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Ahmed N, Athavale A, Tripathi AH, Subramaniam A, Upadhyay SK, Pandey AK, Rai RC, Awasthi A. To be remembered: B cell memory response against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. Scand J Immunol 2024; 99:e13345. [PMID: 38441373 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 disease has plagued the world economy and affected the overall well-being and life of most of the people. Natural infection as well as vaccination leads to the development of an immune response against the pathogen. This involves the production of antibodies, which can neutralize the virus during future challenges. In addition, the development of cellular immune memory with memory B and T cells provides long-lasting protection. The longevity of the immune response has been a subject of intensive research in this field. The extent of immunity conferred by different forms of vaccination or natural infections remained debatable for long. Hence, understanding the effectiveness of these responses among different groups of people can assist government organizations in making informed policy decisions. In this article, based on the publicly available data, we have reviewed the memory response generated by some of the vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, particularly B cell memory in different groups of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafees Ahmed
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Atharv Athavale
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ankita H Tripathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Adarsh Subramaniam
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Santosh K Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Ramesh Chandra Rai
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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Abdul-Nabi ZN, Mohamed-Jawad NK, Fareed NY, Neamah NF, Shari FH. Adverse Effects Post COVID-19 Vaccination and its Association with Age, Gender and Comorbid Disease in Basrah City Southern of Iraq. Curr Drug Saf 2024; 19:248-254. [PMID: 37231751 DOI: 10.2174/1574886318666230525142152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination against COVID-19 virus is the most valuable tool available for protection during the pandemic of coronavirus. The clinical manifestation post-vaccination is a barrier to vaccination for many people in Iraq and worldwide. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is identifying various clinical manifestations occurring after receiving vaccines among individuals in Basrah Governorate. Moreover, we examine its association with respondents' demographics and the type of vaccine they received. METHODS A cross-section study was conducted in Basrah, southern Iraq. Research data were collected through an online questionnaire. The data were analyzed using both descriptive and analytic statistical tools using the SPSS program. RESULTS Most of the participants (86.68%) received the vaccine. The side effects were reported in 71.61% of vaccinated individuals. Fever and muscle pain were the two most experienced clinical manifestations, while lymph node enlargement and disturbances in taste and/or smell sensations were reported infrequently. Adverse effects were mostly reported with the Pfizer BioNTech vaccine receiver. Females and those in the younger age group also reported a significantly higher incidence of side effects. CONCLUSION Most adverse effects related to the COVID-19 vaccine were minor and could be tolerated without the need for hospital admission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noor Yousif Fareed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | | | - Falah Hassan Shari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Basrah, Basra, Iraq
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Malekzadeh R, Abedi G, Ziapour A, Yıldırım M, Amirkhanlou A. Analysis of ethical considerations of COVID‑19 vaccination: lessons for future. BMC Med Ethics 2023; 24:91. [PMID: 37891543 PMCID: PMC10612281 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-023-00969-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, different countries sought to manufacture and supply effective vaccines to control the disease and prevent and protect public health in society. The implementation of vaccination has created many ethical dilemmas for humans, which must be recognized and resolved. Therefore, the present study was conducted to analyze the ethical considerations in vaccination against COVID-19 from the perspective of service providers. METHODS The present qualitative research was conducted in 2022 in the north of Iran. The participants included 23 health workers with at least five years of work experience and members of the COVID-19 vaccination team. The data were initially collected through systematic semi-structured interviews, then snowball sampling and finally continued until data saturation. The next steps were transcription of interviews, identification of meaning units, coding, categorization based on similarity and symmetry, extraction of themes and the analysis of themes through content analysis. RESULTS The analysis of participants' experiences led to the extraction of five main categories of themes and fifteen sub-categories of the ethical considerations of COVID-19 vaccination. Safe and standard vaccine production, vaccine supply, fairness, respect for autonomy, and accountability were the main categories. The subcategories included compliance with scientific and ethical procedures, effectiveness and profitability of vaccine, absence of severe adverse effects, allocation of resources for vaccine supply, vaccine availability, diversity and comprehensiveness of alternative vaccines, vaccination prioritization, prioritization of the vulnerable populations of society, autonomy of patient (equal rights), autonomy of community, autonomy of service providers, reporting correct information, reporting vaccine side effects, public trust and acceptance. CONCLUSION The health system managers should be adequately prepared to solve the ethical problems posed by COVID-19 vaccination. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid haste in vaccination and pay more attention to vaccination safety standards, provide sufficient resources for a comprehensive vaccine supply, pay close attention to collective interests versus individual interests, and meet community needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Malekzadeh
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Ghasem Abedi
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Arash Ziapour
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Health Institute, Imam-Ali Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Murat Yıldırım
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Ağrı, Türkiye
- Graduate Studies and Research, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Afshin Amirkhanlou
- General Practitioner, Shohada Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Djorwé S, Bousfiha A, Nzoyikorera N, Nyandwi J, Kawthar B, Malki A. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 infection risks after primary vaccination with BNT162b2, BBIBP-CorV, or ChAdOx1-nCOV-19 and after homologous and heterologous booster vaccinations with these vaccines and evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection profiles. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2023; 13:31-48. [PMID: 37937059 PMCID: PMC10627210 DOI: 10.37796/2211-8039.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has significantly increased the number of cases of COVID-19 among vaccinated individuals, raising concerns about the effectiveness of current vaccines. The aim of this study was to analyze the SARS-CoV-2 infection risks after primary vaccination with BNT162b2, BBIBP-CorV, or ChAdOx1-nCOV-19 and after homologues and heterologous booster vaccinations with these vaccines, as well as the profiles of reinfected patients. Methods We analyzed retrospectively 1082 patients vaccinated or unvaccinated with BNT162b2, BBIBP-CorV, and/or ChAdOx1nCoV-19 vaccines to determine their SARS-CoV2 infection statuses using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in addition to their clinical features. The infection risks of patients receiving the different vaccine regimens were compared using multivariate logistic regression analysis, comparing the adjusted OR of a positive COVID-19 test result. Results Among 596 vaccinated patients, 53%(n = 286) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and 57%(n = 310) tested negative. Among positive cases, 10 were reinfection cases. The risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 1.6 (adj. OR) for patients who received one dose compared with those who received two doses (95% CI = 1.3-1.8; p < 0.01).The risk was 2.6 (adj. OR) for patients who received one dose compared with those who received three doses (95%CI = 2.1-3.3; p < 0.01), and 1.6 (adj. OR) for patients who received two doses compared with those who received three doses (95% CI = 1.3-2; p < 0.01). The patients who received two doses that were heterologous to that of the primary vaccine had the lowest risk of infection. Booster vaccinations (third dose) significantly reduced the number of positive cases with an acceptable safety profile. Higher cycle-threshold (Ct) values (indicative of viral load) were observed in vaccinated patients, whereas low Ct values were observed in unvaccinated patients. Conclusion A complete cycle of vaccination with homologous vaccines or heterologous vaccines resulted in an acceptable reduction in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further, vaccination was associated with a reduction in viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soulandi Djorwé
- Laboratory of Physiopathology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik, Hassan II University of Casablanca (Morocco), Avenue Cdt Driss El Harti, Sidi Othman, PB 7955, Casablanca,
Morocco
- Bourgogne Laboratory of Medical and Scientific Analysis, 136, Residence Belhcen, Bd Bourgogne, Casablanca,
Morocco
| | - Amale Bousfiha
- Laboratory of Physiopathology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik, Hassan II University of Casablanca (Morocco), Avenue Cdt Driss El Harti, Sidi Othman, PB 7955, Casablanca,
Morocco
| | - Néhémie Nzoyikorera
- National Reference Laboratory, National Institute of Public Health,
Burundi
- Higher Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca,
Morocco
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Infectiology Research, Mohammed VI Center for Research & Innovation, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Rabat,
Morocco
| | - Joseph Nyandwi
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université du Burundi,
Burundi
- Ministére de la Santé Publique et de la Lutte Contre le Sida, Institut National de Santé Publique de Bujumbura,
Burundi
| | - Bellamine Kawthar
- Bourgogne Laboratory of Medical and Scientific Analysis, 136, Residence Belhcen, Bd Bourgogne, Casablanca,
Morocco
| | - Abderrahim Malki
- Laboratory of Physiopathology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik, Hassan II University of Casablanca (Morocco), Avenue Cdt Driss El Harti, Sidi Othman, PB 7955, Casablanca,
Morocco
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Tajnur R, Rezwan R, Aziz A, Islam MS. An update on vaccine status and the role of nanomedicine against SARS-CoV-2: A narrative review. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1377. [PMID: 37404449 PMCID: PMC10315735 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus, is a highly communicable disease that gave rise to the ongoing pandemic. Despite prompt action across many laboratories in many countries, effective management of this disease is still out of reach. The focus of this review is to describe various vaccination approaches and nanomedicine-based delivery systems against COVID-19. Methods The articles included in this study were searched and added from different electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Embase, and preprint databases. Results Mass immunization with vaccines is currently at the forefront of COVID-19 infection control. Such vaccines are live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, nucleic acid-based vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, viral-vector vaccines, and virus-like particle platforms. However, many promising avenues are currently being explored in laboratory and clinical settings, including treatment options, prevention, diagnosis, and management of the disease. Soft nanoparticles like lipid nanoparticles (solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs), liposomes, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoemulsions, and protein nanoparticles play an essential role in nanomedicine. Because of their unique and excellent properties, nanomedicines have potential applications in treating COVID-19 disease. Conclusions This review work provides an overview of the therapeutic aspects of COVID-19, including vaccination and the role of nanomedicines in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeya Tajnur
- Department of PharmacyASA University BangladeshDhakaBangladesh
| | - Refaya Rezwan
- Department of PharmacyState University of BangladeshDhakaBangladesh
- Department of Molecular and Translational ScienceMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Abdul Aziz
- Department of PharmacyState University of BangladeshDhakaBangladesh
| | - Mohammad Safiqul Islam
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Biology, Department of PharmacyNoakhali Science and Technology UniversityNoakhaliBangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of ScienceNoakhali Science and Technology UniversityNoakhaliBangladesh
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Calistri P, Gill H, Lorusso A. Special Issue “SARS-CoV-2: Epidemiology and Pathogenesis”: Editorial. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040927. [PMID: 37110350 PMCID: PMC10141896 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence in 2019 in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, SARS-CoV-2 has spread across hundreds of countries and all continents [...]
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Calistri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Harsharn Gill
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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Pundir H, Joshi T, Pant M, Bhat S, Pandey J, Chandra S, Tamta S. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors using pharmacophore modelling, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:13366-13377. [PMID: 34637693 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1987329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is one of the crucial enzymes in severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) catalysing the replication of RNA, therefore acts as a potential target for antiviral drug design. The fixation of a ligand in the active site of RdRp may alter the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. Present work aimed at identifying novel inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp enzyme by performing pharmacophore-based virtual screening, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS). Initially, the pharmacophore model of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp was constructed and the resulting model was used to screen compounds from ChEMBL, ZINC and PubChem databases. During the investigation, 180 compounds were screened using the above model and subjected to molecular docking with RdRp. Two compounds viz. ChEMBL1276156 and PubChem135548348 showed a strong binding affinity with RdRp than its standard inhibitor, Remdesivir. Toxicity prediction of these two compounds reveals their non-toxic nature. These compounds were further subjected to MDS for 100 ns to check their stability after binding with RdRp. The MDS of RdRp-ChEMBL1276156 and RdRp-PubChem135548348 complexes show enhanced stability in comparison to the RdRp-Remdesivir complex. The average interaction energy calculated after 100 ns of MDS was -146.56 and -172.68 KJ mol-1 for RdRp-CHEMBL1276156 complex and RdRp-PubChem135548348 complex, respectively, while -59.90 KJ mol-1 for RdRp-Remdesivir complex. The current investigation reveals that these two compounds are potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and they could be tested in the experimental condition to evaluate their efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemlata Pundir
- Department of Botany, D.S.B Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Tanuja Joshi
- Computational Biology & Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Soban Singh Jeena University, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Manish Pant
- Department of Post-Harvest Process and Food Engineering, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sunaullah Bhat
- Insect Biosystematics & Insect-Pest Management Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University-SSJ Campus, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jyoti Pandey
- Computational Biology & Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Soban Singh Jeena University, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Subhash Chandra
- Computational Biology & Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Soban Singh Jeena University, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sushma Tamta
- Department of Botany, D.S.B Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
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Tan TL, Salleh SA, Che Man Z, Tan MHP, Kader R, Jarmin R. BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccination and Its Effect on Blood Pressure. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58121789. [PMID: 36556993 PMCID: PMC9786719 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58121789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The objective of this study is to examine the effect of the BNT162b2 vaccine on systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and pulse pressure (PP) before and 15 min after two doses that were given 21 days apart. Materials and Methods: This active surveillance study of vaccine safety was conducted on 15 and 16 March (for the first dose) and 5 and 6 April (for the second dose) 2021 in an academic hospital. For both doses, SBP, DBP, MAP, and PP levels were measured before and 15 min after both doses were given to healthcare workers over the age of 18. The results of the study were based on measurements of the mean blood pressure (BP), the mean changes in BP, and the BP trends. Results: In total, 287 individuals received the vaccine. After the first dose, 25% (n = 72) of individuals had a decrease in DBP of at least 10 mmHg (mean DBP decrease: 15 mmHg, 95% CI: 14-17 mmHg), and after the second dose it was 12.5% (mean DBP decrease: 13 mmHg, 95% CI: 12-15 mmHg). After the first dose, 28.6% (n = 82) had a PP that was wider than 40 mmHg. After the first dose, 5.2% and 4.9% of the individuals experienced an increase or decrease in SBP, respectively, of more than 20 mmHg. After the second dose, the SBP of 11% (n = 32) decreased by at least 20 mmHg. Conclusions: Improved understanding of vaccine effects on BP may help address vaccine hesitancy in healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toh Leong Tan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Sharifah Azura Salleh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malayia, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Zuraidah Che Man
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Michelle Hwee Peng Tan
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Rashid Kader
- Staff Polyclinic, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Razman Jarmin
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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Sahoo SS, Kaur N, Kaur A, Garg S. Lymphadenopathy subsequent to Covishield (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) Corona virus vaccine: ultrasound findings and clinical implications. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2022; 10:25151355221124018. [PMID: 36133302 PMCID: PMC9482933 DOI: 10.1177/25151355221124018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Post anti-COVID-19 vaccine lymphadenopathies have been recently described in literature, from different parts of the world. Although there have been studies on lymphadenopathy following mRNA vaccines, there is a paucity of studies on lymphadenopathy following inactivated viral vaccines, such as Covishield. Aim In this study, we explored lymphadenopathy subsequent to Covishield vaccine in terms of its various ultrasound parameters in the Indian population. Methods This hospital-based longitudinal study was conducted among 50 adult beneficiaries of Covishield vaccine. Sociodemographic details and relevant clinical history were recorded using a semi-structured performa. Detailed ultrasound (USG) examination of the bilateral axillae was done on the day of vaccination and after 6-12 days post vaccination. Vaccine beneficiaries were evaluated for the presence of any vaccine-associated lymphadenopathy and described the presence, number, size, morphology, cortical thickness, and presence or absence of echogenic hilum. Results Out of total (63) lymph nodes evaluated sonologically, majority (80.9%) of lymph nodes showed the features of benign lymphadenopathy. However, 12.6% (8/63) lymph nodes showed diffusely thickened cortex with preserved central echogenic hilum, 4.76% (3/63) lymph nodes showed eccentric cortical thickness with preserved hilar pattern, while only one lymph node showed diffuse cortical thickening with loss of central echogenic hilum. Conclusion With an increase in vaccination coverage, clinicians are likely to confront increasing cases of vaccine-associated axillary lymphadenopathy. Therefore, they should exercise care, that contemporary anti-COVID-19 vaccination can present an aetiology of axillary lymph nodes with suspicious USG features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Swaroop Sahoo
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Navdeep Kaur
- Assistant Professor, Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Shivane Garg
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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Mendiratta K, Solanki S, Rathi B, Bhandari S, Bellamkondi A, Parihar BS, Singh A, Parakh P. Chest HRCT Assessment of COVID-19 Patients in Vaccinated versus Nonvaccinated Patients: A Comparative Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2022; 32:460-470. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1750157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has turned out to be the most devastating viral disease that the world has encountered for the past century. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared it a pandemic on March 11, 2020. The disease mainly spreads through respiratory droplets which makes social distancing a primary tool of prevention. Many variant strains have emerged up since the pandemic started and the Delta variant is responsible for recent surge of cases in second wave of COVID-19 in India. Mass vaccination is the most efficacious precautionary measure that can be applied to stop the transmission and generate herd immunity. Vaccination does not give 100% prevention from infection, but it halts the severity of infection. Vaccine is the boon amidst the mayhem. Our study highlights that those vaccinated (particularly two doses) had clinically mild symptoms and mild computed tomography severity score (CTSS) with a speedy recovery. Those unvaccinated had moderate to severe symptoms with moderate to severe CTSS (>8) often requiring hospital admission and having poor prognosis. Thus, vaccine helps reduce the health burden of the already strained health care system. Immunization visit can also be used as an opportunity to disseminate message to encourage behavior, to reduce transmission risk of COVID-19 virus, to identify the signs and symptoms of disease, and to provide guidance on what to do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Mendiratta
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, SMS Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shubham Solanki
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, SMS Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bhavyansh Rathi
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, SMS Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sudhir Bhandari
- Department of General Medicine, SMS Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ashwini Bellamkondi
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, SMS Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bineeta Singh Parihar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, SMS Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Apoorva Singh
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, SMS Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pradeep Parakh
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, National Institute of Medical Sciences, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Upreti S, Samant M. A Review on Immunological Responses to SARS-CoV-2 and Various COVID-19 Vaccine Regimens. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2119-2134. [PMID: 35773445 PMCID: PMC9247891 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03323-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has caused serious health crises globally. So far, 7 vaccines that are already being assessed in Phase IV clinical trials are, Comirnaty/ Pfizer; Spikevax/Moderna (m RNA vaccine); Vaxzevria or Covishield; Ad26.COV2.S; Ad5-nCoV (adenoviral vector-based vaccine); CoronaVac and BBIBP-CorV (inactivated virus vaccine). Besides, there are about 280 vaccines that are undergoing preclinical and clinical trials including Sputnik-V, Covaxin or BBV152, and NVX-CoV2373. These vaccines are being studied for their immunological responses and efficiency against COVID-19, and have been reported to demonstrate effective T and B cell responses. However, the long-lasting immunity of these vaccine regimens still needs to be investigated. An in-depth understanding of the vaccine efficacy and immune control mechanism is imperative for the rational purposing and implementation of the vaccines. Hence, in this review, we have comprehensively discussed the immune response induced in COVID-19 patients, as well as in the convalescent individuals to avoid reinfection. Moreover, we have also summarized the immunological responses and prophylactic efficacy of various COVID-19 vaccine regimens. In this context, this review can give insights into the development of effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobha Upreti
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department Of Zoology, Soban Singh Jeena University Campus, Almora, Uttarakhand, India.,Department Of Zoology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mukesh Samant
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department Of Zoology, Soban Singh Jeena University Campus, Almora, Uttarakhand, India.
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12
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AlKhafaji DM, Al Argan RJ, AlBahrani S, Alwaheed AJ, Alqatari SG, Al Elq AH, Albaker W, Alwazzeh M, AlSulaiman AS, AlSulaiman RS, Almadan HM, Alhammad AA, Almajid AN, Hakami FH, Alanazi WK. The Impact of Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 Virus on the Outcome of COVID-19 Disease. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:3477-3489. [PMID: 35813086 PMCID: PMC9259051 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s365179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dania M AlKhafaji
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem J Al Argan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salma AlBahrani
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar J Alwaheed
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safi G Alqatari
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsen H Al Elq
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Albaker
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwan Alwazzeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal S AlSulaiman
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem S AlSulaiman
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Reem S AlSulaiman, King Fahad University Hospital, Shura Street, Al Aqrabiyah, Al Khobar, 34445, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 533229610, Email
| | - Hussain M Almadan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Alhammad
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali N Almajid
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah H Hakami
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa K Alanazi
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Chavda VP, Patel AB, Vaghasiya DD. SARS-CoV-2 variants and vulnerability at the global level. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2986-3005. [PMID: 35277864 PMCID: PMC9088647 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic have evolved. Viral variants may evolve with harmful susceptibility to the immunity established with the existing COVID-19 vaccination. These variants are more transmissible, induce relatively extreme illness, have evasive immunological features, decrease neutralization using antibodies from vaccinated persons, and are more susceptible to re-infection. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has categorized SARS-CoV-2 mutations as variants of interest (VOI), variants of concern (VOC), and variants of high consequence (VOHC). At the moment, four VOC and many variants of interest have been defined and require constant observation. This review article summarizes various variants of SARS-CoV-2 surfaced with special emphasis on VOCs that are spreading across the world, as well as several viral mutational impacts and how these modifications alter the properties of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical TechnologyL.M. College of PharmacyAhmedabadGujaratIndia
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14
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Mir I, Aamir S, Shah SRH, Shahid M, Amin I, Afzal S, Nawaz A, Khan MU, Idrees M. Immune-related therapeutics: an update on antiviral drugs and vaccines to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2022; 13:84-100. [PMID: 35538681 PMCID: PMC9091641 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic rapidly spread globally. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus with a reported fatality rate ranging from 1% to 7%, and people with immune-compromised conditions, children, and older adults are particularly vulnerable. Respiratory failure and cytokine storm-induced multiple organ failure are the major causes of death. This article highlights the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms of host cells activated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and possible therapeutic approaches against COVID-19. Some potential drugs proven to be effective for other viral diseases are under clinical trials now for use against COVID-19. Examples include inhibitors of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (remdesivir, favipiravir, ribavirin), viral protein synthesis (ivermectin, lopinavir/ritonavir), and fusion of the viral membrane with host cells (chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, nitazoxanide, and umifenovir). This article also presents the intellectual groundwork for the ongoing development of vaccines in preclinical and clinical trials, explaining potential candidates (live attenuated-whole virus vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNA-based vaccines, protein-based vaccines, nanoparticle-based vaccines, virus-like particles and mRNA-based vaccines). Designing and developing an effective vaccine (both prophylactic and therapeutic) would be a long-term solution and the most effective way to eliminate the COVID-19 pandemic.
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15
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Taha BA, Al-Jubouri Q, Al Mashhadany Y, Zan MSDB, Bakar AAA, Fadhel MM, Arsad N. Photonics enabled intelligence system to identify SARS-CoV 2 mutations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3321-3336. [PMID: 35484414 PMCID: PMC9050350 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11930-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The COVID-19, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV are hazardous epidemics that have resulted in many deaths which caused a worldwide debate. Despite control efforts, SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread, and the fast spread of this highly infectious illness has posed a grave threat to global health. The effect of the SARS-CoV-2 mutation, on the other hand, has been characterized by worrying variations that modify viral characteristics in response to the changing resistance profile of the human population. The repeated transmission of virus mutation indicates that epidemics are likely to occur. Therefore, an early identification system of ongoing mutations of SARS-CoV-2 will provide essential insights for planning and avoiding future outbreaks. This article discussed the following highlights: First, comparing the omicron mutation with other variants; second, analysis and evaluation of the spread rate of the SARS-CoV 2 variations in the countries; third, identification of mutation areas in spike protein; and fourth, it discussed the photonics approaches enabled with artificial intelligence. Therefore, our goal is to identify the SARS-CoV 2 virus directly without the need for sample preparation or molecular amplification procedures. Furthermore, by connecting through the optical network, the COVID-19 test becomes a component of the Internet of healthcare things to improve precision, service efficiency, and flexibility and provide greater availability for the evaluation of the general population. Key points • A proposed framework of photonics based on AI for identifying and sorting SARS-CoV 2 mutations. • Comparative scatter rates Omicron variant and other SARS-CoV 2 variations per country. • Evaluating mutation areas in spike protein and AI enabled by photonic technologies for SARS-CoV 2 virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakr Ahmed Taha
- UKM-Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Qussay Al-Jubouri
- Department of Communication Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, 00964, Iraq
| | - Yousif Al Mashhadany
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Anbar, Anbar, 00964, Iraq
| | - Mohd Saiful Dzulkefly Bin Zan
- UKM-Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Ashrif A Bakar
- UKM-Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Mahmoud Muhanad Fadhel
- UKM-Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Norhana Arsad
- UKM-Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Malaysia.
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16
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Belete TM. The Immune Response, Safety, and Efficacy of Emergency Use Authorization-Granted COVID-19 Vaccines: A Review. Open Microbiol J 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/18742858-v16-e2201240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has affected millions of people, causing a burden on healthcare systems as well as economies throughout the world. Antiviral drugs do not work well enough for everyone. The mortality rate in the world is still significant. Developing safe, effective, affordable, and fast-acting vaccines for COVID-19 is critical for reducing new viral strains in this pandemic and re-establishing normality in the future. Therefore, several pharmaceutical companies are racing to develop effective vaccines for COVID-19. Scientists have developed different kinds of candidate vaccines with various platforms. By March 2021, thirteen vaccines were approved for emergency use in several countries across the world, whilst over 90 vaccine candidates were under clinical trials. There are also several vaccine candidates in Phase 3 trials awaiting results and approval for their use. These candidate vaccines revealed positive results in the previous phase trials, whereby they can induce an immune response with less adverse reaction in the participants. This review focuses on the development of COVID-19 vaccines and highlights the efficacy and adverse reactions of vaccines authorized for emergency use.
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17
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Espinoza C, Alarcón M. The Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2: Mechanisms, Aging, Sequelae and Vaccines. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2166-2185. [PMID: 35249484 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220304231537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review seeks to clarify the factors involved in the various immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the mechanisms that influence the development of COVID-19 with severe evolution. The innate immune response that evolves against SARS-CoV-2 in a complex way is highlighted, integrating multiple pathways by coronaviruses to evade it, in addition to characterizing the adaptive immune response, which can lead to an effective immune response or can contribute to immunopathological imbalance. In turn, host-dependent biomarkers such as age, gender, ABO blood group, and risk factors that contribute to the critical and varied progress of COVID-19 immunopathogenesis were analyzed. Finally, the potential vaccine candidates are presented, capable of generating immune protection with humoral and/or cellular neutralizing responses, in favor of blocking and destroying both the new human coronavirus and its variants, which cause the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Espinoza
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohaematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Thrombosis Research Center, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Marcelo Alarcón
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohaematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Thrombosis Research Center, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
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18
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Jung BK, An YH, Jang JJ, Jeon JH, Jang SH, Jang H. The human ACE-2 receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 express on the viral surface of the Newcastle disease virus as a non-replicating viral vector vaccine candidate. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263684. [PMID: 35134091 PMCID: PMC8824364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the SARS-CoV-2 infection was identified in December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 infection has rapidly spread worldwide and has become a significant pandemic disease. In addition, human death and serious health problem caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, the socio-economic impact has been very serious. Here, we describe the development of the viral vector vaccine, which is the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 expressed on the surface of Newcastle disease virus (LVP-K1-RBD19). The RBD protein concentrations on the viral surface were measured by the sandwich ELISA method. 106.7 TCID50/ml of LVP-K1-RBD19 has a 0.17 μg of RBD protein. Optical density (OD) values of mouse sera inoculated with 10 μg of RBD protein expressed on the surface of LVP-K1-RBD19 generated 1.78-fold higher RBD-specific antibody titers than mice inoculated with 10 μg RBD protein with alum at 28 dpi. Moreover, mice inoculated with 10 μg of RBD protein expressed on the surface of LVP-K1-RBD19 virus showed more than 80% neutralization at 1:256 against the SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. These results demonstrated that inactivated LVP-K1-RBD19 virus produces neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in a short period and could be elect protective immunity in humans and LVP-K1-RBD19 will be a good candidate for the COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong Hee An
- Libentech Co. LTD, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Jang
- Libentech Co. LTD, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sung Hoon Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jang
- Libentech Co. LTD, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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19
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Choudhury PR, Saha T, Goel S, Shah JM, Ganjewala D. Cross-species virus transmission and its pandemic potential. BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE 2022; 46:18. [PMID: 35095263 PMCID: PMC8787036 DOI: 10.1186/s42269-022-00701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of pandemics are known to be a result of either bacteria or viruses out of which viruses seem to be an entity of growing concern due to the sheer number of yet unidentified and potentially threatening viruses, their ability to quickly evolve and transform, their ability to transfer and change from one host organism to another and the difficulty in creating safe vaccines on time. MAIN BODY The present review attempts to bring forth the potential risks, prevention and its impact on the global society in terms of sociological and economic parameters. Taking hindsight from previously as well as ongoing current viral epidemics, this article aims to draw a concrete correlation between these viruses in terms of their origin, spread and attempts to compare how much they can affect the population. The study also assesses the worst-case scenarios and the amount of preparedness, required to fight against such pandemics and compares the required amount of preparedness to the current precautions and measures by different governments all across the world. SHORT CONCLUSION Learning from the current pandemic, we can implement certain measures to prevent the adverse effects of pandemics in the future and through severe preparedness can combat the challenges brought about by the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Ray Choudhury
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Noida, Sector 125, Noida, 201303 India
| | - Tapoja Saha
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Noida, Sector 125, Noida, 201303 India
| | - Sachin Goel
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, 201306 India
| | - Janvi Manish Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, Thadomal Shahani Engineering College, Mumbai, 400050 India
| | - Deepak Ganjewala
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Noida, Sector 125, Noida, 201303 India
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20
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Schiano di Cola F, Caratozzolo S, Liberini P, Padovani A, Rao R. CGRP-monoclonal antibodies and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. J Neurol 2022; 269:2848-2849. [PMID: 34999961 PMCID: PMC8742562 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Schiano di Cola
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, BS, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Caratozzolo
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Paolo Liberini
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Renata Rao
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, BS, Italy
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21
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Subedi P, Yadav GK, Paudel B, Regmi A, Pyakurel P. Adverse events following the first dose of Covishield (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) vaccination among health workers in selected districts of central and western Nepal: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260638. [PMID: 34932553 PMCID: PMC8691599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study aimed at exploring the adverse events following immunization (AEFI) and their incidences among health workers in three different districts of central and western Nepal following the first dose of Covishield vaccine,. It also aimed at studying the association of AEFI with demographic and clinical characteristics of vaccinees, pre-vaccination anxiety level and prior history of COVID-19 infection (RT- PCR confirmed) status. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study carried out via face-to-face or telephonic interview among 1006 health workers one week after receiving their first dose of the Covishield vaccine. Incidence of adverse events was calculated in percentage while Chi-square Test was used to check the association of AEFI with independent variables. Logistic regression was used to find out the adjusted odd's ratio at 95% CI. RESULTS Incidence of AEFI was 79.8% with local and systemic AEFI being 68.0% and 59.7% respectively. Injection site tenderness was the commonest manifestation. Local and systemic symptoms resolved in less than one week among 96.8% and 98.7% vaccinees respectively. Females were more likely to develop AEFI than males (AOR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.2-2.4). Vaccinees aged 45-59 years were 50% less likely to develop AEFI as compared to those aged less than 30 years (AOR 0.5, 95% CI = 0.3-0.8). Most of the vaccinees had not undergone RT-PCR testing for COVID-19 (59.8%). Those who were not tested for COVID-19 prior were 1.5 odds more likely to develop AEFI compared to those who were negative (AOR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1-2.1). CONCLUSION More than two-third of the vaccinees developed one or more forms of adverse events, but most events were self-limiting. Females and young adults were more prone to develop AEFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prativa Subedi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rolpa District Hospital, Rolpa, Nepal
| | - Gopal Kumar Yadav
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kalaiya District Hospital, Bara, Nepal
- * E-mail:
| | - Binod Paudel
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Grahun Primary Hospital, Syangja, Nepal
| | - Anu Regmi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Nursing, Rolpa District Hospital, Rolpa, Nepal
| | - Prajjwal Pyakurel
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Sunsari, Nepal
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22
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Kandimalla R, Chakraborty P, Vallamkondu J, Chaudhary A, Samanta S, Reddy PH, De Feo V, Dewanjee S. Counting on COVID-19 Vaccine: Insights into the Current Strategies, Progress and Future Challenges. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1740. [PMID: 34829969 PMCID: PMC8615473 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of a novel coronavirus viz., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in late 2019 and its subsequent substantial spread produced the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic worldwide. Given its unprecedented infectivity and pathogenicity, the COVID-19 pandemic had a devastating impact on human health, and its clinical management has been a great challenge, which has led to the development and speedy trials of several vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 at an exceptional pace. As a result, several COVID-19 vaccines were made commercially available in the first half of 2021. Although several COVID-19 vaccines showed promising results, crucial insights into their epidemiology, protective mechanisms, and the propensities of reinfection are not largely reviewed. In the present report, we provided insights into the prospects of vaccination against COVID-19 and assessed diverse vaccination strategies including DNA, mRNA, protein subunits, vector-based, live attenuated, and inactivated whole/viral particle-based vaccines. Next, we reviewed major aspects of various available vaccines approved by the World Health Organization and by the local administrations to use against COVID-19. Moreover, we comprehensively assessed the success of these approved vaccines and also their untoward effects, including the possibility of reinfection. We also provided an update on the vaccines that are under development and could be promising candidates in the future. Conclusively, we provided insights into the COVID-19 vaccine epidemiology, their potency, and propensity for SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, while a careful review of their current status, strategies, success, and future challenges was also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kandimalla
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal 506007, Telangana, India
| | - Pratik Chakraborty
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India;
| | | | - Anupama Chaudhary
- Orinin-BioSystems, LE-52, Lotus Road 4, CHD City, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India;
| | - Sonalinandini Samanta
- Department of Dermatology (Skin & Venereology), ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Patna 801103, Bihar, India;
| | - P. Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA;
- Department of Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India;
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23
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Zawahrah HJ, Saca-Hazboun H, Melhem SS, Adwan R, Sabateen A, Abu-Rmeileh NME. Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines in Palestine: a cross-sectional online study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e053681. [PMID: 34620671 PMCID: PMC8507407 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Palestine (West Bank and Gaza), there have been more than 320 890 known cases of COVID-19, resulting in 3452 deaths. The detrimental effects of the virus can be seen in the nation's health, economy and government operations, leading to radical uncertainty that is exacerbated by the absence of any definitive treatment or vaccines. The level of knowledge about and trust in treatment and vaccination varies worldwide. This study aims to assess the willingness of Palestinians to receive a COVID-19 vaccine and their knowledge about such vaccines. METHODS An online survey of adults over 18 years old (n=1080) was conducted in Palestine in October 2020. Using multivariate logistic regression, we identified correlates of participants' willingness to get a COVID-19 vaccine. RESULTS We found that about 63% of participants were willing to get a COVID-19 vaccine. However, acceptance varied with the specific demographic variables that were investigated. Women, married participants and those aged 18-24 years are more likely to take the vaccine. Further, participants with good knowledge about the vaccine and its side effects are more willing to get the vaccine. CONCLUSION The availability of a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine in Palestine is crucial to decrease the burden of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. In addition, to ensure a high vaccination rate, health awareness campaigns should target those who are not willing to get the vaccine, especially those who are more vulnerable and the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan J Zawahrah
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hanan Saca-Hazboun
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Science, Bethlehem University, Bethlehem, Palestine
| | - Shatha S Melhem
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Rabee Adwan
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Makassed Charitable Society Hospital, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Ali Sabateen
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Augusta Victoria Hospital, East Jerusalem, Palestine
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Thye AYK, Law JWF, Pusparajah P, Letchumanan V, Chan KG, Lee LH. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VOCs): An Impending Global Crisis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1303. [PMID: 34680420 PMCID: PMC8533361 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide battle against the SARS-CoV-2 virus rages on, with millions infected and many innocent lives lost. The causative organism, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a beta coronavirus that belongs to the Coronaviridae family. Many clinically significant variants have emerged, as the virus's genome is prone to various mutations, leading to antigenic drift and resulting in evasion of host immune recognition. The current variants of concern (VOCs) include B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), B.1.617/B.1.617.2 (Delta), and P.1 (Gamma). The emerging variants contain various important mutations on the spike protein, leading to deleterious consequences, such as immune invasion and vaccine escape. These adverse effects result in increased transmissibility, morbidity, and mortality and the evasion of detection by existing or currently available diagnostic tests, potentially delaying diagnosis and treatment. This review discusses the key mutations present in the VOC strains and provides insights into how these mutations allow for greater transmissibility and immune evasion than the progenitor strain. Continuous monitoring and surveillance of VOC strains play a vital role in preventing and controlling the virus's spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Yun-Kuan Thye
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (A.Y.-K.T.); (J.W.-F.L.); (P.P.)
| | - Jodi Woan-Fei Law
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (A.Y.-K.T.); (J.W.-F.L.); (P.P.)
| | - Priyia Pusparajah
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (A.Y.-K.T.); (J.W.-F.L.); (P.P.)
| | - Vengadesh Letchumanan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (A.Y.-K.T.); (J.W.-F.L.); (P.P.)
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- International Genome Centre, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (A.Y.-K.T.); (J.W.-F.L.); (P.P.)
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Shahjaman M, Rezanur Rahman M, Rabiul Auwul M. A network-based systems biology approach for identification of shared Gene signatures between male and female in COVID-19 datasets. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2021; 25:100702. [PMID: 34423108 PMCID: PMC8372456 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has expanded rapidly worldwide. Now it has covered more than 150 countries worldwide. It is referred to as COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 mainly affects the respiratory systems of humans that can lead up to serious illness or even death in the presence of different comorbidities. However, most COVID-19 infected people show mild to moderate symptoms, and no medication is suggested. Still, drugs of other diseases have been used to treat COVID-19. Nevertheless, the absence of vaccines and proper drugs against the COVID-19 virus has increased the mortality rate. Albeit sex is a risk factor for COVID-19, none of the studies considered this risk factor for identifying biomarkers from the RNASeq count dataset. Men are more likely to undertake severe symptoms with different comorbidities and show greater mortality compared with women. From this standpoint, we aim to identify shared gene signatures between males and females from the human COVID-19 RNAseq count dataset of peripheral blood cells using a robust voom approach. We identified 1341 overlapping DEGs between male and female datasets. The gene ontology (GO) annotation and pathway enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs are involved in various BP categories such as nucleosome assembly, DNA conformation change, DNA packaging, and different KEGG pathways such as cell cycle, ECM-receptor interaction, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, etc. Ten hub-proteins (UBC, KIAA0101, APP, CDK1, SUMO2, SP1, FN1, CDK2, E2F1, and TP53) were unveiled using PPI network analysis. The top three miRNAs (mir-17-5p, mir-20a-5p, mir-93-5p) and TFs (PPARG, E2F1 and KLF5) were uncovered. In conclusion, the top ten significant drugs (roscovitine, curcumin, simvastatin, fulvestrant, troglitazone, alvocidib, L-alanine, tamoxifen, serine, and doxorubicin) were retrieved using drug repurposing analysis of overlapping DEGs, which might be therapeutic agents of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahjaman
- Department of Statistics, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, 5400, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rezanur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rabiul Auwul
- Department of Statistics, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, 5400, Bangladesh
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26
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Narożna M, Rubiś B. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Strategies and the Potential Role of miRNA in the Assessment of COVID-19 Morbidity, Recurrence, and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8663. [PMID: 34445368 PMCID: PMC8395427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have experienced a serious pandemic. Despite significant technological advances in molecular technologies, it is very challenging to slow down the infection spread. It appeared that due to globalization, SARS-CoV-2 spread easily and adapted to new environments or geographical or weather zones. Additionally, new variants are emerging that show different infection potential and clinical outcomes. On the other hand, we have some experience with other pandemics and some solutions in virus elimination that could be adapted. This is of high importance since, as the latest reports demonstrate, vaccine technology might not follow the new, mutated virus outbreaks. Thus, identification of novel strategies and markers or diagnostic methods is highly necessary. For this reason, we present some of the latest views on SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 therapeutic strategies and raise a solution based on miRNA. We believe that in the face of the rapidly increasing global situation and based on analogical studies of other viruses, the possibility of using the biological potential of miRNA technology is very promising. It could be used as a promising diagnostic and prognostic factor, as well as a therapeutic target and tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Narożna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 4 Święcickiego St., 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Błażej Rubiś
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego St., 60-355 Poznan, Poland
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27
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Al Khames Aga QA, Alkhaffaf WH, Hatem TH, Nassir KF, Batineh Y, Dahham AT, Shaban D, Al Khames Aga LA, Agha MYR, Traqchi M. Safety of COVID-19 vaccines. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6588-6594. [PMID: 34270094 PMCID: PMC8426829 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study is aimed to identify the adverse effects associated with three types of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines. Approximately 1736 individuals agreed to participate in this study. The participants involved in the study were individuals who had received the first dose or full course (two doses) of the vaccine at least 30 days before the survey. A direct and interactive web‐based system interview with a paper and electronic version of the questionnaire was used for all participants. A total of 1736 randomized individuals were identified. The reactogenicity of the vaccines including pain, redness, urticaria, and swelling at the site of the injection was reported in 34.56% of the participants. Local site reaction was reported in more individuals who had Pfizer and AstraZeneca vaccines than those who received the Sinopharm vaccine. The systemic events were more common with AstraZeneca and Pfizer vaccines, symptoms reported were fatigue, body pain, headache, muscle pain, fever, and gastrointestinal side effects. There were no correlations between age or gender, and the duration of the adverse effects for the three vaccines. Swelling and severe allergic reaction of the eyelids, severe hypotension, generalized body aches, shortness of breath, weakness and numbness on the injected arm, acute hyperglycemia, severe chest pain, and fever more than 39°C were among the unusual signs and symptoms reported by the participants. Pfizer, AstraZeneca, and Sinopharm vaccines were found to be safe and Sinopharm vaccine showed a lower prevalence of adverse effects compared with the other vaccines. The duration and severity of adverse effects were not affected by age or gender. Unusual side effects should be closely monitored to establish determine they are linked to the immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qutaiba A Al Khames Aga
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Waseem H Alkhaffaf
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ninevah University, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Tagreed H Hatem
- Department of Gynecology, Bagdad Teaching Hospital, Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Kawthar F Nassir
- Department of Gynecology, Bagdad Teaching Hospital, Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Yazan Batineh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Abdullah T Dahham
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Dimah Shaban
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Manhal Y R Agha
- Department of Orthopedic Cardiff, University Hospital of Wales, Wales, UK
| | - Muaamar Traqchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
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Migliore A, Gigliucci G, Di Marzo R, Russo D, Mammucari M. Intradermal Vaccination: A Potential Tool in the Battle Against the COVID-19 Pandemic? Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:2079-2087. [PMID: 34045909 PMCID: PMC8144901 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s309707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This narrative review is the final output of an initiative of the SIM (Italian Society of Mesotherapy). A narrative review of scientific literature on the efficacy of fractional intradermal vaccination in comparison with full doses has been conducted for the following pathogens: influenza virus, rabies virus, poliovirus (PV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis bacterias (DTP), human papillomavirus (HPV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JE), meningococcus, varicella zoster virus (VZV) and yellow fever virus. The findings suggest that the use of the intradermal route represents a valid strategy in terms of efficacy and efficiency for influenza, rabies and HBV vaccines. Some systematic reviews on influenza vaccines suggest the absence of a substantial difference between immunogenicity induced by a fractional ID dose of up to 20% and the IM dose in healthy adults, elderly, immunocompromised patients and children. Clinical studies of remaining vaccines against other pathogens (HAV, DTP bacterias, JE, meningococcal disease, VZV, and yellow fever virus) are scarce, but promising. In the context of a COVID-19 vaccine shortage, countries should investigate if a fractional dosing scheme may help to save doses and achieve herd immunity quickly. SIM urges the scientific community and health authorities to investigate the potentiality of fractionate intradermal administration in anti-COVID-19 vaccination. ![]()
Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://youtu.be/xyVoP0mH6sQ
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Migliore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, San Pietro Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gigliucci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, San Pietro Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
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