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Regolo L, Giampieri F, Battino M, Armas Diaz Y, Mezzetti B, Elexpuru-Zabaleta M, Mazas C, Tutusaus K, Mazzoni L. From by-products to new application opportunities: the enhancement of the leaves deriving from the fruit plants for new potential healthy products. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1083759. [PMID: 38895662 PMCID: PMC11184148 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1083759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, the world population and demand for any kind of product have grown exponentially. The rhythm of production to satisfy the request of the population has become unsustainable and the concept of the linear economy, introduced after the Industrial Revolution, has been replaced by a new economic approach, the circular economy. In this new economic model, the concept of "the end of life" is substituted by the concept of restoration, providing a new life to many industrial wastes. Leaves are a by-product of several agricultural cultivations. In recent years, the scientific interest regarding leaf biochemical composition grew, recording that plant leaves may be considered an alternative source of bioactive substances. Plant leaves' main bioactive compounds are similar to those in fruits, i.e., phenolic acids and esters, flavonols, anthocyanins, and procyanidins. Bioactive compounds can positively influence human health; in fact, it is no coincidence that the leaves were used by our ancestors as a natural remedy for various pathological conditions. Therefore, leaves can be exploited to manufacture many products in food (e.g., being incorporated in food formulations as natural antioxidants, or used to create edible coatings or films for food packaging), cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries (e.g., promising ingredients in anti-aging cosmetics such as oils, serums, dermatological creams, bath gels, and other products). This review focuses on the leaves' main bioactive compounds and their beneficial health effects, indicating their applications until today to enhance them as a harvesting by-product and highlight their possible reuse for new potential healthy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Regolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali – Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Product Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yasmany Armas Diaz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Bruno Mezzetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali – Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
| | - Maria Elexpuru-Zabaleta
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
| | - Cristina Mazas
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
- Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Kilian Tutusaus
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
- Research Center for Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidade Internacional do Cuanza, Cuito, Angola
| | - Luca Mazzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali – Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Hacib H, Lakache Z, Aliboudhar H, Laassami A, Tounssi H, Hamil S, Kameli A. Chemical composition and antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the essential oils extracted from Citrus sinensis peels by hydrodistillation and microwave methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:40748-40757. [PMID: 38159180 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The present study is devoted to evaluate in vitro the chemical composition and the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of essential oils (Eo) extracted by hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave (MW) from the plant peels of Citrus sinensis. The extraction provided yields of 0.26% and 0.02%, respectively. The essential oils were analyzed by GC-MS whose major component is limonene that has a remarkable percentage (78.192% and 58.6%, respectively) for the essential oil extracted by HD and MW. The results of the antioxidant potential were noticeable in each of the essential oils with a higher priority to that extracted by hydrodistillation. The evaluation of the antioxidant power by the free radical scavenging method (DPPH) showed that the essential oils studied have good antioxidant activity, especially for the oil extracted by HD having presented an IC50 of (13.07 ± 0.169) mg/ml, while BHT and ascorbic acid showed very potent and effective anti-free radical activity with IC50 of the order of (19.54 ± 0.32) µg/ml and (1.17 ± 0.05) µg/ml respectively. According to the β-carotene/linoleic acid test, the oxidation of β-carotene was effectively inhibited by the two essential oils of Citrus sinensis peels with a percentage of inhibition of (56.46 ± 0.76) % and (31.39 ± 1.49) % respectively for HD and MW. Eo extracted by HD is more active than ascorbic acid (15.43%). In the antibacterial test, the activity was evaluated by the disc-diffusion method, the two types of sweet orange essential oils inhibited the growth of five bacterial strains out of six: The best activity was obtained against E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Agrobacterium with a diameter of the zone of inhibition between 70 and 84 mm, with the exception of the strain of Bacillus subtilis, there is no zone of inhibition has been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinda Hacib
- Laboratory of Ethnobotany and Natural Substances, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba Bachir El Ibrahimi, B.P. 92, 6050, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Zineb Lakache
- Laboratory of Ethnobotany and Natural Substances, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba Bachir El Ibrahimi, B.P. 92, 6050, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Hamza Aliboudhar
- USTHB, Laboratory of Functional Organic Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Bab El-Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Affaf Laassami
- La Laboratory of Biology Systems Microbial (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba Bachir El Ibrahimi, B.P. 92, 6050, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Hassina Tounssi
- Laboratory of Ethnobotany and Natural Substances, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba Bachir El Ibrahimi, B.P. 92, 6050, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Somia Hamil
- Laboratory of Eco-Biology Animals (L.E.B.A.), École Normale Supérieure de Kouba Bachir El Ibrahimi, B.P. 92, 6050, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Abdelkrim Kameli
- Laboratory of Ethnobotany and Natural Substances, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba Bachir El Ibrahimi, B.P. 92, 6050, Algiers, Algeria
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Gupta I, Adin SN, Aqil M, Mujeeb M. Nose to brain delivery of naringin loaded transniosomes for epilepsy: formulation, characterisation, blood-brain distribution and invivo pharmacodynamic evaluation. J Liposome Res 2024; 34:60-76. [PMID: 37212622 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2023.2214619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The current work limns the preparation of naringin-loaded transnioosomes (NRN-TN) to enhance NRN solubility, permeation and bioavailability via nasal mucosa for intranasal delivery. NRN-TN was created by the thin-film hydration technique, and with the BBD (Box-Behnken design), optimisation was carried out. NRN-TNopt was characterised for the vesicle size, PDI (Polydispersity index), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency (EE) and in vitro NRN release. For further assessment, nasal permeation study, study of Blood-brain distribution, TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy), and CLSM (Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy) were conducted withal. The NRN-TNopt exhibited spherical as well as sealed vesicles with a considerable small size of 151.3 nm, an EE of 75.23 percent, a PDI of 0.1257, and an in vitro release of 83.32 percent. CLSM investigation revealed that the new formulation allows for higher NRN permeation across nasal mucosa than the NRN solution. The blood-brain distribution investigation revealed that intranasally administered NRN-TN had a greater Cmax and AUC0-24 h than orally administered NRN-TN. Seizure activity and neuromuscular coordination as measured by the rotarod test, biochemical estimate of oxidative stress indicators, and histological investigations demonstrated that the NRN-TN has superior anti-epileptic potential in comparison to the standard diazepam. In addition, nasal toxicity studies demonstrate that the NRN-TN formulation is safer for intranasal administration. This study confirmed that the created TN vesicle formulation is a valuable carrier for the intranasal administration of NRN for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Gupta
- Phytomedicine laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Syeda Nashvia Adin
- Phytomedicine laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Aqil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Mujeeb
- Phytomedicine laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, New Delhi, India
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Rodrigues CV, Pintado M. Hesperidin from Orange Peel as a Promising Skincare Bioactive: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1890. [PMID: 38339165 PMCID: PMC10856249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The pursuit for better skin health, driven by collective and individual perceptions, has led to the demand for sustainable skincare products. Environmental factors and lifestyle choices can accelerate skin aging, causing issues like inflammation, wrinkles, elasticity loss, hyperpigmentation, and dryness. The skincare industry is innovating to meet consumers' requests for cleaner and natural options. Simultaneously, environmental issues concerning waste generation have been leading to sustainable strategies based on the circular economy. A noteworthy solution consists of citrus by-product valorization, as such by-products can be used as a source of bioactive molecules. Citrus processing, particularly, generates substantial waste amounts (around 50% of the whole fruit), causing unprecedented environmental burdens. Hesperidin, a flavonoid abundant in orange peels, is considered to hold immense potential for clean skin health product applications due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic properties. This review explores hesperidin extraction and purification methodologies as well as key skincare application areas: (i) antiaging and skin barrier enhancement, (ii) UV radiation-induced damage, (iii) hyperpigmentation and depigmentation conditions, (iv) wound healing, and (v) skin cancer and other cutaneous diseases. This work's novelty lies in the comprehensive coverage of hesperidin's promising skincare applications while also demonstrating its potential as a sustainable ingredient from a circular economy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Pintado
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
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Hosseini A, Mobasheri L, Rakhshandeh H, Rahimi VB, Najafi Z, Askari VR. Edible Herbal Medicines as an Alternative to Common Medication for Sleep Disorders: A Review Article. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1205-1232. [PMID: 37345244 PMCID: PMC10964091 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230621143944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Insomnia is repeated difficulty in falling asleep, maintaining sleep, or experiencing lowquality sleep, resulting in some form of daytime disturbance. Sleeping disorders cause daytime fatigue, mental confusion, and over-sensitivity due to insufficient recovery from a sound sleep. There are some drugs, such as benzodiazepines and anti-histaminic agents, which help to sleep induction and insomnia cure. However, the prolonged administration is unsuitable because of tolerance and dependence. Therefore, the researchers attempt to find new medicines with lesser adverse effects. Natural products have always been good sources for developing new therapeutics for managing diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, insomnia, and liver and renal problems. Ample research has justified the acceptable reason and relevance of the use of these herbs in the treatment of insomnia. It is worth noting that in this study, we looked into various Persian herbs in a clinical trial and in vivo to treat insomnia, such as Artemisia annua, Salvia reuterana, Viola tricolor, Passiflora incarnata, lettuce, and Capparis spinose. According to research, herb extracts and fractions, particularly n-butanol fractions with non-polar agents, impact the benzodiazepine receptors and have hypnotic properties. Also, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins in practically every plant are mentioned making them the popular natural compounds to help with sleep disorders and promote calmness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Hosseini
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad Iran
| | - Leila Mobasheri
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad Iran
| | - Hassan Rakhshandeh
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad Iran
| | - Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zohreh Najafi
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Hamdi A, Horchani M, Jannet HB, Snoussi M, Noumi E, Bouali N, Kadri A, Polito F, De Feo V, Edziri H. In Vitro Screening of Antimicrobial and Anti-Coagulant Activities, ADME Profiling, and Molecular Docking Study of Citrus limon L. and Citrus paradisi L. Cold-Pressed Volatile Oils. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1669. [PMID: 38139796 PMCID: PMC10748103 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus, which belongs to the Rutaceae family, is a very widespread genus in the Mediterranean Basin. In Tunisia, various parts of these spontaneous or cultivated plants are used in common dishes or in traditional medicine. The purpose of this work was to investigate C. limon and C. paradisi essential oil (EO). The samples were studied for their chemical composition using SPME/MS, as well as their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) methods were used to evaluate the anticoagulant potentialities. The obtained results show that both essential oils are rich in monoterpenes hydrocarbons, whereby limonene is the main compound in C. paradisi EO (86.8%) and C. limon EO (60.6%). Moreover, C. paradisi EO contains β-pinene (13.3%), sabinene (2.2%) and α-pinene (2.1%). The antibacterial assay of the essential oils showed important bactericidal and fungicidal effects against all strains tested. In fact, the MICs values of C. limon EO ranged from 0.625 to 2.5 mg/mL against all Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and from 6.25 to 12.5 mg/mL for Candida spp. strains, while C. paradisi EO was more active against all bacteria with low MICs values ranging from 0.192 to 0.786 mg/mL, and about 1.5 mg/mL against Candida species. Both tested Citrus EOs exhibited interesting anticoagulant activities as compared to heparin. The molecular docking approach was used to study the binding affinity and molecular interactions of all identified compounds with active sites of cytidine deaminase from Klebsiella pneumoniae (PDB: 6K63) and the C (30) carotenoid dehydrosqualene synthase from Staphylococcus aureus (PDB: 2ZCQ). The obtained results show that limonene had the highest binding score of -4.6 kcal.mol-1 with 6K63 enzyme, and -6.7 kcal.mol-1 with 2ZCQ receptor. The ADME profiling of the major constituents confirmed their important pharmacokinetic and drug-like properties. Hence, the obtained results highlight the potential use of both C. limon and C. paradisi essential oils as sources of bioactive compounds with antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-coagulant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assia Hamdi
- Laboratory of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Development of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia;
| | - Mabrouk Horchani
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and Reactivity, Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products (LR11ES39), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue of Environment, Monastir 5019, Tunisia; (M.H.); (H.B.J.)
| | - Hichem Ben Jannet
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and Reactivity, Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products (LR11ES39), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue of Environment, Monastir 5019, Tunisia; (M.H.); (H.B.J.)
| | - Mejdi Snoussi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia; (E.N.); (N.B.)
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha’il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emira Noumi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia; (E.N.); (N.B.)
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha’il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouha Bouali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia; (E.N.); (N.B.)
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha’il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Kadri
- College of Science and Arts in Baljurashi, Al Baha University, Al Baha 65527, Saudi Arabia;
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology Applied to Crop Improvement, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Flavio Polito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Hayet Edziri
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir 5000, Tunisia;
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Li J, Mahdavi B, Baghayeri M, Rivandi B, Lotfi M, Mahdi Zangeneh M, Zangeneh A, Tayebee R. A new formulation of Ni/Zn bi-metallic nanocomposite and evaluation of its applications for pollution removal, photocatalytic, electrochemical sensing, and anti-breast cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 233:116462. [PMID: 37352956 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposites have gained attention due to their variety of applications in different fields. In this research, we have reported a green synthesis of a bi-metallic nanocomposite of nickel and zinc using an aqueous extract of Citrus sinensis in the presence of chitosan (Ni/Zn@orange/chitosan). The nanocomposite was characterized using different techniques. We have examined various applications for Ni/Zn@orange/chitosan. The NPs were manufactured in spherical morphology with a particle range size of 17.34-90.51 nm. Ni/Zn@orange/chitosan showed an acceptable ability to remove dyes of Congo red and methyl orange from an aqueous solution after 80 min furthermore, it uptaking the drug mefenamic acid from a solution. Ni/Zn@orange/chitosan also exhibited great photocatalytic activity in synthesizing benzimidazole using benzyl alcohol and o-phenylenediamine. Ni/Zn@orange/chitosan was found as a potent electrochemical sensor to determine glucose. In the molecular and cellular section of the current research, the cells with composite nanoparticles were studied by MTT way about the anti-breast adenocarcinoma potentials malignant cell lines. The IC50 of composite nanoparticles were 320, 460, 328, 500, 325, 379, 350, and 396 μg/mL concering RBA, NMU, SK-BR-3, CAMA-1, MCF7, AU565, MDA-MB-468, and Hs 281.T breast adenocarcinoma cell lines, respectively. The results revealed the newly synthesized nanocomposite is a potent photocatalyst, dye pollution removal agent, and an acceptable new drug to treat breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030013, China.
| | - Behnam Mahdavi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Baghayeri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Behnaz Rivandi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Maryam Lotfi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Zangeneh
- Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Akram Zangeneh
- Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Reza Tayebee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
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Pascacio-Villafán C, Guillén L, Altúzar-Molina A, Tellez-Mora JA, Cruz-Hernández E, Aluja M. Feeding on the Fruit Waste Orange Bagasse Modifies Immature Protein Content, Body Weight, Scent Bouquet Composition, and Copula Duration in Males of a Tephritid Frugivorous Fly. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050739. [PMID: 37237551 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Anastrepha ludens is a polyphagous frugivorous tephritid that infests citrus and mango. Here, we report the establishment of a laboratory colony of A. ludens reared on a larval medium that is a waste for the citrus industry, specifically, orange (Citrus × sinensis) fruit bagasse. After 24 generations of rearing on a nutritionally poor orange bagasse diet, pupae weighed 41.1% less than pupae from a colony reared on a nutritionally rich artificial diet. Larvae from the orange bagasse diet had 6.94% less protein content than larvae from the artificial diet, although their pupation rate was similar. Males from the orange bagasse diet produced a scent bouquet with 21 chemical compounds and were sexually competitive, but they had significantly shorter copulations when compared to males from the artificial diet and from the wild host, Casimiroa edulis, which had relatively simple scent bouquets. The chemical complexity in the odors of males from the orange bagasse diet might initially have attracted females to novel scent combinations, but, once in the copula, they may have been able to sense negative characteristics in males, leading them to terminate copulations soon after they began. We conclude that A. ludens can adjust morphological, life history, nutritional, and chemical traits when adapted to a larval environment consisting of fruit bagasse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pascacio-Villafán
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Larissa Guillén
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Alma Altúzar-Molina
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Julio A Tellez-Mora
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91090, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Enedina Cruz-Hernández
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Martín Aluja
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico
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Pasdaran A, Hamedi A, Shiehzadeh S, Hamedi A. A review of citrus plants as functional foods and dietary supplements for human health, with an emphasis on meta-analyses, clinical trials, and their chemical composition. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 54:311-336. [PMID: 36963879 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Fruits, flowers, leaves, essential oils, hydrosols, and juices of citrus spp. Are utilized to prepare various forms of food products. Along with their nutritional values, in the health industry, different parts of the plants of the citrus genus have been used as supplements or remedies to prevent or control diseases. This review focused on reported meta-analyses and clinical trials on the health benefits of citrus plants as functional foods. Also, chemical compounds of various citrus species were reviewed. The following information sources were used for data collection: Google Scholar, the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. Various keywords, including "citrus AND chemical compounds," "citrus AND phytochemicals," "citrus species," "citrus AND meta-analysis," "nutritional and therapeutical values of citrus spp.," "clinical trials AND citrus," "clinical trials AND Rutaceae," "health benefits of citrus spp.," "citrus edible or non-edible applications," and scientific names of the citrus plants were utilized to collect data for the review. The scientific name and common name of all twenty-eight citrus species, along with any of the above keywords, were also searched in the mentioned databases. Scientific papers and data sources were sought to review and discuss the citrus plant's nutritional and therapeutic importance. Several meta-analyses and clinical trials have reported beneficial effects of citrus spices on a variety of cancer risks, cardiovascular risk factors, neurologic disorders, urinary tract conditions, and gastrointestinal tract conditions. They have shown anxiolytic, antimicrobial, and pain-alleviating effects. Some of them can be helpful in managing obesity and cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardalan Pasdaran
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azar Hamedi
- School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Shiehzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azadeh Hamedi
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Comparative Untargeted Metabolic Profiling of Different Parts of Citrus sinensis Fruits via Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Multivariate Data Analyses to Unravel Authenticity. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030579. [PMID: 36766108 PMCID: PMC9914239 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Differences between seven authentic samples of Citrus sinensis var. Valencia peel (albedo and flavedo) and juices from Spain and Uruguay, in addition to a concentrate obtained from Brazil, were investigated by untargeted metabolic profiling. Sixty-six metabolites were detected by nano-liquid chromatography coupled to a high-resolution electrospray-ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (nLC-ESI-qTOF-MS) belonging to phenolic acids, coumarins, flavonoid glycosides, limonoids, terpenes, and fatty acids. Eleven metabolites were detected for the first time in Citrus sinensis and identified as citroside A, sinapic acid pentoside, apigenin-C-hexosyl-O-pentoside, chrysoeriol-C-hexoside, di-hexosyl-diosmetin, perilloside A, gingerol, ionone epoxide hydroxy-sphingenine, xanthomicrol, and coumaryl alcohol-O-hexoside. Some flavonoids were completely absent from the juice, while present most prominently in the Citrus peel, conveying more industrial and economic prospects to the latter. Multivariate data analyses clarified that the differences among orange parts overweighed the geographical source. PCA analysis of ESI-(-)-mode data revealed for hydroxylinoleic acid abundance in flavedo peel from Uruguay the most distant cluster from all others. The PCA analysis of ESI-(+)-mode data provided a clear segregation of the different Citrus sinensis parts primarily due to the large diversity of flavonoids and coumarins among the studied samples.
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11
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Abd Elghani EM, El Sayed AM, Abdel-Aziz Emam MM, Al-Mahallawi AM, Tadros SH, Soliman FM, Youssef FS. Seasonal metabolic profiling of Valencia orange leaf essential oil using GC coupled with chemometrics, nano-formulation, and insecticidal evaluation: in vivo and in silico. RSC Adv 2023; 13:1659-1671. [PMID: 36688069 PMCID: PMC9827590 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes and mosquito-borne infectious diseases are a global challenge, especially with increased resistance to synthetic insecticides. The foregoing study aimed to utilize the essential oil of leaves of Citrus sinensis var. Valencia as a cheap, safe, eco-friendly (green), and effective alternative to chemical insecticides. Essential oil samples were collected from fresh and dried leaves across different seasons. They are subjected to hydrodistillation and then GC analysis to be compared. Seventy-seven compounds were detected in all samples where monoterpene hydrocarbons represented the most abundant class of hydrocarbons in fresh leaves (52.6-74.4%) and dried leaves (58.6-66.9%). Sabinene (8.26-29.2%), delta-3-carene (8.23-16.4%), d-limonene (2.50-11.2%), and β-myrcene (2.40-4.93%) were the major monoterpene hydrocarbons in all seasons. Oxygenated monoterpenes comprising β-linalool, citronellal, terpinen-4-ol, β-citral, and α-citral exhibited also appreciable percentages in fresh (21.2-43.4%) and dried leaves (23.4-33.0%). Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) effectively segregated all samples into three discriminate clusters where, β-linalool, terpinen-4-ol, β-elemene enantiomer, sabinene, and β-phellandrene constitute the main discriminatory biomarkers. Essential oil of fresh spring leaves (FS) was chosen for nano-formulation adopting the hot emulsification method. Both FS sample and the prepared nano-hexosomal formula were screened against the 3rd instar larvae Culex pipiens L. (common house mosquito). LC50 and LC95 values of FS and oil loaded nano-formula were (48 and 30 552 mg L-1) and (30 and 1830 mg L-1) respectively. α-Citral followed by citronellal showed the best fitting within the binding sites of acetylcholine esterase enzyme utilizing molecular docking. Thus, it can be concluded that Valencia orange leaf as a nano-formulation could serve as an effective and sustainable insecticidal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M. Abd Elghani
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo UniversityCairo 11562Egypt+20 1115438352
| | - Abeer M. El Sayed
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo UniversityCairo 11562Egypt+20 1115438352
| | - Marwa M. Abdel-Aziz Emam
- Medical Microbiology Department, The Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology, Al-Azhar UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - Abdulaziz M. Al-Mahallawi
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo UniversityCairoEgypt,School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted By Global Academic FoundationNew Administrative CapitalCairoEgypt
| | - Soad H. Tadros
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo UniversityCairo 11562Egypt+20 1115438352
| | - Fathy M. Soliman
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo UniversityCairo 11562Egypt+20 1115438352
| | - Fadia S. Youssef
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams UniversityCairo 11566Egypt
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12
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Anticoagulant and antiplatelet activity of aqueous extracts of Citrus sinensis and Lippia alba : interactions and potential for the development of antithrombotics. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2022; 33:457-462. [PMID: 36239551 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000001168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Citrus sinensis and Lippia alba are herbal medicines widely used in the form of tea (infusion, decoction), which ethanolic extracts have already shown great anticoagulant activity in vitro . For this reason, they seem to be excellent candidates for the development of new antithrombotics and also have the potential to interact with them. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of aqueous extracts in blood coagulation and platelet aggregation, in addition to analysing the micromolecular composition of these species. Thrombin generation test (TGT) by the Calibrated Automated Thrombogram method and Platelet Aggregation Test by turbidimetry were performed to evaluate the biological activities, while the chemical composition was qualitatively evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography. Aqueous extracts were elaborated according to the folk use. All extracts were effective in reducing thrombin formation in TGT. Infusion of L. alba and infusion and decoction of C. sinensis at a concentration of 0.6 mg/ml significantly reduced platelet aggregation induced by ADP, and only the decoction of L. alba at the same concentration was able to significantly reduce collagen-induced platelet aggregation. The presence of phenylpropanoids and flavonoids in C. sinensis and L. alba extracts was verified. Furthermore, hesperidin was identified in C. sinensis through coinjection. C. sinensis and L. alba are rich in phenolics and demonstrated an in-vitro effect on important processes of haemostasis (blood coagulation, platelet agreggation), corroborating the potential of C. sinensis and L. alba for the development of antithrombotics and interact with them.
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13
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Gupta I, Adin SN, Aqil M, Mujeeb M. High-performance thin-layer chromatography method development and validation for quantification of naringin in different extracts of Citrus sinensis L. and its antioxidant activity. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00764-022-00203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Cioni E, Migone C, Ascrizzi R, Muscatello B, De Leo M, Piras AM, Zambito Y, Flamini G, Pistelli L. Comparing Metabolomic and Essential Oil Fingerprints of Citrus australasica F. Muell (Finger Lime) Varieties and Their In Vitro Antioxidant Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2047. [PMID: 36290770 PMCID: PMC9598366 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative chemical analyses among peel and pulp essential oils (EOs) and methanolic extracts of four Citrus australasica varieties (Red, Collette, Pink Ice, and Yellow Sunshine), and the hybrid Faustrime, were performed using GC-MS and UHPLC-DAD-HR-Orbitrap/ESI-MS. Peel and pulp extracts were also analysed for their in vitro antioxidant activity on a Balb/3T3 clone A31 mouse embryo fibroblast cell line. The results of peel and pulp EOs were mainly characterised by monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, respectively. All peels displayed a higher total phenol content (TPC) than pulps, and consequently a greater antioxidant activity. Collette peels and Pink Ice pulps showed the highest amount of identified flavonoids (e.g., luteolin, isosakuranetin, and poncirin derivatives). Collette and Red peels were rich in anthocyanins (delphinidin and petunidin glycosides), exhibiting the maximum protective activity against induced oxidative damage. In conclusion, finger lime fruits are good sources of health-promoting phytocomplexes, with the Red, Collette, and Pink Ice varieties being the most promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Cioni
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Migone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Ascrizzi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute”, Via del Borghetto 80, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centro per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione dell’Università di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Beatrice Muscatello
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Centro per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione dell’Università di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marinella De Leo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute”, Via del Borghetto 80, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centro per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione dell’Università di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Piras
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Centro per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione dell’Università di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ylenia Zambito
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute”, Via del Borghetto 80, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centro per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione dell’Università di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Flamini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute”, Via del Borghetto 80, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centro per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione dell’Università di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luisa Pistelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute”, Via del Borghetto 80, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centro per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione dell’Università di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Raquel Ferreira Paulo I, Basílio de Oliveira Caland R, Orlando Muñoz Cadavid C, Martins Melo G, Soares De Castro Bezerra L, Pons E, Peña L, de Paula Oliveira R. β-carotene genetically-enriched lyophilized orange juice increases antioxidant capacity and reduces β-amyloid proteotoxicity and fat accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. FOOD CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2022; 5:100141. [PMID: 36304081 PMCID: PMC9593878 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
β-carotene content of genetically modified orange was 33-fold higher. β-carotene-enriched LOJ provided greater antioxidant capacity and stress resistance. β-carotene-enriched LOJ reduced β-amyloid proteotoxicity. β-carotene-enriched LOJ showed higher hypolipidemic activity in glucose rich diet.
Citrus sinensis orange juice is an excellent dietary source of β-carotene, a well-known antioxidant. However, β-carotene concentrations are relatively low in most cultivars. We developed a new orange through metabolic engineering strategy (GS) with 33.72-fold increase in β-carotene content compared to its conventional counterpart (CV). Using Caenorhabditis elegans, we found that animals treated with GS showed a greater reduction in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) which is associated with a greater resistance to oxidative stress and induction of the expression of antioxidant genes. Moreover, animals treated with GS orange showed a more effective protection against β-amyloid proteotoxicity and greater hypolipidemic effect under high glucose diet compared to animals treated with CV. These data demonstrate that the increased amount of β-carotene in orange actually provides a greater beneficial effect in C. elegans and a valuable proof of principle to support further studies in mammals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Basílio de Oliveira Caland
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Piauí-IFPI, Brazil,Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Giovanna Martins Melo
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Elsa Pons
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain
| | - Leandro Peña
- Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura (Fundecitrus), Araraquara, SP, Brazil,Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain
| | - Riva de Paula Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil,Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil,Corresponding author at: Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil.
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16
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NAUREEN ZAKIRA, DHULI KRISTJANA, DONATO KEVIN, AQUILANTI BARBARA, VELLUTI VALERIA, MATERA GIUSEPPINA, IACONELLI AMERIGO, BERTELLI MATTEO. Foods of the Mediterranean diet: citrus, cucumber and grape. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2022; 63:E21-E27. [PMID: 36479487 PMCID: PMC9710412 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2s3.2743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fruit and vegetables are excellent sources of health-promoting bioactive compounds and nutraceuticals. Regular consumption of fruit and vegetables helps prevent the onset and progression of many non-communicable diseases. The Mediterranean diet envisages consumption of healthy vegetables and fruit on a daily basis for maximum health benefits. Traditional use envisages vegetable-based and fruit-based diets, and many studies scientifically proved the beneficial effects of Mediterranean vegetables and fruits. Rich in bioactive phytochemicals, citrus, cucumbers and grapes have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, anti-ageing and anti-cancer properties. Studies indicate that intake of citrus, cucumbers and grapes reduces hypertension, hyperlipidemia, skin problems and infections and improves the health of the cardiovascular and nervous systems. These beneficial effects are mediated by several bioactive molecules present in Mediterranean diet vegetables and fruits, such as citrus, cucumbers and grapes. Indeed, they contains flavones, isoflavones, tannins, polyphenols and many beneficial natural molecules. This review focuses on the bioactive ingredients in citrus fruit, cucumbers and grapes, all components of the Mediterranean diet, and their health effects. A deep understanding of Mediterranean diet's components, as well as clinical trials to test natural molecules beneficial effects, will permit to further explore the therapeutic potential of the Mediterranean diet in several pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - KRISTJANA DHULI
- MAGI’s Lab, Rovereto (TN), Italy
- Correspondence: Kristjana Dhuli, MAGI’s Lab, Rovereto (TN), 38068, Italy. E-mail:
| | | | - BARBARA AQUILANTI
- UOSD Medicina Bariatrica, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - VALERIA VELLUTI
- UOSD Medicina Bariatrica, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - GIUSEPPINA MATERA
- UOSD Medicina Bariatrica, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - AMERIGO IACONELLI
- UOSD Medicina Bariatrica, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - MATTEO BERTELLI
- MAGI Euregio, Bolzano, Italy
- MAGI’s Lab, Rovereto (TN), Italy
- MAGISNAT, Peachtree Corners (GA), USA
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17
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Abd El Wahab WM, Shaapan RM, El-Naggar EMB, Ahmed MM, Owis AI, Ali MI. Anti-Cryptosporidium efficacy of Citrus sinensis peel extract: Histopathological and ultrastructural experimental study. Exp Parasitol 2022; 243:108412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Bouabdallah S, Cianfaglione K, Azzouz M, Batiha GES, Alkhuriji AF, Al-Megrin WAI, Ben-Attia M, Eldahshan OA. Sustainable Extraction, Chemical Profile, Cytotoxic and Antileishmanial Activities In-Vitro of Some Citrus Species Leaves Essential Oils. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091163. [PMID: 36145384 PMCID: PMC9501829 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-leishmanial drugs extracted from natural sources have not been sufficiently explored in the literature. Until now, leishmaniasis treatments have been limited to synthetic and expensive drugs. This study investigated, for the first time, the anti-leishmanial efficacy of essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of Citrus species (C. sinensis, C. limon, and C. clementina). Essential oils were extracted from three species by solvent free microwave extraction (SFME); in addition, lemon oil was also isolated by hydro-distillation (HD). These were investigated using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and evaluated against Leishmania species, namely Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum, using a mitochondrial tetrazolium test (MTT) assay. The chemical compositions of Citrus limon EOs obtained by HD and SFME showed some differences. The identified peaks of C. limon (SFME) represented 93.96%, where linalool was the major peak (44.21%), followed by sabinene (14.22%) and ocimene (6.09%). While the hydro-distilled oil of C. limon contained geranial (30.08%), limonene (27.09%), and neral (22.87%) in the identified peaks (96.67%). The identified components of C. clementina leaves oil (68.54%) showed twenty-six compounds, where the predominant compound was geranial (42.40%), followed by neral (26.79%) and limonene (14.48%). However, 89.82% C. sinensis oil was identified, where the major peaks were for neral (27.52%), linalool (25.83%), and geranial (23.44%). HD oil of lemon showed the highest activity against L. major, with moderate toxicity on murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells, and possessed the best selectivity index on both Leishmanial species (SI: 3.68; 6.38), followed by C. clementina oil and C. limon using SFME (0.9 ± 0.29, 1.03 ± 0.27, and 1.13 ± 0.3), respectively. C. clementina oil induced the greatest activity on Leishmania infantum, followed by HD lemon and SFME lemon oils (0.32 ± 0.18, 0.52 ± 0.15, and 0.57 ± 0.09, respectively) when compared to Amphotericin B (0.80 ± 0.18 and 0.23 ± 0.13) as a positive control, on both species, respectively. Our study suggests a potent anti-leishmanial activity of lemon oil (HD) on L. major, followed by C. clementina. With the same potency on L. infantum shown by C. clementina oil, followed by HD lemon oil. This effect could be attributed to the major compounds of limonene, citral, and neral, as well as the synergistic effect of other different compounds. These observations could be a starting point for the building of new anti-leishmanial drugs from natural origins, and which combine different EOs containing Citrus cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Bouabdallah
- Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory LBE (LR01/ES14), Faculty of Sciences Bizerta, Carthage University, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (O.A.E.)
| | | | - Myriam Azzouz
- Department of Mathematics Computer Science, Paris Dauphine University, F-75016 Paris, France
- Multiverse Computing 170, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Afrah Fahad Alkhuriji
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa Abdullah I. Al-Megrin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mossadok Ben-Attia
- Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory LBE (LR01/ES14), Faculty of Sciences Bizerta, Carthage University, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Omayma A. Eldahshan
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (O.A.E.)
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19
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Elghani EMA, Omar FA, Emam MMAA, Al-Mahallawi AM, Tadros SH, Soliman FM, ElSayed AM. Hesperidin hexosomal loaded nanodispersion: insights of its antimycobacterial, cytotoxic and anti-HCoV effects. Nat Prod Res 2022; 37:1719-1724. [PMID: 35921497 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2106484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Fruits of Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck var. Valencia contain hesperidin as a major flavanone glycoside. Hesperidin (H) was isolated from the peels of Valencia orange and formulated as hexosomal nanodispersions (F1) adopting the hot emulsification method. The antimycobacterial activity(anti-TB) was evaluated through a microplate Alamar blue (MABA) assay where F1 showed significant activity with MIC = 0.19 µM. To unravel the potential mechanism of the anti-TB, a molecular docking study of H using the Mycobacterial Dihydrofolate reductase (Mtb. DHFR) enzyme was performed. Hesperidin exhibited significant interactions with Mtb. DHFR active site. Sulforhodamine B assay was applied to evaluate cytotoxic activity against the lung cancer cell line (A-549). F1 showed a cytotoxic effect at IC50= 33 µM. It also has potent antiviral activity against Human Coronavirus 229E with IC50= 258.8 μM utilising crystal violet assay. Peels of Valencia orange could be a source of bioactive metabolites to control significant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Abd Elghani
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Farghaly A Omar
- Medicinal chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Abdel-Aziz Emam
- Medical microbiology Department, the regional center for mycology and biotechnology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdulaziz M Al-Mahallawi
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative Capital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Soad H Tadros
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fathy M Soliman
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer M ElSayed
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Ronzheimer A, Schreiner T, Morlock GE. Multiplex planar bioassay detecting estrogens, antiestrogens, false-positives and synergists as sharp zones on normal phase. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 103:154230. [PMID: 35724612 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytoestrogens are found in many plants used in traditional medicines. Increasingly, plant extracts (botanicals) are also being added to foods or marketed as dietary supplements. Especially such powder formulations are susceptible to adulteration and falsification, given the global processing chain. To detect estrogen-like compounds in such multicomponent mixtures, non-target screening for hormonally active or endocrine disrupting compounds in plant products is becoming more important. Unfortunately, the current planar yeast estrogen screen (pYES) is prone to zone diffusion on the normal-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography (NP-HPTLC) plate due to long incubation times in the aqueous bioassay. PURPOSE The present study aimed to reduce zone diffusion on NP plates, which provides the basis for extending pYES to a multiplex bioassay, offering 4 different biological activity principles, followed by targeted identification of active zones. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The reduction of substance diffusion via a polyisobutyl methacrylate polymer coating was studied. After successful zone fixation (fix), a multiplex bioassay was developed, in which a 17β-estradiol-strip was applied along each sample track to detect synergists and antagonists (A), and for verification (V), a 4-methyl umbelliferone-strip to exclude false-positives. After multiplex bioassay screening of 68 botanicals, the zones with hormonal activities were heart-cut eluted to reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-DAD-HESI-HRMS/MS). RESULTS The separated substances were successfully fixed by the chromatogram coating. The zone sharpness (achieved after the bioassay) made it possible to add two strips, the 17β-estradiol-strip for antagonistic and synergistic, and the 4-methyl umbelliferone-strip for false-positive effect detection, resulting in a multiplex bioassay. Using the 12D hyphenation NP-HPTLCfix-UV/Vis/FLD-pYAVES-FLD heart-cut RP-HPLC-DAD-HESI-HRMS/MS, it was possible to obtain information on estrogens, antiestrogens, false-positives, and synergists, and (tentatively) assign 17 hormonally active compounds, of which only 7 have been known to affect the human estrogen receptor, while another 4 had structural similarity to common phytoestrogens and antiestrogens. CONCLUSIONS The streamlined 12D hyphenation including a multiplex bioassay has been shown to differentiate hormonal effects, leading to new insights and better understanding. It can generally be used to identify unknown hormonally active compounds in complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ronzheimer
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - T Schreiner
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - G E Morlock
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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21
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Mashau ME, Kgatla TE, Makhado MV, Mikasi MS, Ramashia SE. Nutritional composition, polyphenolic compounds and biological activities of marula fruit ( Sclerocarya birrea) with its potential food applications: a review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2064491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mpho Edward Mashau
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Tsietsie Ephraim Kgatla
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Mashudu Viginia Makhado
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Masiza Samuel Mikasi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Shonisani Eugenia Ramashia
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
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22
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Khane Y, Benouis K, Albukhaty S, Sulaiman GM, Abomughaid MM, Al Ali A, Aouf D, Fenniche F, Khane S, Chaibi W, Henni A, Bouras HD, Dizge N. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Citrus limon Zest Extract: Characterization and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122013. [PMID: 35745352 PMCID: PMC9227472 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The current work concentrated on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) through the use of aqueous Citruslimon zest extract, optimizing the different experimental factors required for the formation and stability of AgNPs. The preparation of nanoparticles was confirmed by the observation of the color change of the mixture of silver nitrate, after the addition of the plant extract, from yellow to a reddish-brown colloidal suspension and was established by detecting the surface plasmon resonance band at 535.5 nm, utilizing UV-Visible analysis. The optimum conditions were found to be 1 mM of silver nitrate concentration, a 1:9 ratio extract of the mixture, and a 4 h incubation period. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum indicated that the phytochemicals compounds present in Citrus limon zest extract had a fundamental effect on the production of AgNPs as a bio-reducing agent. The morphology, size, and elemental composition of AgNPs were investigated by zeta potential (ZP), dynamic light scattering (DLS), SEM, EDX, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, which showed crystalline spherical silver nanoparticles. In addition, the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of this bioactive silver nanoparticle were also investigated. The AgNPs showed excellent antibacterial activity against one Gram-negative pathogens bacteria, Escherichia coli, and one Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, as well as antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The obtained results indicate that the antioxidant activity of this nanoparticle is significant. This bioactive silver nanoparticle can be used in biomedical and pharmacological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Khane
- Université de Ghardaia, BP455, Ghardaia 47000, Algeria
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry (LAC), DGRSDT, Ctr. Univ. Bouchaib Belhadj, Ain Temouchent 46000, Algeria
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (S.A.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Khedidja Benouis
- Laboratory of Process Engineering, Materials and Environment, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Sidi Bel-Abbes, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria;
| | - Salim Albukhaty
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Misan, Maysan 62001, Iraq
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (S.A.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Ghassan M. Sulaiman
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (S.A.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Mosleh M. Abomughaid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, 255, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Amer Al Ali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, 255, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Djaber Aouf
- Laboratory of Dynamic Interactions and Reactivity of Systems, University of Kasdi Merbah, Ouargla 30000, Algeria; (D.A.); (F.F.); (A.H.)
| | - Fares Fenniche
- Laboratory of Dynamic Interactions and Reactivity of Systems, University of Kasdi Merbah, Ouargla 30000, Algeria; (D.A.); (F.F.); (A.H.)
| | - Sofiane Khane
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Djillali Liabes, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria;
| | - Wahiba Chaibi
- Scientific and Technical Research Center in Chemistry and Physics Analysis, Bousmail RP 42415, Algeria;
| | - Abdallah Henni
- Laboratory of Dynamic Interactions and Reactivity of Systems, University of Kasdi Merbah, Ouargla 30000, Algeria; (D.A.); (F.F.); (A.H.)
| | - Hadj Daoud Bouras
- Département de Physique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Laghouat, RP Rue des Martyrs, Laghouat BP 4033, Algeria;
| | - Nadir Dizge
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mersin University, Mersin 33343, Turkey;
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23
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Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants of bejaia localities from algeria to prevent and treat coronavirus (COVID-19) infection shortened title: phytomedicine to manage COVID-19 pandemic. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2022. [PMCID: PMC9148845 DOI: 10.1007/s13596-022-00649-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The propagation of the COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria has pushed the population searching alternative therapies as preventives and treatment selections. The use of medicinal plants is a promising alternative solution to strengthen immunity and chase COVID-19. The aim of this study was to carry out an ethnobotanical survey in the Bejaia department (Algeria) to identify the plants used during the current pandemic. The study was conducted from February to May 2021. The interviews were conducted with 400 informants in order to assemble socio-demographic and floristic features of the respondents and used plants. The data analysis was performed by means of Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Family Importance Value (FIV), and Plant Part Value (PPV). 23 medicinal plants belonging to 12 families were adopted by the population of the Bejaia localities to prevent and treat COVID-19 infection. Aloysia citriodora Palau (RFC = 0.248), Mentha spicata L. (RFC = 0.145), Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck (RFC = 0.135), Thymus vulgaris L. (RFC = 0.118), Zingiber officinalis Roscoe (RFC = 0.09), Artemisia herba-alba Asso (RFC = 0.065), and Eucalyptus globules labill (RFC = 0.063) were the most cited species. The leaves of these plants which are used (65%) in the form of infusion (43.6%) are administered orally (95.03%) to treat and relieve certain symptoms of COVID-19. The current survey is the only one in the Bejaia department regarding the exploitation of medicinal herbs in the COVID-19 pandemic. These plants can be used as a platform to manage COVID-19.
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Al-Warhi T, Elmaidomy AH, Selim S, Al-Sanea MM, Albqmi M, Mostafa EM, Ibrahim S, Ghoneim MM, Sayed AM, Abdelmohsen UR. Bioactive Phytochemicals of Citrus reticulata Seeds—An Example of Waste Product Rich in Healthy Skin Promoting Agents. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050984. [PMID: 35624850 PMCID: PMC9138151 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of Egyptian mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco, F. Rutaceae) seeds afforded thirteen known compounds, 1–13. The structures of isolated compounds were assigned using 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS analyses. To characterize the pharmacological activity of these compounds, several integrated virtual screening-based and molecular dynamics simulation-based experiments were applied. As a result, compounds 2, 3 and 5 were putatively identified as hyaluronidase, xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase inhibitors. The subsequent in vitro testing was done to validate the in silico-based experiments to highlight the potential of these flavonoids as promising hyaluronidase, xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase inhibitors with IC50 values ranging from 6.39 ± 0.36 to 73.7 ± 2.33 µM. The present study shed light on the potential of Egyptian mandarin orange’s waste product (i.e., its seeds) as a skin health-promoting natural agent. Additionally, it revealed the applicability of integrated inverse docking-based virtual screening and MDS-based experiments in efficiently predicting the biological potential of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarfah Al-Warhi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abeer H. Elmaidomy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt;
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad M. Al-Sanea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
- Olive Research Center, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (S.I.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.A.-S.); (U.R.A.)
| | - Mha Albqmi
- Olive Research Center, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (S.I.)
| | - Ehab M. Mostafa
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia;
- Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University,
Cairo 11884, Egypt;
| | - Sabouni Ibrahim
- Olive Research Center, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (S.I.)
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University,
Cairo 11884, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Al Maarefa University,
Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt;
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, 7 Universities Zone, New Minia 61111, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.M.A.-S.); (U.R.A.)
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25
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Kumar D, Ladaniya MS, Gurjar M, Kumar S. Impact of drying methods on natural antioxidants, phenols and flavanones of immature dropped Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck fruits. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6684. [PMID: 35461355 PMCID: PMC9035179 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10661-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruits are famous for nutritional value and studies are there for extraction of secondary metabolites from citrus waste. An attempt was made to quantify antioxidants, flavonoids and phenols from dropped fruits of 8–24 mm size, to find the impact of freeze and hot-air oven drying techniques on extraction. Flavonoids (hesperidin, narirutin/isonaringin, diosmin and didymin/neoponcirin) were quantified through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and total phenols (TPC) were estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant capacity was adjudged by azino-bis [3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] (ABTS), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). Freeze dried fruits of 10 mm and 12 mm retained maximum hesperidin content (22.383% and 21.560%) in comparison to hot-air oven counterparts (18.377% and 15.090%). Narirutin/isonaringin (1.343% and 1.191%), diosmin (5.293% and 3.234%) and didymin/neoponcirin (1.187% and 1.113%) content were found higher in 8 mm and 10 mm freeze dried fruits. The antioxidant capacity (7.548–11.643 mmol L−1 Trolox, 8.164–14.710 mmol L−1 Trolox, 4.008–5.863 mmol L−1 Trolox by ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays) and TPC were found higher in freeze dried samples. Significant correlation was found between antioxidant capacity, TPC and flavonoids at p < 0.01. Freeze drying technique can be adopted for retaining and quality extraction of bioactive compounds from immature dropped fruits for further use in nutraceutical industries.
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26
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Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Syringa vulgaris Mill., Citrus sinensis L. and Hypericum perforatum L.: Phenolic Composition, Enzyme Inhibition and Anti-quorum Sensing Activities. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-022-00315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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27
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El Malti W, Hijazi A, Khalil ZA, Yaghi Z, Medlej MK, Reda M. Comparative study of the elimination of copper, cadmium, and methylene blue from water by adsorption on the citrus Sinensis peel and its activated carbon. RSC Adv 2022; 12:10186-10197. [PMID: 35424999 PMCID: PMC8969800 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08997h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of heavy metals and dyes in wastewater is a persistent environmental threat with serious hazards consequences affecting all living organisms. Their removal has become a challenging environmental requirement. Adsorption using agricultural waste is one of the cost-effective removal techniques in which the biomass can be valorized. In this study, two adsorbents were prepared and compared in removing copper, cadmium, and methylene blue from water: citrus Sinensis peel (CP) and its activated carbon (AC). Many physical and chemical properties of the prepared adsorbents were investigated using several techniques. Various operational parameters such as initial adsorbate concentration, contact time, pH, adsorbent mass, and temperature were examined. The optimum uptake of Cd, Cu, and MB was obtained after 2 h contact time by using 0.25 g of adsorbent and 400 mg L−1 metal ions or 100 mg L−1 MB initial concentration at pH 5 (for metal ions only) and temperature of 25 °C. Slight superiority for the CP was seen. Furthermore, isothermal models were resolved in all the studied cases. Unlike for MB, the Langmuir model is more applicable for the adsorption of the cations on both adsorbents with maximum adsorption of 80 mg g−1 of Cd(ii) on CP. Finally, the adsorbents achieved good reuse performance, especially for CP which can be used up to 4 times to remove the metal ions, proving that they are low-cost and environmentally friendly materials able to remove inorganic and organic contaminants from water. The accumulation of heavy metals and dyes in wastewater is a persistent environmental threat with serious hazards consequences affecting all living organisms. Citrus Sinensis peel and its activated carbon particles effectively remove Cu(ii), Cd(ii), and MB from water.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassim El Malti
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East Kuwait
| | - Akram Hijazi
- Research Platform for Environmental Science (PRASE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology Lebanon
| | - Zahraa Abou Khalil
- Research Platform for Environmental Science (PRASE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology Lebanon
| | - Zahraa Yaghi
- Research Platform for Environmental Science (PRASE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Kazem Medlej
- Research Platform for Environmental Science (PRASE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Reda
- Research Platform for Environmental Science (PRASE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology Lebanon
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28
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Yang Y, Trevethan M, Wang S, Zhao L. Beneficial Effects of Citrus Flavanones Naringin and Naringenin and Their Food Sources on Lipid Metabolism: An Update on Bioavailability, Pharmacokinetics, and Mechanisms. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 104:108967. [PMID: 35189328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.108967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Naringin and naringin's aglycone naringenin belong to a subclass of flavonoids called flavanones. While many studies of pure naringenin and naringin and their food sources have shown beneficial health effects, including improved lipid metabolism, in animals and humans, the mechanisms underlying the lipid-lowering effects have not been completely understood. In recent years, multiple studies using various in vitro and rodent models have revealed new mechanisms underlying the hypolipidemic effects of naringin and naringenin, including regulation of lipid digestion, reverse cholesterol transport, and LDL receptor expression. In addition, naringin and naringenin show diverse effects in populations with different health conditions, such as obesity and diabetes. Furthermore, a novel naringin and naringenin enriched food source citrus bergamia (bergamot) and other citrus fruits have recently been studied for lipid-lowering effects in animal models and human clinical trials. In this review, we provide an update on recent advances on naringin and naringenin and their enriched food sources on lipid metabolism and underlying mechanisms. Because absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, particularly in the presence of food matrix, impact the bioavailability, which in turn affects the bioactivities of these flavonoids in vivo, we also summarize new findings from the pharmacokinetics studies and on interplays between naringin and naringenin and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Myah Trevethan
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Shu Wang
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996.
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Arrari F, Jabri MA, Hammami I, Sebai H. Extraction of Pectin from Orange Peel and Study of Its Protective Effect Against Loperamide-Induced Impaired Gastrointestinal Motor Functions and Oxidative Stress in Rats. J Med Food 2022; 25:892-901. [PMID: 35143346 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin is a polysaccharide attached to carbohydrates. These are substances exclusively of plant origin. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the laxative effects of orange peel pectin extract (OPPE) against constipation induced by loperamide (LOP) in rats. Rats were equally divided into six groups and treated daily 1 week as follows: Control, LOP (3 mg/kg, body weight [b.w.], Per Os [p.o.]), LOP+yohimbine (2 mg/kg, b.w., i.p.), and LOP+OPPE (6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg, b.w., p.o.). At the end of the experiment, the effects of OPPE were assessed by fecal parameters (numbers, weight, and water content), gastrointestinal transit, gastric emptying, serum metabolic parameter changes, intestinal and colon mucosa oxidative stress, and the histological examination. The defecation test showed that administration of LOP (3 mg/kg, b.w., p.o.) leads to the production of remarkable constipation. Indeed, the number and water content of stools decreased (25.50 [n/24 h] and 29.86%) significantly (P < .05). Acute pretreatment with OPPE significantly and dose dependently accelerated the stool moistening and allowed an increase of stool weight (2.85, 3.61, 3.93 [g/24 h/rat]) as well as the frequency of defecation (47.36, 54.54, and 56.26 [n/24 h]). OPPE also significantly (P < .05) and dose dependently increased the intestinal motility (70.78%, 73.33%, and 75.01%) and gastric emptying. LOP-induced reduction (P < .05) of intestinal secretion was accompanied by a colonic and small bowel oxidative stress status and histological changes, which was attenuated by OPPE treatment. The findings of this study indicate that OPPE possesses an important role in the gastrointestinal motility regulation, and thus lend pharmacological credence to the suggested use of the natural pectin for the treatment, management, and/or control of constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Arrari
- Unit of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio-Resources-Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, University of Jendouba, Beja, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed-Amine Jabri
- Unit of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio-Resources-Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, University of Jendouba, Beja, Tunisia
| | - Imen Hammami
- Research Unit n° 17/ES/13, Faculty of Medicine, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hichem Sebai
- Unit of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio-Resources-Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, University of Jendouba, Beja, Tunisia
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30
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Alexa VT, Galuscan A, Soica CM, Cozma A, Coricovac D, Borcan F, Popescu I, Mioc A, Szuhanek C, Dehelean CA, Jumanca D. In Vitro Assessment of the Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Profile of Natural Preparations Containing Bergamot, Orange and Clove Essential Oils. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030990. [PMID: 35164253 PMCID: PMC8838259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants and essential oils (EOs), in particular, were intensively studied in recent years as viable alternatives for antiproliferative chemical synthetic agents. In the same lines, the present study focuses on investigating the effects of natural preparations (emulsions) based on EOs obtained from Citrus bergamia Risso (bergamot-BEO), Citrus sinensis Osbeck (orange-OEO), and Syzygium aromaticum Merill et L. M. Perry (clove-CEO) on different healthy (human immortalized keratinocytes—HaCaT and primary human gingival fibroblasts—HGF) and human tumor cell lines (human melanoma—A375 and oral squamous carcinoma—SCC-4) in terms of the cells’ viability and cellular morphology. The obtained results indicate that the CEO emulsion (ECEO) induced a dose-dependent cytotoxic in both healthy (HaCaT and HGF) and tumor (A375 and SCC-4) cells. OEO emulsion (EOEO) increased cell viability percentage both for HaCaT and A375 cells and had an antiproliferative effect at the highest concentration in HGF and SCC-4 cells. BEO emulsion (EBEO) decreased the viability percentage of SCC-4 tumor cells. By associating OEO with CEO as a binary mixture in an emulsified formulation, the inhibition of tumor cell viability increases. The E(BEO/OEO) binary emulsion induced an antiproliferative effect on oral health and tumor cells, with a minimal effect on skin cells. The non-invasive tests performed to verify the safety of the test compound’s emulsions at skin level indicated that these compounds do not significantly modify the physiological skin parameters and can be considered safe for human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Tiberiu Alexa
- Department of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (V.T.A.); (A.G.); (D.J.)
- Orthodontic Research Center (ORTHO-CENTER), Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Atena Galuscan
- Department of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (V.T.A.); (A.G.); (D.J.)
- Translational and Experimental Clinical Research Center in Oral Health (TEXC-OH), Department of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy 14A TudorVladimirescu Ave., 300173 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Codruța M. Soica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania; (D.C.); (C.A.D.)
- Correspondence: (C.M.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Antoanela Cozma
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului No. 119, 300641 Timisoara, Romania;
- Correspondence: (C.M.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Dorina Coricovac
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania; (D.C.); (C.A.D.)
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Florin Borcan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Iuliana Popescu
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului No. 119, 300641 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Alexandra Mioc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania; (D.C.); (C.A.D.)
| | - Camelia Szuhanek
- Orthodontic Research Center (ORTHO-CENTER), Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Adriana Dehelean
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania; (D.C.); (C.A.D.)
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Daniela Jumanca
- Department of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (V.T.A.); (A.G.); (D.J.)
- Translational and Experimental Clinical Research Center in Oral Health (TEXC-OH), Department of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy 14A TudorVladimirescu Ave., 300173 Timisoara, Romania
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Samrot AV, Purohit K, Saigeetha S, Shobana N, Stalin Dhas T, Jane Cypriyana P. Citrus sinensis cellulose fibres incorporated with SPIONs for effective removal of crystal violet dye. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Schreiner T, Sauter D, Friz M, Heil J, Morlock GE. Is Our Natural Food Our Homeostasis? Array of a Thousand Effect-Directed Profiles of 68 Herbs and Spices. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:755941. [PMID: 34955829 PMCID: PMC8696259 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.755941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of plant-rich diets and traditional medicines are increasingly recognized in the treatment of civilization diseases due to the abundance and diversity of bioactive substances therein. However, the important active portion of natural food or plant-based medicine is presently not under control. Hence, a paradigm shift from quality control based on marker compounds to effect-directed profiling is postulated. We investigated 68 powdered plant extracts (botanicals) which are added to food products in food industry. Among them are many plants that are used as traditional medicines, herbs and spices. A generic strategy was developed to evaluate the bioactivity profile of each botanical as completely as possible and to straightforwardly assign the most potent bioactive compounds. It is an 8-dimensional hyphenation of normal-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography with multi-imaging by ultraviolet, visible and fluorescence light detection as well as effect-directed assay and heart-cut of the bioactive zone to orthogonal reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromato-graphy-photodiode array detection-heated electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. In the non-target, effect-directed screening via 16 different on-surface assays, we tentatively assigned more than 60 important bioactive compounds in the studied botanicals. These were antibacterials, estrogens, antiestrogens, androgens, and antiandrogens, as well as acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, β-glucuronidase, and tyrosinase inhibitors, which were on-surface heart-cut eluted from the bioautogram or enzyme inhibition autogram to the next dimension for further targeted characterization. This biological-physicochemical hyphenation is able to detect and control active mechanisms of traditional medicines or botanicals as well as the essentials of plant-based food. The array of 1,292 profiles (68 samples × 19 detections) showed the versatile bioactivity potential of natural food. It reveals how efficiently and powerful our natural food contributes to our homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Schreiner
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dorena Sauter
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Maren Friz
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Julia Heil
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud Elisabeth Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Natural Plant Extracts and Microbial Antagonists to Control Fungal Pathogens and Improve the Productivity of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) In Vitro and in Greenhouse. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7110470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: Natural plant extracts and microbial antagonists have the potential for use in increasing the fungal resistance and productivity of horticulture plants. Methods: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of both natural plant extracts and microbial antagonists as a biotical control of some fungal pathogens, i.e., Fusarium ssp., Exserohilum ssp. and Nigrospora ssp., along with improving the growth and productivity performance of zucchini under greenhouse conditions. Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf extract (LE), Citrus sinensis LE, Ficus benghalensis fruit extract (FE), and two microbial antagonists Pseudomonas fluorescens (accession no. MW647093) and Trichoderma viride (accession no. MW647090) were tested under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Through morphological characteristics and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, Fusarium solani (accession no. MW947256), F. oxysporum (accession no. MW947254), Exserohilum rostratum (accession no. MW947255), and Nigrospora lacticolonia (accession no. MW947253) were identified. HPLC analysis was used for the identification of phenolic compounds (PCs) and flavonoid compounds (FCs) in the extracts. Results: The highest inhibition percentage of fungal growth (IPFG) against F. oxysporum was obtained with P. fluorescens, T. viride, and E. camaldulensis LE (4000 mg/L); F. solani with P. fluorescens, T. viride, and C. sinensis LE (4000 mg/L); Exserohilum rostratum with P. fluorescens, Ficus benghalensis FE (4000 mg/L) and E. camaldulensis LE (4000 mg/L), and N. lacticolonia with P. fluorescens. Using HPLC analysis, the abundant PCs in E. camaldulensis LE were pyrogallol, and caffeic acid, those in C. sinensis LE were syringic acid and ferulic acid, and those in F. benghalensis FE were gallic acid and syringic acid. In addition, the abundant FCs in E. camaldulensis LE were kaempferol, and naringin, those in C. sinensis LE were hesperidin and quercetin, and those in F. benghalensis FE were kaempferol and quercetin. Under greenhouse experiments, T. viride and E. camaldulensis LE (4000 mg/L) followed by P. fluorescens + T. viride treatments gave the best results of zucchini plants in terms of leaf area, fruits number per plant, yield per plant, and total yield (marketable and non-marketable). Conclusions: Plant extracts and bioagents can be used to control some zucchini fungal pathogens and increase the productivity performance of zucchini plants.
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Agrawal PK, Agrawal C, Blunden G. Pharmacological Significance of Hesperidin and Hesperetin, Two Citrus Flavonoids, as Promising Antiviral Compounds for Prophylaxis Against and Combating COVID-19. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211042540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hesperidin and hesperetin are flavonoids that are abundantly present as constituents of citrus fruits. These compounds have attracted attention as several computational methods, mostly docking studies, have shown that hesperidin may bind to multiple regions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (spike protein, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and proteases). Hesperidin has a low binding energy, both with the SARS-CoV-2 “spike” protein responsible for internalization, and also with the “PLpro” and “Mpro” responsible for transforming the early proteins of the virus into the complex responsible for viral replication. This suggests that these flavonoids could act as prophylactic agents by blocking several mechanisms of viral infection and replication, and thus helping the host cell to resist viral attack.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerald Blunden
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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Abdelghffar EA, El-Nashar HAS, Al-Mohammadi AGA, Eldahshan OA. Orange fruit ( Citrus sinensis) peel extract attenuates chemotherapy-induced toxicity in male rats. Food Funct 2021; 12:9443-9455. [PMID: 34606555 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01905h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: Cyclophosphamide (CYP) is a chemotherapy drug widely used in the treatment of several types of cancers and autoimmune disorders. Unfortunately, it causes severe side effects on many organs due to its oxidative stress effect. Objective: The present study aims to tentatively identify the phytochemical constituents of orange fruit (Citrus sinensis) peel extract (OFPE) and elucidate the chemopreventive effects of OFPE on CYP drug induced organ toxicity. Methods: The high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS/MS) technique was used to identify the compounds. Thirty-five male rats were divided into five groups (GP; n = 7): GP1: normal control, GP2: OFPE 0.5 only, GP3: CYP-only, GP4: OFPE 0.25 + CYP, and GP5: OFPE 0.5 + CYP. Results: Twenty-nine compounds of polyphenolic nature, mainly flavonoids, anthocyanidins, phenolic acids and limonoids were characterized by HPLC-MS/MS analysis. Among these compounds, naringin, hesperidin, diosmin, rutin, neohesperidin and limonin were the predominant compounds in the examined extract. Serum cellular markers were found to be decreased significantly upon treatment with OFPE (especially high dose). Also, a significant prophylactic effect against liver, kidney, and heart injuries induced by CYP via decreasing inflammation (serum TNF-α, IL-1β & IL-6) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) was also revealed. Also, an increase in antioxidant levels (serum TAO, and cellular GSH & CAT in tissue homogenates) confirmed the protective efficacy of OFPE against CYP toxicity. Conclusions: The present study reveals some chemopreventive properties and beneficial effects of OFPE on CYP-induced organ toxicity via its antioxidant status and immunoregulatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A Abdelghffar
- Department of Biology, Collage of Science, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba A S El-Nashar
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Center for Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Egypt
| | | | - Omayma A Eldahshan
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Center for Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Egypt
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Russo C, Maugeri A, Lombardo GE, Musumeci L, Barreca D, Rapisarda A, Cirmi S, Navarra M. The Second Life of Citrus Fruit Waste: A Valuable Source of Bioactive Compounds. Molecules 2021; 26:5991. [PMID: 34641535 PMCID: PMC8512617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruits (CF) are among the most widely cultivated fruit crops throughout the world and their production is constantly increasing along with consumers' demand. Therefore, huge amounts of waste are annually generated through CF processing, causing high costs for their disposal, as well as environmental and human health damage, if inappropriately performed. According to the most recent indications of an economic, environmental and pharmaceutical nature, CF processing residues must be transformed from a waste to be disposed to a valuable resource to be reused. Based on a circular economy model, CF residues (i.e., seeds, exhausted peel, pressed pulp, secondary juice and leaves) have increasingly been re-evaluated to also obtain, but not limited to, valuable compounds to be employed in the food, packaging, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. However, the use of CF by-products is still limited because of their underestimated nutritional and economic value, hence more awareness and knowledge are needed to overcome traditional approaches for their disposal. This review summarizes recent evidence on the pharmacological potential of CF waste to support the switch towards a more environmentally sustainable society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Russo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (A.M.); (G.E.L.); (L.M.); (D.B.); (A.R.)
- Fondazione “Prof. Antonio Imbesi”, 98123 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Maugeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (A.M.); (G.E.L.); (L.M.); (D.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Giovanni Enrico Lombardo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (A.M.); (G.E.L.); (L.M.); (D.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Laura Musumeci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (A.M.); (G.E.L.); (L.M.); (D.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Davide Barreca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (A.M.); (G.E.L.); (L.M.); (D.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Antonio Rapisarda
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (A.M.); (G.E.L.); (L.M.); (D.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Santa Cirmi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (A.M.); (G.E.L.); (L.M.); (D.B.); (A.R.)
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Navarra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (A.M.); (G.E.L.); (L.M.); (D.B.); (A.R.)
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Essential oil therapy for the short-term treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a monocentric randomized pilot study. Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:2251-2259. [PMID: 33184771 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01754-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) can be severely distressing for both patients and caregivers. AIMS This study assessed the efficacy of environmental diffusion essential oil therapy (EOT) combined with psychotropic drug therapy (group A) in BPSD management, compared with psychotropic drug therapy alone (group B). The stress responses of attending caregivers were also assessed. METHODS Thirty-two patients with dementia and BPSD were enrolled. The presence and severity of BPSD were assessed using the Italian version of the NPI-NH scale, which also measures the stress felt by professional caregivers. Global geriatric evaluations were performed to rule out acute diseases that could contribute to delirium and worsen patients' mental status. RESULTS Following treatment, the average NPI-NH value was significantly reduced in group A compared with group B (p < 0.001). Caregiver distress was also significantly reduced in group A (p < 0.01). DISCUSSION This pilot study showed that BPSD were better treated using EOT combined with standard pharmacological treatment, compared with standard pharmacological treatment alone. No adverse effects of EOT were observed. Reductions in caregiver distress could be due either to reductions in BPSD severity and frequency resulting in decreased caregiver burden, and/or the emotional benefit for caregivers of exposure to essential oils. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the combined use of EOT and psychotropic drugs in the treatment of BPSD. Essential oils may improve the wellbeing of both patients and caregivers, without adverse effects. Additionally, EOT is easy to administer by environmental diffusion.
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Leite PM, Freitas A, Amorim J, Figueiredo RCD, Bertolucci S, Faraco A, Martins M, Carvalho MG, Castilho R. In vitro anticoagulant activity of selected medicinal plants: potential interactions with warfarin and development of new anticoagulants. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 33:499-510. [PMID: 34273917 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2021-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Warfarin is the most widely used anticoagulant in the world, but it has several limitations including its narrow therapeutic range, need for dose adjustment and high potential for interactions. The simultaneous use of other drugs or even medicinal plants and certain foods could interfere with its therapeutic activity. In this context, this study aims to investigate the in vitro anticoagulant potential and phytochemical constitution of 17 plants selected from a previous clinical cross-sectional study (2014), that investigated the habits of plant utilization among patients taking warfarin. METHODS Ethanol extracts and essential oils were evaluated, in vitro, as to their effect in the prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) tests. Four species that presented aPTT >50 s were selected for phytochemical evaluation. RESULTS Thirteen of the 17 plants selected demonstrated a significant anticoagulant effect in at least one of the evaluated parameters. Citrus sinensis (PT=14.75 and aPTT=53.15), Mentha crispa (aPTT=51.25), Mikania laevigata (PT=14.90 and aPTT=52.10), and Nasturtium officinale (aPTT=50.55) showed greater anticoagulant potential compared to normal plasma pool (PT=12.25 and aPTT=37.73). Chemical profiles of these four species were obtained, and certain compounds were identified: rosmarinic acid from M. crispa and isoorientin from N. officinale. CONCLUSIONS Thus, the results of this study could be a useful indicator for clinical practice towards the possibility of interaction between these plants and anticoagulants, although further clinical research is needed taking into consideration the limitations of in vitro studies. These findings also suggest that further research into the action of these plants could be of real clinical value in identifying potential alternative anticoagulant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline Freitas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juliana Amorim
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - André Faraco
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Martins
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria G Carvalho
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rachel Castilho
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Kumar H, Bhardwaj K, Cruz-Martins N, Nepovimova E, Oleksak P, Dhanjal DS, Bhardwaj S, Singh R, Chopra C, Verma R, Chauhan PP, Kumar D, Kuča K. Applications of Fruit Polyphenols and Their Functionalized Nanoparticles Against Foodborne Bacteria: A Mini Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113447. [PMID: 34204121 PMCID: PMC8201231 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ingestion of contaminated water and food is known to cause food illness. Moreover, on assessing the patients suffering from foodborne disease has revealed the role of microbes in such diseases. Concerning which different methods have been developed for protecting food from microbes, the treatment of food with chemicals has been reported to exhibit an unwanted organoleptic effect while also affecting the nutritional value of food. Owing to these challenges, the demand for natural food preservatives has substantially increased. Therefore, the interest of researchers and food industries has shifted towards fruit polyphenols as potent inhibitors of foodborne bacteria. Recently, numerous fruit polyphenols have been acclaimed for their ability to avert toxin production and biofilm formation. Furthermore, various studies have recommended using fruit polyphenols solely or in combination with chemical disinfectants and food preservatives. Currently, different nanoparticles have been synthesized using fruit polyphenols to curb the growth of pathogenic microbes. Hence, this review intends to summarize the current knowledge about fruit polyphenols as antibacterial agents against foodborne pathogens. Additionally, the application of different fruit extracts in synthesizing functionalized nanoparticles has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Kumar
- School of Bioengineering & Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India;
| | - Kanchan Bhardwaj
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India; (K.B.); (R.V.)
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (E.N.); (P.O.)
| | - Patrik Oleksak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (E.N.); (P.O.)
| | - Daljeet Singh Dhanjal
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (D.S.D.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Sonali Bhardwaj
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (D.S.D.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Reena Singh
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (D.S.D.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Chirag Chopra
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (D.S.D.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Rachna Verma
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India; (K.B.); (R.V.)
| | - Prem Parkash Chauhan
- Lal Bahadur Shashtri, Government Degree College, Saraswati Nagar, Shimla 171206, India;
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- School of Bioengineering & Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India;
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (K.K.); Tel.: +420-603-289-166 (K.K.)
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (E.N.); (P.O.)
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (K.K.); Tel.: +420-603-289-166 (K.K.)
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Gordillo Jaramillo FX, Kim DH, Lee SH, Kwon SK, Jha R, Lee KW. Role of oregano and Citrus species-based essential oil preparation for the control of coccidiosis in broiler chickens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:47. [PMID: 33820552 PMCID: PMC8022417 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00569-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to presence of drug-resistant Eimeria strains and raised public health safety concerns about drug residues in the meat, there is renewed interest in the search for natural alternatives to the coccidiosis control agents. This study was conducted to test the anticoccidial efficacy of oregano and Citrus spp.-based essential oils for broilers. METHODS A total of 280 7-day-old broiler chicks were fed a control diet or diets with salinomycin or essential oils for up to 35 d of age. On d 14, half of the control groups and the treated groups were orally challenged with a coccidiosis vaccine at 25 times higher than the recommended vaccine dose. Control diet-fed chickens that were gavaged with phosphate-buffered saline were considered non-challenged control group. RESULTS Eimeria challenge or dietary additives failed to affect growth performance during the 7 to 20 d growth period although essential oil-fed chickens exhibited the lowest body wight gain (P = 0.332) and the highest feed conversion ratio (P = 0.062). Oocysts in the litter were detected in the challenged control diet group and the challenged/essential oil-fed groups at 21 and 35 d, respectively. Superoxide dismutase activity in the serum was elevated (P = 0.059) in the salinomycin-fed chickens compared to the challenged controls. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein was decreased by 28.7% in the salinomycin-fed chickens but increased by 38.1% in the essential oil group compared with the challenged control group. Challenged control group exhibited a significantly higher cooking loss of the thigh meat, compared to the non-challenged control diet group, which was marginally mitigated by dietary supplementation with essential oils. Chickens fed essential oil-added diet had the highest branched-chain fatty acids contents in the cecum. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study shows that oregano and Citrus-based essential oil preparation did not affect growth performance in broiler chickens challenged with the coccidiosis vaccine nor did Eimeria-specific duodenal lesion. However, dietary essential oil preparation lowered oocysts present in litter materials and altered branched-chain fatty acids in cecal digesta. Beneficial findings of the essential oil preparation on volatile fatty acids and oocysts output may warrant further research into assessing its effectiveness and its efficacy in pathogenic field-isolate Eimeria spp.-induced coccidiosis disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Da-Hye Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyeok Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Kwan Kwon
- Harim Bio Research Center, Jeilfeed Co., LTD, 136 Techno2-ro, Yuseong-gu, Deajeon-si, 34025, Republic of Korea
| | - Rajesh Jha
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agricultural and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Kyung-Woo Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Zayed A, Badawy MT, Farag MA. Valorization and extraction optimization of Citrus seeds for food and functional food applications. Food Chem 2021; 355:129609. [PMID: 33799261 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Valorization of food byproducts has attracted recently considerable attention. Citrus fruits provide considerable non-edible residues reach 80% in juice production. They are considered agri-wastes to comprise peel, pulp and seeds. Previous investigations have focused on peel and pulp to recover value-added products. The review presents for the first-time phytochemical composition of Citrus seeds' products, i.e., oil and extracts. Fatty acids, phytosterols and tocopherols amounted as the major bioactives in Citrus seeds, in addition to limonoids, dietary fibers and flavonoids. Besides their nutritional values, these chemicals have promising applications including production of biodiesel, food enhancers and antioxidants, especially from mandarin and grapefruit seeds. Optimum conditions of the different Citrus seeds' valorization are discussed to improve extraction yield and lessen environmental hazards of solvent extraction. This review presents the best utilization practices for one of the largest cultivated fruit seeds worldwide and its different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Zayed
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Tanta University, El-guish Street, 31527 Tanta, Egypt; Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 49, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Marwa T Badawy
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562 Cairo, Egypt; Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.
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Singh N, Yarla NS, Siddiqi NJ, de Lourdes Pereira M, Sharma B. Features, Pharmacological Chemistry, Molecular Mechanism and Health Benefits of Lemon. Med Chem 2021; 17:187-202. [DOI: 10.2174/1573406416666200909104050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Citrus limon, a Mediterranean-grown citrus species of plants belonging to
the Rutaceae family, occupies a place of an impressive range of food and medicinal uses with considerable
value in the economy of the fruit of the country. Citrus fruits are economically important with
large-scale production of both the fresh fruits and industrially processed products. The extracts and
phytochemicals obtained from all parts of C. limon have shown immense therapeutic potential because
of their anticancer, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory nature, and also serve as an important
ingredient in the formulation of several ethnic herbal medicines. These properties are mediated by the
presence of different phytochemicals, vitamins and nutrients in the citrus fruits.
Material and Methods:
The methods involved in the preparation of the present article included the
collection of information from various scientific databases, indexed periodicals, and search engines
such as Medline Scopus google scholar PubMed, PubMed central web of science, and science direct.
Results:
This communication presents an updated account of different pharmacological aspects of C.
limon associated with its anti-oxidative, antiulcer, antihelmintic, insecticidal, anticancer, cytotoxic,
and estrogenic activities. In addition, C. limon extracts possess hepatoprotective, anti-hyperglycemic,
and antimicrobial properties. The present article includes the structure and function of different key
chemical constituents from different parts of C. limon. Also, the possible molecular mechanisms of
actions of bioactive compounds from C. limon are displayed.
Conclusion:
The traditional and ethno-medicinal literature revealed that C. limon is very effective in
different pathologies. Most of these compounds possessing antioxidant properties would be implicated
in offering health benefits by acting as potential nutraceuticals to humans with special reference to
disease management of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India
| | - Nagendra Sastry Yarla
- Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telagana, India
| | - Nikhat Jamal Siddiqi
- Department of Biochemistry, King Saud University, Faculty of Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria de Lourdes Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences & CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bechan Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India
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Related Pentacyclic Triterpenes Have Immunomodulatory Activity in Chronic Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6671287. [PMID: 33681389 PMCID: PMC7906800 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6671287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the flagellated protozoa of the genus Leishmania that affects millions of people around the world. Drugs employed in the treatment of leishmaniasis have limited efficacy and induce local and systemic side effects to the patients. Natural products are an interesting alternative to treat leishmaniasis, because some purified molecules are selective toward parasites and not to the host cells. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare the in vitro antileishmanial activity of the triterpenes betulin (Be), lupeol (Lu), and ursolic acid (UA); analyze the physiology and morphology of affected organelles; analyze the toxicity of selected triterpenes in golden hamsters; and study the therapeutic activity of triterpenes in hamsters infected with L. (L.) infantum as well as the cellular immunity induced by studied molecules. The triterpenes Lu and UA were active on promastigote (IC50 = 4.0 ± 0.3 and 8.0 ± 0.2 μM, respectively) and amastigote forms (IC50 = 17.5 ± 0.4 and 3.0 ± 0.2 μM, respectively) of L. (L.) infantum, and their selectivity indexes (SI) toward amastigote forms were higher (≥13.4 and 14, respectively) than SI of miltefosine (2.7). L. (L.) infantum promastigotes treated with Lu and UA showed cytoplasmic degradation, and in some of these areas, cell debris were identified, resembling autophagic vacuoles, and parasite mitochondria were swelled, fragmented, and displayed membrane potential altered over time. Parasite cell membrane was not affected by studied triterpenes. Studies of toxicity in golden hamster showed that Lu did not alter blood biochemical parameters associated with liver and kidney functions; however, a slight increase of aspartate aminotransferase level in animals treated with 2.5 mg/kg of UA was detected. Lu and UA triterpenes eliminated amastigote forms in the spleen (87.5 and 95.9% of reduction, respectively) and liver of infected hamster (95.9 and 99.7% of reduction, respectively); and UA showed similar activity at eliminating amastigote forms in the spleen and liver than amphotericin B (99.2 and 99.8% of reduction). The therapeutic activity of both triterpenes was associated with the elevation of IFN-γ and/or iNOS expression in infected treated animals. This is the first comparative work showing the in vitro activity, toxicity, and therapeutic activity of Lu and UA in the chronic model of visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. (L.) infantum; additionally, both triterpenes activated cellular immune response in the hamster model of visceral leishmaniasis.
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Dhalaria R, Verma R, Kumar D, Puri S, Tapwal A, Kumar V, Nepovimova E, Kuca K. Bioactive Compounds of Edible Fruits with Their Anti-Aging Properties: A Comprehensive Review to Prolong Human Life. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1123. [PMID: 33202871 PMCID: PMC7698232 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complicated biological process in which functional and structural alterations in a living organism take place over time. Reactive oxygen species is one of the main factors responsible for aging and is associated with several chronic pathologies. The relationship between aging and diet is quite interesting and has attained worldwide attention. Healthy food, in addition to dietary antioxidants, are required to delay the process of aging and improve the quality of life. Many healthy foods such as fruits are a good source of dietary nutrients and natural bioactive compounds which have antioxidant properties and are involved in preventing aging and other age-related disorders. Health benefits linked with healthy consumption of fruit have drawn increased interest. A significant number of studies have documented the advantages of fruit intake, as it suppresses free-radical development that further reduces the oxidative stress created in the body and protects against several types of diseases such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, inflammatory disorders, and other cardiovascular diseases that ultimately prevent aging. In addition, fruits have numerous other properties like anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerous, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, and have health-promoting effects. Mechanisms of various bioactive compounds that aids in preventing various diseases and increases longevity are also described. This manuscript provides a summary of various bioactive components present in fruits along with their health-promoting and antiaging properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Dhalaria
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan (Himachal Pradesh) 173229, India; (R.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Rachna Verma
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan (Himachal Pradesh) 173229, India; (R.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan (Himachal Pradesh) 173229, India;
| | - Sunil Puri
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan (Himachal Pradesh) 173229, India; (R.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Ashwani Tapwal
- Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla H.P. 171009, India;
| | - Vinod Kumar
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK430AL, UK;
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic;
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic;
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Antibacterial activity of plant species used for oral health against Porphyromonas gingivalis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239316. [PMID: 33031410 PMCID: PMC7544490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is the keystone pathogen of periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease which causes tooth loss and deterioration of gingiva. Medicinal plants have been traditionally used for oral hygiene and health and might play a role as antibacterial agents against oral pathogens. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of plants used for oral hygiene or symptoms of periodontitis against P. gingivalis. We first reviewed the literature to identify plant species used for oral hygiene or symptoms of periodontitis. Then, we cross-checked this species list with our in-house library of plant extracts to select extracts for testing. Antibacterial activity tests were then performed for each plant extract against P. gingivalis, and their cytotoxicity was assessed on HaCaT cells. The selectivity index (SI) was then calculated. A total of 416 plant species belonging to 110 families and 305 genera were documented through our literature search, and 158 plant species were noted as being used by North American Native peoples Once cross-checked with the extracts contained in our library of natural products, 30 matches were identified and 21 were defined as high priority. Of the 109 extracts from 21 plant species selected and tested, 21 extracts from 11 plants had higher than 90% inhibition on P. gingivalis at 64 μg/mL and were further selected for MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) assays. Out of 21 plant extracts, 13 extracts (7 plant species) had a SI > 10. Pistacia lentiscus fruits showed the best MIC with value of 8 μg/mL, followed by Zanthoxylum armatum fruits/seeds with a MIC of 16 μg/mL. P. lentiscus fruits also showed the highest SI of 256. Most of the extracts tested present promising antibacterial activity and low cytotoxicity. Further testing for biofilm eradication and examination of activity against other dental pathogens and oral commensals should be performed to confirm the potential of these extracts as antibacterial agents. Future work will focus on application of a bioassay-guided fractionation approach to isolating and identifying the most active natural products in the top performing extracts. This study can serve as a basis for their future development as ingredients for oral hygiene products.
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Park JS, Cho EY, Kim YS, Kwon E, Han KM, Ku SY, Jung CW, Yun JW, Che JH, Kang BC. In vivo and in vitro safety evaluation of fermented Citrus sunki peel extract: acute and 90-day repeated oral toxicity studies with genotoxicity assessment. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:297. [PMID: 33023584 PMCID: PMC7542383 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tanaka peel has been traditionally used as an ingredient in folk medicine due to its therapeutic effects on promotion of splenic health and diuresis as well as relief of gastrointestinal symptoms. Although a growing interest in health-promoting natural products and the development of highly concentrated products have facilitated consumption of C. sunki peel, its safety assessment has not been explored, posing a potential health risk. In this study, we carried out a series of systemic and genetic toxicity tests on fermented C. sunki peel extract (FCPE) to provide the essential information required for safe use in human. Methods We conducted acute and 90-day repeated oral toxicity studies in Sprague-Dawley rats to evaluate systemic toxicity, and three genotoxicity assays to measure bacterial mutation reversion, cellular chromosome aberration and in vivo micronucleus formation. Results Single oral administration of FCPE did not cause any clinical signs and lethality in all animals, establishing LD50 to be over 2000 mg/kg BW. Repeated administration of up to 2000 mg/kg BW FCPE for 90 days revealed no test substance-related toxicity as demonstrated in analysis of body weight gain, food/water intake, blood, serum biochemistry, organ weight and histopathology, collectively determining that the no-observable-adverse-effect-level of FCPE is over 2000 mg/kg BW. In addition, we detected no mutagenicity and clastogenicity in FCPE at 5000 μg/plate for the in vitro assays and 2000 mg/kg BW for the in vivo micronucleus test. Conclusion FCPE did not cause systemic and genetic toxicity in our model systems at the tested dose levels. These results suggest a guideline for safe consumption of C. sunki peel in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Park
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Cho
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Soon Kim
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Euna Kwon
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Min Han
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Seung-Yup Ku
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Woo Jung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Che
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Pathology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea. .,Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of GreenBio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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Soares MS, da Silva DF, Amaral JC, da Silva MM, Forim MR, Rodrigues-Filho E, das Graças Fernandes da Silva MF, Fernandes JB, Machado MA, de Souza AA, Martins CHG. Rapid differentiation of graft Citrus sinensis with and without Xylella fastidiosa infection by mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 3:e8745. [PMID: 32053855 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Xylella fastidiosa causes citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) in sweet orange trees. A diagnostic method for detecting CVC before the symptoms appear, which would inform citrus producers in advance about when the plant should be removed from the orchard, is essential for reducing pesticide application costs. METHODS Chemometrics was applied to high-performance liquid chromatography diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) data to evaluate the similarities and differences between the chromatographic profiles. A liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry selected reaction monitoring (LC/APCI-MS-SRM) method was developed to identify the major compounds and to determine their amounts in all samples. RESULTS We evaluated the effect of this bacterium on the variation in the chemical profile in citrus plants. The organs of C. sinensis grafted on C. limonia were analyzed. Chemometrics was applied to the obtained data, and two major groups were differentiated. Flavonoids were observed in one group (leaves) and coumarins in the second (roots), both at higher concentrations in the plants with CVC symptoms than in those without the symptoms and those in the negative control. The rootstocks also interfered in the metabolism of the scion. CONCLUSIONS The developed LC/APCI-MS-SRM method for detecting CVC before the symptoms appear is simple and accurate. It is inexpensive, and many samples can be screened per hour using 1 mg of leaves. Knowledge of the influence of the rootstock on the chemical profile of the graft is limited. This study demonstrates the effect of the rootstock in synthesizing flavonoids and increasing its content in all parts of the graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Santos Soares
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Jéssica Cristina Amaral
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Moacir Rossi Forim
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson Rodrigues-Filho
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - João Batista Fernandes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antônio Machado
- Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico, CP 04,13490-970, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil
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Flavonoids from Aurantii Fructus Immaturus and Aurantii Fructus: promising phytomedicines for the treatment of liver diseases. Chin Med 2020; 15:89. [PMID: 32863858 PMCID: PMC7449045 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00371-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver diseases and related complications are major sources of morbidity and mortality, which places a huge financial burden on patients and lead to nonnegligible social problems. Therefore, the discovery of novel therapeutic drugs for the treatment of liver diseases is urgently required. Aurantii Fructus Immaturus (AFI) and Aurantii Fructus (AF) are frequently used herbal medicines in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas for the treatment of diverse ailments. A variety of bioactive ingredients have been isolated and identified from AFI and AF, including alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins and volatile oils. Main body Emerging evidence suggests that flavonoids, especially hesperidin (HD), naringenin (NIN), nobiletin (NOB), naringin (NRG), tangeretin (TN), hesperetin (HT) and eriodictyol (ED) are major representative bioactive ingredients that alleviate diseases through multi-targeting mechanisms, including anti-oxidative stress, anti-cytotoxicity, anti-inflammation, anti-fibrosis and anti-tumor mechanisms. In the current review, we summarize the recent progress in the research of hepatoprotective effects of HD, NIN, NOB, NRG, TN, HT and ED and highlight the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. We also point out the limitations of the current studies and shed light on further in-depth pharmacological and pharmacokinetic studies of these bioactive flavonoids. Conclusion This review outlines the recent advances in the literature and highlights the potential of these flavonoids isolated from AFI and AF as therapeutic agents for the treatment of liver diseases. Further pharmacological studies will accelerate the development of natural products in AFI and AF and their derivatives as medicines with tantalizing prospects in the clinical application.
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Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Citrus aurantium, and Citrus sinensis Essential Oils as Antifungal Activity against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, and Fusarium culmorum. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8081003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Several molds are able to colonize wood and many building products or solid wood causing losses for their valuable uses. Essential oils (EOs) from aromatic plants can be used as an ecofriendly biofungicide against the growth of several molds. EOs from Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Citrus aurantium, and C. sinensis have a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. EOs from of E. camaldulensis air-dried aerial parts, C. aurantium leaf and C. sinensis peel, and their combinations (1:1 v/v) were evaluated for their antifungal activity against the growth of four common mold fungi (Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. terreus, and Fusarium culmorum). The chemical compositions of the EOs were analyzed with GC/MS. The main compounds in EO from E. camaldulensis were spathulenol (20.84%), eucalyptol (12.01%), and sabinene (9.73%); in C. aurantium were linalyl acetate (42.29%), and linalool (29.76%); and in C. sinensis were D-limonene (73.4%) and γ-terpinene (22.6%). At 50 µL/mL, C. sinensis EO showed the highest fungal mycilial growth inhibition (FMGI) percentage (86.66%) against A. flavus. C. sinensis, E. camaldulensis, and E. camaldulensis/C. sinensis showed FMGI values of 96%, 91.66%, and 75.66% respectively, against A. niger. EOs from C. aurantium and C. sinensis showed potent activity against A. terreus (100% FMGI), while C. aurantium/E. camaldulensis and E. camaldulensis/C. sinensis showed FMGI values of 74.33% and 70.66%, respectively. Potent activity against F. culmorum with 100% was observed as the application of E. camaldulensis and C. sinensis EOs at 50 µL/mL, while E. camaldulensis/C. sinensis (50 µL/mL) showed FMGI value of 65.66%. The results suggest using the EOs and their combinations from E.camaldulensis, C. aurantium, and C. sinensis as a biofungicide against molds. The potent properties of EOs offer the possibility of using them as eco-friendly, safe, and cost-effective antimicrobials for molds that could cause discoloration of the wood packaging or food spoilage.
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Geck MS, Cristians S, Berger-González M, Casu L, Heinrich M, Leonti M. Traditional Herbal Medicine in Mesoamerica: Toward Its Evidence Base for Improving Universal Health Coverage. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1160. [PMID: 32848768 PMCID: PMC7411306 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The quality of health care in Mesoamerica is influenced by its rich cultural diversity and characterized by social inequalities. Especially indigenous and rural communities confront diverse barriers to accessing formal health services, leading to often conflicting plurimedical systems. Fostering integrative medicine is a fundamental pillar for achieving universal health coverage (UHC) for marginalized populations. Recent developments toward health sovereignty in the region are concerned with assessing the role of traditional medicines, and particularly herbal medicines, to foster accessible and culturally pertinent healthcare provision models. In Mesoamerica, as in most regions of the world, a wealth of information on traditional and complementary medicine has been recorded. Yet these data are often scattered, making it difficult for policy makers to regulate and integrate traditionally used botanical products into primary health care. This critical review is based on a quantitative analysis of 28 survey papers focusing on the traditional use of botanical drugs in Mesoamerica used for the compilation of the "Mesoamerican Medicinal Plant Database" (MAMPDB), which includes a total of 12,537 use-records for 2188 plant taxa. Our approach presents a fundamental step toward UHC by presenting a pharmacological and toxicological review of the cross-culturally salient plant taxa and associated botanical drugs used in traditional medicine in Mesoamerica. Especially for native herbal drugs, data about safety and effectiveness are limited. Commonly used cross-culturally salient botanical drugs, which are considered safe but for which data on effectiveness is lacking constitute ideal candidates for treatment outcome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias S. Geck
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Biovision – Foundation for Ecological Development, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sol Cristians
- Botanical Garden, Institute of Biology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mónica Berger-González
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Heath, Swiss TPH, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Casu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Leonti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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