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Williams LM, Cao S. Harnessing and delivering microbial metabolites as therapeutics via advanced pharmaceutical approaches. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 256:108605. [PMID: 38367866 PMCID: PMC10985132 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Microbial metabolites have emerged as key players in the interplay between diet, the gut microbiome, and host health. Two major classes, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and tryptophan (Trp) metabolites, are recognized to regulate inflammatory, immune, and metabolic responses within the host. Given that many human diseases are associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and consequent reductions in microbial metabolite production, the administration of these metabolites represents a direct, multi-targeted treatment. While a multitude of preclinical studies showcase the therapeutic potential of both SCFAs and Trp metabolites, they often rely on high doses and frequent dosing regimens to achieve systemic effects, thereby constraining their clinical applicability. To address these limitations, a variety of pharmaceutical formulations approaches that enable targeted, delayed, and/or sustained microbial metabolite delivery have been developed. These approaches, including enteric encapsulations, esterification to dietary fiber, prodrugs, and nanoformulations, pave the way for the next generation of microbial metabolite-based therapeutics. In this review, we first provide an overview of the roles of microbial metabolites in maintaining host homeostasis and outline how compromised metabolite production contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory, metabolic, autoimmune, allergic, infectious, and cancerous diseases. Additionally, we explore the therapeutic potential of metabolites in these disease contexts. Then, we provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the pharmaceutical strategies that have been employed to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of microbial metabolites, with a focus on SCFAs and Trp metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M Williams
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Shijie Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
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Yan Q, Jia S, Li D, Yang J. The role and mechanism of action of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids in neutrophils: From the activation to becoming potential biomarkers. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115821. [PMID: 37952355 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, have emerged as critical mediators in the communication between the human microbiota and its host. As the first responder to the inflammatory site, neutrophils play an important role in protecting the host against bacterial infections. Recent investigations revealed that SCFAs generated from microbiota influence various neutrophil activities, including activation, migration, and generation of mediators of inflammatory processes. SCFAs have also been demonstrated to exhibit potential therapeutic benefits in a variety of disorders related to neutrophil dysfunction, including inflammatory bowel disease, viral infectious disorders, and cancer. This study aims to examine the molecular processes behind the complicated link between SCFAs and neutrophils, as well as their influence on neutrophil-driven inflammatory disorders. In addition, we will also provide an in-depth review of current research on the diagnostic and therapeutic value of SCFAs as possible biomarkers for neutrophil-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhu Yan
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Shengnan Jia
- Digestive Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Dongfu Li
- Digestive Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China.
| | - Junling Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China.
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Li Y, Huang Y, Liang H, Wang W, Li B, Liu T, Huang Y, Zhang Z, Qin Y, Zhou X, Wang R, Huang T. The roles and applications of short-chain fatty acids derived from microbial fermentation of dietary fibers in human cancer. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1243390. [PMID: 37614742 PMCID: PMC10442828 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1243390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fibers (DFs) and their metabolites attract significant attention in research on health and disease, attributing to their effects on regulating metabolism, proliferation, inflammation, and immunity. When fermented by gut microbiota, DFs mainly produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. As the essential nutrients for intestinal epithelial cells, SCFAs maintain intestinal homeostasis and play essential roles in a wide range of biological functions. SCFAs have been found to inhibit histone deacetylase, activate G protein-coupled receptors, and modulate the immune response, which impacts cancer and anti-cancer treatment. Notably, while extensive studies have illuminated the roles of SCFAs in colorectal cancer development, progression, and treatment outcomes, limited evidence is available for other types of cancers. This restricts our understanding of the complex mechanisms and clinical applications of SCFAs in tumors outside the intestinal tract. In this study, we provide a comprehensive summary of the latest evidence on the roles and mechanisms of SCFAs, with a focus on butyric acid and propionic acid, derived from microbial fermentation of DFs in cancer. Additionally, we recapitulate the clinical applications of SCFAs in cancer treatments and offer our perspectives on the challenges, limitations, and prospects of utilizing SCFAs in cancer research and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Yaxuan Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Haili Liang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Institute of Product Quality Inspection (GXQT), Nanning, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Institute of Product Quality Inspection (GXQT), Nanning, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuqi Huang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yutao Qin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
- Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Rensheng Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
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Huang Y, Wang Z, Ye B, Ma JH, Ji S, Sheng W, Ye S, Ou Y, Peng Y, Yang X, Chen J, Tang S. Sodium butyrate ameliorates diabetic retinopathy in mice via the regulation of gut microbiota and related short-chain fatty acids. J Transl Med 2023; 21:451. [PMID: 37420234 PMCID: PMC10329333 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) development is associated with disturbances in the gut microbiota and related metabolites. Butyric acid is one of the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which has been found to possess a potential antidiabetic effect. However, whether butyrate has a role in DR remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of sodium butyrate supplementation on DR. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups: Control group, diabetic group, and diabetic with butyrate supplementation group. Type 1 diabetic mouse model was induced by streptozotocin. Sodium butyrate was administered by gavage to the experimental group daily for 12 weeks. Optic coherence tomography, hematoxylin-eosin, and immunostaining of whole-mount retina were used to value the changes in retinal structure. Electroretinography was performed to assess the retinal visual function. The tight junction proteins in intestinal tissue were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. 16S rRNA sequencing and LC-MS/MS were performed to determine the alteration and correlation of the gut microbiota and systemic SCFAs. RESULTS Butyrate decreased blood glucose, food, and water consumption. Meanwhile, it alleviated retinal thinning and activated microglial cells but improved electroretinography visual function. Additionally, butyrate effectively enhanced the expression of ZO-1 and Occludin proteins in the small intestine. Crucially, only butyric acid, 4-methylvaleric acid, and caproic acid were significantly decreased in the plasma of diabetic mice and improved after butyrate supplementation. The deeper correlation analysis revealed nine genera strongly positively or negatively correlated with the above three SCFAs. Of note, all three positively correlated genera, including norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Ileibacterium, and Dubosiella, were significantly decreased in the diabetic mice with or without butyrate treatment. Interestingly, among the six negatively correlated genera, Escherichia-Shigella and Enterococcus were increased, while Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae were decreased after butyrate supplementation. CONCLUSION Together, these findings demonstrate the microbiota regulating and diabetic therapeutic effects of butyrate, which can be used as a potential food supplement alternative to DR medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Huang
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bo Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanchang Aier Eye Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | | | | | - Wang Sheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changsha Xiangjiang Aier Eye Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Suna Ye
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Yiwen Ou
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, China
| | | | - Xu Yang
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Jiansu Chen
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, China.
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shibo Tang
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, China.
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Hunan, China.
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Magadán S, Mikelez-Alonso I, Borrego F, González-Fernández Á. Nanoparticles and trained immunity: Glimpse into the future. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113821. [PMID: 34087325 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidences show that innate immune cells can display changes in their functional programs after infection or vaccination, which lead to immunomodulation (increased or reduced responsiveness) upon secondary activation to the same stimuli or even to a different one. Innate cells acquire features of immunological memory, nowadays using the new term of "trained immunity" or "innate immune memory", which is different from the specific memory immune response elicited by B and T lymphocytes. The review focused on the concept of trained immunity, mostly on myeloid cells. Special attention is dedicated to the pathogen recognition along the evolution (bacteria, plants, invertebrate and vertebrate animals), and to techniques used to study epigenetic reprogramming and metabolic rewiring. Nanomaterials can be recognized by immune cells offering a very promising way to learn about trained immunity. Nanomaterials could be modified in order to immunomodulate the responses ad hoc. Many therapeutic possibilities are opened, and they should be explored.
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Ying K, Bai B, Gao X, Xu Y, Wang H, Xie B. Orally Administrable Therapeutic Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:670124. [PMID: 34307319 PMCID: PMC8293278 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.670124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and lethal human malignancies worldwide; however, the therapeutic outcomes in the clinic still are unsatisfactory due to the lack of effective and safe therapeutic regimens. Orally administrable and CRC-targetable drug delivery is an attractive approach for CRC therapy as it improves the efficacy by local drug delivery and reduces systemic toxicity. Currently, chemotherapy remains the mainstay modality for CRC therapy; however, most of chemo drugs have low water solubility and are unstable in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), poor intestinal permeability, and are susceptible to P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux, resulting in limited therapeutic outcomes. Orally administrable nanoformulations hold the great potential for improving the bioavailability of poorly permeable and poorly soluble therapeutics, but there are still limitations associated with these regimes. This review focuses on the barriers for oral drug delivery and various oral therapeutic nanoparticles for the management of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Ying
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- National Health Commission (NHC), Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingjun Bai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xing Gao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuzi Xu
- Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangxiang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- National Health Commission (NHC), Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binbin Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- National Health Commission (NHC), Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Butyric acid alleviated chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced lipid formation and inflammation through up-regulating HuR expression and inactivating AMPK pathways. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228420. [PMID: 33876818 PMCID: PMC8220371 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether butyric acid could alleviate chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH)-induced lipid formation in human preadipocytes-subcutaneous (HPA-s) through accumulation of human antigen R (HuR) and inactivation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, HPA-s were obtained and divided into three groups: Control group: cells were cultured under normal conditions; CIH group: cells were cultured in a three-gas incubator (10% O2); Butyric acid group: 10 mmol/l butyric acid added into cell culture medium. HuR-siRNA was futher transfected into CIH group for verification the function of HuR. Oil Red O was implemented for observation of lipid droplets within cells. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay was used for detecting cell viability. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay as well as flow cytometry analysis was employed for determining cell apoptosis. Western blotting was used for measurement of protein expression levels. RT-qPCR analysis was used for detecting mRNA expression. CIH treatment increased adipocytes proliferation, while butyric acid inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis. The treatment of butyric acid in CIH group down-regulated expression of inflammatory factors and increased cell apoptotic rate. Butyric acid treatment increased HuR expression in both cytoplasm and nucleus and decreased the level of p-AMPK and p-ACC, while transfection of AMPK activator or HuR-siRNA would down-regulate HuR expression. Moreover, butyric acid alleviated CIH-induced cell proliferation, lipid formation and inflammatory status and promoted cell apoptosis through regulating related genes including p21, PPARγ, C/EBPa, IL-1β, IL-6, TLR4, caspase-8 and caspase-3. In conclusion, butyric acid could alleviate CIH-induced inflammation, cell proliferation and lipid formation through accumulation of HuR and inactivation of AMPK pathway.
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Shashni B, Tajika Y, Nagasaki Y. Design of enzyme-responsive short-chain fatty acid-based self-assembling drug for alleviation of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120877. [PMID: 34062420 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as propionic and butyric acids have been touted as potential therapeutic interventions that can ameliorate diabetic pathogenesis. However, SCFAs are low-molecular-weight (LMW) compounds that have limited clinical use due to unfavorable pharmacokinetics, off-target effects, poor palatability and unpleasant odor. Hence, to improve the therapeutic utilization of SCFAs, the enzyme metabolizable block copolymers, [poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(vinyl ester)s], possessing propionate and butyrate esters were synthesized, which formed stable nanoparticles by self-assembling under physiological conditions. In this study, the therapeutic efficacy of propionic acid- and butyric acid-based self-assembling nanoparticles (PNP/BNP) was evaluated in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus through ad libitum drinking. The conventional antidiabetic drug, exenatide- and BNP-treated mice showed the highest glucose tolerance, whereas LMW SCFAs remained ineffective in normalizing glucose homeostasis. The better efficacy of BNP over the LMW SCFAs was attributable to (i) higher consumption of BNP than the LMW SCFAs by the mice (good palatability and odorless), (ii) prolonged residence time of BNP (48 h) in the gastro-intestinal tract (muco-adhesion) contributing to intestinal enzyme-mediated sustained release of butyric acid, and (iii) negligible off-target effects (no abrupt rise in the bloodstream). The aforementioned data suggest that SCFA-based nanoparticles are more potential therapeutic interventions than LMW SCFAs for metabolic diseases such as diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Shashni
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yuya Tajika
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan; Master's School of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan; Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics (CRiED), University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan.
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Gedda MR, Babele PK, Zahra K, Madhukar P. Epigenetic Aspects of Engineered Nanomaterials: Is the Collateral Damage Inevitable? Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:228. [PMID: 31616663 PMCID: PMC6763616 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive application of engineered nanomaterial (ENM) in various fields increases the possibilities of human exposure, thus imposing a huge risk of nanotoxicity. Hence, there is an urgent need for a detailed risk assessment of these ENMs in response to their toxicological profiling, predominantly in biomedical and biosensor settings. Numerous "toxico-omics" studies have been conducted on ENMs, however, a specific "risk assessment paradigm" dealing with the epigenetic modulations in humans owing to the exposure of these modern-day toxicants has not been defined yet. This review aims to address the critical aspects that are currently preventing the formation of a suitable risk assessment approach for/against ENM exposure and pointing out those researches, which may help to develop and implement effective guidance for nano-risk assessment. Literature relating to physicochemical characterization and toxicological behavior of ENMs were analyzed, and exposure assessment strategies were explored in order to extrapolate opportunities, challenges, and criticisms in the establishment of a baseline for the risk assessment paradigm of ENMs exposure. Various challenges, such as uncertainty in the relation of the physicochemical properties and ENM toxicity, the complexity of the dose-response relationships resulting in difficulty in its extrapolation and measurement of ENM exposure levels emerged as issues in the establishment of a traditional risk assessment. Such an appropriate risk assessment approach will provide adequate estimates of ENM exposure risks and will serve as a guideline for appropriate risk communication and management strategies aiming for the protection and the safety of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjuna Rao Gedda
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Piyoosh Kumar Babele
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kulsoom Zahra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Prasoon Madhukar
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Cao S, Slack SD, Levy CN, Hughes SM, Jiang Y, Yogodzinski C, Roychoudhury P, Jerome KR, Schiffer JT, Hladik F, Woodrow KA. Hybrid nanocarriers incorporating mechanistically distinct drugs for lymphatic CD4 + T cell activation and HIV-1 latency reversal. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav6322. [PMID: 30944862 PMCID: PMC6436934 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav6322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A proposed strategy to cure HIV uses latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to reactivate latent proviruses for purging HIV reservoirs. A variety of LRAs have been identified, but none has yet proven effective in reducing the reservoir size in vivo. Nanocarriers could address some major challenges by improving drug solubility and safety, providing sustained drug release, and simultaneously delivering multiple drugs to target tissues and cells. Here, we formulated hybrid nanocarriers that incorporate physicochemically diverse LRAs and target lymphatic CD4+ T cells. We identified one LRA combination that displayed synergistic latency reversal and low cytotoxicity in a cell model of HIV and in CD4+ T cells from virologically suppressed patients. Furthermore, our targeted nanocarriers selectively activated CD4+ T cells in nonhuman primate peripheral blood mononuclear cells as well as in murine lymph nodes, and substantially reduced local toxicity. This nanocarrier platform may enable new solutions for delivering anti-HIV agents for an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Cao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah D. Slack
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Claire N. Levy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sean M. Hughes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yonghou Jiang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua T. Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Florian Hladik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kim A. Woodrow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Maarman GJ. Natural Antioxidants as Potential Therapy, and a Promising Role for Melatonin Against Pulmonary Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 967:161-178. [PMID: 29047086 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasma and serum samples, and lung/heart tissue of pulmonary hypertension (PH) patients and animal models of PH display elevated oxidative stress. Moreover, the severity of PH and levels of oxidative stress increase concurrently, which suggests that oxidative stress could be utilized as a biomarker for PH progression. Accumulating evidence has well established that oxidative stress is also key role player in the development of PH. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that natural antioxidants improved PH condition, and, therefore, antioxidant therapy has been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy against PH. These natural antioxidants include medicinal plant extracts and compounds such as resveratrol and melatonin. Recent studies suggest that melatonin provides health benefit against PH, by enhancing antioxidant capacity, increasing vasodilation, counteracting lung and cardiac fibrosis, and stunting right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy/failure. This chapter comprehensively reviews and discusses a variety of natural antioxidants and their efficacy in modulating experimental PH. This chapter also demonstrates that antioxidant therapy remains a therapeutic strategy for PH, and particularly identifies melatonin as a safe, cost-effective, and promising antioxidant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald J Maarman
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa (HICRA) and MRC Inter-University, Cape Heart Group, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Cao S, Jiang Y, Levy CN, Hughes SM, Zhang H, Hladik F, Woodrow KA. Optimization and comparison of CD4-targeting lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles using different binding ligands. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:1177-1188. [PMID: 29271128 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies and peptides are conjugated to the surface of nanocarriers (NCs) for targeting purposes in numerous applications. However, targeting efficacy may vary with their specificity, affinity, or avidity when linked to NCs. The physicochemical properties of NCs may also affect targeting. We compared the targeting efficacy of the CD4 binding peptide BP4 and an anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (CD4 mAb) and its fragments, when conjugated to lipid-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles (LCNPs). Negatively charged LCNPs with cholesteryl butyrate in the lipid layer (cbLCNPs) dramatically reduced nonspecific binding, leading to higher targeting specificity, compared to neutral or positively charged LCNPs with DOTAP (dtLCNP). cbLCNPs surface conjugated with a CD4 antibody (CD4-cbLCNPs) or its fragments (fCD4-cbLCNPs), but not BP4, showed high binding in vitro to the human T cell line 174xCEM, and preferential binding to CD3+ CD14-CD8- cells from pigtail macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells. CD4-cbLCNPs showed 10-fold higher binding specificity for CD4+ than CD8+ T cells, while fCD4-cbLCNPs demonstrated the highest binding level overall, but only three-fold higher binding specificity. This study demonstrates the importance of ζ-potential on NC targeting and indicates that CD4 mAb and its fragments are the best candidates for delivery of therapeutic agents to CD4+ T cells. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 1177-1188, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Cao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yonghou Jiang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Claire N Levy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sean M Hughes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hangyu Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Research Center for the Control Engineering of Translational Precision Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Florian Hladik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kim A Woodrow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Smolkova B, Dusinska M, Gabelova A. Nanomedicine and epigenome. Possible health risks. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:780-796. [PMID: 28705729 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is an emerging field that combines knowledge of nanotechnology and material science with pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences, aiming to develop nanodrugs with increased efficacy and safety. Compared to conventional therapeutics, nanodrugs manifest higher stability and circulation time, reduced toxicity and improved targeted delivery. Despite the obvious benefit, the accumulation of imaging agents and nanocarriers in the body following their therapeutic or diagnostic application generates concerns about their safety for human health. Numerous toxicology studies have demonstrated that exposure to nanomaterials (NMs) might pose serious risks to humans. Epigenetic modifications, representing a non-genotoxic mechanism of toxicant-induced health effects, are becoming recognized as playing a potential causative role in the aetiology of many diseases including cancer. This review i) provides an overview of recent advances in medical applications of NMs and ii) summarizes current evidence on their possible epigenetic toxicity. To discern potential health risks of NMs, since current data are mostly based upon in vitro and animal models, a better understanding of functional relationships between NM exposure, epigenetic deregulation and phenotype is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Smolkova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory MILK, NILU- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Alena Gabelova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Liu J, Wang F, Luo H, Liu A, Li K, Li C, Jiang Y. Protective effect of butyrate against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in mice by promoting the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and mucosal defense mechanisms. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 30:179-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Mura S, Bui DT, Couvreur P, Nicolas J. Lipid prodrug nanocarriers in cancer therapy. J Control Release 2015; 208:25-41. [PMID: 25617724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Application of nanotechnology in the medical field (i.e., nanomedicine) plays an important role in the development of novel drug delivery methods. Nanoscale drug delivery systems can indeed be customized with specific functionalities in order to improve the efficacy of the treatments. However, despite the progresses of the last decades, nanomedicines still face important obstacles related to: (i) the physico-chemical properties of the drug moieties which may reduce the total amount of loaded drug; (ii) the rapid and uncontrolled release (i.e., burst release) of the encapsulated drug after administration and (iii) the instability of the drug in biological media where a fast transformation into inactive metabolites can occur. As an alternative strategy to alleviate these drawbacks, the prodrug approach has found wide application. The covalent modification of a drug molecule into an inactive precursor from which the drug will be freed after administration offers several benefits such as: (i) a sustained drug release (mediated by chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis of the linkage between the drug-moiety and its promoiety); (ii) an increase of the drug chemical stability and solubility and, (iii) a reduced toxicity before the metabolization occurs. Lipids have been widely used as building blocks for the design of various prodrugs. Interestingly enough, these lipid-derivatized drugs can be delivered through a nanoparticulate form due to their ability to self-assemble and/or to be incorporated into lipid/polymer matrices. Among the several prodrugs developed so far, this review will focus on the main achievements in the field of lipid-based prodrug nanocarriers designed to improve the efficacy of anticancer drugs. Gemcitabine (Pubchem CID: 60750); 5-fluorouracil (Pubchem CID: 3385); Doxorubicin (Pubchem CID: 31703); Docetaxel (Pubchem CID: 148124); Methotrexate (Pubchem CID: 126941); Paclitaxel (Pubchem CID: 36314).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Mura
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
| | - Duc Trung Bui
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
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Soares AMS, Hungerford G, Costa SPG, Gonçalves MST. Aminobenzocoumarinylmethyl esters as photoactive precursors for the release of butyric acid. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00699f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photorelease of butyric acid from new aminobenzocoumarin ester cages under UV/visible irradiation.
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Smolkova B, El Yamani N, Collins AR, Gutleb AC, Dusinska M. Nanoparticles in food. Epigenetic changes induced by nanomaterials and possible impact on health. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 77:64-73. [PMID: 25554528 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Disturbed epigenetic mechanisms, which developmentally regulate gene expression via modifications to DNA, histone proteins, and chromatin, have been hypothesized to play a key role in many human diseases. Recently it was shown that engineered nanoparticles (NPs), that already have a wide range of applications in various fields including food production, could dramatically affect epigenetic processes, while their ability to induce diseases remains poorly understood. Besides the obvious benefits of the new technologies, it is critical to assess their health effects before proceeding with industrial production. In this article, after surveying the applications of NPs in food technology, we review recent advances in the understanding of epigenetic pathological effects of NPs, and discuss their possible health impact with the aim of avoiding potential health risks posed by the use of nanomaterials in foods and food-packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Smolkova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Naouale El Yamani
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry (MILK), NILU- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Arno C Gutleb
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry (MILK), NILU- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway.
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18
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Minelli R, Occhipinti S, Gigliotti CL, Barrera G, Gasco P, Conti L, Chiocchetti A, Zara GP, Fantozzi R, Giovarelli M, Dianzani U, Dianzani C. Solid lipid nanoparticles of cholesteryl butyrate inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo models. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:233-44. [PMID: 23713413 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Solid lipid nanoparticles containing cholesteryl butyrate (cholbut SLN) can be a delivery system for the anti-cancer drug butyrate. These nanoparticles inhibit adhesion of polymorphonuclear and tumour cells to endothelial cells and migration of tumour cells, suggesting that they may act as anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour agents. Here we have evaluated the effects of cholbut SLN on tumour cell growth using in vitro and in vivo models. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cholbut SLNs were incubated with cultures of four tumour cell lines, and cell growth was analysed by assessing viability, clonogenic capacity and cell cycle. Effects on intracellular signalling was assessed by Western blot analysis of Akt expression. The in vivo anti-tumour activity was measured in two models of PC-3 cell xenografts in SCID/Beige mice. KEY RESULTS Cholbut SLN inhibited tumour cell line viability, clonogenic activity, Akt phosphorylation and cell cycle progression. In mice injected i.v. with PC3-Luc cells and treated with cholbut SLN, . in vivo optical imaging and histological analysis showed no metastases in the lungs of the treated mice. In another set of mice injected s.c. with PC-3 cells and treated with cholbut SLN when the tumour diameter reached 2 mm, analysis of the tumour dimensions showed that treatment with cholbut SLN substantially delayed tumour growth. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Cholbut SLN were effective in inhibiting tumour growth in vitro and in vivo. These effects may involve, in part, inhibition of Akt phosphorylation, which adds another mechanism to the activity of this multipotent drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Minelli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
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Güney G, Kutlu HM, Genç L. Preparation and characterization of ascorbic acid loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and investigation of their apoptotic effects. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 121:270-80. [PMID: 24985762 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, ascorbic acid (Vitamin C, AA) known as an antioxidant was successfully incorporated in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) by hot homogenization and efficient delivery of AA to cancer cells. The obtained SLN formulations were characterized by Nano Zetasizer ZS and HPLC with the particle size being less than 250nm. AA-SLNs exhibited sustained release and high entrapment efficiency. According to MTT test results, AA-SLNs showed high cytotoxic activity compared to the free AA against H-Ras 5RP7 cells without damaging NIH/3T3 control cells. These results were supported by the Annexin V-PI and caspase-3 assay. Furthermore, as compared to the AA, AA-SLNs exhibited more efficient cellular uptake, accumulated in the cytoplasm and induced apoptosis which was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Thus, the results of this study suggest that SLNs can be a potential nanocarrier system for AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Güney
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - H Mehtap Kutlu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Lütfi Genç
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey; Plant, Drug and Scientific Researches Center (AUBIBAM), Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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20
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Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8993-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Genç L, Kutlu HM, Güney G. Vitamin B12-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles as a drug carrier in cancer therapy. Pharm Dev Technol 2013; 20:337-44. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2013.867447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Jennifer M, Maciej W. Nanoparticle Technology as a Double-Edged Sword: Cytotoxic, Genotoxic and Epigenetic Effects on Living Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jbnb.2013.41008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Minelli R, Serpe L, Pettazzoni P, Minero V, Barrera G, Gigliotti C, Mesturini R, Rosa AC, Gasco P, Vivenza N, Muntoni E, Fantozzi R, Dianzani U, Zara GP, Dianzani C. Cholesteryl butyrate solid lipid nanoparticles inhibit the adhesion and migration of colon cancer cells. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:587-601. [PMID: 22049973 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cholesteryl butyrate solid lipid nanoparticles (cholbut SLN) provide a delivery system for the anti-cancer drug butyrate. These SLN inhibit the adhesion of polymorphonuclear cells to the endothelium and may act as anti-inflammatory agents. As cancer cell adhesion to endothelium is crucial for metastasis dissemination, here we have evaluated the effect of cholbut SLN on adhesion and migration of cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cholbut SLN was incubated with a number of cancer cell lines or human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and adhesion was quantified by a computerized micro-imaging system. Migration was detected by the scratch 'wound-healing' assay and the Boyden chamber invasion assay. Expression of ERK and p38 MAPK was analysed by Western blot. Expression of the mRNA for E-cadherin and claudin-1 was measured by RT-PCR. KEY RESULTS Cholbut SLN inhibited HUVEC adhesiveness to cancer cell lines derived from human colon-rectum, breast, prostate cancers and melanoma. The effect was concentration and time-dependent and exerted on both cancer cells and HUVEC. Moreover, these SLN inhibited migration of cancer cells and substantially down-modulated ERK and p38 phosphorylation. The anti-adhesive effect was additive to that induced by the triggering of B7h, which is another stimulus inhibiting both ERK and p38 phosphorylation, and cell adhesiveness. Furthermore, cholbut SLN induced E-cadherin and inhibited claudin-1 expression in HUVEC. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that cholbut SLN could act as an anti-metastastic agent and they add a new mechanism to the anti-tumour activity of this multifaceted preparation of butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Minelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Lasa-Saracibar B, Estella-Hermoso de Mendoza A, Guada M, Dios-Vieitez C, Blanco-Prieto MJ. Lipid nanoparticles for cancer therapy: state of the art and future prospects. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:1245-61. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.717928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Battaglia L, Gallarate M. Lipid nanoparticles: state of the art, new preparation methods and challenges in drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:497-508. [PMID: 22439808 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.673278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nanoparticles are rapidly developing as drug carriers because of their size-dependent properties. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are widely employed in drug delivery because of the biocompatibility of the lipid matrix. AREAS COVERED Many different types of LNPs have been engineered in the last 20 years, the most important being solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostrucured lipid carriers (NLCs), lipid-drug conjugates (LDCs) and lipid nanocapsules (LNCs). This review gives an overview of LNPs, including their physico-chemical properties and pharmacological uses. Moreover, it highlights the most important innovations in the preparation techniques of LNPs, aimed to encapsulate different molecules within the lipid matrix. Finally, it gives a short perspective on the challenges of drug delivery, which are a potential field of application for LNPs: cancer therapy, overcoming the blood-brain barrier and gene and protein delivery. EXPERT OPINION LNPs are a safe and versatile vehicles for drug and active delivery, suitable for different administration routes. New technologies have been developed for LNP preparation and studies are currently underway in order to obtain the encapsulation of different drugs and to deliver the active molecule to the site of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Battaglia
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , via Pietro Giuria 9, Torino , Italy.
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Galvin P, Thompson D, Ryan KB, McCarthy A, Moore AC, Burke CS, Dyson M, Maccraith BD, Gun'ko YK, Byrne MT, Volkov Y, Keely C, Keehan E, Howe M, Duffy C, MacLoughlin R. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery: case studies for cancer and cardiovascular applications. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:389-404. [PMID: 22015612 PMCID: PMC11115117 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0856-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) comprised of nanoengineered complexes are providing new opportunities for enabling targeted delivery of a range of therapeutics and combinations. A range of functionalities can be included within a nanoparticle complex, including surface chemistry that allows attachment of cell-specific ligands for targeted delivery, surface coatings to increase circulation times for enhanced bioavailability, specific materials on the surface or in the nanoparticle core that enable storage of a therapeutic cargo until the target site is reached, and materials sensitive to local or remote actuation cues that allow controlled delivery of therapeutics to the target cells. However, despite the potential benefits of NPs as smart drug delivery and diagnostic systems, much research is still required to evaluate potential toxicity issues related to the chemical properties of NP materials, as well as their size and shape. The need to validate each NP for safety and efficacy with each therapeutic compound or combination of therapeutics is an enormous challenge, which forces industry to focus mainly on those nanoparticle materials where data on safety and efficacy already exists, i.e., predominantly polymer NPs. However, the enhanced functionality affordable by inclusion of metallic materials as part of nanoengineered particles provides a wealth of new opportunity for innovation and new, more effective, and safer therapeutics for applications such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases, which require selective targeting of the therapeutic to maximize effectiveness while avoiding adverse effects on non-target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Galvin
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Soares AMS, Piloto AM, Hungerford G, Costa SPG, Gonçalves MST. Photolytic Release of Butyric Acid from Oxygen- and Nitrogen-Based Heteroaromatic Cages. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Jătariu AN, Popa M, Peptu CA. Different particulate systems--bypass the biological barriers? J Drug Target 2010; 18:243-53. [PMID: 19883240 DOI: 10.3109/10611860903398099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The human body has adapted to defend against the aggressive biological or chemical agents. As a result, the defence mechanisms of the human body became barriers for the drug delivery. Theoretically, any problem that prevents a drug from reaching its site of action is considered to be a barrier to drug delivery. The aim of this article is to discuss the possibility of three types of nanocarriers (nanoparticles, liposomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles) to help the drugs to pass some important biological barriers (blood-brain barriers, skin, eye, and tumors) using different strategies/designs of drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca N Jătariu
- Department of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, Technical University Gheorghe Asachi from Iasi, Iasi, Romania
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Li R, Lim SJ, Choi HG, Lee MK. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery System for Water-Insoluble Drugs. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2010. [DOI: 10.4333/kps.2010.40.s.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Campos-Vega R, Guevara-Gonzalez R, Guevara-Olvera B, Dave Oomah B, Loarca-Piña G. Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) polysaccharides modulate gene expression in human colon cancer cells (HT-29). Food Res Int 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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31
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Souto EB, Müller RH. Lipid nanoparticles: effect on bioavailability and pharmacokinetic changes. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2010:115-41. [PMID: 20217528 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-00477-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of pharmaceutical technology research is the design of successful formulations for effective therapy, taking into account several issues including therapeutic requirements and patient compliance. In this regard, several achievements have been reported with colloidal carriers, in particular with lipid nanoparticles, due to their unique physicochemical properties. For several years these carriers have been showing potential success for several administration routes, namely oral, dermal, parenteral, and, more recently, for pulmonary and brain targeting. The present chapter provides a review of the use of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) to modify the release profile and the pharmacokinetic parameters of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) incorporated in these lipid matrices, aiming to modify the API bioavailability, either upwards or downwards depending on the therapeutic requirement. Definitions of the morphological characteristics, surface properties, and polymorphic structures will also be given, emphasizing their influence on the incorporation parameters of the API, such as yield of production, loading capacity, and encapsulation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana B Souto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, P-4200-150, Porto, Portugal.
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32
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Rezzani R, Rodella LF, Fraschini F, Gasco MR, Demartini G, Musicanti C, Reiter RJ. Melatonin delivery in solid lipid nanoparticles: prevention of cyclosporine A induced cardiac damage. J Pineal Res 2009; 46:255-61. [PMID: 19196438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2008.00651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a potent antioxidant molecule with a capacity to protect tissues from damage caused by oxidative stress. It reduces cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced cardiotoxicity; this improvement required melatonin's binding to its membrane receptors. This experimental study examined whether melatonin is a useful tool for counteracting CsA-induced apoptosis in the heart of rats. We investigated melatonin's antiapoptotic efficacy in protecting the heart and tested whether this effect was totally dependent on its binding to membrane receptors or also involved radical scavenging. In some animals, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as a melatonin delivery system were used. In one group of rats, melatonin (1 mg/kg/day i.p.) was given concurrently with CsA (15 mg/kg/day s.c.; CsA-MT) for 21 days. In other animals, melatonin loaded in SLN was injected with CsA (CsA-MTSLN). Oxidative stress in heart tissue was estimated using the evaluation of lipid peroxidation and the expression of the isoform of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS). The antiapoptotic effect of melatonin was evaluated using TUNEL staining and Bcl-2 protein family expression. CsA administration produced morphological and biochemical changes in the heart of rats, while melatonin reversed the changes. In particular, since the antiapoptotic melatonin's efficacy is mainly observed when it is loaded in SLN, we suggest that MT1/MT2 pathway is not sufficient for apoptosis antagonism and the additional intracellular effects may be required. Finally, we show that, (i) melatonin significantly reduces CsA cardiotoxicity acting also on apoptotic processes, and (ii) the reduction in CsA-induced cardiotoxicity is mediated mainly by its antioxidant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rezzani
- Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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Souto EB, Doktorovová S. Chapter 6 - Solid lipid nanoparticle formulations pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutical aspects in drug delivery. Methods Enzymol 2009; 464:105-29. [PMID: 19903552 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)64006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have emerged as important tools to modify the release profile for a large number of drugs including protein and peptide molecules. SLNs are produced from biocompatible and biodegradable lipid materials, making them a promising therapeutic strategy for drug targeting and delivery, and surmounting the inherent limitations of regulation acceptance. Due to their versatility in loading both lipophilic and hydrophilic molecules in the solid lipid matrix, SLNs depict the ability to prolong, extend or sustain the release profile of the loaded molecules, therefore reducing the repeated administration, and increasing the therapeutic value of a certain treatment. Additional advantages include reduction of drug toxicity and increase of drug bioavailability. To develop SLN formulations for drug targeting and delivery, a basic pharmacokinetic understanding of drug distribution is of major relevance, as well as the biopharmaceutical aspects of the administration route. This chapter provides a fundamental understanding of the pharmacokinetic properties of SLNs, which influence both biopharmaceutical and clinical profiles of the loaded molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal
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Brioschi AM, Calderoni S, Zara GP, Priano L, Gasco MR, Mauro A. Solid lipid nanoparticles for brain tumors therapy. NANONEUROSCIENCE AND NANONEUROPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 180:193-223. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)80011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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