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Tegegne H, Ejigu E, Woldegiorgis D, Mengistu A. Isolation and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from raw cow's milk in dairy farms of Wolaita Sodo Town, Southwest, Ethiopia. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:4735-4744. [PMID: 39055220 PMCID: PMC11266931 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacterium-contaminating milk and milk products causing food poisoning primarily due to its enterotoxins. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2021 to June 2022 in Wolaita Sodo Town, to detect Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in raw cow's milk and assess their resistance levels to different antimicrobials. Purposive sampling was used to select 34 dairy farms. Accordingly, 419 raw milk samples from the farm and collection centers were collected. Isolates of S. aureus showing resistance to Cefoxitin were classified as MRSA. From the total 419 samples, 22.19% (93/419) were contaminated with S. aureus in dairy cows. The prevalence of S. aureus in raw milk, bulk milk from the farm, and bulk tank milk from the collection centers was 16.9%, 2.1%, and 3.1%, respectively. The risk of S. aureus contamination in dairy farm owners and milkers who do not take food safety training was 5.303 times higher than the risk of S. aureus contamination in dairy farm owners and milkers who take food safety training. The risk of S. aureus contamination in dairy farms kept under poor management system was 7.34 times more than that of dairy farms kept under good management. The cefoxitin disk diffusion method was used to detect MRSA, 57.14% being resistant to Cefoxitin in total while approximately 87.5% were sensitive to Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and Gentamycin, while Erythromycin registered 75%, Ciprofloxacin 62.5%, Chloramphenicol 62.5%, and Tetracycline 25%. This study revealed that MRSA exhibited a notable multidrug resistance pattern, encompassing resistance to multiple drugs, with a prevalence of 75%. Significantly, the hands of milkers and the milking containers emerged as pivotal sources of contamination. This underscores the crucial importance of maintaining stringent hygienic practices during the milking process, with particular emphasis on thorough cleaning and decontamination of utensils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailehizeb Tegegne
- College of Agriculture and Environmental ScienceDebre Tabor UniversityDebre TaborEthiopia
| | - Eyoel Ejigu
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma UniversityJimmaEthiopia
| | - Dese Woldegiorgis
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma UniversityJimmaEthiopia
| | - Azeb Mengistu
- College of Agriculture and Environmental ScienceDebre Tabor UniversityDebre TaborEthiopia
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Ajayi AO, Odeyemi AT, Akinjogunla OJ, Adeyeye AB, Ayo-ajayi I. Review of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes within the one health framework. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2024; 14:2312953. [PMID: 38371518 PMCID: PMC10868463 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2024.2312953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The interdisciplinary One Health (OH) approach recognizes that human, animal, and environmental health are all interconnected. Its ultimate goal is to promote optimal health for all through the exploration of these relationships. Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a public health challenge that has been primarily addressed within the context of human health and clinical settings. However, it has become increasingly evident that antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that confer resistance are transmitted and circulated within humans, animals, and the environment. Therefore, to effectively address this issue, antibiotic resistance must also be considered an environmental and livestock/wildlife problem. Objective: This review was carried out to provide a broad overview of the existence of ARB and ARGs in One Health settings. Methods: Relevant studies that placed emphasis on ARB and ARGs were reviewed and key findings were accessed that illustrate the importance of One Health as a measure to tackle growing public and environmental threats. Results: In this review, we delve into the complex interplay of the three components of OH in relation to ARB and ARGs. Antibiotics used in animal husbandry and plants to promote growth, treat, and prevent infectious diseases lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animals. These bacteria are transmitted from animals to humans through food and environmental exposure. The environment plays a critical role in the circulation and persistence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes, posing a significant threat to human and animal health. This article also highlights how ARGs are spread in the environment through the transfer of genetic material between bacteria. This transfer can occur naturally or through human activities such as the use of antibiotics in agriculture and waste management practices. Conclusion: It is important to integrate the One Health approach into the public health system to effectively tackle the emergence and spread of ARB and genes that code for resistance to different antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adebowale Toba Odeyemi
- Department of Microbiology, Landmark University SDG Groups 2 and 3, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Ibiwumi Ayo-ajayi
- Department of Computer Science, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
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Che Hamzah AM, Chew CH, Al-Trad EI, Puah SM, Chua KH, A Rahman NI, Ismail S, Maeda T, Palittapongarnpim P, Yeo CC. Whole genome sequencing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates from Terengganu, Malaysia, indicates the predominance of the EMRSA-15 (ST22-SCCmec IV) clone. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3485. [PMID: 38347106 PMCID: PMC10861583 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as a priority nosocomial pathogen, the genome sequences of Malaysian MRSA isolates are currently limited to a small pool of samples. Here, we present the genome sequence analyses of 88 clinical MRSA isolates obtained from the main tertiary hospital in Terengganu, Malaysia in 2016-2020, to obtain in-depth insights into their characteristics. The EMRSA-15 (ST22-SCCmec IV) clone of the clonal complex 22 (CC22) lineage was predominant with a total of 61 (69.3%) isolates. Earlier reports from other Malaysian hospitals indicated the predominance of the ST239 clone, but only two (2.3%) isolates were identified in this study. Two Indian-origin clones, the Bengal Bay clone ST772-SCCmec V (n = 2) and ST672 (n = 10) were also detected, with most of the ST672 isolates obtained in 2020 (n = 7). Two new STs were found, with one isolate each, and were designated ST7879 and ST7883. From the core genome phylogenetic tree, the HSNZ MRSA isolates could be grouped into seven clades. Antimicrobial phenotype-genotype concordance was high (> 95%), indicating the accuracy of WGS in predicting most resistances. Majority of the MRSA isolates were found to harbor more than 10 virulence genes, demonstrating their pathogenic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainal Mardziah Che Hamzah
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ching Hoong Chew
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Esra'a Ibrahim Al-Trad
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology (CeRIDB), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 20400, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Suat Moi Puah
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kek Heng Chua
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Iza A Rahman
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology (CeRIDB), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 20400, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Salwani Ismail
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology (CeRIDB), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 20400, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Toshinari Maeda
- Department of Biological Functions and Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-Ku, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
| | - Prasit Palittapongarnpim
- Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics (CENMIG), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Chew Chieng Yeo
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology (CeRIDB), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 20400, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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Guo Z, Fan X, Wang X, Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Zhou N. Graphene oxide-enhanced colorimetric detection of Mec A gene based on toehold-mediated strand displacement. Anal Biochem 2024; 684:115365. [PMID: 37914003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Mec A, as a representative gene mediating resistance to β-lactam antibiotics in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), allows a new genetic analysis for the detection of MRSA. Here, a sensitive, prompt, and visual colorimetry is reported to detect the Mec A gene based on toehold-mediated strand displacement (TMSD) and the enrichment effect of graphene oxide (GO). The Mec A triggers to generate the profuse amount of signal units of single-stranded DNA (SG) composed of a long single-stranded base tail and a base head: the tail can be adsorbed and enriched on the surface of GO; the head can form a G quadruplex structure to exert catalytic function towards 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid). Therefore, through the enrichment effect of GO, the signal units SG reflects different degrees of signal amplification on different substrates (such as aqueous solution or filter membrane). This strategy demonstrates a broad linear working range from 100 pM to 1.5 nM (solution) and 1 pM to 1 nM (filter membrane), with a low detection limit of 39.53 pM (solution) and 333 fM (filter membrane). Analytical performance in real samples suggests that this developed colorimetry is endowed with immense potential for clinical detection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongkang Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xueting Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Yuting Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Nandi Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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Khairullah AR, Kurniawan SC, Sudjarwo SA, Effendi MH, Widodo A, Moses IB, Hasib A, Zahra RLA, Gelolodo MA, Kurniawati DA, Riwu KHP, Silaen OSM, Afnani DA, Ramandinianto SC. Kinship analysis of mecA gene of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and risk factors from the farmers in Blitar, Indonesia. Vet World 2024; 17:216-225. [PMID: 38406357 PMCID: PMC10884576 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.216-225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim There are numerous reports of subclinical mastitis cases in Blitar, which is consistent with the region's high milk production and dairy cattle population. Staphylococcus aureus, which is often the cause of mastitis cases, is widely known because of its multidrug-resistant properties and resistance to β-lactam antibiotic class, especially the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. This study aimed to molecular detection and sequence analysis of the mecA gene in milk and farmer's hand swabs to show that dairy cattle are reservoirs of MRSA strains. Materials and Methods A total of 113 milk samples and 39 farmers' hand swab samples were collected from a dairy farm for the isolation of S. aureus using Mannitol salt agar. The recovered isolates were further characterized using standard microbiological techniques. Isolates confirmed as S. aureus were tested for sensitivity to antibiotics. Oxacillin Resistance Screening Agar Base testing was used to confirm the presence of MRSA, whereas the mecA gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Results A total of 101 samples were confirmed to be S. aureus. There were 2 S. aureus isolates that were multidrug-resistant and 14 S. aureus isolates that were MRSA. The mecA gene was detected in 4/14 (28.6%) phenotypically identified MRSA isolates. Kinship analysis showed identical results between mecA from milk and farmers' hand swabs. No visible nucleotide variation was observed in the two mecA sequences of isolates from Blitar, East Java. Conclusion The spread of MRSA is a serious problem because the risk of zoonotic transmission can occur not only to people who are close to livestock in the workplace, such as dairy farm workers but also to the wider community through the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Shendy Canadya Kurniawan
- Master Program of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Sciences, Specialisation in Molecule, Cell and Organ Functioning, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, Netherlands
| | - Sri Agus Sudjarwo
- Division of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Agus Widodo
- Department of Health, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dharmawangsa Dalam Selatan No. 28-30, Kampus B Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki 480211, Nigeria
| | - Abdullah Hasib
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Queensland, Australia
| | - Reichan Lisa Az Zahra
- Profession Program of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Maria Aega Gelolodo
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Jl. Adisucipto Penfui, Kupang 85001, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
| | - Dyah Ayu Kurniawati
- Indonesia Research Center for Veterinary Science, Jl. RE Martadinata No. 30, Bogor 16114, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika, Jl. Pemuda No. 59A, Dasan Agung Baru, Mataram 83125, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
| | - Otto Sahat Martua Silaen
- Doctoral Program of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6 Senen, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Daniah Ashri Afnani
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika, Jl. Pemuda No. 59A, Dasan Agung Baru, Mataram 83125, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
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Elsayed Naeim D, Elsayed Eldesoukey I, Ahmed Moawad A, Mohammed Ahmed A. Molecular detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from different foodstuffs in Egypt. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2023; 14:243-248. [PMID: 37342285 PMCID: PMC10278902 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2022.551346.3434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is a major public health problem. Therefore, this study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of MRSA in various food products. A total number of 204 food samples including raw milk (n = 30), cheese (n = 60), chicken (n = 25), beef (n = 24) and fish (n = 65) were collected from August to November of 2021 within different localities in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, the northern region of Egypt. All samples were assessed through a series of bacteriological and biochemical techniques to identify MRSA. Out of 204 samples, 52(25.49%) isolates were presumptively identified as MRSA on oxacillin resistance screening agar base media. Of these 52 isolates, 17(32.69%) were characterized as coagulase-positive. For the molecular confirmation of MRSA, all isolates were subjected to polymerase chain reaction assays to detect mecA and mecC. In addition, mecA was identified in all the isolates (100%), whereas, none was positive for mecC. Therefore, based on the detection of mecA, the overall occurrence rate of MRSA among the samples was 8.33%. The isolates were also subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Cefoxitin, cefuroxime, oxacillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid were completely resistant (100%) to the isolates, however, susceptible to vancomycin and ciprofloxacin. Raw milk had the highest prevalence of MRSA (13.30%), followed by chicken (12.00%), fish (9.20%), cheese (5.00%) and beef (4.20%). Due to the possibility of transmission of these strains to humans, the high prevalence of MRSA in various foodstuffs in Egypt poses a potential public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doha Elsayed Naeim
- Correspondence: Doha Elsayed Naeim, BSc, MSc, Department of Bacteriology, Mycology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt , E-mail:
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Singh I, Roshan M, Vats A, Behera M, Gautam D, Rajput S, Rana C, De S. Evaluation of Virulence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Forming Potential of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolates from Bovine Suspected with Mastitis. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:198. [PMID: 37120455 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a pathogen that poses a significant threat in cases of chronic mastitis in dairy animals. The ability of MRSA to persist in the host is attributed to various virulence factors, genes encoding surface adhesins, and determinants of antibiotic resistance, which provide it a survival advantage. This investigation focused to determine the virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile and biofilm production potential of 46 MRSA isolates from 300 bovine mastitis milk samples. The AMR profile revealed a high level of resistance, with 46 and 42 isolates resistant to cefoxitin and oxacillin, respectively, followed by 24 and 12 isolates resistant to lomefloxacin and erythromycin, respectively. Only 2 isolates resistant to tetracycline and none were resistant to chloramphenicol. The study also evaluated various virulence factors such as coa (n = 46), nuc (n = 35) hlg (n = 36), pvl (n = 14), tsst-1(n = 28) spa (n = 39) and enterotoxin genes sea (n = 12) and seg (n = 28) and identified antibiotic resistance determinants mecA and blaZ in 46 and 27 isolates, respectively. Intercellular adhesion genes icaA and icaD were present in 40 and 43 isolates, respectively and surface adhesion genes ebps, fnbpA, eno, sasG, cna, and bap were found in 43, 40, 38, 26, 21 and 1 isolates, respectively. Microtiter plate (MTP) assay revealed that 29 MRSA isolates were capable of producing biofilms, whereas 17 were not. Biofilms producing MRSA isolates possessed adhesion genes, virulence factors, toxin genes and AMR genes that may act synergistically towards a chronic disease progression, illness and severe damage to the udder, which generally last for several months and very challenging to cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Singh
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Mayank Roshan
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Ashutosh Vats
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Manisha Behera
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Devika Gautam
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Shiveeli Rajput
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Chanchal Rana
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Sachinandan De
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India.
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Sadat A, Farag AMM, Elhanafi D, Awad A, Elmahallawy EK, Alsowayeh N, El-khadragy MF, Elshopakey GE. Immunological and Oxidative Biomarkers in Bovine Serum from Healthy, Clinical, and Sub-Clinical Mastitis Caused by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050892. [PMID: 36899749 PMCID: PMC10000043 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the mastitis' emerging causative agents and their antimicrobial sensitivity, in addition to the hematological, biochemical indicators, oxidative biomarkers, acute phase protein (APP), and inflammatory cytokine changes in dairy farms in Gamasa, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. One hundred Holstein Friesian dairy cattle with clinical and subclinical mastitis were investigated and were allocated into three groups based on a thorough clinical examination. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were found responsible for the clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy farms, respectively. Multiple drug resistance (MDR) was detected in 100%, and 94.74% of E. coli and S. aureus isolates, respectively. Significantly low RBCs count, Hb, and PCV values were detected in mastitic cows compared with both subclinical mastitic and control groups; moreover, WBCs, lymphocytes, and neutrophil counts were significantly diminished in mastitic cows compared to the controls. Significantly higher levels of AST, LDH, total protein, and globulin were noticed in both mastitic and subclinical mastitic cows. The haptoglobin, fibrinogen, amyloid A, ceruloplasmin, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were statistically increased in mastitic cows compared to the controls. Higher MDA levels and reduction of TAC and catalase were identified in all the mastitic cases compared to the controls. Overall, the findings suggested potential public health hazards due to antimicrobial resistance emergence. Meanwhile, the APP and cytokines, along with antioxidant markers can be used as early indicators of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Sadat
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (G.E.E.); Tel.: +20-1099633122 (A.S.); +20-1023923945 (G.E.E.); Fax: +20-502379952 (A.S.); +20-502379952 (G.E.E.)
| | - Alshimaa M. M. Farag
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Driss Elhanafi
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Amal Awad
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Noorah Alsowayeh
- Department of Biology, College of Education (Majmaah), Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal F. El-khadragy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gehad E. Elshopakey
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (G.E.E.); Tel.: +20-1099633122 (A.S.); +20-1023923945 (G.E.E.); Fax: +20-502379952 (A.S.); +20-502379952 (G.E.E.)
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Genomic Evidence for Direct Transmission of mecC-MRSA between a Horse and Its Veterinarian. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020408. [PMID: 36830318 PMCID: PMC9952710 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bearing the mecC gene (mecC-MRSA) has been reported from animals and humans in recent years. This study describes the first mecC-MRSA isolates of human and equine origin in Hungary (two isolates from horses and one from a veterinarian, who treated one of the infected horses, but was asymptomatic). MRSA isolates were identified by cultivation and PCR detection of the species-specific spa gene and mecA/mecC methicillin resistance genes. The isolates were characterized by antibiotic susceptibility testing, MLST, spa, SCCmec typing, PFGE and whole genome sequencing (WGS). All three isolates belonged to the ST130-t843-SCCmec XI genotype, and carried the mecC and blaZ genes. Apart from beta-lactam drugs, they were sensitive to all tested antibiotics. The isolates of the infected horse and its veterinarian had the same PFGE pulsotype and showed only slight differences with WGS. Hence, this is the first description of direct transmission of a mecC-carrying MRSA between a horse and its veterinarian. The emergence of mecC in the country highlights the importance of the appropriate diagnostics in MRSA identification.
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Shoaib M, Aqib AI, Muzammil I, Majeed N, Bhutta ZA, Kulyar MFEA, Fatima M, Zaheer CNF, Muneer A, Murtaza M, Kashif M, Shafqat F, Pu W. MRSA compendium of epidemiology, transmission, pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention within one health framework. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1067284. [PMID: 36704547 PMCID: PMC9871788 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1067284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is recognized as commensal as well as opportunistic pathogen of humans and animals. Methicillin resistant strain of S. aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a major pathogen in hospitals, community and veterinary settings that compromises the public health and livestock production. MRSA basically emerged from MSSA after acquiring SCCmec element through gene transfer containing mecA gene responsible for encoding PBP-2α. This protein renders the MRSA resistant to most of the β-lactam antibiotics. Due to the continuous increasing prevalence and transmission of MRSA in hospitals, community and veterinary settings posing a major threat to public health. Furthermore, high pathogenicity of MRSA due to a number of virulence factors produced by S. aureus along with antibiotic resistance help to breach the immunity of host and responsible for causing severe infections in humans and animals. The clinical manifestations of MRSA consist of skin and soft tissues infection to bacteremia, septicemia, toxic shock, and scalded skin syndrome. Moreover, due to the increasing resistance of MRSA to number of antibiotics, there is need to approach alternatives ways to overcome economic as well as human losses. This review is going to discuss various aspects of MRSA starting from emergence, transmission, epidemiology, pathophysiology, disease patterns in hosts, novel treatment, and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shoaib
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Amjad Islam Aqib
- Department of Medicine, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Muzammil
- Department of Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Noreen Majeed
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad Bhutta
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Mahreen Fatima
- Faculty of Biosciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Afshan Muneer
- Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Maheen Murtaza
- Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Furqan Shafqat
- Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Wanxia Pu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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11
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Khairullah AR, Kurniawan SC, Effendi MH, Sudjarwo SA, Ramandinianto SC, Widodo A, Riwu KHP, Silaen OSM, Rehman S. A review of new emerging livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from pig farms. Vet World 2023; 16:46-58. [PMID: 36855358 PMCID: PMC9967705 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.46-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a S. aureus strain resistant to β-lactam antibiotics and is often associated with livestock, known as livestock-associated (LA)-MRSA. Using molecular typing with multi-locus sequence typing, MRSA clones have been classified in pigs, including clonal complex 398. Livestock-associated-methicillin-resistant S. aureus was first discovered in pigs in the Netherlands in 2005. Since then, it has been widely detected in pigs in other countries. Livestock-associated-methicillin-resistant S. aureus can be transmitted from pigs to pigs, pigs to humans (zoonosis), and humans to humans. This transmission is enabled by several risk factors involved in the pig trade, including the use of antibiotics and zinc, the size and type of the herd, and the pig pen management system. Although LA-MRSA has little impact on the pigs' health, it can be transmitted from pig to pig or from pig to human. This is a serious concern as people in direct contact with pigs are highly predisposed to acquiring LA-MRSA infection. The measures to control LA-MRSA spread in pig farms include conducting periodic LA-MRSA screening tests on pigs and avoiding certain antibiotics in pigs. This study aimed to review the emerging LA-MRSA strains in pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Shendy Canadya Kurniawan
- Master Program of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Sciences, Specialisation in Molecule, Cell and Organ Functioning, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, Netherlands
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia,Corresponding author: Mustofa Helmi Effendi, e-mail: Co-authors: ARK: , SCK: , SAS: , SCR: , AW: , KHPR: , OSMS: , SR:
| | - Sri Agus Sudjarwo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | | | - Agus Widodo
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Otto Sahat Martua Silaen
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6 Senen, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Saifur Rehman
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
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12
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Gajewska J, Zakrzewski A, Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W, Zadernowska A. Meta-analysis of the global occurrence of S. aureus in raw cattle milk and artisanal cheeses. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Ijaz M, Javed MU, Ahmed A, Rasheed H, Shah SFA, Ali M. Evidence-based identification and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus isolated from subclinical mastitis in dairy buffaloes of Pakistan. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2023; 24:215-226. [PMID: 38269009 PMCID: PMC10804429 DOI: 10.22099/ijvr.2023.46970.6755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), affecting livestock and human beings, has become a global public health hazard with economic consequences. Aims The current study was designed to investigate the prevailing MRSA-associated subclinical mastitis and associated risk factors in dairy buffaloes. The study also highlighted the genetic variations and in silico-based proteomic differences among MRSA isolates. Methods Out of 516 milk samples, 45.93% (237/516) were found positive for subclinical mastitis, while the prevalence of S. aureus was recorded 56.12%. The methicillin resistance in S. aureus isolates was evaluated by oxacillin disc diffusion test and molecular identification of the mecA gene. Results The results revealed a phenotypic and molecular prevalence of MRSA at 45.11% and 18.79%, respectively. The risk factor analysis revealed that among various assumed risk factors, parity, milking hygiene, milker care during milking, milk yield, housing system, and floor type were significantly associated with subclinical mastitis in buffaloes. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed no significant genetic variations among study isolates and depicted a high similarity with isolates from Africa, USA, India, Italy, Turkey, and Iran. The in-silico protein analysis showed that all sequences had the same protein motifs resembling penicillin protein 2a except Buff-13, whose protein structure resembles alpha-catenin-like protein hmp-1. Conclusion The current study was the first report of the genotypic characterization and in silico protein analysis of MRSA from dairy buffaloes in Pakistan. The result highlighted the importance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and development of control strategies against MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ijaz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M. U. Javed
- Ph.D. Student in Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A. Ahmed
- Ph.D. Student in Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - H. Rasheed
- MSc Student in Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S. F. A. Shah
- MSc Student in Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M. Ali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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14
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Diversity and Dissemination of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Genotypes in Southeast Asia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7120438. [PMID: 36548693 PMCID: PMC9781663 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7120438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a successful pathogen that has achieved global dissemination, with high prevalence rates in Southeast Asia. A huge diversity of clones has been reported in this region, with MRSA ST239 being the most successful lineage. Nonetheless, description of MRSA genotypes circulating in the Southeast Asia region has, until now, remained poorly compiled. In this review, we aim to provide a better understanding of the molecular epidemiology and distribution of MRSA clones in 11 Southeast Asian countries: Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), Myanmar, Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei Darussalam, and Timor-Leste. Notably, while archaic multidrug-resistant hospital-associated (HA) MRSAs, such as the ST239-III and ST241-III, were prominent in the region during earlier observations, these were then largely replaced by the more antibiotic-susceptible community-acquired (CA) MRSAs, such as ST22-IV and PVL-positive ST30-IV, in recent years after the turn of the century. Nonetheless, reports of livestock-associated (LA) MRSAs remain few in the region.
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15
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Khanal S, Boonyayatra S, Awaiwanont N. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in dairy farms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:947154. [PMID: 36561392 PMCID: PMC9763730 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.947154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an opportunistic bacterium that causes many human and animal infections worldwide. MRSA infections are classified as priority infections owing to their high morbidity and mortality, with a significant risk of zoonotic transmission. This study aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of MRSA in dairy cattle farms and its heterogeneity. Relevant studies were retrieved from three databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The pooled prevalence of MRSA in dairy farms was estimated using a random-effects model. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were used to assess the probable sources of heterogeneity. Sensitivity and publication bias analyses were also performed. A total of 94 articles were eligible for inclusion in this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of MRSA was estimated to be 3.81% [95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 2.61-5.20] with significantly high heterogeneity (I 2 = 96.6%, p = 0.00). For the subgroup analysis among continents, the prevalence was highest in Asia (4.89%; 95% CI = 2.88-7.35) and lowest in South America (1.33%, 95% CI = 0.00-5.49). As for the year of publication, MRSA prevalence was highest in reports published from 2015 to 2018 (4.36%, 95% CI = 2.41-6.80) and lowest in reports published before 2015 (2.65%, 95% CI = 0.75-5.52). As for sample type, the prevalence of MRSA in cattle milk (3.91%, 95% CI = 2.64-5.39) was higher than that in other sample types (1.19%, 95% CI = 0.05-3.24). These three factors were not significantly associated with the pooled prevalence of MRSA (p > 0.05). Therefore, the findings of this study indicate that the prevalence of MRSA has been minimal and consistent in dairy cattle farms over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrijana Khanal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Public Health Centre for Asia Pacific, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sukolrat Boonyayatra
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Center of Excellence in Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,*Correspondence: Sukolrat Boonyayatra
| | - Nattakarn Awaiwanont
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Public Health Centre for Asia Pacific, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Center of Excellence in Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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16
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Silva V, Monteiro A, Pereira JE, Maltez L, Igrejas G, Poeta P. MRSA in Humans, Pets and Livestock in Portugal: Where We Came from and Where We Are Going. Pathogens 2022; 11:1110. [PMID: 36297167 PMCID: PMC9608539 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, molecular typing of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has allowed for the identification of endemic MRSA strains and pathogenic strains. After reaching a peak of predominance in a given geographic region, MRSA strains are usually replaced by a new strain. This process is called clonal replacement and is observed worldwide. The worldwide spread of hospital-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA), community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) and livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) clones over the last few decades has allowed this microorganism to be currently considered a pandemic. In Portugal, most HA-MRSA infections are associated with EMRSA-15 (S22-IV), New York/Japan (ST5-II) and Iberian (ST247-I) clones. Regarding the strains found in the community, many of them are frequently associated with the hospital environment, namely the Pediatric, Brazilian and Iberian clones. On the other hand, a strain that is typically found in animals, MRSA clonal complex (CC) 398, has been described in humans as colonizing and causing infections. The ST398 clone is found across all animal species, particularly in farm animals where the economic impact of LA-MRSA infections can have disastrous consequences for industries. In contrast, the EMRSA-15 clone seems to be more related to companion animals. The objective of this review is to better understand the MRSA epidemiology because it is, undoubtedly, an important public health concern that requires more attention, in order to achieve an effective response in all sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Andreia Monteiro
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Eduardo Pereira
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís Maltez
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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17
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Titouche Y, Akkou M, Houali K, Auvray F, Hennekinne JA. Role of milk and milk products in the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the dairy production chain. J Food Sci 2022; 87:3699-3723. [PMID: 35894258 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Milk and milk products can harbor a multiple varieties of microorganisms. Therefore, they can be an important source of foodborne pathogens, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes a wide spectrum of infections both in animals and humans. Over the last two decades, the presence of MRSA in foods and food-producing animals, including milk and milk products, has been frequently reported worldwide, raising public health concerns. In order to monitor and prevent foodborne MRSA contamination, it is necessary to understand their sources, the pheno/genotypic characteristics of the strains, and their transmission dynamics. In this review, studies conducted worldwide were summarized in order to assess the prevalence and diversity of MRSA circulating in milk and milk products. The risk factors for the occurrence of MRSA in milk and milk products were also discussed with preventive and control measures to avoid MRSA contamination in the dairy food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Titouche
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Analytique et Biotechnologie (LABAB), Université Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi Ouzou, Algérie
| | - Madjid Akkou
- Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, Université Saad Dahlab, Blida, Algérie
| | - Karim Houali
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Analytique et Biotechnologie (LABAB), Université Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi Ouzou, Algérie
| | - Frédéric Auvray
- IRSD, INSERM, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
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18
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Baum M, Anuka E, Treygerman O, Prajgrod G, Valinsky L, Rokney A. mecC MRSA in Israel—genomic analysis, prevalence and global perspective. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2022; 4:dlac085. [PMID: 36042980 PMCID: PMC9418563 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MRSA is a major global healthcare problem. In 2011, a new mec variant designated mecC was described, presenting partial identity at the DNA level, thus undetectable by routine mecA PCR. Objectives Until now, no reliable information regarding mecC MRSA prevalence was available in Israel. In this study, to the best of our knowledge, we describe the first case of mecC MRSA in Israel, with focus on genomic analysis and global context. Methods The mecC MRSA isolate was analysed by WGS with focus on phylogeny, global contextualization, virulence and resistance genes. The strain was characterized by antibiotic susceptibility testing, spa typing and presence of mecA/C and pvl genes. Results An MRSA strain (SA10610), isolated from a urine sample of an 83-year old patient, was found negative for the mecA and pvl genes. The MLST and spa type were ST130 and t1736, respectively. SA10610 presented resistance to oxacillin, penicillin and cefoxitin, and susceptibility to all non-β-lactam agents tested. Phylogenetic comparison with a global dataset of 586 mecC MRSA genomes revealed substantial genomic divergence. The nearest genomic relatives were human and animal isolates from Denmark. A screen of 12 761 S. aureus isolates collected during 2011–18 in Israel indicated this is the only mecC-positive strain. Conclusions A high degree of genetic variability was found between the SA10610 strain and previously sequenced mecC MRSA isolated worldwide. The genomic and phylogenetic analysis suggest that mecC MRSA isolates have evolved independently rather than from a common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moti Baum
- Public Health Laboratories–Jerusalem (PHL-J), Public Health Services (PHS), Ministry of Health (MOH) , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Einav Anuka
- Public Health Laboratories–Jerusalem (PHL-J), Public Health Services (PHS), Ministry of Health (MOH) , Jerusalem , Israel
| | | | | | - Lea Valinsky
- Public Health Laboratories–Jerusalem (PHL-J), Public Health Services (PHS), Ministry of Health (MOH) , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Assaf Rokney
- Public Health Laboratories–Jerusalem (PHL-J), Public Health Services (PHS), Ministry of Health (MOH) , Jerusalem , Israel
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19
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Yaacob SN, Wahab RA, Misson M, Sabullah MK, Huyop F, Zin NM. Lactic acid bacteria and their bacteriocins: new potential weapons in the fight against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:683-699. [PMID: 35414206 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative solutions are eminently needed to combat the escalating number of infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria are promising candidates for next-generation antibiotics. Studies have found that these stable and nontoxic ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides exhibit significant potency against other bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains. Here the authors review previous studies on bacteriocins that have been effectively employed to manage MRSA infections. The authors' review focuses on the beneficial traits of bacteriocins for further application as templates for the design of novel drugs. Treatments that combine bacteriocins with other antimicrobials to combat pervasive MRSA infections are also highlighted. In short, future studies should focus on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bacteriocins-antimicrobials to understand their interactions, as this aspect would likely determine their efficacy in MRSA inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syariffah Ns Yaacob
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310, Malaysia
| | - Roswanira A Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310, Malaysia
| | - Mailin Misson
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Jalan Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88400, Malaysia
| | - Mohd K Sabullah
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Jalan Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88400, Malaysia
| | - Fahrul Huyop
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310, Malaysia
| | - Noraziah M Zin
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 50300, Malaysia
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20
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Ludbey PA, Sahibzada S, Annandale CH, Robertson ID, Waichigo FK, Tufail MS, Valenzuela JL, Aleri JW. A pilot study on bacterial isolates associated with purulent vaginal discharge in dairy cows in the south-west region of Western Australia. Aust Vet J 2022; 100:205-212. [PMID: 35243613 PMCID: PMC9315004 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the bacterial isolates associated with postpartum endometritis among dairy cows in Western Australia and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. A cross‐sectional study was conducted between June–October 2020. Endometritis was defined as evidence of mucopurulent to purulent vaginal discharge 60–100 days postpartum. Vaginal discharge samples were obtained, cultured, identified and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 118 bacterial isolates were grown from 46 animals, representing 36 species. The bacteria isolated from both aerobic and anaerobic cultures included Bacillus (60.2%), Streptococcus (12.7%), Trueperella (10.1%), Escherichia (6.7%) and Staphylococcus (5.9%). The remaining genera <5% were Histophilus, Aeroccocus, Enterococcus and Moraxella. Resistance was variable between isolates, but the highest resistance levels were observed in Streptococcal and Bacillus isolates to enrofloxacin, clindamycin and erythromycin, respectively. All Streptococcal isolates exhibited 100% resistance to enrofloxacin, and the greatest resistance levels were found in Streptococcus luteinises to trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole 83%, clindamycin 66% and 33% quinupristin‐dalfopristin. There was 84.5% resistance to clindamycin and 35.2% to erythromycin in the Bacillus isolates, with the highest resistance found in Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis. Escherichia coli exhibited 12.5% resistance to gentamycin, ceftiofur, whereas amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid exhibited 37.5%. Within the Staphylococcal isolates, 28.5%, 28.5%, 42.8% and 14.2% resistance to ceftiofur, erythromycin, cefoxitin, penicillin and tetracycline were observed, respectively. The presence of resistance to important antimicrobials for human use, such as cephalosporins, macrolides and fluoroquinolones, highlights the need for judicious use of antimicrobials in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Ludbey
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - S Sahibzada
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.,Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - C H Annandale
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - I D Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - F K Waichigo
- Brunswick Veterinary Services, Brunswick Junction, Western Australia, 6224, Australia
| | - M S Tufail
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - J L Valenzuela
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - J W Aleri
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.,Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.,Centre for Animal Production and Health, Future Foods Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
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21
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Sri Prabakusuma A, Zhu J, Shi Y, Ma Q, Zhao Q, Yang Z, Xu Y, Huang A. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiling of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from traditional cheese in Yunnan, China. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:1. [PMID: 34926114 PMCID: PMC8639989 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of staphylococcal infection and the emergence of multidrug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are major concerns in food safety and public health. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of S. aureus isolated from traditional Chinese Rubing and Rushan cheese, antimicrobial resistance profiles, genomic characteristics, and predict antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). From 124 samples, 18 of 62 (29.03%) of Rubing and 5 of 62 (8.06%) of Rushan cheese were confirmed to be S. aureus positive by standard culture-based methods. Twenty-three coagulase-positive staphylococci isolates were grouped into 16 clusters by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and subjected to routine susceptibility testing to 12 antibiotics. Those isolates exhibited high resistance to penicillin (100%), erythromycin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (34.78%), oxacillin, clindamycin, and cefoxitin (21.74%). Multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus was found in 34.78% (8 of 23) of isolates. Further, S. aureus strain DC.RB_015 isolated from Rubing cheese, recognized as the most resistant to six antibiotics, was selected for whole-genome sequencing (WGS), continued with in silico approaches. S. aureus DC.RB_015 had a single chromosome size of 2,794,578 bp and a plasmid size of 22,961 bp. The strain harbored 18 predicted ARGs, including eight efflux pump genes (mepA, tet(K), arlR, arlS, norA, mgrA, tet(38), LmrS), one peptidoglycan biosynthesis gene (bacA), two β-lactams resistance genes (mecA, blaZ), and seven genes conferring other antimicrobial resistance (APH(3')-IIIa, aad(6), ErmB, SAT-4, mecR1, GlpT, murA). The results of this study expand the knowledge of S. aureus strain DC.RB_015, increase food safety awareness, and will be helpful in establishing therapeutic therapy. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-03072-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhita Sri Prabakusuma
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, 55166 Indonesia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Yanan Shi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Qingwen Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Qiong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Zushun Yang
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Kunming, 650100 Yunnan China
| | - Yan Xu
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Kunming, 650100 Yunnan China
| | - Aixiang Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
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22
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Abdullahi IN, Fernández-Fernández R, Juárez-Fernández G, Martínez-Álvarez S, Eguizábal P, Zarazaga M, Lozano C, Torres C. Wild Animals Are Reservoirs and Sentinels of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA Clones: A Problem with "One Health" Concern. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1556. [PMID: 34943768 PMCID: PMC8698730 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The availability of comprehensive data on the ecology and molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus/MRSA in wild animals is necessary to understand their relevance in the "One Health" domain. Objective: In this study, we determined the pooled prevalence of nasal, tracheal and/or oral (NTO) Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) carriage in wild animals, with a special focus on mecA and mecC genes as well as the frequency of MRSA and methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) of the lineages CC398 and CC130 in wild animals. Methodology: This systematic review was executed on cross-sectional studies that reported S. aureus and MRSA in the NTO cavities of wild animals distributed in four groups: non-human primates (NHP), wild mammals (WM, excluding rodents and NHP), wild birds (WB) and wild rodents (WR). Appropriate and eligible articles published (in English) between 1 January 2011 to 30 August 2021 were searched for from PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, SciElo and Web of Science. Results: Of the 33 eligible and analysed studies, the pooled prevalence of NTO S. aureus and MRSA carriage was 18.5% (range: 0-100%) and 2.1% (range: 0.0-63.9%), respectively. The pooled prevalence of S. aureus/MRSA in WM, NHP, WB and WR groups was 15.8/1.6, 32.9/2.0, 10.3/3.4 and 24.2/3.4%, respectively. The prevalence of mecC-MRSA among WM/NHP/WB/WR was 1.64/0.0/2.1/0.59%, respectively, representing 89.9/0.0/59.1/25.0% of total MRSA detected in these groups of animals.The MRSA-CC398 and MRSA-CC130 lineages were most prevalent in wild birds (0.64 and 2.07%, respectively); none of these lineages were reported in NHP studies. The MRSA-CC398 (mainly of spa-type t011, 53%), MRSA-CC130 (mainly of spa types t843 and t1535, 73%), MSSA-CC398 (spa-types t571, t1451, t6606 and t034) and MSSA-CC130 (spa types t843, t1535, t3625 and t3256) lineages were mostly reported. Conclusion: Although the global prevalence of MRSA is low in wild animals, mecC-mediated resistance was particularly prevalent among MRSA isolates, especially among WM and WB. Considering the genetic diversity of MRSA in wild animals, they need to be monitored for effective control of the spread of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, One-Health Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (I.N.A.); (R.F.-F.); (G.J.-F.); (S.M.-Á.); (P.E.); (M.Z.); (C.L.)
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23
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Wang Z, Xie G, Chen G, Gao X, Li J, Xie Z, Xu H. Triplex PCR combined with magnetic separation strategy for rapid and specific detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospital samples. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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24
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Prevalence and Characteristics of Multidrug-Resistant Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) CC398 Isolated from Quails ( Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) Slaughtered for Human Consumption. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072038. [PMID: 34359166 PMCID: PMC8300319 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important pathogen in both humans and animals worldwide. MRSA associated with livestock is a zoonotic pathogen that has been reported in several animals and, although its infections in humans are rare, this strain is recognized as an occupational hazard for people working in direct contact with livestock. Thus, we aimed to isolate MRSA from quails and to characterize their antimicrobial resistance and genetic lineages. One hundred swab samples were recovered from quails at the slaughterhouse. To investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of MRSA in poultry, we conducted this study on 100 quails slaughtered for human consumption. The antimicrobial resistance was investigated in all isolates as well as virulence genes and genetic lineages. Twenty-nine MRSA were isolated. The results showed that all MRSA isolates had resistance to multiple antibiotics. All strains were classified as livestock-associated. Most strains belonged to a well-known livestock-associated lineage: CC398. Abstract Livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) is a zoonotic pathogen that has been reported in several animals, and it is often associated with clonal complex (CC) 398. We aimed to isolate MRSA from quails and to characterize their antimicrobial resistance and genetic lineages. One hundred swab samples were recovered from quails at the slaughterhouse. The swabs were inoculated onto CHROMagar™ MRSA agar plates for MRSA isolation. The presence of antimicrobial-resistant genes and virulence factors was investigated by PCR. All strains were typed by MLST, SCCmec-, spa- and agr-typing. From the 100 samples, 29 MRSA were isolated. All strains were resistant to penicillin, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and clindamycin and carried the blaZ, mecA, ermB and ermC genes. All strains, except one, showed resistance to tetracycline and harbored the tetM, tetK and tetL genes in different combinations. Twenty strains belonged to ST398 and SCCmec type V, and nine strains belonged to the new ST6831. Twenty-eight out of twenty-nine strains were ascribed to t011 and one to t108. As far as we know, this is the first report of MRSA from quails slaughtered for human consumption. Most strains belonged to ST398-t011, which is the most common LA-MRSA clone found in livestock in Europe.
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Mbindyo CM, Gitao GC, Plummer PJ, Kulohoma BW, Mulei CM, Bett R. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles and Genes of Staphylococci Isolated from Mastitic Cow's Milk in Kenya. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070772. [PMID: 34202836 PMCID: PMC8300721 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing numbers of potentially zoonotic multidrug-resistant (MDR) staphylococci strains, associated with mastitis in dairy cows, are being reported globally and threaten disease management in both animal and human health. However, the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of these strains, including methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS), in Kenya is not well known. This study investigated the drug resistance profiles and genes carried by 183 staphylococci isolates from 142 dairy cows representing 93 farms recovered from mastitis milk of dairy cows in two selected counties in Kenya. Staphylococci isolates were characterized by phenotypic characteristics, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, partial sequencing and susceptibility testing for 10 antimicrobial drugs. Detection of seven resistance genes to the various antimicrobial drugs was conducted using PCR. Overall, phenotypic resistance among the staphylococci ranged between 66.1% for ampicillin and 3.5% for fluoroquinolones. Twenty-five percent (25%) of S. aureus and 10.8% of the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolates, were methicillin-resistant staphylococci phenotypically (defined as resistance to cefoxitin disk diffusion). The most common genes found in S. aureus and CoNS were blaZ and strB at 44.3% and 26%, and 78% and 50%, respectively. MDR was observed in 29.67% and 16.3% of S. aureus and CoNS, respectively. These findings pose a threat to bovine mastitis treatment and management as well as human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Mbindyo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kenya;
- Correspondence: or
| | - George C. Gitao
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kenya;
| | - Paul Joseph Plummer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- National Institute for Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Benard W. Kulohoma
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 30197-00100, Kenya;
| | - Charles M. Mulei
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kenya;
| | - Rawlynce Bett
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kenya;
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26
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Silva V, Gabriel SI, Borrego SB, Tejedor-Junco MT, Manageiro V, Ferreira E, Reis L, Caniça M, Capelo JL, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Antimicrobial Resistance and Genetic Lineages of Staphylococcus aureus from Wild Rodents: First Report of mecC-Positive Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in Portugal. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1537. [PMID: 34070357 PMCID: PMC8229929 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequent carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), by wild animals along with its zoonotic potential poses a public health problem. Furthermore, the repeated detection of the mecA gene homologue, mecC, in wildlife raises the question whether these animals may be a reservoir for mecC-MRSA. Thus, we aimed to isolate S. aureus and MRSA from wild rodents living in port areas and to characterize their antimicrobial resistance and genetic lineages. Mouth and rectal swab samples were recovered from 204 wild rodents. The samples were incubated in BHI broth with 6.5% of NaCl and after 24 h at 37 °C the inoculum was seeded onto Baird-Parker agar, Mannitol Salt agar and ORSAB (supplemented with 2 mg/L of oxacillin) plates. Species identification was confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against 14 antibiotics. The presence of virulence and resistance genes was performed by PCR. The immune evasion cluster (IEC) system was investigated in all S. aureus. All isolates were characterized by MLST, spa- and agr typing. From 204 samples, 38 S. aureus were isolated of which six MRSA were detected. Among the six MRSA isolates, three harbored the mecC gene and the other three, the mecA gene. All mecC-MRSA isolates were ascribed to sequence type (ST) 1945 (which belongs to CC130) and spa-type t1535 whereas the mecA isolates belonged to ST22 and ST36 and spa-types t747 and t018. Twenty-five S. aureus were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. S. aureus isolates were ascribed to 11 MLST and 12 spa-types. S. aureus presents a great diversity of genetic lineages in wild rodents. This is the first report of mecC-MRSA in Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics’ Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Sofia I. Gabriel
- CESAM—Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia B. Borrego
- Direção Regional da Agricultura, Secretaria Regional da Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural, Quinta de São Gonçalo, 9500-343 Ponta Delgada, Portugal;
| | - Maria Teresa Tejedor-Junco
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Canary Islands, Spain;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Vera Manageiro
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (V.M.); (E.F.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Ferreira
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (V.M.); (E.F.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Lígia Reis
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (V.M.); (E.F.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Manuela Caniça
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (V.M.); (E.F.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - José L. Capelo
- BIOSCOPE Group, LAQV@REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2825-466 Almada, Portugal;
- Proteomass Scientific Society, 2825-466 Costa de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics’ Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Qolbaini EN, Khoeri MM, Salsabila K, Paramaiswari WT, Tafroji W, Artika IM, Safari D. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-associated subclinical mastitis isolated from dairy cows in Bogor, Indonesia. Vet World 2021; 14:1180-1184. [PMID: 34220119 PMCID: PMC8243663 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1180-1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Subclinical mastitis is an udder infection devoid of clinical symptoms, and Staphylococcus aureus is one of the bacteria causing this disease. This study aimed to identify and determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)-associated subclinical mastitis isolated from dairy cows in Bogor, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: S. aureus was isolated from subclinical mastitis milk specimens. All strains were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction-based detection of staphylococcal nuc, and MRSA was confirmed by the presence of mecA. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using the disk diffusion method. Results: From 86 milk samples, 49 isolates (57%) were confirmed as S. aureus. All S. aureus isolates were susceptible to tetracycline, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Nine isolates were identified as MRSA (10.5%). Conclusion: In this study, we reported MRSA-associated subclinical mastitis in Bogor, Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi Nur Qolbaini
- Department of Biochemistry, IPB University, Jl. Raya Dramaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | | | - Korrie Salsabila
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro No. 69 Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia
| | | | - Wisnu Tafroji
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro No. 69 Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia
| | - I Made Artika
- Department of Biochemistry, IPB University, Jl. Raya Dramaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia.,Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro No. 69 Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia
| | - Dodi Safari
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro No. 69 Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia
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Ngoi ST, Chong CW, Ponnampalavanar SSLS, Tang SN, Idris N, Abdul Jabar K, Gregory MJ, Husain T, Teh CSJ. Genetic mechanisms and correlated risk factors of antimicrobial-resistant ESKAPEE pathogens isolated in a tertiary hospital in Malaysia. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2021; 10:70. [PMID: 33892804 PMCID: PMC8062948 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-021-00936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge on the epidemiology, genotypic and phenotypic features of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) ESKAPEE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp., and Escherichia coli) and their association with hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are limited in Malaysia. Therefore, we evaluated the AMR features and resistance mechanisms of the ESKAPEE pathogens collected in a tertiary hospital located in the capital of Malaysia. METHODS A total of 378 AMR-ESKAPEE strains were obtained based on convenience sampling over a nine-month study period (2019-2020). All strains were subjected to disk diffusion and broth microdilution assays to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequence analyses were performed to determine the AMR genes profiles of the non-susceptible strains. Chi-square test and logistic regression analyses were used to correlate the AMR profiles and clinical data to determine the risk factors associated with HAIs. RESULTS High rates of multidrug resistance (MDR) were observed in A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, and S. aureus (69-89%). All organisms except E. coli were frequently associated with HAIs (61-94%). Non-susceptibility to the last-resort drugs vancomycin (in Enterococcus spp. and S. aureus), carbapenems (in A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae), and colistin (in Enterobacteriaceae) were observed. Both A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae harbored a wide array of extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaOXA). Metallo-β-lactamase genes (blaVEB, blaVIM, blaNDM) were detected in carbapenem-resistant strains, at a higher frequency compared to other local reports. We detected two novel mutations in the quinolone-resistant determining region of the gyrA in fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli (Leu-102-Ala; Gly-105-Val). Microbial resistance to ampicillin, methicillin, and cephalosporins was identified as important risk factors associated with HAIs in the hospital. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings may provide valuable insight into the microbial resistance pattern and the risk factors of ESKAPEE-associated HAIs in a tertiary hospital located in central Peninsular Malaysia. The data obtained in this study may contribute to informing better hospital infection control in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Tein Ngoi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chun Wie Chong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Soo Nee Tang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nuryana Idris
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kartini Abdul Jabar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Michael J Gregory
- United States Naval Medical Research Unit Two (NAMRU-2), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Tupur Husain
- United States Naval Medical Research Unit Two (NAMRU-2), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Cindy Shuan Ju Teh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Characterisation of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis in Ningxia, Western China. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 25:232-237. [PMID: 33866044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to explore the antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis cases. METHODS A total of 125 non-duplicate S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis cases in Ningxia, China, were characterised by antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular testing to determine the antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and molecular characteristics. RESULTS All methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were resistant to ampicillin, oxacillin, ceftiofur, erythromycin, gentamicin and clindamycin, with resistance to nine different categories of antibiotics observed amongst the MRSA isolates. Of the methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates, 62.1% were resistant to ampicillin and sulfisoxazole. Nine clonal complexes (CCs) and 16 spa types were identified by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and spa typing. The dominant CCs were CC97 (51.2%) and CC50 (30.4%), while t224 (30.4%), t518 (20.0%) and t359 (16.8%) were the most common spa types. A relatively high proportion (27.2%) of the S. aureus isolates belonged to ST4053, a novel sequence type identified in this study. In addition, two CC30 MSSA isolates and two CC59 MRSA isolates were positive for Panton-Valentine leukocidin, while one CC239 MRSA isolate and three CC5 MSSA isolates were positive for TSST-1. All MRSA isolates carried the immune evasion cluster (IEC) genes, including scn (100%; 9/9) and sak (100%; 9/9), which were classified into type E. CONCLUSION Our study indicates severe antibiotic resistance and complicated molecular characterisation of S. aureus causing bovine mastitis. Additional studies should be conducted to monitor infection and transmission of S. aureus.
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Chew KL, Lin RTP, Teo JWP. Absence of mecC methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary hospital in Singapore. Pathology 2021; 53:808. [PMID: 33642097 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ka Lip Chew
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore.
| | - Raymond T P Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore; National Public Health Laboratory, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | - Jeanette W P Teo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
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Prevalence of MecC Gene Among Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Patients in Ain-Shams University Hospital. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.4.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important cause of healthcare associated infections globally. New mecA homologue (mecC), was first reported in the UK and Denmark. The mecC mediated MRSA is resistant only to Β-lactams antibiotics and is sensitive to other antibiotics. Detecting the prevalence of mecC MRSA provides more options in treatment of MRSA infections. The aim of this study was to prevalence of mecC gene in clinical isolates of MRSA in Ain-Shams university hospitals & to correlate Minimal Inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Oxacillin with the mecC gene expression in MRSA isolates. Fifty MRSA isolates were collected from different intensive care units (ICUs) of Ain-Shams university hospital from April-December 2018. Methicillin resistance was detected by Cefoxitin disc, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done for all isolates and its results were interpreted according to Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines 2018. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration of Oxacillin was detected using Oxacillin E-test and the results were interpreted according to the manufacturer’s instructions, then Polymerase Chain Reaction was done to detect mecA and mecC genes among MRSA isolates. Fifty isolates were identified as MRSA by Cefoxitin disc out of 163 samples. Twelve isolates were sensitive to Oxacillin while 38 isolates were resistant to Oxacillin. All isolates were positive to mecA gene while only 3 isolates were positive to both mecA and mecC genes. MecC is a new emerging gene responsible for methicillin resistance in staphylococci and was detected in 6 % of the isolates in this study.
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Human mecC-Carrying MRSA: Clinical Implications and Risk Factors. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101615. [PMID: 33092294 PMCID: PMC7589452 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new methicillin resistance gene, named mecC, was first described in 2011 in both humans and animals. Since then, this gene has been detected in different production and free-living animals and as an agent causing infections in some humans. The possible impact that these isolates can have in clinical settings remains unknown. The current available information about mecC-carrying methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates obtained from human samples was analyzed in order to establish its possible clinical implications as well as to determine the infection types associated with this resistance mechanism, the characteristics of these mecC-carrying isolates, their possible relation with animals and the presence of other risk factors. Until now, most human mecC-MRSA infections have been reported in Europe and mecC-MRSA isolates have been identified belonging to a small number of clonal complexes. Although the prevalence of mecC-MRSA human infections is very low and isolates usually contain few resistance (except for beta-lactams) and virulence genes, first isolates harboring important virulence genes or that are resistant to non-beta lactams have already been described. Moreover, severe and even fatal human infection cases have been detected. mecC-carrying MRSA should be taken into consideration in hospital, veterinary and food safety laboratories and in prevention strategies in order to avoid possible emerging health problems.
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Silva JG, Araujo WJ, Leite EL, Dias LM, Vasconcelos PC, Silva NMV, Oliveira RP, Sena MJ, Oliveira CJB, Mota RA. First report of a livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST126 harbouring the mecC variant in Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1019-1025. [PMID: 32762020 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile and highly adaptable pathogen associated with a wide range of infectious diseases in humans and animals. In the last decades, concern has increased worldwide due to the emergence and spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains shortly after this drug became a therapeutic option. In this study, we report the genomic features of the first mecC-mediated, β-lactam resistant MRSA strain associated with livestock in Brazil and in the American continent. Three clonally related phenotypic MRSA isolates originated from a dairy herd were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction as mecC-harbouring MRSA isolates. Whole-genome sequencing was performed by Illumina Miseq platform. Downstream analyses showed that the strain was identified as the sequence type 126 (ST126) and spa type t605. In silico analysis revealed a mecC homolog gene in the orfX region associated with different penicillin-binding proteins. Moreover, genes encoding for efflux pump systems (arlR, mepR, LmrS, norA and mgrA), and antibiotic inactivation enzymes (blaZ and FosB) were also detected. Virulence analyses revealed that the strain harbours genes encoding for exoenzymes (aur, splA, splB and splE), toxin (hlgA, hlgB, hlgC, lukD and lukE) and enterotoxin (sea). The epidemiologic and genomic information provided by this study will support further epidemiological and evolutionary investigations to understand the origin and dissemination of mecC-MRSA among animals and its impact on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Givanildo Silva
- Laboratório de Doenças Infectocontagiosas dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Wydemberg José Araujo
- Laboratório de Análise de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Elma Lima Leite
- Laboratório de Análise de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Larissa Maranhão Dias
- Laboratório de Análise de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Priscylla Carvalho Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Análise de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Núbia Michelle Vieira Silva
- Laboratório de Análise de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Raylson Pereira Oliveira
- Laboratório de Doenças Infectocontagiosas dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Maria José Sena
- Laboratório de Doenças Infectocontagiosas dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Celso José Bruno Oliveira
- Laboratório de Análise de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo Aparecido Mota
- Laboratório de Doenças Infectocontagiosas dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Venkatvasan R, Antony P, Mukhopadhyay H, Jayalakshmi V, Vivek Srinivas V, Thanislass J, Stephen S. Characterization of methicillin - Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from goats and their relationship to goat handlers using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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