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Zendejas-Hernandez U, Alcántara-Martínez N, Vivar DT, Valenzuela F, Sosa Espinoza A, Cervera Ceballos EE. Nebulized glycyrrhizin/enoxolone drug modulates IL-17A in COVID-19 patients: a randomized clinical trial. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1282280. [PMID: 38283346 PMCID: PMC10811189 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1282280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Glycyrrhizin (GA) and its derivative Enoxolone (18β), isolated from the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant, are two potential molecules for treating viral diseases. Both demonstrate to regulate immune system with antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities, with the latter mainly due to modulation of inflammatory cytokines. The aim of this clinical trial was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a nebulized GA/18β drug for treating COVID-19 patients. Methods An open label, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted in Mexico City from January-August 2022 (Registration No. PROTAP-CLI-00). Clinical and biochemical parameters were recorded. Blood samples from patients were regularly collected to evaluate interleukins IL-4, IL-2, IL-1b, TNF-α, IL-17A, IL-6, IL-10,IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-8 and TGF-β1, as well as IgM and IgG against SARS-CoV-2. Two doses of the drug were used - 30/2 mg (dose A) and 90/4 mg (dose B). Results and discussion Both GA/18β doses modulated inflammatory response by reducing mainly IL-17A expression, which in turn kept IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α interleukins unchanged, indicating significant modulation of key interleukin levels to prevent exacerbation of the immune response in COVID-19 patients. Early on, dose A increased IgM, while dose B induced expression of the antiviral IFN-γ. No severe side effects were seen with either dose, indicating nebulized GA/18β is a safe treatment that could be used for COVID-19 and potentially other viral infections involving inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nemi Alcántara-Martínez
- Research Department, SPV TIMSER, S.A.P.I. de C.V., Mexico City, Mexico
- Science Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Tovar Vivar
- Research and Development Department, Columbia Laboratories, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fermín Valenzuela
- Research Department, SPV TIMSER, S.A.P.I. de C.V., Mexico City, Mexico
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Tsunokawa Y, Tsukada M, Inoue T, Tamaoka M, Mugita T, Chuluunbat O, Maeda Y, Fukagai T, Ogawa Y, Sunagawa M. Analgesic Effect of the Kampo Formula Yokukansan via the Suppression of Substance P in an Experimental Rat Model of Hunner-Type Interstitial Cystitis. Cureus 2024; 16:e52238. [PMID: 38352105 PMCID: PMC10862183 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Yokukansan (YKS), a Kampo formula used in traditional Japanese medicine, has an analgesic effect, and is used for various pain disorders. This study investigated its analgesic effects on Hunner-type interstitial cystitis (HIC) and its mechanism of action in animal models. Methods: Rats with toll-like receptor-7 agonist (loxoribine)-induced HIC were used. Eight-week-old female Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control, HIC, and HIC-administered YKS (YKS + HIC). Bladder pain was assessed based on escape behavior using the von Frey test. Three days after HIC induction, the bladder and spinal cord were excised, and the expression of substance P (SP) was examined. Results: The pain threshold decreased significantly in the HIC group compared to that in the control group, but this decrease was suppressed by further YKS administration. The expression of SP in the bladder wall and spinal cord increased significantly in the HIC group compared to that in the control group; however, this increase was suppressed by YKS administration. CONCLUSION SP is involved in the onset of bladder pain via neurokinin 1 receptors in bladder tissue. YKS may be useful for managing HIC-induced pain, and the suppression of SP secretion is one of its mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Tsunokawa
- Department of Physiology, Showa University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JPN
- Department of Urology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JPN
| | - Mana Tsukada
- Research Administration Center, Showa University, Tokyo, JPN
- Department of Physiology, Showa University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JPN
| | - Tatsuki Inoue
- Department of Urology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JPN
| | - Masashi Tamaoka
- Department of Physiology, Showa University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JPN
- Department of Urology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JPN
| | - Toshiki Mugita
- Department of Physiology, Showa University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JPN
- Department of Urology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JPN
| | | | - Yoshiko Maeda
- Department of Urology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JPN
| | - Takashi Fukagai
- Department of Urology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JPN
| | - Yoshio Ogawa
- Department of Urology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JPN
| | - Masataka Sunagawa
- Department of Physiology, Showa University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JPN
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Moreira J, Machado M, Dias-Teixeira M, Ferraz R, Delerue-Matos C, Grosso C. The neuroprotective effect of traditional Chinese medicinal plants-A critical review. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3208-3237. [PMID: 37655317 PMCID: PMC10465969 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases are increasingly affecting individuals' quality of life, thus increasing their cost to social and health systems. These diseases have overlapping mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, protein aggregation, neuroinflammation, neurotransmission impairment, mitochondrial dysfunction, and excitotoxicity. Currently, there is no cure for neurodegenerative diseases, and the available therapies have adverse effects and low efficacy. For neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, the current therapies are not adequate to one-third of the patients, the so-called treatment-resistant patients. So, searching for new treatments is fundamental. Medicinal plants appear as a strong alternative and complement towards new treatment protocols, as they have been used for health purposes for thousands of years. Thus, the main goal of this review is to revisit the neuroprotective potential of some of the most predominant medicinal plants (and one fungus) used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), focusing on their proven mechanisms of action and their chemical compositions, to give clues on how they can be useful against neurodegeneration progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Moreira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
| | - Mariana Machado
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas/CISA, Escola Superior de Saúde—Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4200-072, Portugal
| | - Mónica Dias-Teixeira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
- NICiTeS—Núcleo de Investigação em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Escola Superior de Saúde Ribeiro Sanches, Lisboa 1950-396, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas/CISA, Escola Superior de Saúde—Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4200-072, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
| | - Clara Grosso
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
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He L, Kang Q, Zhang Y, Chen M, Wang Z, Wu Y, Gao H, Zhong Z, Tan W. Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma: The popular occurrence of herbal medicine applied in classical prescriptions. Phytother Res 2023. [PMID: 37196671 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma is a well-known herbal medicine with a wide range of pharmacological functions that has been used throughout Chinese history. This review presents a comprehensive introduction to this herb and its classical prescriptions. The article discusses the resources and distribution of species, methods of authentication and determination chemical composition, quality control of the original plants and herbal medicines, dosages use, common classical prescriptions, indications, and relevant mechanisms of the active content. Pharmacokinetic parameters, toxicity tests, clinical trials, and patent applications are discussed. The review will provide a good starting point for the research and development of classical prescriptions to develop herbal medicines for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying He
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qianming Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Man Chen
- Oncology Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zefei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hetong Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Wen Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Plants-based medicine implication in the evolution of chronic liver diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114207. [PMID: 36916432 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic disorders are considered major health problems, due to their high incidence, increased risk of chronicling or death and the costs involved in therapies. A large number of patients with chronic liver diseases use herbal medicines and dietary supplements in parallel with allopathic treatment. The current review provides a thorough analysis of the studies conducted on the most important species of medicinal plants used in this disease, bioactive compounds and on the activity of herbal medicines in the evolution of chronic liver diseases. However, a negative aspect is that there is frequently a lack of comprehensive data on the progression of the illness and the living standards of patients who are affected when evaluating the effects of these phytocomponents on the evolution of chronic liver disease, the patients' health, and their quality of life. It is essential to take this impairment into account when evaluating the long-term effects of herbal treatments on the health of individuals who suffer from liver illness. Bioactive phytocomponents may be a suitable source for the development of novel medications due to the correlation between traditional uses and medical advances. Additional high-quality preclinical examinations utilizing cutting-edge approaches are needed to assess safety and effectiveness and to detect, categorize, and standardize the active substances and their formulations for the most suitable therapeutic management of liver illnesses.
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Maaroof HMA, Albogami B, Abou-Elkhair RAI, Hassan AEA, Al-Akhrasy FI, El-Massry SAA, Fayad E, Ahmed HH, Zaki I. Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and Molluscicidal Activity Screening of New Nicotinonitrile Derivatives against Land Snails, M. cartusiana. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238284. [PMID: 36500377 PMCID: PMC9740234 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new series of nicotinonitrile derivatives 2-7 was designed and synthesized from the starting material (E)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (1) to assess their molluscicidal activity. The newly synthesized nicotinonitrile compounds 2-7 were characterized based on FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-APT NMR spectra as well as elemental microanalyses. The target compounds 2-7 were screened for their toxicity effect against M. cartusiana land snails and were compared to Acetamiprid as a reference compound. The results demonstrated that the nicotinonitrile-2-thiolate salts 4a and 4b had good mortality compared with that of Acetamiprid. The results of the in vivo effect of the prepared nicotinonitrile molecules 2, 4a, and 4b on biochemical parameters, including AChE, ALT, AST, and TSP, indicated a reduction in the level of AChE and TSP as well as an increase in the concentration of transaminases (ALT and AST). A histopathological study of the digestive gland sections of the M. cartusiana land snails was carried out. The nicotinonitrile-2-thiolate salts 4a,b showed vacuolization, causing the digestive gland to lose its function. It could be concluded that the water-soluble nicotinonitrile-2-thiolate salts 4a,b could be adequate molluscicidal molecules against M. cartusiana land snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend M. A. Maaroof
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12513, Egypt
- Applied Nucleic Acids Research Center & Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44523, Egypt
| | - Bander Albogami
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham A. I. Abou-Elkhair
- Applied Nucleic Acids Research Center & Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44523, Egypt
| | - Abdalla E. A. Hassan
- Applied Nucleic Acids Research Center & Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44523, Egypt
| | - Fatma I. Al-Akhrasy
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12513, Egypt
| | - Salem A. A. El-Massry
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12513, Egypt
| | - Eman Fayad
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamzah H. Ahmed
- Radiologic Sciences Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Islam Zaki
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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Liu Y, Sheng R, Fan J, Guo R. A Mini-Review on Structure-Activity Relationships of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives with Diverse Bioactivities. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2024-2066. [PMID: 35081889 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220126093033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pentacyclic triterpenoids, consisting of six isoprene units, are a kind of natural active substance. At present, numerous pentacyclic triterpene have been observed and classified into four subgroups of oleanane, ursane, lupane, and xylene on the basis of the carbon skeleton. Among them, oleanane is the most popular due to its rich backbone and diverse bioactivities. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), an oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpene isolated from licorice roots, possesses diverse bioactivities including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, enzyme inhibitor, hepatoprotective and so on. It has received more attention in medicinal chemistry due to the advantages of easy-to-access and rich bioactivity. Thus, numerous novel lead compounds were synthesized using GA as a scaffold. Herein, we summarize the structure-activity relationship and synthetic methodologies of GA derivatives from 2010 to 2020 as well as the most active GA derivatives. Finally, we anticipate that this review can benefit future research on structural modifications of GA to enhance bioactivity and provide an example for developing pentacyclic triterpene-based novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebin Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ruilong Sheng
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Junting Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Ruihua Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201306, China
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Pashkina E, Evseenko V, Dumchenko N, Zelikman M, Aktanova A, Bykova M, Khvostov M, Dushkin A, Kozlov V. Preparation and Characterization of a Glycyrrhizic Acid-Based Drug Delivery System for Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 12:nano12010148. [PMID: 35010098 PMCID: PMC8746317 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The most effective method of treating allergic diseases, aimed not at relieving symptoms, but at eliminating the cause of the disease, is allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT). To reduce the risk of side effects and improve the delivery of allergens to the mucosa, various delivery systems, such as liposomes, dendrimers, nanoparticles, etc., can be used. To date, there are data on the creation of delivery systems based on glycyrrhizic acid (GA) and its derivatives, but such a delivery system has not been used for allergen-specific therapy until now. It is also known that GA has an anti-inflammatory effect, shifts the balance towards Th1, and increases the number of Treg cells, meaning that it could potentially enhance the anti-allergic effect of AIT and reduce the risk of unwanted side effects. Thus, the study of the immunomodulatory effect of the supramolecular complexes (micelles) of GA with extracts of allergens holds promise for the development of new drugs for AIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Pashkina
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, 14, Yadrintsevskaya, 6300099 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.A.); (V.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Veronika Evseenko
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, 18, Kutateladze, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.E.); (M.Z.); (A.D.)
| | - Natalya Dumchenko
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia;
| | - Maxim Zelikman
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, 18, Kutateladze, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.E.); (M.Z.); (A.D.)
| | - Alina Aktanova
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, 14, Yadrintsevskaya, 6300099 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.A.); (V.K.)
| | - Maria Bykova
- Department of Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, 2, Pirogova Street, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Mikhail Khvostov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, 9, Lavrentev Prospect, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Aleksandr Dushkin
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, 18, Kutateladze, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.E.); (M.Z.); (A.D.)
| | - Vladimir Kozlov
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, 14, Yadrintsevskaya, 6300099 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.A.); (V.K.)
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Fumia A, Cicero N, Gitto M, Nicosia N, Alesci A. Role of nutraceuticals on neurodegenerative diseases: neuroprotective and immunomodulant activity. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:5916-5933. [PMID: 34963389 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.2020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a degenerative process characterized by the progressive loss of the structure and function of neurons that involves several immune cells. It is the primary cause of dementia and other several syndromes, known as neurodegenerative diseases. These disorders are age-related and it is estimated that by 2040 there will be approximately 81.1 million people suffering from these diseases. In addition to the traditional pharmacological therapy, in recent years nutraceuticals, naturally based compounds with a broad spectrum of biological effects: anti-aging, antioxidants, hypoglycaemic, hypocholesterolemic, anticancer, anxiolytic, antidepressant, etc., assumed an important role in counteracting these pathologies. In particular, several compounds such as astaxanthin, baicalein, glycyrrhizin, St. John's wort, and Ginkgo biloba L. extracts show particular neuroprotective and immunomodulatory abilities, involving several immune cells and some neurotransmitters that play a critical role in neurodegeneration, making them particularly useful in improving the symptoms and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Fumia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Padiglione C, A. O. U. Policlinico 'G. Martino', Messina, Italy
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Science and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Gitto
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granada, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, U.O.S. di Audiologia, Milano, Italy
| | - Noemi Nicosia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Foundation 'Prof. Antonio Imbesi', University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Cracow, PL, Poland
| | - Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Chang GH, Lin YS, Hsu KH, Cheng YC, Yang PR, Tsai MS, Tsai YT, Hsu CM, Chang PJ, Shi CS, Yang YH, Wu CY. Nasal irrigation with Glycyrrhiza glabra extract for treatment of allergic rhinitis - A study of in vitro, in vivo and clinical trial. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 275:114116. [PMID: 33857594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Glycyrrhiza glabra, a family of licorice and a traditional Chinese medicine with sweet taste and favorable smell, has anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and immunomodulatory functions. AIM OF THE STUDY We developed a licorice extract (LE) by using glycyrrhiza glabra and administered it through nasal irrigation to treat allergic rhinitis (AR). MATERIALS AND METHODS LE was prepared into extract powder, and the anti-inflammatory effect of the LE was evaluated by calcium ionophore-induced activated mast cell model (in vitro). Then, local passive anaphylaxis assays were applied to investigate the anti-IgE-mediated allergic reaction of the LE in mice (in vivo). A developed LE was administered through nasal irrigation to treat AR in clinic settings. A total of 60 participants diagnosed with AR were included in this clinical trial; they were randomly assigned to three interventions: licorice nasal irrigation (LNI), corticosteroid nasal irrigation (CNI), and saline nasal irrigation (SNI). They performed nasal irrigation once a day for 1 month. Both subjective questionnaires (22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test [SNOT-22] and visual analog scale [VAS]) and objective examinations (acoustic rhinometry and nasal endoscopy) were used for effectiveness assessments. RESULTS All three interventions could improve SNOT-22 scores, but the effects of LNI and CNI were more significant. According to VAS scores for nasal blockage, rhinorrhea, sneezing, nasal pruritus, postnasal discharge, and olfactory disturbance, the effect of LNI was superior to those of CNI and SNI. The results of rhinometry revealed that LNI significantly improved nasal resistance. Endoscopic analysis showed that both LNI and CNI, but not SNI, could significantly improve turbinate hypertrophy. Moreover, the best procedural comfort was found for LNI, which had no side effects or complications during the trial. CONCLUSIONS LNI is a natural, safe, and innovative therapy that can effectively treat AR. Its effect is superior to those of CNI and SNI, and it has greatly improved procedural comfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-He Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taiwan; Health Information and Epidemiology Laboratory of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Shih Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
| | - Ke-Hsin Hsu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ching Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Rung Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Shao Tsai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taiwan; Health Information and Epidemiology Laboratory of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Te Tsai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Ming Hsu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Pey-Jium Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Sheng Shi
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Hsu Yang
- Health Information and Epidemiology Laboratory of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Yuan Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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İkiz Ö, Kahramansoy N, Erkol H, Koçoğlu E, Fırat T. Effects of lycopene in intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury via intestinal immunoglobulin A. J Surg Res 2021; 267:63-70. [PMID: 34130240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal ischemia causes an inflammatory response that may become intense by reperfusion and result in bacterial translocation. Intestinal immunoglobulin A is known to be a barrier against bacterial translocation. Lycopene is a compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. We hypothesized that lycopene has positive effects in ischemia-reperfusion of the intestine through the intestinal IgA. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-eight Wistar albino rats were separated into four groups: sham, control, lycopene-administered-before-ischemia (L-pre), and lycopene-administered-after-reperfusion groups. Histopathologic changes, intestinal immunoglobulin A levels, and bacterial translocation were evaluated after the ischemia-reperfusion period of 0.5-12 h. RESULTS Histopathologic changes, intestinal immunoglobulin A, and bacterial translocation levels in the L-pre group were similar to those in the sham group. Administration of the lycopene after reperfusion showed just a slight protective effect. However, the L-pre group had significantly fewer histopathologic changes when compared with changes in the control (P = 0.011). Intestinal immunoglobulin A level in the L-pre group was found to be higher than that in the control group (P = 0.014). Bacterial translocation levels in the blood and mesenteric lymph nodes, in the L-pre group, were lower than those in the control group (P = 0.0027 and P = 0.0097, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Lycopene limited intestinal damage, reduced loss of intestinal immunoglobulin A and decreased bacterial translocation when administered before the ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgür İkiz
- Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Nurettin Kahramansoy
- Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Hayri Erkol
- Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Esra Koçoğlu
- Abant İzzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Tülin Fırat
- Abant İzzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Bolu, Turkey
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12
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Chen K, Yang R, Shen FQ, Zhu HL. Advances in Pharmacological Activities and Mechanisms of Glycyrrhizic Acid. Curr Med Chem 2021; 27:6219-6243. [PMID: 31612817 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666191011115407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) is widely regarded as an important medicinal plant and has been used for centuries in traditional medicine because of its therapeutic properties. Studies have shown that metabolites isolated from licorice have many pharmacological activities, such as antiinflammatory, anti-viral, participation in immune regulation, anti-tumor and other activities. This article gives an overview of the pharmacological activities and mechanisms of licorice metabolites and the adverse reactions that need attention. This review helps to further investigate the possibility of licorice as a potential drug for various diseases. It is hoped that this review can provide a relevant theoretical basis for relevant scholars' research and their own learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chen
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele Univeristy for Gene Interference and
Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University,
Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Yang
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele Univeristy for Gene Interference and
Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University,
Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fa-Qian Shen
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele Univeristy for Gene Interference and
Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University,
Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University,
Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
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Yoshida Y, Fujigaki H, Kato K, Yamazaki K, Fujigaki S, Kunisawa K, Yamamoto Y, Mouri A, Oda A, Nabeshima T, Saito K. Selective and competitive inhibition of kynurenine aminotransferase 2 by glycyrrhizic acid and its analogues. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10243. [PMID: 31308447 PMCID: PMC6629613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) catalyses the conversion of kynurenine (KYN) to kynurenic acid (KYNA). Although the isozymes KAT1–4 have been identified, KYNA is mainly produced by KAT2 in brain tissues. KNYA is an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate and α-7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and accumulation of KYNA in the brain has been associated with the pathology of schizophrenia. Therefore, KAT2 could be exploited as a therapeutic target for the management of schizophrenia. Although currently available KAT2 inhibitors irreversibly bind to pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), inhibition via this mechanism may cause adverse side effects because of the presence of other PLP-dependent enzymes. Therefore, we identified novel selective KAT2 inhibitors by screening approximately 13,000 molecules. Among these, glycyrrhizic acid (GL) and its analogues, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and carbenoxolone (CBX), were identified as KAT2 inhibitors. These compounds were highly selective for KAT2 and competed with its substrate KYN, but had no effects on the other 3 KAT isozymes. Furthermore, we demonstrated that in complex structures that were predicted in docking calculations, GL, GA and CBX were located on the same surface as the aromatic ring of KYN. These results indicate that GL and its analogues are highly selective and competitive inhibitors of KAT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Yoshida
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Fujigaki
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Koichi Kato
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Aichi, 463-8521, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kyoka Yamazaki
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Suwako Fujigaki
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kunisawa
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yamamoto
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Department of Regulatory Science, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.,Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Aichi, 468-0069, Japan
| | - Akifumi Oda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.,Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Aichi, 468-0069, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.,Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.,Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Aichi, 468-0069, Japan.,Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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Liu X, Zhang X, Li J, Zhou H, Carr MJ, Xing W, Zhang Z, Shi W. Effects of Acetylshikonin on the Infection and Replication of Coxsackievirus A16 in Vitro and in Vivo. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:1089-1097. [PMID: 31063370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) is one of the most prevalent enteroviral pathogens associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease. In the present study, we have investigated (1) whether the bioactive compound acetylshikonin (AS) inhibits CVA16 infection in vitro and in vivo and (2) the potential antiviral mechanism(s). The results suggest that AS is nontoxic at concentrations of up to 5 μmol/L and could directly inactivate virus particles at relatively low concentrations (0.08 μmol/L), thereby rendering CVA16 incapable of cellular entry. Correspondingly, the expression of viral RNA in vitro was also reduced 100-fold ( P < 0.05) when compared to infected, untreated controls. Results from a CVA16-infected neonatal mouse model indicate that, in comparison to the virus-infected, untreated group, body weights of the mice in the virus-infected, compound-treated group increased more steadily with less severe clinical symptoms. In addition, viral loads in internal organs significantly decreased in treated animals, concomitantly with both reduced pathology and diminished expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-6. In conclusion, AS exerted an inhibitory effect on CVA16 infection in vitro and in vivo. Our study provides a basis for further investigations of AS-type compounds to develop therapeutics to mitigate CVA-associated disease in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong , Taishan Medical College , Taian , Shandong 271000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xingcheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong , Taishan Medical College , Taian , Shandong 271000 , People's Republic of China
- School of Public Health , Taishan Medical College , Taian , Shandong 271000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong , Taishan Medical College , Taian , Shandong 271000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong , Taishan Medical College , Taian , Shandong 271000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Michael J Carr
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE) , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 001-0020 , Japan
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, School of Medicine , University College Dublin , Belfield , Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Weijia Xing
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong , Taishan Medical College , Taian , Shandong 271000 , People's Republic of China
- School of Public Health , Taishan Medical College , Taian , Shandong 271000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong , Taishan Medical College , Taian , Shandong 271000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong , Taishan Medical College , Taian , Shandong 271000 , People's Republic of China
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Kamisli S, Ciftci O, Taslidere A, Basak Turkmen N, Ozcan C. The beneficial effects of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid on the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 mouse model. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 40:344-352. [PMID: 30052483 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1490318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) on the experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 mice. GA is a natural substance found in the root of licorice and is used in traditional Chinese medicine. It has many pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 40 C57BL/6 mice were divided equally into four groups: (1) Control, (2) EAE, (3) GA and (4) GA + EAE. 14 days after induction of EAE with MOG35-55 and pertussis toxin, mice were treated with GA at doses of 100 mg/kg/day for 7 days intraperitoneally. RESULTS To our results, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidations (elevated TBARS levels, decreased GPx, SOD, CAT, and GSH levels) were significantly (p < .01) increased, causing EAE in brain tissue. Also, histopathological damage (Caspase-3 and IL-17 activity, p ≤ .01) and cytokine levels (TNF-α and IL-1β, p < .01) were induced with EAE in mice brain tissue. On the other hand, GA treatment significantly (p < .01) reversed oxidative histological and immunological alterations caused by EAE. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the GA treatment can protect the brain tissue against EAE in mice with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suat Kamisli
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology , University of Inonu , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Osman Ciftci
- b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology , University of Pamukkale , Denizli , Turkey
| | - Asli Taslidere
- c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology , University of Inonu , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Nese Basak Turkmen
- d Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , University of Inonu , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Cemal Ozcan
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology , University of Inonu , Malatya , Turkey
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Ayeka PA, Bian Y, Githaiga PM, Zhao Y. The immunomodulatory activities of licorice polysaccharides (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) in CT 26 tumor-bearing mice. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:536. [PMID: 29246138 PMCID: PMC5732493 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-2030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has kindled the need for scientific evaluation of the mechanism of action of CAMs. Although, licorice, a common ingredient in many Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has attracted great attention for its antitumor and immunomodulatory activities, the mechanism of action of its polysaccharides is still unclear. Here we report the immunomodulatory activity of licorice polysaccharides in vivo. METHODS The differential anticancer activities of licorice polysaccharides by tumorigenesis and immunomodulation was evaluated in vivo. Six weeks old, 120 CT-26 tumor bearing BALB/c mice, weighing 20 ± 2 g were used. They were randomly divided into six groups, three groups receiving high molecular weight (fraction A), low molecular weight (fraction B) polysaccharides and crude extract (fraction C); positive, negative and normal groups receiving cytoxin, saline and normal diet respectively. Weight of mice and tumors was determined and tumorigenicity assay calculated to determine the anticancer effects. Immunomodulatory potential was determined by immune organ indices, immune cell population and serum cytokine levels using immune organ weight and index, flow cytometry and cytokine/chemokine bead panel kit respectively. RESULTS Licorice polysaccharides exhibited immunomodulatory activities in CT 26 tumor bearing BALB/c mice. The polysaccharides significantly suppressed tumor growth and increased immune organ index. Furthermore, the immunomodulatory effect was evident with activation of CD4+ and CD8+ immune cells population. The polysaccharides also affected the production of various cytokines, by increasing IL 2, IL 6, IL 7 levels and a decreasing TNFα levels. CONCLUSION In summary, licorice polysaccharide especially of low molecular weight exhibit anticancer and immunomodulatory activities by suppressing tumor growth and improving general health of mice. They also augment the thymus/spleen index and population of T lymphocytes. Furthermore, the polysaccharides enhance the levels of serum antitumor cytokines, IL 2, IL 6 and IL 7 while decreasing pro-tumor cytokine TNFα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Amwoga Ayeka
- International College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 88 Yuquan Road, 312 Anshan Western Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Egerton University, PO BOX 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
| | - YuHong Bian
- International College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 88 Yuquan Road, 312 Anshan Western Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Peter Mwitari Githaiga
- International College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 88 Yuquan Road, 312 Anshan Western Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193 People’s Republic of China
- Center for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ying Zhao
- International College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 88 Yuquan Road, 312 Anshan Western Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193 People’s Republic of China
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17
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Rani R, Dahiya S, Dhingra D, Dilbaghi N, Kim KH, Kumar S. Evaluation of anti-diabetic activity of glycyrrhizin-loaded nanoparticles in nicotinamide-streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:220-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Chigurupati H, Auddy B, Biyani M, Stohs SJ. Hepatoprotective Effects of a Proprietary Glycyrrhizin Product during Alcohol Consumption: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1943-1953. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Biswajit Auddy
- Chigurupati Technologies Private Limited; Hyderabad India
| | - M. Biyani
- Chigurupati Technologies Private Limited; Hyderabad India
| | - Sidney J. Stohs
- Creighton University; 7068 Maumee Valley Court Frisco TX 75034 USA
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19
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Ayeka PA, Bian Y, Mwitari PG, Chu X, Zhang Y, Uzayisenga R, Otachi EO. Immunomodulatory and anticancer potential of Gan cao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) polysaccharides by CT-26 colon carcinoma cell growth inhibition and cytokine IL-7 upregulation in vitro. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:206. [PMID: 27401917 PMCID: PMC4940688 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese licorice, (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) is one of the commonly prescribed herbs in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Gancao, as commonly known in China, is associated with immune-modulating and anti-tumor potential though the mechanism of action is not well known. In this study, we investigated the in vitro immunomodulatory and antitumor potential of Glycyrrhiza uralensis polysaccharides fractions of high molecular weight (fraction A), low molecular weight (fraction B) and crude extract (fraction C). METHODS Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity was investigated using Cell Counting kit 8 (CCK-8) on Intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC-6) and Colon carcinoma cell line (CT-26). IL-7 gene expression relative to GAPDH was analysed using Real time PCR. The stimulation and viability of T lymphocytes was determined by Trypan blue exclusion assay. RESULTS G.uralensis polysaccharides did not inhibit proliferation of IEC-6 cells even at high concentration. The ED50 was found to be 100 μg/ml. On the other hand, the polysaccharides inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells (CT-26) at a concentration of ≤50 μg/ml. Within 72 h of treatment with the polysaccharides, expression of IL-7 gene was up-regulated over 2 times. It was also noted that, IEC-6 cells secrete IL-7 cytokine into media when treated with G.uralensis polysaccharides. The secreted IL-7 stimulated proliferation of freshly isolated T lymphocytes within 6 h. The effect of the polysaccharides were found to be molecular weight depended, with low molecular weight having a profound effect compared to high molecular weight and total crude extract. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that G.uralensis polysaccharides especially those of low molecular weight have a potential as anticancer agents. Of great importance, is the ability of the polysaccharides to up-regulate anticancer cytokine IL-7, which is important in proliferation and maturation of immune cells and it is associated with better prognosis in cancer. Therefore, immunomodulation is a possible mode of action of the polysaccharides in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Amwoga Ayeka
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan Western Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Egerton University, PO BOX 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Yuhong Bian
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan Western Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China.
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan Western Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peter Githaiga Mwitari
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan Western Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China
- Center for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Xiaoqian Chu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan Western Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan Western Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Rosette Uzayisenga
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan Western Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Mount Kenya University/Kigali campus, P.O BOX 5826, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Elick Onyango Otachi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Egerton University, PO BOX 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
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Lam P, Cheung F, Tan HY, Wang N, Yuen MF, Feng Y. Hepatoprotective Effects of Chinese Medicinal Herbs: A Focus on Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:465. [PMID: 27043533 PMCID: PMC4848921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is intimately connected to inflammation, which is the innate defense system of the body for removing harmful stimuli and participates in the hepatic wound-healing response. Sustained inflammation and the corresponding regenerative wound-healing response can induce the development of fibrosis, cirrhosis and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. Oxidative stress is associated with the activation of inflammatory pathways, while chronic inflammation is found associated with some human cancers. Inflammation and cancer may be connected by the effect of the inflammation-fibrosis-cancer (IFC) axis. Chinese medicinal herbs display abilities in protecting the liver compared to conventional therapies, as many herbal medicines have been shown as effective anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agents. We review the relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation, the development of hepatic diseases, and the hepatoprotective effects of Chinese medicinal herbs via anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative mechanisms. Moreover, several Chinese medicinal herbs and composite formulae, which have been commonly used for preventing and treating hepatic diseases, including Andrographis Herba, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Lycii Fructus, Coptidis Rhizoma, curcumin, xiao-cha-hu-tang and shi-quan-da-bu-tang, were selected for reviewing their hepatoprotective effects with focus on their anti-oxidative and ant-inflammatory activities. This review aims to provide new insight into how Chinese medicinal herbs work in therapeutic strategies for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puiyan Lam
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Fan Cheung
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hor Yue Tan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Man Fung Yuen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Queen Mary Hospital and Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Kim MS, Ong M, Qu X. Optimal management for alcoholic liver disease: Conventional medications, natural therapy or combination? World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:8-23. [PMID: 26755857 PMCID: PMC4698510 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is the principal factor in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is defined by histological lesions on the liver that can range from simple hepatic steatosis to more advanced stages such as alcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure. As one of the oldest forms of liver injury known to humans, ALD is still a leading cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality and the burden is exerting on medical systems with hospitalization and management costs rising constantly worldwide. Although the biological mechanisms, including increasing of acetaldehyde, oxidative stress with induction of cytochrome p450 2E1, inflammatory cytokine release, abnormal lipid metabolism and induction of hepatocyte apoptosis, by which chronic alcohol consumption triggers serious complex progression of ALD is well established, there is no universally accepted therapy to prevent or reverse. In this article, we have briefly reviewed the pathogenesis of ALD and the molecular targets for development of novel therapies. This review is focused on current therapeutic strategies for ALD, including lifestyle modification with nutrition supplements, available pharmacological drugs and new agents that are under development, liver transplantation, application of complementary medicines, and their combination. The relevant molecular mechanisms of each conventional medication and natural agent have been reviewed according to current available knowledge in the literature. We also summarized efficacy vs safety on conventional and herbal medicines which are specifically used for the prevention and treatment of ALD. Through a system review, this article highlighted that the combination of pharmaceutical drugs with naturally occurring agents may offer an optimal management for ALD and its complications. It is worthwhile to conduct large-scale, multiple centre clinical trials to further prove the safety and benefits for the integrative therapy on ALD.
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Anti-allergic effects of So-Cheong-Ryong-Tang in ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis model. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 273:123-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-015-3515-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Schwarz S, Lucas SD, Sommerwerk S, Csuk R. Amino derivatives of glycyrrhetinic acid as potential inhibitors of cholinesterases. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3370-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Glycyrrhizic acid in the treatment of liver diseases: literature review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:872139. [PMID: 24963489 PMCID: PMC4052927 DOI: 10.1155/2014/872139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is a triterpene glycoside found in the roots of licorice plants (Glycyrrhiza glabra). GA is the most important active ingredient in the licorice root, and possesses a wide range of pharmacological and biological activities. GA coupled with glycyrrhetinic acid and 18-beta-glycyrrhetic acid was developed in China or Japan as an anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antiallergic drug for liver disease. This review summarizes the current biological activities of GA and its medical applications in liver diseases. The pharmacological actions of GA include inhibition of hepatic apoptosis and necrosis; anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory actions; antiviral effects; and antitumor effects. This paper will be a useful reference for physicians and biologists researching GA and will open the door to novel agents in drug discovery and development from Chinese herbs. With additional research, GA may be more widely used in the treatment of liver diseases or other conditions.
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The beneficial effects of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid following oxidative and neuronal damage in brain tissue caused by global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in a C57BL/J6 mouse model. Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1221-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Glycyrrhizin alleviates neuroinflammation and memory deficit induced by systemic lipopolysaccharide treatment in mice. Molecules 2013; 18:15788-803. [PMID: 24352029 PMCID: PMC6269849 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181215788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of glycyrrhizin (GRZ) on neuroinflammation and memory deficit in systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated C57BL/6 mice. Varying doses of GRZ was orally administered (10, 30, or 50 mg/kg) once a day for 3 days before the LPS (3 mg/kg) injection. At 24 h after the LPS injection, GRZ significantly reduced TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA at doses of 30 and 50 mg/kg. COX-2 and iNOS protein expressions were significantly reduced by GRZ at doses of 30 and 50 mg/kg. In the Morris water maze test, GRZ (30 mg/kg) significantly prolonged the swimming time spent in the target and peri-target zones. GRZ also significantly increased the target heading and memory score numbers. In the hippocampal tissue, GRZ significantly reduced the up-regulated Iba1 protein expression and the average cell size of Iba1-expressing microglia induced by LPS. The results indicate that GRZ ameliorated the memory deficit induced by systemic LPS treatment and the effect of GRZ was found to be mediated through the inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators and microglial activation in the brain tissue. This study supports that GRZ may be a putative therapeutic drug on neurodegenerative diseases associated with cognitive deficits and neuroinflammation such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Ren J, Deng Y, Xiao B, Wang G, Tao Z. Protective effects of exogenous surfactant protein A in allergic rhinitis: a mouse model. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2013; 122:240-6. [PMID: 23697321 DOI: 10.1177/000348941312200405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A mouse model of allergic rhinitis (AR) was prepared, and exogenous surfactant protein A (SP-A) was given by an intranasal route to study its mechanism and effects in the mice. METHODS Sixty male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into a normal control group, a group with AR (AR group), and a group with AR that was given SP-A (treatment group). RESULTS A mouse model of AR was successfully established. Enzyme-linked immunoassay showed that the level of ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin E in the AR group was significantly higher than those in the treatment and control groups (p < 0.05), whereas the levels were not significantly different (p > 0.05) between the treatment and control groups. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed typical allergic injury of the nasal epithelium in the AR group, and the number of eosinophils that migrated into the nasal tissue in the AR group was significantly greater than those measured in the treatment and control groups (p < 0.05). Western blotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction testing revealed that the type 2 helper (Th2) cytokine (interleukin 4 and interleukin 5) levels were highest in the AR group, followed by the treatment and control groups, with significant differences between each of the groups (p < 0.05). Significant differences were found in the levels of nasal mucosa type 1 helper (Th1) cytokines (interferon gamma, interleukin 12) among the AR, treatment, and control groups; the highest levels were found in the control group, and the lowest levels were detected in the AR group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Exogenous SP-A had a significant therapeutic effect in mice with AR, and its mechanisms of action included inhibition of the differentiation of Th2 cells in the nasal mucosa, reduced levels of Th2 cytokines, and increased levels of Th1 cytokines. Together, these effects corrected the Th1/Th2 imbalance, inhibited the increase of specific immunoglobulin E production, effectively reduced the symptoms of AR, and inhibited the development of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Clinical College, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Herbal products: benefits, limits, and applications in chronic liver disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:837939. [PMID: 22991573 PMCID: PMC3443820 DOI: 10.1155/2012/837939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine soughts and encompasses a wide range of approaches; its use begun in ancient China at the time of Xia dynasty and in India during the Vedic period, but thanks to its long-lasting curative effect, easy availability, natural way of healing, and poor side-effects it is gaining importance throughout the world in clinical practice. We conducted a review describing the effects and the limits of using herbal products in chronic liver disease, focusing our attention on those most known, such as quercetin or curcumin. We tried to describe their pharmacokinetics, biological properties, and their beneficial effects (as antioxidant role) in metabolic, alcoholic, and viral hepatitis (considering that oxidative stress is the common pathway of chronic liver diseases of different etiology). The main limit of applicability of CAM comes from the lacking of randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials giving a real proof of efficacy of those products, so that anecdotal success and personal experience are frequently the driving force for acceptance of CAM in the population.
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Mo JH, Lee SE, Wee JH, Lee JE, Rhee CS, Lee CH, Kim DY. Anti-allergic effects of So-Cheong-Ryong-Tang, a traditional Korean herbal medicine, in an allergic rhinitis mouse model. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 270:923-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-012-2152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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