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Leng F, Fang W, Chen T, Wang C, Wang S, Wang L, Xie Z, Zhang X. Different frequencies of water deficit irrigation treatments improve fruit quality of Zitian seedless grapes under on-tree storage. Food Chem 2024; 454:139629. [PMID: 38805920 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the impact of varied water deficit irrigation frequencies (T1: 2.5 L/4 days; T2: 5 L/8 days; CK: 5 L/4 days) on Zitian Seedless grapes from veraison to post-ripening. Notably, total soluble solids increased during on-tree storage compared to at maturity, while total anthocyanin content decreased, particularly in CK (60.16%), T1 (62.35%), and less in T2 (50.54%). Glucose and fructose levels increased significantly in T1 and T2, more so in T2, but slightly declined in CK. Tartaric acid content increased by 41.42% in T2. Moreover, compared to regular irrigation, water deficit treatments enhanced phenolic metabolites and volatile compounds, including chlorogenic acid, various flavonoids, viniferin, hexanal, 2-nonenal, 2-hexen-1-ol, (E)-, 3-hydroxy-dodecanoic acid, and 1-hexanol, etc. Overall, the T2 treatment outperformed T1 and CK in maintaining grape quality. This study reveals that combining on-tree storage with water deficit irrigation not only improves grape quality but also water efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Leng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Wenfei Fang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Ting Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Chengyang Wang
- Zhoushan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Zhejiang 316000, PR China
| | - Shiping Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Zhaosen Xie
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
| | - Xianan Zhang
- Forestry and Fruit Research Institute, Shanghai, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China.
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2
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Alonso R, Muñoz F, Bottini R, Piccoli P, Berli FJ. Effects of Wind Exposure and Deficit Irrigation on Vegetative Growth, Yield Components and Berry Composition of Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1292. [PMID: 38794367 PMCID: PMC11124913 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The impact of global warming on Argentine viticulture may result in a geographical shift, with wine-growing regions potentially moving towards the southwest, known as one of the windiest regions in the world. Deficit irrigation is a widely used strategy to control the shoot growth and improve fruit quality attributes, such as berry skin polyphenols. The present study aimed to assess the effects of different wind intensities and irrigation levels, as well as their interactions, on field-grown Vitis vinifera L. cvs. Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon. The experiment was conducted during two growing seasons with two wind treatments (sheltered and exposed) and two irrigation treatments (well-watered and moderate deficit irrigation) in a multifactorial design. Vegetative growth, stomatal conductance, shoot biomass partition, fruit yield components and berry skin phenolics were evaluated. Our study found that, generally, wind exposure reduced vegetative growth, and deficit irrigation increased the proportion of smaller berries within the bunches. Meanwhile, deficit irrigation and wind exposure additively increased the concentration of berry skin phenolics. Combined stressful conditions enhance biomass partition across the shoot to fruits in Malbec, increasing the weight of bunches and the number of berries. Our findings offer practical implications for vineyard managers in windy regions, providing actionable insights to optimize grapevine cultivation and enhance wine quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Alonso
- Grupo de Bioquímica Vegetal, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas—Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza 5507, Argentina; (F.M.); (P.P.); (F.J.B.)
| | - Flavio Muñoz
- Grupo de Bioquímica Vegetal, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas—Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza 5507, Argentina; (F.M.); (P.P.); (F.J.B.)
| | - Rubén Bottini
- Instituto Argentino de Veterinaria, Ambiente y Salud (IAVAS), Universidad Juan Agustín Maza, Av. Acceso Este Lateral Sur 2245, Guaymallén, Mendoza 5519, Argentina;
| | - Patricia Piccoli
- Grupo de Bioquímica Vegetal, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas—Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza 5507, Argentina; (F.M.); (P.P.); (F.J.B.)
| | - Federico J. Berli
- Grupo de Bioquímica Vegetal, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas—Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza 5507, Argentina; (F.M.); (P.P.); (F.J.B.)
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Hewitt S, Hernández-Montes E, Dhingra A, Keller M. Impact of heat stress, water stress, and their combined effects on the metabolism and transcriptome of grape berries. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9907. [PMID: 37336951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurring heat and drought episodes present challenges to the sustainability of grape production worldwide. We investigated the impacts of heat and drought stress on transcriptomic and metabolic responses of berries from two wine grape varieties. Cabernet Sauvignon and Riesling grapevines were subjected to one of four treatments during early fruit ripening: (1) drought stress only, (2) heat stress only, (3) simultaneous drought and heat stress, (4) no drought or heat stress (control). Berry metabolites, especially organic acids, were analyzed, and time-course transcriptome analysis was performed on samples before, during, and after the stress episode. Both alone and in conjunction with water stress, heat stress had a much more significant impact on berry organic acid content, pH, and titratable acidity than water stress. This observation contrasts with previous reports for leaves, which responded more strongly to water stress, indicating that grape berries display a distinct, organ-specific response to environmental stresses. Consistent with the metabolic changes, the global transcriptomic analysis revealed that heat stress had a more significant impact on gene expression in grape berries than water stress in both varieties. The differentially expressed genes were those associated with the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glyoxylate cycle, mitochondrial electron transport and alternative respiration, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, carbohydrate allocation, ascorbate metabolism, and abiotic stress signaling pathways. Knowledge regarding how environmental stresses, alone and in combination, impact the berry metabolism of different grape varieties will form the basis for developing recommendations for climate change mitigation strategies and genetic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seanna Hewitt
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Esther Hernández-Montes
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, USA
- Department of Agricultural Production, CEIGRAM, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amit Dhingra
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Markus Keller
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, USA.
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Palai G, Caruso G, Gucci R, D’Onofrio C. Water deficit before veraison is crucial in regulating berry VOCs concentration in Sangiovese grapevines. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1117572. [PMID: 36890905 PMCID: PMC9986437 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1117572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The impact of water deficit on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) responsible for grape aroma remains quite unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different timing and intensity of water deficit on berry VOCs and on their biosynthetic pathways. Fully irrigated control vines were compared with the following treatments: i) two different levels of water deficit from berry pea-size through veraison, ii) one level of water deficit during the lag-phase, and iii) two different levels of water deficit from veraison through harvest. At harvest, total VOC concentrations were higher in berries of water stressed vines from berry pea size through veraison or during the lag phase, whereas post-veraison water deficit determined similar concentrations as control. This pattern was even more pronounced for the glycosylated fraction and was also observed for single compounds, mainly monoterpenes and C13-norisoprenoids. On the other hand, free VOCs were higher in berries from lag phase or post-veraison stressed vines. The significant glycosylated and free VOCs increment measured after the short water stress limited to the lag phase highlight the pivotal role played by this stage in berry aroma compound biosynthesis modulation. The severity of water stress before veraison was also important, since glycosylated VOCs showed a positive correlation with the pre-veraison daily water stress integral. The RNA-seq analysis showed a wide regulation induced by irrigation regimes on terpenes and carotenoids biosynthetic pathways. The terpene synthases and glycosyltransferases as well as genes of the network of transcription factors were upregulated, especially in berries from pre-veraison stressed vines. Since the timing and intensity of water deficit contribute to regulate berry VOCs, irrigation management can be used to achieve high-quality grapes while saving water.
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Improving the Phenolic Content of Tempranillo Grapes by Sustainable Strategies in the Vineyard. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11111393. [PMID: 35684167 PMCID: PMC9182882 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Wine phenolics are of considerable interest due to their implication in the organoleptic appreciation of wines and due to their bioactive functions as antioxidants. In this work, the effects of sustainable strategies in the vineyard, regulated deficit irrigation treatments (RDI) and crop load level (CL) on Tempranillo grape phenolics over two seasons was studied. Rainfed (T), early (EDI) and late (LDI) regulated deficit irrigation was applied. Cluster thinning (TH) and control (C) without cluster removal were also applied under each irrigation treatment. The effect of CL remained independent of RDI for all compounds, except for phenolic acids. The RDI influence on the grape skin phenolic profile was higher than CL in the dry season (2009); however, in 2010, the effect of CL was greater. In 2009, a tendency to increase anthocyanin and hydroxycinnamic acid content in grape skins was registered in EDI with respect to T. However, significant decreases in hydroxycinnamic and flavanol compounds were found in LDI. In 2010, the wettest year, CL increased all phenolic families’ content. Thus, it can be concluded that the effects of RDI and cluster thinning treatments depend on the family of compounds considered and the meteorological conditions of the year.
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Moreno D, Alarcón MV, Uriarte D, Mancha LA, Valdés ME. Vine Irrigation through Two Shoot Densities in Flavonoid and Non-Flavonoid Compounds in ‘Tempranillo’ Grapes. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11101378. [PMID: 35631803 PMCID: PMC9145098 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the effects of non-limiting irrigation (I) vs. rainfed (R) through two different shoot densities, high-load (H) and low-load (L), on vegetative growth, agronomic parameters, flavonoid and non-flavonoid polyphenol substances of cv. Tempranillo grown in a semi-arid climate during three consecutive seasons (2014–2016). Under these conditions, in the 2015 and 2016 seasons, irrigation showed significant increases in berry weight (14.7% and 13.4% in H and L, respectively, in 2015, and 35.6% and 23.5% in the same treatments in 2016) and yield (66.7% and 48.5 in 2015; 27.9% and 177.5% in 2016). Additionally, a general decreasing trend is observed in anthocyanins with the exception of peonidin derivates, almost all flavonol compounds, cinnamic acid and resveratrol values with different degrees and statistical significance depending on the shoot density of the vines. A slight variation is observed in 2014 in these parameters. On the other hand, no general trends are established either in flavanol compounds or hydroxybenzoic acid. Thus, the effect of irrigation depends on the parameter considered, the shoot density of the vine and the season considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moreno
- Center for Scientific and Technological Research of Extremadura (CICYTEX), Food and Agriculture Technology Institute of Extremadura (INTAEX), Avenue Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - María Victoria Alarcón
- Agricultural Research Center “Finca La Orden-Valdesequera”, Center for Scientific and Technological Research of Extremadura (CICYTEX), Crta. A-V, Km 372, 06187 Badajoz, Spain; (M.V.A.); (D.U.); (L.A.M.)
| | - David Uriarte
- Agricultural Research Center “Finca La Orden-Valdesequera”, Center for Scientific and Technological Research of Extremadura (CICYTEX), Crta. A-V, Km 372, 06187 Badajoz, Spain; (M.V.A.); (D.U.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Luis A. Mancha
- Agricultural Research Center “Finca La Orden-Valdesequera”, Center for Scientific and Technological Research of Extremadura (CICYTEX), Crta. A-V, Km 372, 06187 Badajoz, Spain; (M.V.A.); (D.U.); (L.A.M.)
| | - María Esperanza Valdés
- Center for Scientific and Technological Research of Extremadura (CICYTEX), Food and Agriculture Technology Institute of Extremadura (INTAEX), Avenue Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-924012671
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7
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Fernández-López DJ, Fernández-Fernández JI, Martínez-Mora C, Bleda-Sánchez JA, Ruiz-García L. Productiveness and Berry Quality of New Wine Grape Genotypes Grown under Drought Conditions in a Semi-Arid Wine-Producing Mediterranean Region. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11101363. [PMID: 35631788 PMCID: PMC9147143 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One alternative for adapting viticulture to high temperatures and the scarcity of water is the development of new varieties adapted to such conditions. This work describes six new genotypes, derived from “Monastrell” × “Cabernet Sauvignon” (MC16, MC19, MC72, MC80) and “Monastrell” × “Syrah” (MS104, MS49) crosses, grown under deficit irrigation and rainfed conditions in a semi-arid wine-producing area (Murcia, southeastern Spain). The effect of genotype, year, and irrigation treatment on the phenological, productiveness, morphological, and grape quality data was evaluated. The study material was obtained and selected as part of a breeding program run by the Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarollo Agrario y Medioambiental (IMIDA). The results obtained show that under rainfed conditions, the values for productive variables decreased, while those referring to the phenolic content increased. Notable variation in the parameters evaluated was also seen for the different genotypes studied. The behavior of the genotypes MC80 and MS104 under rainfed conditions was noteworthy. In addition to maintaining very adequate yields, phenolic contents, must pH, and total acidity values, MC80 fell into the best ‘phenolic quality group’ and MS104 returned a low º°Baumé value, ideal for the production of low-alcohol-content wines. These genotypes could favor the development of sustainable quality viticulture in dry and hot areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego José Fernández-López
- Equipo de Mejora Genética Molecular, Departamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Medioambiental, 30150 Murcia, Spain; (D.J.F.-L.); (C.M.-M.)
| | - José Ignacio Fernández-Fernández
- Equipo de Enología y Viticultura, Departamento de Desarrollo Rural, Enología y Agricultura Sostenible, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Medioambiental, 30150 Murcia, Spain; (J.I.F.-F.); (J.A.B.-S.)
| | - Celia Martínez-Mora
- Equipo de Mejora Genética Molecular, Departamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Medioambiental, 30150 Murcia, Spain; (D.J.F.-L.); (C.M.-M.)
| | - Juan Antonio Bleda-Sánchez
- Equipo de Enología y Viticultura, Departamento de Desarrollo Rural, Enología y Agricultura Sostenible, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Medioambiental, 30150 Murcia, Spain; (J.I.F.-F.); (J.A.B.-S.)
| | - Leonor Ruiz-García
- Equipo de Mejora Genética Molecular, Departamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Medioambiental, 30150 Murcia, Spain; (D.J.F.-L.); (C.M.-M.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Mora J, Pott DM, Osorio S, Vallarino JG. Regulation of Plant Tannin Synthesis in Crop Species. Front Genet 2022; 13:870976. [PMID: 35586570 PMCID: PMC9108539 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.870976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant tannins belong to the antioxidant compound family, which includes chemicals responsible for protecting biological structures from the harmful effects of oxidative stress. A wide range of plants and crops are rich in antioxidant compounds, offering resistance to biotic, mainly against pathogens and herbivores, and abiotic stresses, such as light and wound stresses. These compounds are also related to human health benefits, offering protective effects against cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases in addition to providing anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial characteristics. Most of these compounds are structurally and biosynthetically related, being synthesized through the shikimate-phenylpropanoid pathways, offering several classes of plant antioxidants: flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins. Tannins are divided into two major classes: condensed tannins or proanthocyanidins and hydrolysable tannins. Hydrolysable tannin synthesis branches directly from the shikimate pathway, while condensed tannins are derived from the flavonoid pathway, one of the branches of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Both types of tannins have been proposed as important molecules for taste perception of many fruits and beverages, especially wine, besides their well-known roles in plant defense and human health. Regulation at the gene level, biosynthesis and degradation have been extensively studied in condensed tannins in crops like grapevine (Vitis vinifera), persimmon (Diospyros kaki) and several berry species due to their high tannin content and their importance in the food and beverage industry. On the other hand, much less information is available regarding hydrolysable tannins, although some key aspects of their biosynthesis and regulation have been recently discovered. Here, we review recent findings about tannin metabolism, information that could be of high importance for crop breeding programs to obtain varieties with enhanced nutritional characteristics.
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Duan B, Mei Y, Chen G, Su-Zhou C, Li Y, Merkeryan H, Cui P, Liu W, Liu X. Deficit irrigation and leaf removal modulate anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin repartitioning of Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grape and resulting wine profile. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:2937-2949. [PMID: 34766349 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In monsoonal climates, grape anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (PA) accumulations are unsatisfactory for producing optimal wine. Agronomical practices are often considered to be effective means for regulating fruit components. However, there is a lack of quantitative information on the effects of deficit irrigation (DI), basal leaf removal (LR) or their combination of deficit irrigation and leaf removal (DILR) on the characteristics of anthocyanin and PA compositions and their implications on the resulting wine quality. In this study, the dynamics of grape anthocyanin and PA accumulation were investigated in DI, LR and DILR during grape ripening, and the resulting wine profile was assessed. RESULTS The contents of reducing sugar and total anthocyanins in Cabernet Sauvignon berries were significantly increased by DI, LR and DILR, while titratable acidity, total flavan-3-ols and tannins levels were generally decreased. Notably, the levels of 3'5'-substituted anthocyanins, such as malvidin and its derivatives significantly increased, and 3'-substituted anthocyanins decreased in both grape and wine under DI and DILR strategies. Skin PAs were sensitive to water deficits, whereas they were insensitive to LR. In resulting wine, PAs content and the proportion of 3'-hydroxylated PAs, such as (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin and (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate units were significantly decreased under DI and DILR, while molecular mass and the proportion of 3'5'-hydroxylated units of PAs were increased in response to DILR. CONCLUSION The DILR was the most favorable for the repartitioning of anthocyanin and PA metabolites, and promoted the accumulation of tri-substituted forms contributing a higher color intensity, mouthfeel persistence, structure, and astringency of wine. This information provides an important strategy for modulating the anthocyanin and PA compositions by agricultural practices and achieving the desired quality of grapes and wines in monsoonal climates. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Duan
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yuan Mei
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Guoqiao Chen
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | | | - Yashan Li
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chuxiong Normal University, Chuxiong, China
| | | | - Ping Cui
- Grape Industrial Park Management Committee of the Eastern Foot of Helan Mountain in Ningxia, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Horticulture Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Liu
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Ningxia Eastern Foot of Helan Mountain Wine Station, Northwest A&F University, Yinchuan, China
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10
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Previtali P, Dokoozlian NK, Pan BS, Wilkinson KL, Ford CM. The effect of ripening rates on the composition of Cabernet Sauvignon and Riesling wines: Further insights into the sugar/flavor nexus. Food Chem 2021; 373:131406. [PMID: 34742046 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Grape ripening accelerates under warmer and drier conditions, resulting in the accumulation of sugars ('technological' maturity) being decoupled from phenolic and aromatic composition. This study investigated the effect of different rates of ripening on the composition of Cabernet Sauvignon and Riesling wines. Manipulating crop load and irrigation led to distinct rates of berry ripening. In the resulting wines, reduced crop load affected the aroma composition, altering the profile and abundance of grape-derived compounds and fermentative esters. Phenolic composition was impacted by the irrigation regime, with color and tannin increased by late season irrigation. In Cabernet Sauvignon, the combination of treatments led to the largest ripening delay (3 weeks), resulting in less green and more fruity compounds, and improved phenolic composition. By mapping grape and wine metabolites and exploring their relationship, the outcomes of this study demonstrate the importance of ripening rates in determining wine quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Previtali
- Department of Wine Science and Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia; Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Nick K Dokoozlian
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; E. & J. Gallo Winery, Modesto, CA 95354, USA
| | - Bruce S Pan
- E. & J. Gallo Winery, Modesto, CA 95354, USA
| | - Kerry L Wilkinson
- Department of Wine Science and Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia; Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Christopher M Ford
- Department of Wine Science and Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia; Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
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11
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Afifi M, Obenland D, El-kereamy A. The Complexity of Modulating Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Pathway by Deficit Irrigation in Table Grapes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:713277. [PMID: 34484275 PMCID: PMC8416356 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.713277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Deficit irrigation (DI) is an irrigation scheduling technique that is used in grapes to improve red color development; however, results are not always satisfactory in table grapes. The red color in grapes is mainly due to the plant pigment anthocyanin. In the present study, the anthocyanin biosynthesis in Scarlet Royal grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in the San Joaquin and Coachella Valleys, and subjected to two different DI strategies was investigated. The objective of this study was to identify potential regulatory factors that may lead to potential treatments to improve red color in table grapes, especially under warm climate conditions. In both locations, DI induced the expression of several genes involved in three major pathways that control the red color in table grapes: anthocyanin biosynthesis, hormone biosynthesis, and antioxidant system. DI at veraison induced anthocyanin accumulation and enhanced red color in berries at harvest time. However, anthocyanin accumulation was lower at the Coachella Valley compared to the San Joaquin Valley. The lower level of anthocyanin was associated with lower expression of critical genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, such as flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT), myb-related regulatory gene (R2R3-MYB) (MYBA1), basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) (MYCA1) and the tryptophan-aspartic acid repeat (WDR or WD40) proteins (WDR1). Further, gene expression analysis revealed the association of ABA biosynthesis gene 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED1), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO3), and the gibberellic acid (GA) catabolic gene GA2 oxidase (GA2ox1) in the induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis. An increase in the chalcone synthase gene (CHS2) was observed in response to DI treatments in both sites. However, CHS2 expression was higher in Coachella Valley after ending the DI treatment, suggesting the involvement of environmental stress in elevating its transcripts. This data was also supported by the lower level of antioxidant gene expression and enzyme activities in the Coachella Valley compared to the San Joaquin Valley. The present data suggested that the lack of grape red coloration could partially be due to the lower level of antioxidant activities resulting in accelerated anthocyanin degradation and impaired anthocyanin biosynthesis. It seems that under challenging warmer conditions, several factors are required to optimize anthocyanin accumulation via DI, including an active antioxidant system, proper light perception, and hormonal balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Afifi
- California Table Grape Commission, Fresno, CA, United States
| | - David Obenland
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, United States
| | - Ashraf El-kereamy
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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12
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Cataldo E, Salvi L, Mattii GB. Effects of irrigation on ecophysiology, sugar content andthiol precursors (3-S-cysteinylhexan-1-ol and 3-S-glutathionylhexan-1-ol) on Vitis vinifera cv. Sauvignon Blanc. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 164:247-259. [PMID: 34015690 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has an important impact on the phenological phases of the grapevine. The consequences are directly reflected in quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the grapes. In fact, there is a decrease in the skin-to-pulp ratio (therefore a decrease in production with an excess of alcohol) and a consequent reduction in the aromatic potential of white grapes (lowering of the quality of musts). Volatile tioles are important aromatic compounds found in various foods and drinks; in particular they contribute to forming the aroma of some types of white wines as they are characterized by extremely low perception thresholds. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of water stress on ecophysiology, technological maturity and on the thiol precursors of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon Blanc vineyards in the Tuscan region (Italy) during two seasons. To this end, three treatments were established: WW (well watered), MW (medium watered), and WS (water stress with no irrigation). During the seasons, measurements were made of single-leaf gas exchange, pre-dawn and leaf midday water potential, leaf temperature, chlorophyll fluorescence, as well chlorophyll content. In addition, the parameters of plant yield, technological maturity (° Brix, acidity, pH and berries weight) and the precursors of 3-Mercaptohexanol (3MH) were analyzed: 3-S-cysteinylhexan-1-ol (Cys-3MH) and 3-S-glutathionylhexan-1-ol (GSH-3MH). Well watered treatments (WW) showed less negative water potential, a higher rate of photosynthesis, of stomatal conductance, a lower leaf temperature (°C). Furthermore, WW showed higher levels of precursors accumulation (Cys-3MH and GSH-3MH) than the other treatments during two seasons. Technological analyses (° Brix and acidity) showed significant differences between WW and WS treatments. The lower berry weight was found in the WS treatment. Finally as a result of climate change, precision irrigation has proved to be a good technique to rebalance the gap between technological and aromatic maturity in Sauvignon Blanc grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cataldo
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Linda Salvi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Giovan Battista Mattii
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
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13
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Kovalenko Y, Tindjau R, Madilao LL, Castellarin SD. Regulated deficit irrigation strategies affect the terpene accumulation in Gewürztraminer (Vitis vinifera L.) grapes grown in the Okanagan Valley. Food Chem 2020; 341:128172. [PMID: 33039736 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) is a viticultural practice known to improve grape phenolics and color in red grapes; however, the impact of this practice on grape aromas remains largely unknown. The effects of RDI treatments applied at various berry developmental stages on canopy, yield, and free and glycoside-bound terpenes of the berry were investigated for three consecutive seasons. All RDI treatments reduced leaf photosynthesis and yield, but not when applied after veraison. Berry total soluble solids at harvest were reduced by RDI applied after veraison or throughout the season. Despite reducing berry sugars, RDI applied after veraison increased the concentration at harvest of key free terpenes for Gewürztraminer grapes such as geraniol and citronellol. RDI treatments down-regulated some terpene genes, which indicates that the observed changes in terpene concentration were not transcriptionally regulated. This study suggests that RDI applied after version can potentially improve wine aroma in Gewürztraminer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgen Kovalenko
- Wine Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ricco Tindjau
- Wine Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lufiani Lina Madilao
- Wine Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Simone Diego Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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14
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Levin AD, KC AN. Water Deficits Do Not Improve Fruit Quality in Grapevine Red Blotch Virus-Infected Grapevines ( Vitis vinifera L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1292. [PMID: 32973850 PMCID: PMC7472797 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although deficit irrigation is used to improve fruit quality in healthy grapevines, it can potentially amplify negative effects of viral disease and reduce fruit quality in Grapevine Red Blotch Virus (GRBV) infected grapevines. Therefore, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to understand the interaction between GRBV infection and water deficits on disease development and vine physiology. Well-watered (WW) vines were irrigated at 100% of estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc), while water deficit (WD) vines received water at 66 and 50% ETc in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Healthy (GRBV-) and infected (GRBV+) vines were confirmed by PCR assays. There were no significant effects of water deficits on foliar symptom onset in either year, but more severe water deficits in 2018 resulted in a more rapid symptom progression. GRBV+ vines had a higher Ψstem compared to GRBV- vines, but the effects of virus only appeared post-veraison and corresponded to decreased leaf gas exchange. In general, vine vegetative and reproductive growth were not reduced in GRBV+ vines. Yields were highest in WW/GRBV+ vines due to larger clusters containing larger berries. Consistent treatment effects on berry primary chemistry were limited to sugars, with no interactions between factors. Water deficits were able to somewhat increase berry anthocyanin concentration in GRBV+ fruit, but the effects were dependent on year. By comparison, virus status and water deficits interacted on skin tannins concentration such that they were decreased in WD/GRBV+ vines, but increased in WD/GRBV- vines. Water deficits had no effect on seed phenolics, with only virus status having a significant diminution. Although keeping GRBV+ vines well-watered may mitigate some of the negative effects of GRBD, these results suggest that water deficits will not improve overall fruit quality in GRBV+ vines. Ultimately, the control of fruit ripening imparted by GRBV infection seems to be stronger than abiotic control imparted by water deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Levin
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Southern Oregon Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Central Point, OR, United States
| | - Achala N. KC
- Southern Oregon Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Central Point, OR, United States
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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15
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Gambetta GA, Herrera JC, Dayer S, Feng Q, Hochberg U, Castellarin SD. The physiology of drought stress in grapevine: towards an integrative definition of drought tolerance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4658-4676. [PMID: 32433735 PMCID: PMC7410189 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Water availability is arguably the most important environmental factor limiting crop growth and productivity. Erratic precipitation patterns and increased temperatures resulting from climate change will likely make drought events more frequent in many regions, increasing the demand on freshwater resources and creating major challenges for agriculture. Addressing these challenges through increased irrigation is not always a sustainable solution so there is a growing need to identify and/or breed drought-tolerant crop varieties in order to maintain sustainability in the context of climate change. Grapevine (Vitis vinifera), a major fruit crop of economic importance, has emerged as a model perennial fruit crop for the study of drought tolerance. This review synthesizes the most recent results on grapevine drought responses, the impact of water deficit on fruit yield and composition, and the identification of drought-tolerant varieties. Given the existing gaps in our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying grapevine drought responses, we aim to answer the following question: how can we move towards a more integrative definition of grapevine drought tolerance?
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Gambetta
- EGFV, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Correspondence: or
| | - Jose Carlos Herrera
- Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Silvina Dayer
- EGFV, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Quishuo Feng
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Uri Hochberg
- ARO Volcani Center, Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Simone D Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Correspondence: or
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16
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Fandiño M, Vilanova M, Caldeira I, Silvestre JM, Rey BJ, Mirás-Avalos JM, Cancela JJ. Chemical composition and sensory properties of Albariño wine: Fertigation effects. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109533. [PMID: 33233163 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Interannual climate variability and management practices, including fertigation, can alter volatile compound concentrations in wines from a given grapevine cultivar. These compounds are highly relevant for wine aroma. The current study aimed to assess the effect of two levels of fertigation on the volatile composition and sensory properties of wines from Albariño grown in two vineyards in NW Spain over three years. Treatments were fertigation to 60% (F-60) and 100% (F-100) of crop needs since budbreak, and a rain-fed control (F-0). Volatile compounds were determined through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and wine sensory evaluation was performed by nine experts using quantitative descriptive analysis. General chemical parameters of wines were similar among treatments; however, F-60 and F-0 slightly reduced volatile total concentrations in both vineyards. Wines from the fertigation treatments had greater concentrations of volatile fatty acids, ethyl esters, acetates and C6 compounds. However, terpene concentrations slightly decreased when fertigation was applied. Higher alcohols showed a different behavior between vineyards, mainly related with grapevine water status during the growing season. Seven sensory descriptors differed significantly between vineyards. This study indicates that fertigation could be a tool for modulating wine chemical and sensory characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fandiño
- GI-1716, Projects and Planification, Dpto. Ingeniería Agroforestal, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Escola Politécnica Superior de Enxeñaría, Rúa Benigno Ledo s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Mar Vilanova
- Spanish National Research Council (MBG-CSIC), El Palacio-Salcedo, 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Ilda Caldeira
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV-Dois Portos), Quinta da Almoinha, 2565-191 Dois Portos, Torres Vedras, Portugal; MED - Mediterranean Institute of Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - José M Silvestre
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV-Dois Portos), Quinta da Almoinha, 2565-191 Dois Portos, Torres Vedras, Portugal
| | - Benjamín J Rey
- GI-1716, Projects and Planification, Dpto. Ingeniería Agroforestal, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Escola Politécnica Superior de Enxeñaría, Rúa Benigno Ledo s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - José M Mirás-Avalos
- GI-1716, Projects and Planification, Dpto. Ingeniería Agroforestal, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Escola Politécnica Superior de Enxeñaría, Rúa Benigno Ledo s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain; Unidad de Suelos y Riegos (Asociada a EEAD-CSIC), Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), 50059 Montañana, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier J Cancela
- GI-1716, Projects and Planification, Dpto. Ingeniería Agroforestal, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Escola Politécnica Superior de Enxeñaría, Rúa Benigno Ledo s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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17
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Wei X, Ju Y, Ma T, Zhang J, Fang Y, Sun X. New perspectives on the biosynthesis, transportation, astringency perception and detection methods of grape proanthocyanidins. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2372-2398. [PMID: 32551848 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1777527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are important secondary metabolites crucial for the quality of grape berry and wine. Despite important advances in our understanding of the structural and regulatory genes involved in the PAs biosynthesis pathway, our knowledge about the details of biosynthetic and regulatory networks, especially the mechanism of polymerization and transportation remains limited. We provided an overview of the latest discoveries related to the mechanisms of grape PAs structure, astringency properties, detection methods, biosynthesis and transportation. We also summarized the environmental influencing factors of PAs synthesis in grape. Future trends were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wei
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Viti-viniculture Engineering Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanlun Ju
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Viti-viniculture Engineering Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tingting Ma
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Viti-viniculture Engineering Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | | | - Yulin Fang
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Viti-viniculture Engineering Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiangyu Sun
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Viti-viniculture Engineering Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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18
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Yu M, Chen JC, Qu JZ, Liu F, Zhou M, Ma YM, Xiang SY, Pan XX, Zhang HB, Yang MZ. Exposure to endophytic fungi quantitatively and compositionally alters anthocyanins in grape cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 149:144-152. [PMID: 32066082 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins contribute greatly to the organoleptic and biochemical properties of grapes and wines. Although there are broadly documented factors involved in grape anthocyanin synthesis, the present work focused on fungal endophytes and their possible role in grape coloration. Our results showed that exposure to endophytic fungi within a dual culture system differentially affected total anthocyanin concentrations and PAL activities in grape cells. Grape cells dual cultured with fungal strains XH-2, R2-21 and B2-17 showed significant differences of their anthocyanin concentrations were subjected to further analysis of their anthocyanidin compositions. Compared to the no-fungus controls, grape cells exposed to fungal strains XH-2 and R2-21 exhibited quantitative promotion of their total anthocyanidin concentrations by 74% and 28%, respectively, whereas treatment with the fungus B2-17 reduced the anthocyanidin content by 19%. A total of 14 species of anthocyanidins were detected from the grape cells in these experiments. Most interestingly, exposure to any of these fungal strains differentially modified the compositional patterns of grape cellular anthocyanidins. The obvious upregulation of the transcription of VvMYB in grape cells treated with fungal strains XH-2 and R2-21 implies that the increased anthocyanin levels in these grape cells may be due to the activated transcriptional factors. In addition, the exposure of grape cells to extracts of these fungi initiated similar responses of anthocyanin contents and PAL activities to exposure to the living fungi and appeared obvious dosage effects. The influence of fungal endophytes on the coloration of grape berries was also examined in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Yu
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, China.
| | - Jing-Chao Chen
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, China.
| | - Jin-Zhuo Qu
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, China.
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, China.
| | - Ming Zhou
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, China.
| | - Yin-Min Ma
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, China.
| | - Si-Yu Xiang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, China.
| | - Xiao-Xia Pan
- School of Agronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, China.
| | - Han-Bo Zhang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, China.
| | - Ming-Zhi Yang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, China.
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19
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Fuentes S, Tongson E, Torrico DD, Gonzalez Viejo C. Modeling Pinot Noir Aroma Profiles Based on Weather and Water Management Information Using Machine Learning Algorithms: A Vertical Vintage Analysis Using Artificial Intelligence. Foods 2019; 9:E33. [PMID: 31905992 PMCID: PMC7023421 DOI: 10.3390/foods9010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
: Wine aroma profiles are determinant for the specific style and quality characteristics of final wines. These are dependent on the seasonality, mainly weather conditions, such as solar exposure and temperatures and water management strategies from veraison to harvest. This paper presents machine learning modeling strategies using weather and water management information from a Pinot noir vineyard from 2008 to 2016 vintages as inputs and aroma profiles from wines from the same vintages assessed using gas chromatography and chemometric analyses of wines as targets. The results showed that artificial neural network (ANN) models rendered the high accuracy in the prediction of aroma profiles (Model 1; R = 0.99) and chemometric wine parameters (Model 2; R = 0.94) with no indication of overfitting. These models could offer powerful tools to winemakers to assess the aroma profiles of wines before winemaking, which could help adjust some techniques to maintain/increase the quality of wines or wine styles that are characteristic of specific vineyards or regions. These models can be modified for different cultivars and regions by including more data from vertical vintages to implement artificial intelligence in winemaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigfredo Fuentes
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia; (E.T.); (D.D.T.); (C.G.V.)
| | - Eden Tongson
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia; (E.T.); (D.D.T.); (C.G.V.)
| | - Damir D. Torrico
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia; (E.T.); (D.D.T.); (C.G.V.)
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Claudia Gonzalez Viejo
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia; (E.T.); (D.D.T.); (C.G.V.)
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20
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Irrigation effects on the volatile composition and sensory profile of Albariño wines from two different terroirs. Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-019-03325-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Champ CE, Kundu-Champ A. Maximizing Polyphenol Content to Uncork the Relationship Between Wine and Cancer. Front Nutr 2019; 6:44. [PMID: 31114789 PMCID: PMC6502998 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have revealed conflicting results regarding the risk of cancer from alcohol consumption. Furthermore, some studies have suggested that wine may have benefits that separate it from other alcoholic beverages. As wine contains a significant amount of chemicals, specifically polyphenols like anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (PA), that can affect cellular function and promote health, this hypothesis is reasonably supported by recent research. Polyphenols promote several anticancer cellular pathways, including xenobiotic metabolism, support of innate antioxidant production, and stimulation of phase I and II detoxification of carcinogens. However, the multitude of growing and production conditions of grapes, including temperature, water availability, soil type, maceration, and aging can result in a remarkably varying final product based on the available literature. Thus, we hypothesize that wines produced from grapes cultivated between steady daily temperatures at 15–25°C with moderate sun exposure from flowering to harvest, lower vine-water status, resulting either from lower precipitation, and irrigation practices or more permeable soil types, limitation of fertilizers, extended maceration, and aging in oak will impact the concentration of anthocyanins and PA in the finished wine and may have a differential impact on cancer. This higher concentration of polyphenols would, in theory, create a healthier wine, thus explaining the conflicting reports on the benefits or harms of wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin E. Champ
- Cancer Prevention Project, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Colin E. Champ
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22
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Catacchio CR, Alagna F, Perniola R, Bergamini C, Rotunno S, Calabrese FM, Crupi P, Antonacci D, Ventura M, Cardone MF. Transcriptomic and genomic structural variation analyses on grape cultivars reveal new insights into the genotype-dependent responses to water stress. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2809. [PMID: 30809001 PMCID: PMC6391451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is importantly cultivated worldwide for table grape and wine production. Its cultivation requires irrigation supply, especially in arid and semiarid areas. Water deficiency can affect berry and wine quality mostly depending on the extent of plant perceived stress, which is a cultivar-specific trait. We tested the physiological and molecular responses to water deficiency of two table grape cultivars, Italia and Autumn royal, and we highlighted their different adaptation. Microarray analyses revealed that Autumn royal reacts involving only 29 genes, related to plant stress response and ABA/hormone signal transduction, to modulate the response to water deficit. Instead, cultivar Italia orchestrates a very broad response (we found 1037 differentially expressed genes) that modifies the cell wall organization, carbohydrate metabolism, response to reactive oxygen species, hormones and osmotic stress. For the first time, we integrated transcriptomic data with cultivar-specific genomics and found that ABA-perception and -signalling are key factors mediating the varietal-specific behaviour of the early response to drought. We were thus able to isolate candidate genes for the genotype-dependent response to drought. These insights will allow the identification of reliable plant stress indicators and the definition of sustainable cultivar-specific protocols for water management.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Catacchio
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - F Alagna
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA), Centro di ricerca Viticoltura ed Enologia, Turi (BA), Italy
- ENEA, Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile, Centro Ricerche Trisaia, Rotondella (MT), Italy
| | - R Perniola
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA), Centro di ricerca Viticoltura ed Enologia, Turi (BA), Italy
| | - C Bergamini
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA), Centro di ricerca Viticoltura ed Enologia, Turi (BA), Italy
| | - S Rotunno
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA), Centro di ricerca Viticoltura ed Enologia, Turi (BA), Italy
| | - F M Calabrese
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - P Crupi
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA), Centro di ricerca Viticoltura ed Enologia, Turi (BA), Italy
| | - D Antonacci
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA), Centro di ricerca Viticoltura ed Enologia, Turi (BA), Italy
| | - M Ventura
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
| | - M F Cardone
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA), Centro di ricerca Viticoltura ed Enologia, Turi (BA), Italy.
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Unravelling the scientific research on grape and wine phenolic compounds: a bibliometric study. Scientometrics 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-019-03029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Cardone M, Perniola R, Catacchio C, Alagna F, Rotunno S, Crupi P, Antonacci D, Velasco R, Ventura M, Bergamini C. Grapevine adaptation to drought: New candidate genes for the genotype-dependent response. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20191501016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine requires irrigation supply for its cultivation, especially in the arid and semiarid geographic areas. As consequence of the severe climatic changes, water consumption is becoming more and more important as environmental and cost factor that needs to be reduced. Water deficiency can affect berry and wine quality depending on the extent of plant perceived stress, which is a cultivar specific trait. In a four-year project, we tested the physiological and molecular responses to water deficiency of two different table grape cultivars, Italia and Autumn Royal, and we highlighted that they differently adapted to drought stress conditions. Physiological analyses on field-growth plants showed cultivar-specific variations in photosynthetic carbon assimilation and, stomatal conductance under water deficiency. We further combined “omic” analyses to identify candidate genes involved in drought stress response and adaptative traits. Microarray analyses revealed a broad response of cultivar Italia to drought stress conditions characterized by the modulation of 1037 genes involved in biological processes as cell wall organization, carbohydrate metabolism, ROS response, response to hormone and osmotic stress. On the contrary, Autumn Royal response was limited to the modulation of only 29 genes mainly involved in plant stress response, nitrogen metabolism and hormone signal transduction. Our data highlighted that ABA-perception and –signalling are key factors mediating the varietal-specific behavior of the early response to drought.
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25
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Huang LH, Yuan MQ, Ao XJ, Ren AY, Zhang HB, Yang MZ. Endophytic fungi specifically introduce novel metabolites into grape flesh cells in vitro. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196996. [PMID: 29734364 PMCID: PMC5937782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since endophytes can affect metabolism of host plants, they are expected to be used to improve crop quality, especially for crops with organoleptic sensitive products such as wine grape. However, details of metabolic interactions between endophytes and host plants were less understood. In this work, we used high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) to analyze the metabolites of fruit flesh cells of grape treated with dual culture of different endophytic fungal strains (EFS). We observed that the dual-culture with different fungal strains show different metabolites composition in grape cells. In response to different EFS, quantities of detected metabolites in grape cells varied from 6 to 17 in this assay, and 1 to 11 novel metabolites were introduced into metabolome of grape cells. Dual-culture with fungal strains CS2, RH16 and RH5 introduced the highest quantities (10 or 11) of novel metabolites in grape cells. More importantly, the modification of metabolic profiles in grape cells via fungal endophytes appeared to be fungal strain/genus-specificity. Overall, this work revealed that introduction of specific metabolites in host plants may be one consequence during the process of endophytes-host metabolic interactions, which raise the possibility to shape grape qualities and characteristics using tool of fungal endophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Huang
- School of life science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Ming-Quan Yuan
- School of chemistry and chemical engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiu-Jin Ao
- School of life science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - An-Yun Ren
- School of life science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Han-Bo Zhang
- School of life science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Yang
- School of life science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- * E-mail: ,
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Preparation and Antioxidant Activity of Ethyl-Linked Anthocyanin-Flavanol Pigments from Model Wine Solutions. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051066. [PMID: 29751487 PMCID: PMC6100035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanin-flavanol pigments, formed during red wine fermentation and storage by condensation reactions between anthocyanins and flavanols (monomers, oligomers, and polymers), are one of the major groups of polyphenols in aged red wine. However, knowledge of their biological activities is lacking. This is probably due to the structural diversity and complexity of these molecules, which makes the large-scale separation and isolation of the individual compounds very difficult, thus restricting their further study. In this study, anthocyanins (i.e., malvidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, and peonidin-3-glucoside) and (–)-epicatechin were first isolated at a preparative scale by high-speed counter-current chromatography. The condensation reaction between each of the isolated anthocyanins and (–)-epicatechin, mediated by acetaldehyde, was conducted in model wine solutions to obtain ethyl-linked anthocyanin-flavanol pigments. The effects of pH, molar ratio, and temperature on the reaction rate were investigated, and the reaction conditions of pH 1.7, molar ratio 1:6:10 (anthocyanin/(–)-epicatechin/acetaldehyde), and reaction temperature of 35 °C were identified as optimal for conversion of anthocyanins to ethyl-linked anthocyanin-flavanol pigments. Six ethyl-linked anthocyanin-flavanol pigments were isolated in larger quantities and collected under optimal reaction conditions, and their chemical structures were identified by HPLC-QTOF-MS and ECD analyses. Furthermore, DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays indicate that ethyl-linked anthocyanin-flavanol pigments show stronger antioxidant activities than their precursor anthocyanins.
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Delgado Cuzmar P, Salgado E, Ribalta-Pizarro C, Olaeta JA, López E, Pastenes C, Cáceres-Mella A. Phenolic composition and sensory characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon wines: effect of water stress and harvest date. Int J Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Delgado Cuzmar
- Escuela de Agronomía; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; Calle San Francisco s/n. La Palma, Casilla 4-D Quillota Chile
| | - Eduardo Salgado
- Escuela de Agronomía; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; Calle San Francisco s/n. La Palma, Casilla 4-D Quillota Chile
| | - Camila Ribalta-Pizarro
- Centro Regional de Innovación Hortofrutícola de Valparaíso (Ceres); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; Calle San Francisco s/n, La Palma Quillota Chile
| | - José A. Olaeta
- Escuela de Agronomía; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; Calle San Francisco s/n. La Palma, Casilla 4-D Quillota Chile
| | - Eugenio López
- Escuela de Agronomía; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; Calle San Francisco s/n. La Palma, Casilla 4-D Quillota Chile
| | - Claudio Pastenes
- Universidad de Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas; Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Casilla 1004 Santiago Chile
| | - Alejandro Cáceres-Mella
- Escuela de Agronomía; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; Calle San Francisco s/n. La Palma, Casilla 4-D Quillota Chile
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28
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Talaverano I, Ubeda C, Cáceres-Mella A, Valdés ME, Pastenes C, Peña-Neira Á. Water stress and ripeness effects on the volatile composition of Cabernet Sauvignon wines. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:1140-1152. [PMID: 28758679 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controlled water deficits affect grape berry physiology and the resulting wines, with volatile composition being the one of the affected parameters. However, there is a potential disconnect between aromatic maturity and sugar accumulation. Accordingly, the effects of three different water status levels over two growing seasons (2014 and 2015) and two different harvest dates on the aroma compounds from Cabernet Sauvignon wines were studied. Volatile compounds were determined using headspace solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatoghraphy/mass spectrometry. RESULTS Around 45 volatile compounds were determined in the wines and, among these, esters were affected the most, presenting lower concentrations when the most restrictive water treatment was applied in both years. By contrast, volatile acids presented the highest concentrations when the lowest level of irrigation was applied. On the other hand, a delay in harvesting produced an increase in the total amount of volatile compounds in samples from the most restrictive water treatment. These results are coincident with a principal component analysis that indicated a great separation between years, deficit irrigation treatments and harvest dates. CONCLUSION The results of the present study suggest that a low water supply had a negative effect on the aromatic potential of wines at a similar ripening stage. However, this effect could be countered by harvesting at a later date. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Talaverano
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile
| | - Cristina Ubeda
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile
| | | | - María Esperanza Valdés
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile
| | - Claudio Pastenes
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Departamento de Producción Agrícola, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Álvaro Peña-Neira
- Departamento de Agroindustria y Enología, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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29
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High Resolution Multispectral and Thermal Remote Sensing-Based Water Stress Assessment in Subsurface Irrigated Grapevines. REMOTE SENSING 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/rs9090961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Changes in Tannin Composition of Syrah Grape Skins and Seeds during Fruit Ripening under Contrasting Water Conditions. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091453. [PMID: 28862687 PMCID: PMC6151526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tannin accumulation and composition were determined in skins and seeds isolated from Vitis vinifera cv. Syrah grapes submitted to contrasting water regimes under semiarid climatic conditions. Three irrigation treatments were conducted, starting at berry set through harvest of two growing seasons, 2011 and 2012: irrigation at 100% of crop evapotranspiration ETc (FI), irrigation at 50% of ETc (DI) and non-irrigated (NI). Seed total tannins did not vary with maturity but those of skins underwent a progressive decline (especially in 2011), expressed both on a fresh weight and on a per berry basis. Skin total tannin concentration and content per berry were increased under NI and DI conditions, mainly in 2012. In contrast, seed total tannins (in 2012) and flavan-3-ol monomers and tannin oligomers (both years) were higher in the fully irrigated vines (FI). Skin polymer size increased during ripening, NI and DI skins showing higher mean degree of polymerization (mDP) compared to FI at harvest. NI was also associated with a lower percentage of galloylation (%G) in skin oligomeric fraction (in 2012) and a lower percentage of prodelphinidins in the skin polymeric fraction (both years) at harvest. The mDP and %G of seed extracts did not vary during ripening and were higher in NI but only in 2012. According to the results, management of vine water status was shown to influence tannin amount and composition of Syrah grapes grown under semiarid conditions.
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31
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Cáceres-Mella A, Talaverano MI, Villalobos-González L, Ribalta-Pizarro C, Pastenes C. Controlled water deficit during ripening affects proanthocyanidin synthesis, concentration and composition in Cabernet Sauvignon grape skins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 117:34-41. [PMID: 28587991 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The influence of controlled water deficit on the phenolic composition and gene expression of VvLAR2, VvMYBPA1, VvMYBPA2 and VvMYB4a in Cabernet Sauvignon grape skins throughout ripening was investigated. The assay was carried out on own-rooted Vitis vinifera plants cv. Cabernet Sauvignon in a commercial vineyard from veraison until commercial harvest. Three irrigation regimes were used from veraison until harvest with the following treatments: T1: 3.6 mm day-1; T2: 1.8 mm day-1 and T3: 0.3 mm day-1. The content of total phenols and total anthocyanins in grape skins increased during ripening, but water deficit did not produce differences among treatments in the total anthocyanin concentration. Proanthocyanidins (PAs) decreased throughout ripening, although approximately 25 days after veraison (DAV), their content slightly increased. This effect was more pronounced in the most restrictive treatment (T3). A similar pattern was observed in the transcript abundance of VvLAR2, VvMYBPA1 and VvMYB4a. PAs separation revealed differences in concentration but not in the proportion among fractions among the irrigation treatments. Additionally, controlled water deficit increased the mean degree of polymerization and the flavan-3-ol polymeric concentration in grape skins throughout ripening but with no effects on the extent of PAs galloylation. Our results suggest that the water status of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines affects the gene expression for proteins involved in the synthesis of PAs, increasing their concentration and also their composition, with further evidence for the efficacy of a convenient, controlled water deficit strategy for grapevine cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cáceres-Mella
- Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, San Francisco s/n, La Palma, Casilla 4-D, Quillota, Chile.
| | - M Inmaculada Talaverano
- CICYTEX-Technological Institute of Food and Agriculture-INTAEX (Government of Extremadura), Adolfo Suarez, s/n 06071, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Luis Villalobos-González
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Casilla 1004, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Ribalta-Pizarro
- Centro Regional de Innovación Hortofrutícola de Valparaíso (Ceres), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. San Francisco s/n, La Palma, Quillota, Chile
| | - Claudio Pastenes
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Casilla 1004, Santiago, Chile
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32
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Herrera JC, Hochberg U, Degu A, Sabbatini P, Lazarovitch N, Castellarin SD, Fait A, Alberti G, Peterlunger E. Grape Metabolic Response to Postveraison Water Deficit Is Affected by Interseason Weather Variability. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:5868-5878. [PMID: 28661689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Postveraison water deficit is a common strategy implemented to improve fruit composition in many wine-growing regions. However, contrasting results are often reported on fruit size and composition, a challenge for generalizing the positive impact of this technique. Our research investigated the effect of water deficit (WD) imposed at veraison on Merlot grapevines, during two experimental seasons (2014-2015). In both years WD resulted in reduced carbon assimilation rates and leaf shedding. However, the treatment effect on the analyzed berry parameters varied between seasons. Modification of skin metabolites was more evident in 2015 than in 2014, despite the similar soil water content and water stress physiological parameters (gas exchange, water potential) recorded in the two experimental years. Higher solar radiation and air temperature in 2015 than in 2014 hint for the involvement of atmospheric parameters in fulfilling the potential effect of WD. Our results suggest that the interaction between water availability and weather conditions plays a crucial role in modulating the grape berry composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C Herrera
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine , 33100 Udine, Italy
- Division of Viticulture and Pomology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna , 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Uri Hochberg
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine , 33100 Udine, Italy
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Asfaw Degu
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , 849900 Sede Boqer Campus, Israel
| | - Paolo Sabbatini
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Naftali Lazarovitch
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , 849900 Sede Boqer Campus, Israel
| | - Simone D Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, The University of British Columbia , V6T 1Z4 Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Aaron Fait
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , 849900 Sede Boqer Campus, Israel
| | - Giorgio Alberti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine , 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Enrico Peterlunger
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine , 33100 Udine, Italy
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33
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Pinasseau L, Vallverdú-Queralt A, Verbaere A, Roques M, Meudec E, Le Cunff L, Péros JP, Ageorges A, Sommerer N, Boulet JC, Terrier N, Cheynier V. Cultivar Diversity of Grape Skin Polyphenol Composition and Changes in Response to Drought Investigated by LC-MS Based Metabolomics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1826. [PMID: 29163566 PMCID: PMC5663694 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds represent a large family of plant secondary metabolites, essential for the quality of grape and wine and playing a major role in plant defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. Phenolic composition is genetically driven and greatly affected by environmental factors, including water stress. A major challenge for breeding of grapevine cultivars adapted to climate change and with high potential for wine-making is to dissect the complex plant metabolic response involved in adaptation mechanisms. A targeted metabolomics approach based on ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS) analysis in the Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mode has been developed for high throughput profiling of the phenolic composition of grape skins. This method enables rapid, selective, and sensitive quantification of 96 phenolic compounds (anthocyanins, phenolic acids, stilbenoids, flavonols, dihydroflavonols, flavan-3-ol monomers, and oligomers…), and of the constitutive units of proanthocyanidins (i.e., condensed tannins), giving access to detailed polyphenol composition. It was applied on the skins of mature grape berries from a core-collection of 279 Vitis vinifera cultivars grown with or without watering to assess the genetic variation for polyphenol composition and its modulation by irrigation, in two successive vintages (2014-2015). Distribution of berry weights and δ13C values showed that non irrigated vines were subjected to a marked water stress in 2014 and to a very limited one in 2015. Metabolomics analysis of the polyphenol composition and chemometrics analysis of this data demonstrated an influence of water stress on the biosynthesis of different polyphenol classes and cultivar differences in metabolic response to water deficit. Correlation networks gave insight on the relationships between the different polyphenol metabolites and related biosynthetic pathways. They also established patterns of polyphenol response to drought, with different molecular families affected either positively or negatively in the different cultivars, with potential impact on grape and wine quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Pinasseau
- Plateforme Polyphénols SPO, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anna Vallverdú-Queralt
- Plateforme Polyphénols SPO, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Arnaud Verbaere
- Plateforme Polyphénols SPO, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Maryline Roques
- Plateforme Polyphénols SPO, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- SPO, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- IFV Pôle national matériel végétal, UMT Génovigne, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuelle Meudec
- Plateforme Polyphénols SPO, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Loïc Le Cunff
- IFV Pôle national matériel végétal, UMT Génovigne, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Péros
- AGAP, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Agnès Ageorges
- SPO, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Sommerer
- Plateforme Polyphénols SPO, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Claude Boulet
- Plateforme Polyphénols SPO, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nancy Terrier
- SPO, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Véronique Cheynier
- Plateforme Polyphénols SPO, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- SPO, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Véronique Cheynier
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Kyraleou M, Kotseridis Y, Koundouras S, Chira K, Teissedre PL, Kallithraka S. Effect of irrigation regime on perceived astringency and proanthocyanidin composition of skins and seeds of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Syrah grapes under semiarid conditions. Food Chem 2016; 203:292-300. [PMID: 26948617 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the effect of water availability on astringency of seed and skin extracts of Vitis vinifera cv. Syrah berries under the typical semiarid conditions of Greece was investigated. Moreover, astringency was assessed in relation to proanthocyanidin composition. For this purpose, three irrigation treatments were applied starting at berry set through harvest of 2011 and 2012: full irrigation (FI) at 100% of crop evapotranspiration, deficit irrigation (DI) at 50% and non-irrigated (NI). FI skin and seed extracts were perceived significantly more astringent than NI. Total phenol, total tannin, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin and procyanidin C1 concentrations were positively correlated with astringency. Positive correlations were also obtained among astringency and average degree of polymerization and proportion of the extension units of shorter tannins while astringency of larger tannins was correlated with the proportion of terminal units. On the contrary, total anthocyanin and epigallocatechin contents were negatively correlated with astringency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kyraleou
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Laboratory of Enology, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Yorgos Kotseridis
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Laboratory of Enology, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Stefanos Koundouras
- Laboratory of Viticulture, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kleopatra Chira
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, EA 4577, Œnologie, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France; INRA, ISVV, USC 1366 Œnologie, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Teissedre
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, EA 4577, Œnologie, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France; INRA, ISVV, USC 1366 Œnologie, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Stamatina Kallithraka
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Laboratory of Enology, 11855 Athens, Greece.
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