and fatal nosocomial infection in intensive care units (ICUs). Existing methods for identifying VAP display low accuracy, and their use may delay antimicrobial therapy. VAP diagnostics derived from machine learning (ML) methods that utilize electronic health record (EHR) data have not yet been explored. The objective of this study is to compare the performance of a variety of ML models trained to predict whether VAP will be diagnosed during the patient stay.A retrospective study examined data from 6126 adult ICU encounters lasting at least 48 hours following the initiation of mechanical ventilation. The gold standard was the presence of a diagnostic code for VAP. Five different ML models were trained to predict VAP 48 hours after initiation of mechanical ventilation. Model performance was evaluated with regard to the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve on a 20% hold-out test set. Feature importance was measured in terms of Shapley values.The highest performing model achieved an AUROC value of 0.854. The most important features for the best-performing model were the length of time on mechanical ventilation, the presence of antibiotics, sputum test frequency, and the most recent Glasgow Coma Scale assessment.Supervised ML using patient EHR data is promising for VAP diagnosis and warrants further validation. This tool has the potential to aid the timely diagnosis of VAP.
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Disselhorst MJ, de Vries R, Quispel-Janssen J, Wolf-Lansdorf M, Sterk PJ, Baas P. Nose in malignant mesothelioma-Prediction of response to immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. Eur J Cancer 2021; 152:60-67. [PMID: 34087572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent clinical trials with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown that a subgroup of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) could benefit from these agents. However, there are no accurate biomarkers to predict who will respond. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of exhaled breath analysis using electronic technology (eNose) for discriminating between responders to ICI and non-responders. METHODS This proof-of-concept prospective observational study was part of an intervention study (INITIATE) in patients with recurrent MPM who were treated with nivolumab (anti-PD-1) plus ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4). At baseline and after six weeks of treatment, breath profiles were collected by an eNose. Modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors were used to assess efficacy at 6-month follow-up. For data processing and statistics, we used independent t-test analyses followed by linear discriminant and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS Exhaled breath data of 31 MPM patients who received nivolumab plus ipilimumab were available at baseline. There were 16 with and 15 without a response after 6 months of treatment. At baseline, breath profiles significantly differed between responders and non-responders, with a cross validation value of 71%. The ROC-AUC after internal cross-validation was 0.90 (confidence interval: 0.80-1.00). CONCLUSION An eNose is able to discriminate at baseline between responders and non-responders to nivolumab plus ipilimumab in MPM, thereby potentially identifying a subgroup of patients that will benefit from ICI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rianne de Vries
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Breathomix BV, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Peter J Sterk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Baas
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, NKI-AvL, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Steppert I, Schönfelder J, Schultz C, Kuhlmeier D. Rapid in vitro differentiation of bacteria by ion mobility spectrometry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4297-4307. [PMID: 33974116 PMCID: PMC8140968 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11315-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Rapid screening of infected people plays a crucial role in interrupting infection chains. However, the current methods for identification of bacteria are very tedious and labor intense. Fast on-site screening for pathogens based on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) could help to differentiate between healthy and potentially infected subjects. As a first step towards this, the feasibility of differentiating between seven different bacteria including resistant strains was assessed using IMS coupled to multicapillary columns (MCC-IMS). The headspace above bacterial cultures was directly drawn and analyzed by MCC-IMS after 90 min of incubation. A cluster analysis software and statistical methods were applied to select discriminative VOC clusters. As a result, 63 VOC clusters were identified, enabling the differentiation between all investigated bacterial strains using canonical discriminant analysis. These 63 clusters were reduced to 7 discriminative VOC clusters by constructing a hierarchical classification tree. Using this tree, all bacteria including resistant strains could be classified with an AUC of 1.0 by receiver-operating characteristic analysis. In conclusion, MCC-IMS is able to differentiate the tested bacterial species, even the non-resistant and their corresponding resistant strains, based on VOC patterns after 90 min of cultivation. Although this result is very promising, in vivo studies need to be performed to investigate if this technology is able to also classify clinical samples. With a short analysis time of 5 min, MCC-IMS is quite attractive for a rapid screening for possible infections in various locations from hospitals to airports. Key Points • Differentiation of bacteria by MCC-IMS is shown after 90-min cultivation. • Non-resistant and resistant strains can be distinguished. • Classification of bacteria is possible based on metabolic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Steppert
- MicroDiagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jessy Schönfelder
- MicroDiagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany. .,Project Hub Microelectronic and Optical Systems for Biomedicine MEOS, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Erfurt, Germany.
| | - Carolyn Schultz
- MicroDiagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirk Kuhlmeier
- MicroDiagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany.,Project Hub Microelectronic and Optical Systems for Biomedicine MEOS, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Erfurt, Germany
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Ibrahim W, Carr L, Cordell R, Wilde MJ, Salman D, Monks PS, Thomas P, Brightling CE, Siddiqui S, Greening NJ. Breathomics for the clinician: the use of volatile organic compounds in respiratory diseases. Thorax 2021; 76:514-521. [PMID: 33414240 PMCID: PMC7611078 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled breath analysis has the potential to provide valuable insight on the status of various metabolic pathways taking place in the lungs locally and other vital organs, via systemic circulation. For years, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been proposed as feasible alternative diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for different respiratory pathologies.We reviewed the currently published literature on the discovery of exhaled breath VOCs and their utilisation in various respiratory diseasesKey barriers in the development of clinical breath tests include the lack of unified consensus for breath collection and analysis and the complexity of understanding the relationship between the exhaled VOCs and the underlying metabolic pathways. We present a comprehensive overview, in light of published literature and our experience from coordinating a national breathomics centre, of the progress made to date and some of the key challenges in the field and ways to overcome them. We particularly focus on the relevance of breathomics to clinicians and the valuable insights it adds to diagnostics and disease monitoring.Breathomics holds great promise and our findings merit further large-scale multicentre diagnostic studies using standardised protocols to help position this novel technology at the centre of respiratory disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadah Ibrahim
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Liesl Carr
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | | | | | - Dahlia Salman
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Paul S Monks
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Paul Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Chris E Brightling
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Salman Siddiqui
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Neil J Greening
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
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Electronic Devices for Stress Detection in Academic Contexts during Confinement Because of the COVID-19 Pandemic. ELECTRONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics10030301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This article studies the development and implementation of different electronic devices for measuring signals during stress situations, specifically in academic contexts in a student group of the Engineering Department at the University of Pamplona (Colombia). For the research’s development, devices for measuring physiological signals were used through a Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), the electrical response of the heart by using an electrocardiogram (ECG), the electrical activity produced by the upper trapezius muscle (EMG), and the development of an electronic nose system (E-nose) as a pilot study for the detection and identification of the Volatile Organic Compounds profiles emitted by the skin. The data gathering was taken during an online test (during the COVID-19 Pandemic), in which the aim was to measure the student’s stress state and then during the relaxation state after the exam period. Two algorithms were used for the data process, such as Linear Discriminant Analysis and Support Vector Machine through the Python software for the classification and differentiation of the assessment, achieving 100% of classification through GSR, 90% with the E-nose system proposed, 90% with the EMG system, and 88% success by using ECG, respectively.
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49
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Vitoria I, Ruiz Zamarreño C, Ozcariz A, Matias IR. Fiber Optic Gas Sensors Based on Lossy Mode Resonances and Sensing Materials Used Therefor: A Comprehensive Review. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21030731. [PMID: 33499050 PMCID: PMC7865789 DOI: 10.3390/s21030731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pollution in cities induces harmful effects on human health, which continuously increases the global demand of gas sensors for air quality control and monitoring. In the same manner, the industrial sector requests new gas sensors for their productive processes. Moreover, the association between exhaled gases and a wide range of diseases or health conditions opens the door for new diagnostic applications. The large number of applications for gas sensors has permitted the development of multiple sensing technologies. Among them, optical fiber gas sensors enable their utilization in remote locations, confined spaces or hostile environments as well as corrosive or explosive atmospheres. Particularly, Lossy Mode Resonance (LMR)-based optical fiber sensors employ the traditional metal oxides used for gas sensing purposes for the generation of the resonances. Some research has been conducted on the development of LMR-based optical fiber gas sensors; however, they have not been fully exploited yet and offer optimal possibilities for improvement. This review gives the reader a complete overview of the works focused on the utilization of LMR-based optical fiber sensors for gas sensing applications, summarizing the materials used for the development of these sensors as well as the fabrication procedures and the performance of these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Vitoria
- Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Department, Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (I.V.); (A.O.); (I.R.M.)
- Institute of Smart Cities (ISC), Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Ruiz Zamarreño
- Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Department, Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (I.V.); (A.O.); (I.R.M.)
- Institute of Smart Cities (ISC), Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Aritz Ozcariz
- Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Department, Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (I.V.); (A.O.); (I.R.M.)
| | - Ignacio R. Matias
- Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Department, Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (I.V.); (A.O.); (I.R.M.)
- Institute of Smart Cities (ISC), Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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Durán Acevedo CM, Cuastumal Vasquez CA, Carrillo Gómez JK. Electronic nose dataset for COPD detection from smokers and healthy people through exhaled breath analysis. Data Brief 2021; 35:106767. [PMID: 33537382 PMCID: PMC7838708 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.106767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents a database which was obtained by acquiring measurements through a multisensory device called Electronic Nose (E-nose) based on a matrix of metal oxide sensors, in order to discriminate and classify a group of people affected by the respiratory disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), smokers and healthy control people through exhaled breath analysis. The database consists of 4 groups of measurements which were acquired through the E-nose system: 10 control samples (healthy people), 20 samples of people with COPD, 4 samples of smokers and 10 air samples, where in each group two samples of exhaled breath per person were acquired giving a total of 78 samples (40 from COPD, 20 from control, 8 from smokers and 10 from the air)
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