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Li YR, Fritsch PW, Zhao GG, Cheng XJ, Ding ZL, Lu L. Population differentiation and dynamics of five pioneer species of Gaultheria from the secondary forests in subtropical China. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:516. [PMID: 38851686 PMCID: PMC11161945 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of native secondary succession associated with anthropogenic disturbance on the biodiversity of the forests in subtropical China remains uncertain. In particular, the evolutionary response of small understory shrubs, particularly pioneer species inhabiting continuously disturbed habitats, to topographic heterogeneity and climate change is poorly understood. This study aimed to address this knowledge gap by focusing on the Gaultheria crenulata group, a clade of small pioneer shrubs in subtropical China. RESULTS We examined the genetic structure and demographic history of all five species of the G. crenulata group with two maternally inherited chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) fragments and two biparentally inherited low-copy nuclear genes (LCG) over 89 natural populations. We found that the genetic differentiation of this group was influenced by the geomorphological boundary between different regions of China in association with Quaternary climatic events. Despite low overall genetic diversity, we observed an isolation-by-distance (IBD) pattern at a regional scale, rather than isolation-by-environment (IBE), which was attributed to ongoing human disturbance in the region. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the genetic structure of the G. crenulata group reflects the interplay of geological topography, historical climates, and anthropogenic disturbance during the Pliocene-Pleistocene-Holocene periods in subtropical China. The observed IBD pattern, particularly prominent in western China, highlights the role of limited dispersal and gene flow, possibly influenced by physical barriers or decreased connectivity over geographic distance. Furthermore, the east-to-west trend of gene flow, potentially facilitated by the East Asian monsoon system, underscores the complex interplay of biotic and abiotic factors shaping the genetic dynamics of pioneer species in subtropical China's secondary forests. These findings can be used to assess the impact of environmental changes on the adaptation and persistence of biodiversity in subtropical forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Rong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Yunnan College of Modern Biomedical Industry, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Peter W Fritsch
- Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 1700 University Drive, Fort Worth, TX, 76017, USA
| | - Gui-Gang Zhao
- Genome Center of Biodiversity, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Yunnan College of Modern Biomedical Industry, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhao-Li Ding
- Genome Center of Biodiversity, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650223, China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650223, China.
| | - Lu Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Yunnan College of Modern Biomedical Industry, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
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Michel P, Żbikowska HM, Rudnicka K, Gonciarz W, Krupa A, Gajewski A, Machała P, Olszewska MA. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and photoprotective activity of standardised Gaultheria procumbens L. leaf, stem, and fruit extracts in UVA-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117219. [PMID: 37742876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gaultheria procumbens L. is a polyphenolic-rich medicinal and food plant. Its leaves, stems, and fruits are traditional anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial herbal medicines used to treat internal and external inflammation-related ailments, including rheumatic diseases, influenza, the common cold, fever, and skin and periodontal problems. Moreover, G. procumbens leaf extract is used for skin care as an anti-ageing and anti-wrinkle ingredient. AIM OF THE STUDY Various environmental factors, especially solar ultraviolet radiation, accelerate skin ageing by promoting oxidative stress and inflammation. Despite the dermoprotective and anti-ageing applications, the impact of G. procumbens on human dermal fibroblasts is unknown. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and photoprotective activity of G. procumbens standardised leaf, stem, and fruit extracts in cellular models, including human dermal fibroblasts (Hs68 cells) under UVA-irradiation, the primary pro-ageing skin stressor. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hs68 fibroblasts were pre-treated (24h) with G. procumbens extracts (0.5-100 μg/mL) or reference compounds followed by UVA-irradiation (8 J/cm2). Cell viability and metabolic activity were measured by CCK-8 and MTT assays in human Hs68 and mouse L929 fibroblasts, respectively. The ROS level, SOD, and GST activities were estimated by fluorescence and spectrophotometric techniques. The pro-inflammatory potential (NF-κB transcription factor activation) was checked using THP1-Blue™ NF-κB cells, and the anti-inflammatory activity was studied by measuring IL-8, ICAM-1, and NF-κB levels and phosphorylation of Erk kinase in LPS-stimulated Hs68 cells by spectrophotometry and confocal microscopy. The UVA-induced DNA damage and cell migration were evaluated by comet and scratch assays, respectively. RESULTS The extracts did not affect the metabolic activity of mouse L929 fibroblasts and the viability of unirradiated human Hs68 cells. Additionally, the extracts noticeably enhanced the viability of UVA-irradiated Hs68 cells up to 115-120% (p < 0.001) for stem and leaf extract at 25 μg/mL. All extracts in a wide concentration range (0.5-100 μg/mL) did not activate monocytes or induce the NF-κB transcription factor in LPS-stimulated Hs68 fibroblasts. On the other hand, the extracts (5-25 μg/mL) restored the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, i.e., SOD and GST, up to 120-140% (p < 0.001) in the UVA-irradiated Hs68 cells. Moreover, a statistically significant reduction of ROS, IL-8, ICAM-1, and NF-κB levels by up to 48%, 88%, 43%, and 39%, respectively (p < 0.001) and strong suppression of Erk kinase activation was observed for the extracts (25-50 μg/mL) in LPS-stimulated human fibroblasts. The total DNA damage (% tail DNA) in irradiated Hs68 cells was also strongly decreased by up to 66-69% (p < 0.001) at 50 μg/mL. However, the treatment with the extracts did not relevantly enhance the cell migration of Hs68 fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that G. procumbens may effectively protect human skin fibroblast from UVA irradiation. The leaf and stem extracts were the most potent antioxidants, while fruit and stem extracts revealed the strongest anti-inflammatory activity. The observed effects support the traditional use of aerial plant parts (leaves, stems, and fruits) in treating inflammation-related skin disorders cross-linked with oxidative stress and the topical application of Gaultheria extracts as anti-ageing agents intended for skin care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Michel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Halina Małgorzata Żbikowska
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Karolina Rudnicka
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Weronika Gonciarz
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Krupa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Adrian Gajewski
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Paulina Machała
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Monika Anna Olszewska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
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Cebollada P, Gomes NGM, Andrade PB, López V. An integrated in vitro approach on the enzymatic and antioxidant mechanisms of four commercially available essential oils ( Copaifera officinalis, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Helichrysum italicum, and Syzygium aromaticum) traditionally used topically for their anti-inflammatory effects. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1310439. [PMID: 38371914 PMCID: PMC10871035 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1310439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Despite the increasing number of essential oils being reported on their potential therapeutic effects, some remain relatively unknown on their biological properties. That is the case of the essential oils obtained from copaiba (Copaifera officinalis L.), wintergreen (Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall.), everlasting (Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G.Don) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry), commonly labelled as being useful on the amelioration of conditions with an inflammatory background. Methods: To further broaden the current knowledge on the four essential oils, commercially available samples were approached on their effects upon a series of mediators that are involved on the inflammatory and oxidative response, both through in vitro cell-free and cell-based assays (5-lipoxygenase activity, lipid peroxidation, free radical and nitric oxide radical scavenging properties or tyrosinase inhibition). Results: The four oils proved to be active at some of the concentrations tested in most of the performed assays. Significant differences were found between the essential oils, S. aromaticum proving to tbe the most active, followed by G. fragrantissima against 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and linoleic acid peroxidation, proving their potential use as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. In fact, the IC50 value of S. aromaticum in the 5-LOX assay was 62.30 μg mL-1. Besides S. aromaticum efficiently scavenged superoxide radicals generated by xanthine/xanthine oxidase, displaying an IC50 value of 135.26 μg mL-1. The essential oil obtained from H. italicum exhibited a significant decrease in the nitric oxide levels on BV-2 cells, showing its potential as a cytoprotective agent against toxic damage. Copaiba oil ranked first as the most potent tyrosinase inhibitor, exhibiting an IC50 98.22 μg mL-1. Conclusion: More studies are needed to describe the essential oils properties, but these results confirm the potential of these essential oils as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Cebollada
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nelson G. M. Gomes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula B. Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Víctor López
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Michel P, Olszewska MA. Phytochemistry and Biological Profile of Gaultheria procumbens L. and Wintergreen Essential Oil: From Traditional Application to Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:565. [PMID: 38203735 PMCID: PMC10778675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Gaultheria procumbens L. is a medicinal plant whose aerial parts (leaves, stems, and fruits) and methyl salicylate-rich essential oil (wintergreen oil) are used in phytotherapy to treat inflammation, muscular pain, and infection-related disorders. This overview summarises the current knowledge about ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, molecular mechanisms, biocompatibility, and traditional use of G. procumbens and the wintergreen oil distilled from different plant organs. Over 70 hydrophilic compounds, including methyl salicylate glycosides, flavonoids, procyanidins, free catechins, caffeoylquinic acids, and simple phenolic acids, have been identified in G. procumbens plant parts. Moreover, aliphatic compounds, triterpene acids, and sterols have been revealed in lipophilic fractions. Furthermore, over 130 volatile compounds have been detected in wintergreen oil with dominating methyl salicylate (96.9-100%). The accumulated research indicates that mainly hydrophilic non-volatiles are responsible for the pharmacological effects of G. procumbens, primarily its potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and photoprotective activity, with mechanisms verified in vitro and ex vivo in cellular and cell-free assays. The biological effectiveness of the dominant methyl salicylate glycoside-gaultherin-has also been confirmed in animals. Wintergreen oil is reported as a potent anti-inflammatory agent exhibiting moderate antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in vitro and significant insecticidal and larvicidal capacity. Together, G. procumbens accumulate a diverse fraction of polyphenols, triterpenes, and volatiles with validated in vitro and ex vivo biological activity but with the absence of in vivo studies, especially clinical trials concerning effective dose determination and toxicological verification and technological research, including drug formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Anna Olszewska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
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Hu YJ, Lan Q, Su BJ, Wang Y, Liang D. Three new phenolic glycosides and a new lignan glycoside from Gaultheria leucocarpa var. yunnanensis. Fitoterapia 2024; 172:105740. [PMID: 37939734 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Three new phenolic glycosides (1-3) and a new lignan glycoside (4), together with five known compounds (5-9) were isolated from the ethanol extract of the aerial part of Gaultheria leucocarpa var. yunnanensis (Franch.) T.Z.Hsu & R.C.Fang. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic techniques, experimental and calculated ECD spectra, acid hydrolysis, and enzymatic hydrolysis experiments. All the isolates were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Compounds 7 and 8 exhibited inhibitory effects against the LPS-induced production of NO with IC50 of 63.71 and 10.66 μM, respectively, compared to L-NMMA having an IC50 of 6.95 μM. Besides, compound 7 also represented significant DPPH radical scavenging activity with EC50 of 18.75 μM, comparable with vitamin C (EC50 = 15.77 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jie Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Qian Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Bao-Jun Su
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Dong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
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Li Y, Xu Y, Fritsch PW, Lu L. Patterns of genetic variation and morphology support the recognition of five species in the Gaultheria leucocarpa Blume (Ericaceae) group from mainland China. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10178. [PMID: 37304367 PMCID: PMC10251198 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaultheria leucocarpa and its varieties form a clade of aromatic shrubs that is widely distributed in subtropical and East Asian tropical regions. The group is taxonomically difficult and in need of thorough taxonomic investigation. This study focused on taxonomic delimitation within the G. leucocarpa group from mainland China. Field surveys covering the distributional range of G. leucocarpa in mainland China were conducted, wherein four populations from Yunnan and one from Hunan were found bearing morphological and habitat differences. A 63-species phylogenetic tree of Gaultheria based on one nuclear and three chloroplast markers that included samples from the G. leucocarpa group was reconstructed with maximum likelihood to clarify the monophyly of the G. leucocarpa group. Taxonomic relationships among populations were investigated with morphology and population genetics, the latter by using two chloroplast genes and two low-copy nuclear genes. Based on the sum of morphological and genetic analyses, we described three species of Gaultheria as new to science, clarified the taxonomic status of G. leucocarpa var. pingbienensis, elevating it to the species level, and resurrected G. crenulata and treated the varieties G. leucocarpa var. crenulata, and G. leucocarpa var. yunnanensis as synonyms of this species. We provide a key to the five species now recognized, along with descriptions and photographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Rong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural ProductsKunming Medical UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Yan‐Ling Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural ProductsKunming Medical UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | | | - Lu Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural ProductsKunming Medical UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
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Ahmed M, Bose I, Goksen G, Roy S. Himalayan Sources of Anthocyanins and Its Multifunctional Applications: A Review. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112203. [PMID: 37297448 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins, the colored water-soluble pigments, have increasingly drawn the attention of researchers for their novel applications. The sources of anthocyanin are highly diverse, and it can be easily extracted. The unique biodiversity of the Himalayan Mountain range is an excellent source of anthocyanin, but it is not completely explored. Numerous attempts have been made to study the phytochemical aspects of different Himalayan plants. The distinct flora of the Himalayas can serve as a potential source of anthocyanins for the food industry. In this context, this review is an overview of the phytochemical studies conducted on Himalayan plants for the estimation of anthocyanins. For that, many articles have been studied to conclude that plants (such as Berberis asiatica, Morus alba, Ficus palmata, Begonia xanthina, Begonia palmata, Fragaria nubicola, etc.) contain significant amounts of anthocyanin. The application of Himalayan anthocyanin in nutraceuticals, food colorants, and intelligent packaging films have also been briefly debated. This review creates a path for further research on Himalayan plants as a potential source of anthocyanins and their sustainable utilization in the food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ahmed
- School of Bioengineering and Food Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, India
| | - Ipsheta Bose
- School of Bioengineering and Food Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, India
| | - Gulden Goksen
- Department of Food Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences at Mersin Tarsus Organized Industrial Zone, Tarsus University, 33100 Mersin, Turkey
| | - Swarup Roy
- School of Bioengineering and Food Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, India
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
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Dong Y, Li X, Zhao Y, Ren X, Zheng Y, Song R, Zhong X, Shan D, Lv F, Deng Q, Li X, He Y, Chai K, Wang X, She G. Biotransformation and metabolism of three methyl salicylate glycosides by gut microbiota in vitro. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 233:115474. [PMID: 37229798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
MSTG-A, MSTG-B and Gualtherin are three natural methyl salicylate glycosides isolated from Dianbaizhu (Gaultheria leucocarpa var. yunnanensis), which is a traditional Chinese folk medicine widely used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. They share the same mother nucleus with aspirin, exhibit similar activity and have fewer side effects. In this study, the incubation of MSTG-A, MSTG-B and gaultherin monomers with human fecal microbiota (HFM), microbiota in 4 intestinal segments (jejunum, ileum, cecal, and colon) and feces of rats in vitro was carried out to comprehensively and meticulously understand their metabolism by gut microbiota (GM) in the body. MSTG-A, MSTG-B and Gualtherin were hydrolyzed by GM to lose glycosyl moieties. The quantity and position of xylosyl moiety significantly affected the rate and extent of the three components being metabolized. The -glc-xyl fragments of these three components could not be hydrolyzed and broken by GM. In addition, the existence of terminal xylosyl moiety prolonged the degradation time. Different results appeared in metabolism of the three monomers by microbiota of different intestinal segments and feces due to the alternation of the species and abundance of microorganisms along the longitudinal axis of the intestinal lumen. Cecal microbiota had strongest degradation ability on these three components. The metabolic details of GM on MSTG-A, MSTG-B and Gualtherin were clarified in this study, providing data support and basis for clinical development and bioavailability improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yicheng Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyang Ren
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ruolan Song
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangjian Zhong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dongjie Shan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Lv
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyue Deng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xianxian Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yingyu He
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Keyan Chai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuhuan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Gaimei She
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Xu YL, Shen HH, Du XY, Lu L. Plastome characteristics and species identification of Chinese medicinal wintergreens ( Gaultheria, Ericaceae). PLANT DIVERSITY 2022; 44:519-529. [PMID: 36540705 PMCID: PMC9751084 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wintergreen oil is a folk medicine widely used in foods, pesticides, cosmetics and drugs. In China, nine out of 47 species within Gaultheria (Ericaceae) are traditionally used as Chinese medicinal wintergreens; however, phylogenetic approaches currently used to discriminating these species remain unsatisfactory. In this study, we sequenced and characterized plastomes from nine Chinese wintergreen species and identified candidate DNA barcoding regions for Gaultheria. Each Gaultheria plastome contained 110 unique genes (76 protein-coding, 30 tRNA, and four rRNA genes). Duplication of trnfM, rps14, and rpl23 genes were detected, while all plastomes lacked ycf1 and ycf2 genes. Gaultheria plastomes shared substantially contracted SSC regions that contained only the ndhF gene. Moreover, plastomes of Gaultheria leucocarpa var. yunnanensis contained an inversion in the LSC region and an IR expansion to cover the ndhF gene. Multiple rearrangement events apparently occurred between the Gaultheria plastomes and those from several previously reported families in Ericales. Our phylogenetic reconstruction using 42 plastomes revealed well-supported relationships within all nine Gaultheria species. Additionally, seven mutational hotspot regions were identified as potential DNA barcodes for Chinese medicinal wintergreens. Our study is the first to generate complete plastomes and describe the structural variations of the complicated genus Gaultheria. In addition, our findings provide important resources for identification of Chinese medicinal wintergreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hao-Hua Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin-Yu Du
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lu Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Pereira FC, Gregorini P. Applying spatio-chemical analysis to grassland ecosystems for the illustration of chemoscapes and creation of healthscapes. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.927568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Grasslands are heterogeneous landscapes composed of a diversity of herbaceous and shrub vegetation that varies not only taxonomically, but biochemically in terms of primary and secondary compounds. Plant Secondary Compounds (PSC) have specific nutritional, medicinal, and prophylactic properties, to which benefits depend upon dosage, type, arrangements, and concentration that changes between and within plants across time and space. The knowledge of the plant content of PSC and their distribution in grazing environments would therefore contribute to the design and creation of healthier foodscapes for ruminants; in other words, healthscapes. Geographic information systems (GIS) have been used extensively for landscape visualization and assessment, through several spatial analysis techniques applied for the creation of virtual maps to add valuable information to a particular environment. Given the knowledge of plants and their composition, GIS emerges as a readily available and low-cost tool to assess and evaluate the distribution of plants with beneficial PSC in large and heterogeneous foodscapes. We present and propose for the very first time, the application and use of GIS to determine the spatial distribution of PSC rich plants with nutraceutical properties to illustrate, visualize, and generate healthscapes for grazing ruminants. We present healthscape maps created using botanical composition analyses and advanced image classification methods to illustrate the distribution of plants regarding their PSC and nutraceutical properties. Such maps add an extra dimension and perspective to plant chemical composition, enabling graziers to visualize in space and time centers of nutrition and prophylactics or medicines, contributing to advanced grazing management decisions toward more productive, sustainable, and healthy grazing systems. The valuable information behind the mapped PSC advances the understanding of the nutritional ecology of grazing environments and foodscapes, introducing a new dimension to the holistic management of pastoral livestock production systems.
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11
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Hu YJ, Chen ML, Liang D. Lignans and terpenoids from Gaultheria leucocarpa var. yunnanensis and their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Fitoterapia 2022; 162:105293. [PMID: 36070814 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Six new compounds, including three lignans (1a, 1b, and 2), two abietane-type diterpenoids (3 and 4), and a triterpenoid (5), together with 13 known compounds (6a, 6b, and 7-17) were isolated from the aerial parts of Gaultheria leucocarpa var. yunnanensis. Their structures were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data involving NMR, IR, UV, and HRESIMS. The absolute configurations of lignans were confirmed by experimental and calculated ECD spectra. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the isolates were evaluated. Compounds 12, 13, and 15 showed inhibitory effects against the LPS-induced production of NO in BV-2 microglial cells with the IC50 values of 30.50, 23.26, and 13.02 μM, respectively. In addition, compounds 2 and 7 performed moderate DPPH radical scavenging activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jie Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Man-Lan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Hu YJ, Lan Q, Su BJ, Chen ZF, Liang D. Structurally diverse abietane-type Diterpenoids from the aerial parts of Gaultheria leucocarpa var. yunnanensis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 201:113255. [PMID: 35636565 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Seven undescribed abietane-type diterpenoids, gauleucins A-G, and 11 known ones were isolated from an EtOH extract of the aerial parts of Gaultheria leucocarpa var. yunnanensis. These isolates could be classified into four subtypes: abietanes, 16-nor-abietanes, 16,18-di-nor-abietanes, and 3,4-seco-16-nor-abietane. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configurations of an undescribed and two known diterpenoids were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. Four compounds showed moderate inhibitory effects against the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide in BV-2 microglial cells. In an α-glucosidase inhibitory assay, gauleucin E and margoclin displayed inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 319.3 and 327.9 μM, respectively, while the IC50 value of the positive control (acarbose) was 387.8 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jie Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Jun Su
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China.
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Skin Barrier Reinforcement Effect Assessment of a Spot-on Based on Natural Ingredients in a Dog Model of Tape Stripping. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080390. [PMID: 36006305 PMCID: PMC9414208 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Canine atopic dermatitis is a disease of dogs in which the skin becomes permeable. Part of treating canine atopic dermatitis involves restoring the skin barrier function; however, few effective therapeutic options exist. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of a spot-on containing fatty acids, ceramides and essential oils on two parameters to evaluate the skin barrier function of dogs. We found that this spot-on had a protective effect on the skin barrier function for both parameters. This study suggests that the investigated product may be useful as an adjunctive treatment for canine atopic dermatitis. Abstract Skin barrier restoration is an important part of atopic dermatitis therapy. We investigated the effect of a spot-on containing plant-based essential fatty acids and essential oils on skin barrier parameters in a dog model of acute skin barrier disruption, using five healthy beagle dogs maintained in a laboratory setting. Four test sites on the dorsum and a control site on the abdomen were defined on each dog. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin surface hydration (SSH) were measured before and after tape stripping on the first day and then for three consecutive days, over four consecutive weeks. The spot-on was applied at the end of each of the first three weeks. The increase in TEWL after tape stripping was reduced after the spot-on application and reached control values in Weeks 3 and 4. SSH after tape stripping was reduced in Week 4 compared with the baseline. Thus, the ATOP 7® spot-on significantly reduced acute skin barrier impairment in a dog model. The use of this product should be further evaluated as a potential treatment for skin barrier defects such as canine atopic dermatitis.
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Dakowicz A, Dzięcioł-Anikiej Z, Hryniewicz A, Judycka M, Ciołkiewicz M, Moskal-Jasińska D, Kuryliszyn-Moskal A. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Iontophoresis with Perskindol Gel in Patients with Osteoarthritis of the Knee Joints. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148489. [PMID: 35886341 PMCID: PMC9315835 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common causes of pain in the musculoskeletal system leading to disability. The basic principle of the therapy is the simultaneous use of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of galvanic and iontophoresis treatments with Perskindol Active Classic Gel (Perskindol) in patients with OA of the knee joints. Moreover, a comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of the application was performed depending on the selection of the active electrode. Material and Methods: The study included 100 patients with gonarthrosis, treated at the Rehabilitation Clinic of the Białystok University Hospital. Three groups were randomly selected: in group I (n = 33), anodic galvanic treatment was applied, group II (n = 33) received iontophoresis with Perskindol gel from the negative pole (“−” iontophoresis), and group III (n = 34) received iontophoresis with Perskindol gel from the positive pole (“+” iontophoresis). The VAS, the Laitinen questionnaire, the Lequesne Index, the Lysholm questionnaire, and the SF-36v2 health survey were used for the clinical evaluation of the patients. Results: In the group of patients who underwent iontophoresis with the use of Perskindol gel introduced from the positive pole, a statistically significant improvement was shown in all the assessed parameters in comparison to the patients who underwent anodic galvanic treatment. Conclusions: The most favorable effect of iontophoresis was observed in the case of iontophoresis with Perskindol gel introduced from the positive pole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Dakowicz
- Department of Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Curie-Sklodowska Str. 24 A, 15-276 Białystok, Poland; (Z.D.-A.); (A.H.); (M.J.); (M.C.); (A.K.-M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Zofia Dzięcioł-Anikiej
- Department of Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Curie-Sklodowska Str. 24 A, 15-276 Białystok, Poland; (Z.D.-A.); (A.H.); (M.J.); (M.C.); (A.K.-M.)
| | - Anna Hryniewicz
- Department of Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Curie-Sklodowska Str. 24 A, 15-276 Białystok, Poland; (Z.D.-A.); (A.H.); (M.J.); (M.C.); (A.K.-M.)
| | - Małgorzata Judycka
- Department of Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Curie-Sklodowska Str. 24 A, 15-276 Białystok, Poland; (Z.D.-A.); (A.H.); (M.J.); (M.C.); (A.K.-M.)
| | - Mariusz Ciołkiewicz
- Department of Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Curie-Sklodowska Str. 24 A, 15-276 Białystok, Poland; (Z.D.-A.); (A.H.); (M.J.); (M.C.); (A.K.-M.)
| | - Diana Moskal-Jasińska
- Department of Clinical of Phonoaudiology and Speech Therapy, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Anna Kuryliszyn-Moskal
- Department of Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Curie-Sklodowska Str. 24 A, 15-276 Białystok, Poland; (Z.D.-A.); (A.H.); (M.J.); (M.C.); (A.K.-M.)
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Yalo M, Makhaba M, Hussein AA, Sharma R, Koki M, Nako N, Mabusela WT. Characterization of Four New Compounds from Protea cynaroides Leaves and Their Tyrosinase Inhibitory Potential. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11131751. [PMID: 35807702 PMCID: PMC9269349 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protea cynaroides (king protea) is a flowering plant that belongs to the Proteaceae family. This multi-stemmed shrub is the national flower of South Africa and has important economic and medicinal values. Traditionally, the main therapeutic benefits of this plant species include the treatment of cancer, bladder, and kidney ailments. There are very limited reports on the isolation of phytochemicals and their biological evaluation from P. cynaroides. In this study, the leaves of P. cynaroides were air-dried at room temperature, powdered, and extracted with 80% methanol followed by solvent fractionation (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and butanol). The ethyl acetate and butanol extracts were chromatographed and afforded four new (1–4) and four known (5–8) compounds, whose structures were characterized accordingly as 3,4-bis(4-hydroxybenzoyl)-1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (1), 4-hydroxybenzoyl-1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (2), 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-oxo-4H-pyran-3-yl-6-O-benzoate-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), 3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-β-ionone 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (5), 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (6), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (7), and 3-hydroxykojic acid (8). The structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was determined based on 1D and 2D NMR, FTIR, and HRMS spectroscopy, as well as compared with the available literature data. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the extracts and isolated compounds were also determined. According to the results, compounds 7 and 8 exhibited potent competitive tyrosinase inhibitory activity against L-tyrosine substrates with IC50 values of 0.8776 ± 0.012 and 0.7215 ± 0.090 µg/mL compared to the control (kojic acid, IC50 = 0.8347 ± 0.093), respectively. This study is the first chemical investigation of compounds 1–4 from a natural source and the first report of the biological evaluation of compounds 1–5 against the tyrosinase enzyme. The potent anti-tyrosinase activity exhibited by P. cynaroides constituents will support future exploration of the plant in the cosmetic field upon further biological and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masande Yalo
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (M.Y.); (M.M.); (M.K.); (N.N.)
| | - Masixole Makhaba
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (M.Y.); (M.M.); (M.K.); (N.N.)
| | - Ahmed A. Hussein
- Chemistry Department, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Rd., Bellville 7535, South Africa; (A.A.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Rajan Sharma
- Chemistry Department, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Rd., Bellville 7535, South Africa; (A.A.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Mkhuseli Koki
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (M.Y.); (M.M.); (M.K.); (N.N.)
| | - Ndikho Nako
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (M.Y.); (M.M.); (M.K.); (N.N.)
| | - Wilfred T. Mabusela
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (M.Y.); (M.M.); (M.K.); (N.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-(0)21-959-3052; Fax: +27-(0)21-959-1281
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Amirkhizi F, Ghoreishy SM, Hamedi-Shahraki S, Asghari S. Higher dietary phytochemical index is associated with lower odds of knee osteoarthritis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9059. [PMID: 35641816 PMCID: PMC9156685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that adherence to dietary patterns rich in plant-based foods may reduce the odds of osteoarthritis; however, limited data are available on the association of consumption of diets rich in phytochemicals and odds of knee osteoarthritis (KOA). In this case–control study conducted in Iran, we aimed to investigate whether a higher dietary phytochemical index (DPI) is associated with decreased odds of having KOA. A total of 124 cases aged 20–60 years diagnosed with bilateral primary KOA according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria and 124 controls frequency-matched on age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were included in the study. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to collect information on dietary intakes. To calculate DPI scores, the dietary energy derived from foods rich in phytochemicals (kcal) was divided by the participant’s total daily energy intake (kcal). Patients with KOA had lower intakes of dietary fiber (P = 0.004), vitamin A (P = 0.007), vitamin C (P = 0.001), and folate (P = 0.021) compared to controls. In the crude model, individuals in the third tertile of DPI had 65% lower odds of having KOA compared to those in the first tertile (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.67, P-trend = 0.001). After adjustment for potential confounders, including age, sex, physical activity, smoking, and supplement use, this inverse association remained significant (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.73, P-trend = 0.004). After further adjustment for BMI, this inverse association between DPI and odds of KOA also remained significant (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.69, P-trend = 0.003). These findings suggest that adherence to a phytochemical-rich diet, as indicated by the increasing DPI score, is associated with lower odds of KOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Amirkhizi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Seyed Mojtaba Ghoreishy
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No#44, Hojjatdoust St., Naderi St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 141556117, Iran
| | - Soudabeh Hamedi-Shahraki
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Somayyeh Asghari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No#44, Hojjatdoust St., Naderi St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 141556117, Iran.
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Michel P, Granica S, Rosińska K, Glige M, Rojek J, Poraj Ł, Olszewska MA. The Effect of Standardised Leaf Extracts of Gaultheria procumbens on Multiple Oxidants, Inflammation-Related Enzymes, and Pro-Oxidant and Pro-Inflammatory Functions of Human Neutrophils. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103357. [PMID: 35630834 PMCID: PMC9144433 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The leaves of Gaultheria procumbens are polyphenol-rich traditional medicines used to treat inflammation-related diseases. The present study aimed to optimise the solvent for the effective recovery of active leaf components through simple direct extraction and verify the biological effects of the selected extract in a model of human neutrophils ex vivo. The extracts were comprehensively standardised, and forty-one individual polyphenols, representing salicylates, catechins, procyanidins, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, were identified by UHPLC–PDA–ESI–MS3. The chosen methanol–water (75:25, v/v) extract (ME) was obtained with the highest extraction yield and total phenolic levels (397.9 mg/g extract’s dw), including 98.9 mg/g salicylates and 299.0 mg/g non-salicylate polyphenols. In biological tests, ME revealed a significant and dose-dependent ability to modulate pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory functions of human neutrophils: it strongly reduced the ROS level and downregulated the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and tissue remodelling enzymes, especially IL-1β and elastase 2, in cells stimulated by fMLP, LPS, or fMLP + cytochalasin B. The extracts were also potent direct scavengers of in vivo relevant oxidants (O2•−, •OH, and H2O2) and inhibitors of pro-inflammatory enzymes (cyclooxygenase-2, hyaluronidase, and lipoxygenase). The statistically significant correlations between the tested variables revealed the synergic contribution of individual polyphenols to the observed effects and indicated them as useful active markers for the standardisation of the extract/plant material. Moreover, the safety of ME was confirmed in cytotoxicity tests. The obtained results might partially explain the ethnomedicinal application of G. procumbens leaves and support the usage of the standardised leaf extract in the adjuvant treatment of oxidative stress and inflammation-related chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Michel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (K.R.); (M.G.); (J.R.); (Ł.P.); (M.A.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-426-779-169
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Microbiota Lab, Centre for Preclinical Studies, Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Karolina Rosińska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (K.R.); (M.G.); (J.R.); (Ł.P.); (M.A.O.)
| | - Małgorzata Glige
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (K.R.); (M.G.); (J.R.); (Ł.P.); (M.A.O.)
| | - Jarosław Rojek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (K.R.); (M.G.); (J.R.); (Ł.P.); (M.A.O.)
| | - Łukasz Poraj
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (K.R.); (M.G.); (J.R.); (Ł.P.); (M.A.O.)
| | - Monika Anna Olszewska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (K.R.); (M.G.); (J.R.); (Ł.P.); (M.A.O.)
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18
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Wang X, Dong Y, Song R, Yu A, Wei J, Fan Q, Yao J, Shan D, Zhong X, Lv F, She G. Intestinal metabolism and absorption mechanism of multi-components in Gaultheria leucocarpa var. yunnanensis - An assessment using in situ and in vitro models, comparing gut segments in pathological with physiological conditions. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 286:114844. [PMID: 34798162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dianbaizhu (Gaultheria leucocarpa var. yunnanensis) as a Chinese folk medicine exerts significant treatment effects on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with a long historical time. Our previous reports showed that the anti-rheumatic arthritis fraction (ARF) extracted and enriched from Dianbaizhu possessed good druggability, which was better than its single active ingredients. However, the intestinal transport characteristics and mechanism of ARF have not been elucidated to date. AIM OF THE STUDY In order to illustrate the role of active ingredients of ARF in alleviating RA and promoting the development of dosage forms, the intestinal metabolism, absorption properties and mechanism of ARF in vitro and in situ models were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Firstly, after incubating with 4 intestinal segments (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon), 7 key components in ARF, including MATG-B, (+)-catechin, MSTG-A, Gaultherin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol were quantitatively analyzed by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Secondly, combining the physiological and pathological rats, the in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion and in vitro everted gut sacs of rats were performed to investigate the absorption features and transport mechanisms of ARF using HPLC and HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Subsequently, in situ studies were employed to determine the effect of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor (verapamil) on the transport characteristics of ARF in RA model rats. RESULTS Comparing the absorption parameters of ARF incubated in different intestinal segments, data showed that the absorption of ARF in the small intestine was significantly stronger than that of the colon (P < 0.01). The number of characterized prototype components was subjected to the incubation time, drug concentration and rat body condition, but not the intestinal segments. There were no significant differences in the number of metabolites among different intestinal segments, administration concentrations and incubation time. The best small intestinal absorption site of ARF was duodenum and ileum in normal and model rats, respectively. The Peff values of 7 index compounds were all higher than 0.2 × 10-4cm/s, and the Fa values of 7 index compounds were all greater than 20% in the in situ perfusion investigation. The results showed that MSTG-B, MSTG-A and Gaultherin were likely to be substrates of P-gp as verapamil significantly enhanced their Peff and Ka values, while other ingredients were not P-gp substrates. CONCLUSIONS The intestinal membrane permeability of ARF was good. Its intestinal absorption mechanisms mainly involved active transportation processes and passive diffusion. Besides, this report provided data support and basis for clinical development, bioavailability improvement and formulation design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhuan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, China.
| | - Ying Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, China
| | - Ruolan Song
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, China
| | - Axiang Yu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, China
| | - Jing Wei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, China
| | - Qiqi Fan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, China
| | - Jianling Yao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, China
| | - Dongjie Shan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, China
| | - Xiangjian Zhong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, China
| | - Fang Lv
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, China
| | - Gaimei She
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, China.
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Dose-response effects of the Savory (Satureja khuzistanica) essential oil and extract on rumen fermentation characteristics, microbial protein synthesis and methane production in vitro. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2021-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate dose-response effects of the essential oil (EO) and dry extract (EX) of Satureja khuzistanica (SK) on in vitro gas production kinetics, rumen fermentation, ruminal methanogenesis and microbial protein synthesis. So, EO and EX were tested at 0 (as control); 150 (low dose); 300, 450 (intermediate doses) and 600 mg/L (high dose). The gas produced over 24 h of incubation (GP24) decreased linearly with both EO and EX dosages (P<0.01). In vitro methane production was reduced by both EO (14–69%, depending on the included dose) and EX (7–58%). Microbial protein (MP) as well as the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS) were improved by EO (18.8–49.8% and 20.4–61.5% for MP and EMPS, respectively) and to a lesser extent by EX (8.3–25.7% and 4.6–24.2% for MP and EMPS, respectively). Ammonia concentration was dropped in linear and quadratic manners with EO (P<0.05), and linearly with EX dosages (P<0.01). EO and EX exhibited depressive effects (in linear and quadratic (P<0.05), and linear manners (P<0.01), respectively) on total protozoa count. A mixed linear and quadratic effect was observed from both EO and EX on total VFA concentration (P<0.01). Total VFA concentration increased at 300 mg/L of EX, but decreased at high dose of both EO and EX. The acetate proportion increased with EO intermediate and high dosages, but it decreased at the expense of propionate at low and intermediate doses of EX. In total, these findings confirmed previous research on the great capacity of plant-based feed additives in positively modulating rumen fermentation that their effects may vary depending on the used doses. Specifically, these results suggest that EO and EX have high potentials to improve rumen functions at intermediate doses, which needs to be confirmed by in vivo experiments.
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Olszewska MA, Owczarek A, Magiera A, Granica S, Michel P. Screening for the Active Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Polyphenols of Gaultheria procumbens and Their Application for Standardisation: From Identification through Cellular Studies to Quantitative Determination. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111532. [PMID: 34768963 PMCID: PMC8583782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerial parts, leaves, and stems of Gaultheria procumbens are polyphenol-rich herbal medicines with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The present study focused on identifying active markers of the G. procumbens extracts in an integrated approach combining phytochemical and biological capacity tests. The target compounds, representing all classes of Gaultheria polyphenols, were pre-selected by LC-ESI-PDA-MS/MS. For unambiguous identification, the key analytes, including a rare procyanidin trimer (cinnamtannin B-1), miquelianin potassium salt, and two new natural products: quercetin and kaempferol 3-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucuronopyranosides, were isolated by preparative HPLC and investigated by spectroscopy (HR-ESI-MS, UV-vis, CD, 1D- and 2D-NMR), thiolysis, flame photometry, optical rotation experiments, and absolute configuration studies. The significant contribution of the pre-selected compounds to the biological effects of the extracts was confirmed in vitro: the analytes significantly and in a dose-dependent manner down-regulated the pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory functions of human neutrophils ex vivo (inhibited the release of reactive oxygen species, IL-1β, TNF-α, and neutrophils elastase, ELA-2), inhibited two key pro-inflammatory enzymes (cyclooxygenase, COX-2, and hyaluronidase), and most of them, except gaultherin, exerted potent direct antioxidant activity (ferric reducing antioxidant power and superoxide anion scavenging capacity). Moreover, cellular safety was confirmed for all compounds by flow cytometry. Eventually, as these mechanisms have been connected to the health benefits of G. procumbens, 11 polyphenols were accepted as active markers, and a simple, accurate, reproducible, and fully validated RP-HPLC-PDA method for standardisation of the target extracts was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Anna Olszewska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (M.A.O.); (A.O.); (A.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Owczarek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (M.A.O.); (A.O.); (A.M.)
| | - Anna Magiera
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (M.A.O.); (A.O.); (A.M.)
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Microbiota Lab, Centre for Preclinical Studies, Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Michel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (M.A.O.); (A.O.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-426779169
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Wang X, Sun Y, Ling L, Ren X, Liu X, Wang Y, Dong Y, Ma J, Song R, Yu A, Wei J, Fan Q, Guo M, Zhao T, Dao R, She G. Gaultheria leucocarpa var. yunnanensis for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis-An Assessment Combining Machine Learning-Guided ADME Properties Prediction, Network Pharmacology, and Pharmacological Assessment. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:704040. [PMID: 34671253 PMCID: PMC8520986 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.704040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dianbaizhu (Gaultheria leucocarpa var. yunnanensis), a traditional Chinese/ethnic medicine (TC/EM), has been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) for a long time. The anti-rheumatic arthritis fraction (ARF) of G. yunnanensis has significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities and is mainly composed of methyl salicylate glycosides, flavonoids, organic acids, and others. The effective ingredients and rudimentary mechanism of ARF remedying RA have not been elucidated to date. Purpose: The aim of the present study is to give an insight into the effective components and mechanisms of Dianbaizhu in ameliorating RA, based on the estimation of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties, analysis of network pharmacology, and in vivo and in vitro validations. Study design and methods: The IL-1β-induced human fibroblast-like synoviocytes of RA (HFLS-RA) model and adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat model were adopted to assess the anti-RA effect of ARF. The components in ARF were identified by using UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MSn. The quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were developed by using five machine learning algorithms, alone or in combination with genetic algorithms for predicting the ADME properties of ARF. The molecular networks and pathways presumably referring to the therapy of ARF on RA were yielded by using common databases and visible software, and the experimental validations of the key targets conducted in vitro. Results: ARF effectively relieved RA in vivo and in vitro. The five optimized QSAR models that were developed showed robustness and predictive ability. The characterized 48 components in ARF had good biological potency. Four key signaling pathways were obtained, which were related to both cytokine signaling and cell immune response. ARF suppressed IL-1β-induced expression of EGFR, MMP 9, IL2, MAPK14, and KDR in the HFLS-RA . Conclusions: ARF has good druggability and high exploitation potential. Methyl salicylate glycosides and flavonoids play essential roles in attuning RA. ARF may partially attenuate RA by regulating the expression of multi-targets in the inflammation-immune system. These provide valuable information to rationalize ARF and other TC/EMs in the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhuan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Youyi Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Ling
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyang Ren
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Jiamu Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Ruolan Song
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Axiang Yu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Qiqi Fan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Miaoxian Guo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rina Dao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Gaimei She
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
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Fernández-Galleguillos C, Quesada-Romero L, Puerta A, Padrón JM, Souza E, Romero-Parra J, Simirgiotis MJ. UHPLC-MS Chemical Fingerprinting and Antioxidant, Antiproliferative, and Enzyme Inhibition Potential of Gaultheria pumila Berries. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080523. [PMID: 34436464 PMCID: PMC8401902 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaultheria pumila (Ericaceae) (known as Chaura or Mutilla) is a Chilean native small shrub that produces berry fruits consumed by local Mapuche people. In this study, the chemical fingerprinting and antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, and antiproliferative activities of the berries were investigated for the first time. Thirty-six metabolites were identified in the fruits by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection, hyphenated with Orbitrap mass spectrometry analysis (UHPLC-DAD-Orbitrap-MS). Metabolites, included anthocyanins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, iridoids, diterpenes, and fatty acids. Moderate inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (7.7 ± 0.3 µg/mL), butyrylcholinesterase (34.5 ± 0.5 µg/mL), and tyrosinase (3.3 ± 0.2 µg/mL) enzymes were found. Moreover, selected major compounds were subjected to docking assays in light of their experimental inhibition. Results indicated that hydrogen bonding, π–π interaction, and a salt bridge interaction contributed significantly. Gaultheria pumila berries showed a total phenolic content of 189.2 ± 0.2 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g, total flavonoid content of 51.8 ± 0.1 mg quercetin equivalents/g, and total anthocyanin content of 47.3 ± 0.2 mg of cianydin-3-glucoside equivalents/g. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH (92.8 ± 0.1 µg/mL), FRAP (134.1 ± 0.1 μmol Trolox equivalents/g), and ORAC (4251.6 ± 16.9 μmol Trolox equivalents/g) assays. Conversely, Gaultheria pumila showed a scarce antiproliferative potential against several solid human cancer cells. Our findings suggest that Gaultheria pumila berries have several bioactive metabolites with inhibitory effects against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase, and have the potential for use in food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernández-Galleguillos
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Luisa Quesada-Romero
- Facultad de Ciencias Para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Correspondence: (L.Q.-R.); (M.J.S.); Tel.: +56-632632811 (L.Q.-R.)
| | - Adrián Puerta
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Spain; (A.P.); (J.M.P.)
| | - José M. Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Spain; (A.P.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Ernane Souza
- The Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL 33401, USA;
| | - Javier Romero-Parra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Olivos 1007, Casilla 233, Santiago 6640022, Chile;
| | - Mario J. Simirgiotis
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Correspondence: (L.Q.-R.); (M.J.S.); Tel.: +56-632632811 (L.Q.-R.)
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Advances in metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum to produce high-value active ingredients for food, feed, human health, and well-being. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:197-212. [PMID: 34096577 PMCID: PMC8313993 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The soil microbe Corynebacterium glutamicum is a leading workhorse in industrial biotechnology and has become famous for its power to synthetise amino acids and a range of bulk chemicals at high titre and yield. The product portfolio of the microbe is continuously expanding. Moreover, metabolically engineered strains of C. glutamicum produce more than 30 high value active ingredients, including signature molecules of raspberry, savoury, and orange flavours, sun blockers, anti-ageing sugars, and polymers for regenerative medicine. Herein, we highlight recent advances in engineering of the microbe into novel cell factories that overproduce these precious molecules from pioneering proofs-of-concept up to industrial productivity.
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24
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Li YR, Xu YL, Du XY, Yang SD, Lu L. Characterization of the complete plastid genome of Gaultheria griffithiana (Ericaceae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2021; 6:1575-1577. [PMID: 34212078 PMCID: PMC8218835 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1914227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaultheria griffithiana is an evergreen shrub in the family Ericaceae. It is used as a source of the Chinese traditional medicine, Tougucao, with distribution of the junction of eastern Himalaya and Hengduan Mountain. The chloroplast genome of G. griffithiana is 175,649 bp in length with 135 genes, including eight rRNA genes, 39 tRNA genes, and 85 protein-coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis has converged on the placement of G. griffithiana as sister to G. praticola, G. nummularioides, and G. hookeri within the Leucothoides clade of Gaultheria in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Rong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yan-Ling Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xin-Yu Du
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Shu-Da Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lu Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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25
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Luo B, Kastrat E, Morcol T, Cheng H, Kennelly E, Long C. Gaultheria longibracteolata, an alternative source of wintergreen oil. Food Chem 2021; 342:128244. [PMID: 33097325 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gaultheria longibracteolata (Ericaceae) has been traditionally used by different linguistic groups in Yunnan Province, China, but it has not been well studied. Through our ethnobotanical study in Lüchun County of Yunnan, we found that this species has multiple traditional uses including food, medicine, and worship. The essential oils from the root, stem, and leaf were investigated by both GC-MS and anti-bacterial assays. The GC-MS study showed that methyl salicylate is the main (>90%) component of the essential oil, and the oil composition extracted from different plant parts showed some similarities. The oil of G. longibracteolata displayed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, which is likely due to its methyl salicylate content. Gautheria longbracteolata appears to be a useful natural wintergreen oil substitute, but further studies are needed to develop this product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binsheng Luo
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minzu University of China, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ertan Kastrat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Taylan Morcol
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Haiping Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Edward Kennelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Chunlin Long
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minzu University of China, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China; College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Hunan 418000, China.
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26
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Michel P, Granica S, Rosińska K, Rojek J, Poraj Ł, Olszewska MA. Biological and chemical insight into Gaultheria procumbens fruits: a rich source of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant salicylate glycosides and procyanidins for food and functional application. Food Funct 2020; 11:7532-7544. [PMID: 32812975 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01750g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The fruits of Gaultheria procumbens are traditionally used for culinary and healing purposes as anti-inflammatory agents. In the present work, the active components of the fruits were identified (UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS3, preparative HPLC isolation, and NMR structural studies), and their biological capacity was evaluated in vitro in cell-based and non-cellular models. The fruits were revealed to be the richest known dietary source of salicylates (38.5 mg per g fruit dw). They are also rich in procyanidins (28.5 mg per g fruit dw). Among five tested solvents, acetone was the most efficient in concentrating the phenolic matrix (39 identified compounds; 191.3 mg g-1, 121.7 mg g-1, and 50.9 mg g-1 dry extract for total phenolics, salicylates, and procyanidins, respectively). In comparison to positive controls (dexamethasone, indomethacin, and quercetin), the extract (AE) and pure salicylates exhibited strong inhibitory activity towards pro-inflammatory enzymes (cyclooxygenase-2 and hyaluronidase). The analytes were found to be non-cytotoxic (flow cytometry) towards human neutrophils ex vivo. Moreover, they significantly, in a dose-dependent manner, downregulated the release of ROS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and elastase-2 and slightly inhibited the secretion of IL-8 and metalloproteinase-9 in the cells. The observed effects might support the usage of G. procumbens fruits as functional components of an anti-inflammatory diet and indicate the potential of AE for use in adjuvant treatment of inflammatory disorders cross-linked with oxidative stress and associated with the excessive production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and elastase-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Michel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Warsaw Medical University, 1 Banacha St., Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| | - Karolina Rosińska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Rojek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Poraj
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Monika Anna Olszewska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
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Ding P, Ding Y. Stories of Salicylic Acid: A Plant Defense Hormone. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:549-565. [PMID: 32407695 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a key plant hormone required for establishing resistance to many pathogens. SA biosynthesis involves two main metabolic pathways with multiple steps: the isochorismate and the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase pathways. Transcriptional regulations of SA biosynthesis are important for fine-tuning SA level in plants. We highlight here recent discoveries on SA biosynthesis and transcriptional regulations of SA biosynthesis. In addition, SA perception by NPR proteins is important to fulfil its function as a defense hormone. We highlight recent work to give a full picture of how NPR proteins support the role of SA in plant immunity. We also discuss challenges and potential opportunities for future research and application related to the functions of SA in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingtao Ding
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Yuli Ding
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Abstract
2-Hydroxy-N′-(4-fluorobenzoyl)benzohydrazide was synthesized in two steps using methyl salicylate as the starting material. The reaction took place via microwave-aided hydrazinolysis, followed by acylation using 4-fluorobenzoyl chloride at low temperature to yield the target compound.
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Wang X, Li X, Wang R, Wang L, Fan S, Wang X, Xu X, Yan X, He T, Ren X, She G. Human gastrointestinal metabolism of the anti-rheumatic fraction of Dianbaizhu (Gaultheria leucocarpa var. yunnanensis) in vitro: Elucidation of the metabolic analysis in gastric juice, intestinal juice and human intestinal bacteria by UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MSn and HPLC-DAD. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 175:112791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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Mieres-Castro D, Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Theoduloz C, Gómez-Alonso S, Pérez-Navarro J, Márquez K, Jiménez-Aspee F. Antioxidant activity and the isolation of polyphenols and new iridoids from Chilean Gaultheria phillyreifolia and G. poeppigii berries. Food Chem 2019; 291:167-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Prateeksha, Barik SK, Singh BN. Nanoemulsion-loaded hydrogel coatings for inhibition of bacterial virulence and biofilm formation on solid surfaces. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6520. [PMID: 31019240 PMCID: PMC6482171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43016-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria which has become one of the biggest challenges of the twenty-first century for the researchers to combat and in turn search for novel targets which could lead to the development of effective and sustainable therapies. Inhibition of biofilm formation and virulence of bacterial pathogens is an emerging approach to address the challenges related to bacterial infections. To suppress the virulence and biofilm formation by Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ECOH), we developed stable nanoemulsion (NE) of Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. essential oil’s (EO) bioactive compounds, viz., eugenol (E-NE) and methyl salicylate (MS-NE) that showed significantly higher anti-biofilm and anti-virulence activities as compared to eugenol and methyl salicylate without affecting ECOH planktonic cell growth. Transcriptional analysis showed that E-NE and MS-NE reduced the expression of genes, including curli, type I fimbriae, Shiga-like toxins, quorum sensing, and ler-controlled toxins, which are needed for biofilm formation, pathogenicity, and attachment. E-NE and MS-NE loaded hydrogel coatings showed superior anti-biofilm activity against ECOH on glass, plastic and meat surfaces as compared to eugenol and methyl salicylate loaded coatings. Conclusively, NE-loaded hydrogel coatings could be used in combating ECOH infection on solid surfaces through anti-biofilm and anti-virulence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateeksha
- Herbal Nanobiotechnology Lab, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Saroj Kanta Barik
- Herbal Nanobiotechnology Lab, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India.
| | - Brahma Nand Singh
- Herbal Nanobiotechnology Lab, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India.
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Michel P, Granica S, Magiera A, Rosińska K, Jurek M, Poraj Ł, Olszewska MA. Salicylate and Procyanidin-Rich Stem Extracts of Gaultheria procumbens L. Inhibit Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes and Suppress Pro-Inflammatory and Pro-Oxidant Functions of Human Neutrophils Ex Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071753. [PMID: 30970662 PMCID: PMC6479601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salicylate-rich plants are an attractive alternative to synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs due to a better safety profile and the advantage of complementary anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of the co-occurring non-salicylate phytochemicals. Here, the phytochemical value and biological effects in vitro and ex vivo of the stems of one of such plants, Gaultheria procumbens L., were evaluated. The best extrahent for effective recovery of the active stem molecules was established in comparative studies of five extracts. The UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS3, HPLC-PDA, and UV-photometric assays revealed that the selected acetone extract (AE) accumulates a rich polyphenolic fraction (35 identified constituents; total content 427.2 mg/g dw), mainly flavanols (catechins and proanthocyanidins; 201.3 mg/g dw) and methyl salicylate glycosides (199.9 mg/g dw). The extract and its model components were effective cyclooxygenase-2, lipoxygenase, and hyaluronidase inhibitors; exhibited strong antioxidant capacity in six non-cellular in vitro models (AE and procyanidins); and also significantly and dose-dependently reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the release of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α) and proteinases (elastase-2, metalloproteinase-9) in human neutrophils stimulated ex vivo by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP). The cellular safety of AE was demonstrated by flow cytometry. The results support the application of the plant in traditional medicine and encourage the use of AE for development of new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Michel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Warsaw Medical University, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Magiera
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Karolina Rosińska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Jurek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Poraj
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Monika Anna Olszewska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
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Sá S, Chaul LT, Alves VF, Fiuza TS, Tresvenzol LM, Vaz BG, Ferri PH, Borges LL, Paula JR. Phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity of Campomanesia adamantium. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Application of conventional and non-conventional extraction approaches for extraction of Erica carnea L.: Chemical profile and biological activity of obtained extracts. J Supercrit Fluids 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Aires A, Carvalho R. Profiling of Polyphenol Composition and Antiradical Capacity of Erica cinerea. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6030072. [PMID: 28930147 PMCID: PMC5618100 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to determine the profile and content of polyphenols present in Erica cinerea, an important plant species from Northern Portuguese flora and often reported as having anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-radical activity. The analysis of polyphenols was performed by HPLC-DAD/UV-Vis, and the 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) method was used to evaluate its radical scavenging activity. HPLC analysis showed that both plants presented a great diversity of compounds, with 33% flavones, 28% flavanols, and 26% hydroxycinnamic acids. The antiradical activity was dose-dependent, and the IC50 values were 0.251 mg mL-1. Based on our study, E. cinerea presented interesting bioactive compounds and it can be used to extract and purify bioactive polyphenols to be used in pharmaceutical or agro-food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Aires
- Centre for the Research and Technology for Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, CITAB, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Rosa Carvalho
- Agronomy Department, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
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Pandey BP, Thapa R, Upreti A. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oil and methanol extract of Artemisia vulgaris and Gaultheria fragrantissima collected from Nepal. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:952-959. [PMID: 29111190 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the chemical constituents and biological activities of essential oil and crude methanol extract of Artemisia vulgaris (A. vulgaris) and Gaultheria fragrantissima (G. fragrantissima). METHODS Phytochemical screening, total phenolic and flavonoid content, antibacterial activities, anti-oxidant assay of the crude extract were carried out to identify the biological activities and phytonutrients present in the extract. Furthermore, the chemical constituents present in the essential oil and crude methanol extract were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. RESULTS Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy analysis of essential oil from the aerial part of A. vulgaris revealed 24 different compounds in it. Sabinene (11.29%), β-thujone (19.19%), chrysanthenone (4.48%), camphor (11.89%), borneol (4.44%) and germacrene D (8.42%) were the major compounds. Similarly, leaves of G. fragrantissima contained methyl salicylate (95%) and asarone (4.64%). Furthermore, methanol extract of leaves of A. vulgaris and G. fragrantissima were found rich in the total flavonoids and phenolic content. HPLC analysis of the methanol extract of leaves A. vulgaris revealed the presence of morin and luteolin, whereas rutin was found as a major flavonoids compound in the leaves of G. fragrantissima. Further, methanol extract of the A. vulgaris and G. fragrantissima showed the highest antioxidant and antibacterial properties compared to the essential oil. CONCLUSIONS The HPLC analysis of the methanol extract of A. vulgaris shows the presence of luteolin and morin, whereas G. fragrantissima reveals the presence of rutin and a glycosylated flavonoids. Results reveal that A. vulgaris oil is the rich source of monoterpene and sesquiterpene compounds. Furthermore, A. vulgaris and G. fragrantissima are the rich source of the phenolic and flavonoids compounds and show good antioxidant and antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu Prasad Pandey
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal.
| | - Rupak Thapa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Anil Upreti
- Department of Biotechnology, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
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Michel P, Owczarek A, Matczak M, Kosno M, Szymański P, Mikiciuk-Olasik E, Kilanowicz A, Wesołowski W, Olszewska MA. Metabolite Profiling of Eastern Teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens L.) Lipophilic Leaf Extracts with Hyaluronidase and Lipoxygenase Inhibitory Activity. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030412. [PMID: 28272321 PMCID: PMC6155426 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytochemical profile and anti-inflammatory activity of Gaultheria procumbens dry lipophilic leaf extracts were evaluated. Forty compounds were identified by GC-MS, representing 86.36% and 81.97% of the petroleum ether (PE) and chloroform (CHE) extracts, respectively, with ursolic acid (28.82%), oleanolic acid (10.11%), methyl benzoate (10.03%), and methyl salicylate (6.88%) dominating in CHE, and methyl benzoate (21.59%), docosane (18.86%), and octacosane (11.72%) prevailing in PE. Three components of CHE were fully identified after flash chromatography isolation and spectroscopic studies as (6S,9R)-vomifoliol (4.35%), 8-demethyl-latifolin (1.13%), and 8-demethylsideroxylin (2.25%). Hyaluronidase and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity was tested for CHE (IC50 = 282.15 ± 10.38 μg/mL and 899.97 ± 31.17 μg/mL, respectively), PE (IC50 = 401.82 ± 16.12 μg/mL and 738.49 ± 15.92 μg/mL), and nine of the main constituents versus heparin (IC50 = 366.24 ± 14.72 μg/mL) and indomethacin (IC50 = 92.60 ± 3.71 μg/mL) as positive controls. With the best activity/concentration relationships, ursolic and oleanolic acids were recommended as analytical markers for the extracts and plant material. Seasonal variation of both markers following foliar development was investigated by UHPLC-PDA. The highest levels of ursolic (5.36-5.87 mg/g DW of the leaves) and oleanolic (1.14-1.26 mg/g DW) acids were observed between August and October, indicating the optimal season for harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Michel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (A.O.); (M.M.); (M.K.); (M.A.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-677-91-69
| | - Aleksandra Owczarek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (A.O.); (M.M.); (M.K.); (M.A.O.)
| | - Magdalena Matczak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (A.O.); (M.M.); (M.K.); (M.A.O.)
| | - Martyna Kosno
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (A.O.); (M.M.); (M.K.); (M.A.O.)
| | - Paweł Szymański
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (P.S.); (E.M.-O.)
| | - Elżbieta Mikiciuk-Olasik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (P.S.); (E.M.-O.)
| | - Anna Kilanowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (A.K.); (W.W.)
| | - Wiktor Wesołowski
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (A.K.); (W.W.)
| | - Monika A. Olszewska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (A.O.); (M.M.); (M.K.); (M.A.O.)
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Lobstein A, Couic-Marinier F. Huile essentielle de Gaulthérie. ACTUALITES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actpha.2016.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Alam F, Saqib QNU, Ashraf M. Gaultheria trichophylla (Royle): a source of minerals and biologically active molecules, its antioxidant and anti-lipoxygenase activities. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:3. [PMID: 28049535 PMCID: PMC5209833 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gaultheria trichophylla (Royle) is used as food and for treating many ailments in folk medicine especially against inflammation. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the ability of extracts of G. trichophylla as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent and for its mineral contents. METHODS Powdered plant material (100 g) was extracted with 100 ml each of methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane using soxhlet extractor. Antioxidant activity of methanol extract was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assays. Determination of enzyme inhibition activity was determined using 5-LOX inhibitory activity. Total phenolic and flavonoids contents were measured by Folin-Chicalteu and colorimeteric methods respectively. Minerals and heavy metals contents were determined using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Qualitative HPLC analysis were performed using some standard phenolic compounds. RESULTS The highest phenolic (17.5 ± 2.5 mg GA equivalent/g) and flavonoids (41.3 ± 0.1 mg QE equivalent/g) concentrations were found in methanol extract, which also showed more scavenging activity of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and ferrous reducing power with IC50 = 81.2 ± 0.2 and IC50 = 11.2 ± 0.1 μg/ml, respectively. The methanol and chloroform extracts showed best inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase enzyme with 90.5 ± 0.7% and 66.9 ± 0.1% at 0.5 mg/ml, respectively. G. trichophylla extract was also evaluated for mineral contents (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Cu), and for chemical profiling of heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Cd, Co, Zn, Ni and Hg). CONCLUSION Our current findings suggest that this plant is good source of minerals and concentration of all heavy metals were within permissible limits. The results revealed that this ignored plant has great pharmaceutical and nutraceutical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiaz Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, 22060 Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Qazi Najam us Saqib
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, 22060 Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ashraf
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100 Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Alam F, Saqib QNU, Shah AJ, Ashraf M, Al Ain Q. Gut modulatory and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of Gaultheria trichophylla. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2917-2921. [PMID: 27309573 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1194438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Gaultheria trichophylla Royle (Ericaceae) and related species have been used in the traditional system of medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea, pain and inflammation. OBJECTIVE The present investigation explores G. trichophylla for its potential activity in hyperactive gut disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antidiarrheal activity was evaluated on castor oil induced diarrhoea in mice with reference to standard drug verapamil. Gut modulatory activity was performed on isolated jejunum tissue preparations on spontaneous and high potassium induced contractions. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activity was performed with an in vitro study. Extract was tested for toxicity in mice. RESULTS In the in vivo studies, the methanol extract of G. trichophylla and verapamil significantly (p < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001) inhibited the frequency of defecation as well as wetting of faeces when compared with the negative control. The methanol (Gt. MeOH) extract of G. trichophylla caused a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on spontaneous contractions in isolated rabbit jejunum preparations and exhibited a partial inhibitory effect against high K+ (80 mM) induced precontractions. Gt. MeOH shifted the Ca2+ concentration-response curves (CRCs) to the right, suggesting calcium channel blocking like constituents. In an in vitro assay Gt. MeOH inhibited BChE enzyme with an IC50 values of 35.52 ± 1.17 μg/mL. The extract showed no toxicity in mice at the dose of 3 g/kg. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that G. trichophylla possesses combinations of inhibitory and stimulatory effects mediated through possible cholinergic and less potent calcium blocking constituents, respectively. The latter may be responsible for the antidiarrheal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiaz Alam
- a Department of Pharmacy , COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Abbottabad , Pakistan
| | - Qazi Najam Us Saqib
- a Department of Pharmacy , COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Abbottabad , Pakistan
| | - Abdul Jabbar Shah
- a Department of Pharmacy , COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Abbottabad , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- b Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology , the Islamia University of Bahawalpur , Bahawalpur , Pakistan
| | - Quarat Al Ain
- b Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology , the Islamia University of Bahawalpur , Bahawalpur , Pakistan
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Cai YH, Guo Y, Li Z, Wu D, Li X, Zhang H, Yang J, Lu H, Sun Z, Luo HB, Yin S, Wu Y. Discovery and modelling studies of natural ingredients from Gaultheria yunnanensis (FRANCH.) against phosphodiesterase-4. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 114:134-40. [PMID: 26978121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) is an anti-inflammatory target for treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here, we report the isolation and characterization of 13 compounds (G1-G13) by bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethyl acetate extraction of Gaultheria yunnanensis (FRANCH.), one of which pentacyclic triterpene (G1) has never been reported. Four of them (G1, G2, G4, and G5) inhibit PDE4 with the IC50 values < 20 μM and G1 is the most potent ingredient with an IC50 of 245 nM and moderate selectivity over other PDE families. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that G1 forms a hydrogen bond with Asn362, in addition to the hydrogen bond with Gln369 and π-π interactions with Phe372, which are commonly observed in the binding of most PDE4 inhibitors. The calculated binding free energies for the interactions of PDE4-G1 and PDE4-G2 are -19.4 and -18.8 kcal/mol, in consistence with the bioassay that G1 and G2 have IC50 of 245 nM and 542 nM, respectively. The modelling results of these active compounds may aid the rational design of novel PDE4 inhibitors as anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hong Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yanqiong Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Deyang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiruo Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Heng Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Junjie Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Heng Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhaowei Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Hai-Bin Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Sheng Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Yinuo Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Alam F, Najum us Saqib Q. Pharmacognostic standardization and preliminary phytochemical studies of Gaultheria trichophylla. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:1711-1718. [PMID: 25865038 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.1003355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Gaultheria trichophylla Royle (Ericaceae) has long been used for various ailments in traditional systems of medicines; most importantly it is used against pain and inflammation. AIMS This study determines various pharmacognostic and phytochemical standards helpful to ensure the purity, safety, and efficacy of medicinal plant G. trichophylla. MATERIAL AND METHODS Intact aerial parts, powdered materials, and extracts were examined macro- and microscopically and pharmacognostic standardization parameters were determined in accordance with the guidelines given by the World Health Organization (WHO). Parameters including extractive values, ash values, and loss on drying were determined. Preliminary phytochemical tests, fluorescence analysis, and chromatographic profiling were performed for the identification and standardization of G. trichophylla. RESULTS The shape, size, color, odor, and surface characteristics were noted for intact drug and powdered drug material of G. trichophylla. Light and scanning electron microscope images of cross section of leaf and powdered microscopy revealed useful diagnostic features. Histochemical, phytochemical, physicochemical, and fluorescence analysis proved useful tools to differentiate the powdered drug material. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed the presence of important phytoconstituents such as gallic acid, rutin, and quercetin. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The data generated from the present study help to authenticate the medicinally important plant G. trichophylla. Qualitative and quantitative microscopic features may be helpful for establishing the pharmacopeia standards. Morphology as well as various pharmacognostic aspects of different parts of the plant were studied and described along with phytochemical and physicochemical parameters, which could be helpful in further isolation and purification of medicinally important compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiaz Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, Comsats Institute of Information Technology , Abbottabad , Pakistan
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Cong F, Joshi KR, Devkota HP, Watanabe T, Yahara S. Dhasingreoside: new flavonoid from the stems and leaves of Gaultheria fragrantissima. Nat Prod Res 2015; 29:1442-8. [PMID: 25622517 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.1003932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new flavonoid, dhasingreoside (1) and seven known compounds, quercetin 3-O-β-D-galacturonopyranoside (2), quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (3), quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (4), quercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (5), (-)-epicatechin (6), salicylic acid (7) and gaultherin (8), have been isolated from the shade-dried stems and leaves of Gaultheria fragrantissima, commonly known as 'Dhasingre' in Nepal. The structures were elucidated on the basis of physical, chemical and spectroscopic methods. Among known compounds, five compounds (3-6 and 8) were isolated for the first time from G. fragrantissima. In vitro antioxidant activity of all the isolated compounds was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical-scavenging assay. Dhasingreoside (1) and other compounds (2-6) showed significant free radical-scavenging activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cong
- a Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University , 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo ku, Kumamoto 862-0973 , Japan
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Michel P, Dobrowolska A, Kicel A, Owczarek A, Bazylko A, Granica S, Piwowarski JP, Olszewska MA. Polyphenolic Profile, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Eastern Teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens L.) Leaf Extracts. Molecules 2014; 19:20498-20520. [PMID: 25493634 PMCID: PMC6271927 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191220498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry leaf extracts of eastern teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens L.) were evaluated as a source of bioactive phytocompounds through systematic activity testing and phytochemical profiling. The antioxidant efficiency was tested using five complementary in vitro models (DPPH; FRAP; linoleic acid (LA) peroxidation assay; O2•− and H2O2 scavenging tests) in parallel with standard antioxidants. The 75% methanol extract and its diethyl ether, ethyl acetate (EAF), n-butanol and water fractions exhibited the dose-dependent responses in all assays, with the highest capacities found for EAF (DPPH EC50 = 2.9 μg/mL; FRAP = 12.8 mmol Fe2+/g; IC50 for LA-peroxidation = 123.9 μg/mL; O2•− SC50 = 3.9 μg/mL; H2O2 SC50 = 7.2 μg/mL). The EAF had also the highest anti-inflammatory activity in the inhibition tests of lipoxygenase and hyaluronidase (60.14% and 21.83% effects, respectively, at the concentration of 100 μg/mL). Activity parameters of the extracts correlated strongly with the levels of total phenolics (72.4–270.7 mg GAE/g), procyanidins, and phenolic acids, whereas for flavonoids only moderate effects were observed. Comprehensive UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS3 and HPLC-PDA studies led to the identification of 35 polyphenols with a procyanidin A-type trimer, quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, isomers of caffeoylquinic acids, and (‒)-epicatechin being the dominant components. Significant activity levels, high phenolic contents and high extraction yields (39.4%–42.5% DW for defatted and crude methanol extracts, respectively) indicate the value of eastern teaberry leaves as bioactive products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Michel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego St., Lodz 90-151, Poland.
| | - Anna Dobrowolska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego St., Lodz 90-151, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Kicel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego St., Lodz 90-151, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Owczarek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego St., Lodz 90-151, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Bazylko
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Warsaw Medical University, 1 Banacha St., Warsaw 02-097, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Warsaw Medical University, 1 Banacha St., Warsaw 02-097, Poland.
| | - Jakub P Piwowarski
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Warsaw Medical University, 1 Banacha St., Warsaw 02-097, Poland.
| | - Monika A Olszewska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego St., Lodz 90-151, Poland.
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Liu Z, Jiang R, Xie M, Xu G, Liu W, Wang X, Lin H, Lu J, She G. A rapid new approach for the quality evaluation of the folk medicine Dianbaizhu based on chemometrics. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2014; 62:1083-91. [PMID: 25366312 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c14-00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dianbaizhu, a folk medicine from Gaultheria leucocarpa BLUME var. yunnanensis (FRANCH.) T. Z. HSU & R. C. FANG (Ericaceae) used as an antirheumatic, has multiple plant origins and officinal parts. A rapid high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method was established for the simultaneous determination of the characteristic ingredient methyl benzoate-2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1 → 2) [O-β-D-xylopyranosyl(1 → 6)]-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and seven bioactive constituents in eight Gaultheria species. This chromatographic method is precise, accurate, and stable. Kruskal-Wallis analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and factor analysis were used to analyze the content of reference compounds in different Gaultheria species and officinal parts. The analyses showed significant differences (p<0.05) in Gaultheria species but few differences (p>0.05) in their medicinal parts. G. leucocarpa var. yunnanensis appeared to the best among the Gaultheria species tested for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Taken together, the results show that this simultaneous quantification of multiple active constituents using HPLC-DAD combined with chemometrics can be reliably applied to evaluate the quality of Dianbaizhu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhen Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
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Vergnes S, Ladouce N, Fournier S, Ferhout H, Attia F, Dumas B. Foliar treatments with Gaultheria procumbens essential oil induce defense responses and resistance against a fungal pathogen in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:477. [PMID: 25295045 PMCID: PMC4172006 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Essential oil from Gaultheria procumbens is mainly composed of methylsalicylate (MeSA) (>96%), a compound which can be metabolized in plant tissues to salicylic acid, a phytohormone inducing plant immunity against microbial pathogens. The potential use of G. procumbens essential oil as a biocontrol agent was evaluated on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression of a selection of defense genes was detected 1, 6, and 24 h after essential oil treatment (0.1 ml/L) using a high-throughput qPCR-based microfluidic technology. Control treatments included methyl jasmonate and a commercialized salicylic acid (SA) analog, benzo(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7carbothiolic acid (BTH). Strong induction of defense markers known to be regulated by the SA pathway was observed after the treatment with G. procumbens essential oil. Treatment induced the accumulation of total SA in the wild-type Arabidopsis line Col-0 and analysis of the Arabidopsis line sid2, mutated in a SA biosynthetic gene, revealed that approximately 30% of MeSA sprayed on the leaves penetrated inside plant tissues and was demethylated by endogenous esterases. Induction of plant resistance by G. procumbens essential oil was tested following inoculation with a GFP-expressing strain of the Arabidopsis fungal pathogen Colletotrichum higginsianum. Fluorescence measurement of infected tissues revealed that treatments led to a strong reduction (60%) of pathogen development and that the efficacy of the G. procumbens essential oil was similar to the commercial product BION(®). Together, these results show that the G. procubens essential oil is a natural source of MeSA which can be formulated to develop new biocontrol products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vergnes
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesCastanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesCastanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nathalie Ladouce
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesCastanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesCastanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sylvie Fournier
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesCastanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesCastanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Faouzi Attia
- Equipe Recherches Agronomiques, AgronutritionCarbonne, France
- LabCom C2R-BIONUTToulouse, France
| | - Bernard Dumas
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesCastanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesCastanet-Tolosan, France
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