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Borràs-Vallverdú B, Marín S, Sanchis V, Gatius F, Ramos AJ. NIR-HSI as a tool to predict deoxynivalenol and fumonisins in maize kernels: a step forward in preventing mycotoxin contamination. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:5495-5503. [PMID: 38363077 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maize is frequently contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2). In the European Union, these mycotoxins are regulated in maize and maize-derived products. To comply with these regulations, industries require a fast, economic, safe, non-destructive and environmentally friendly analysis method. RESULTS In the present study, near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) was used to develop regression and classification models for DON, FB1 and FB2 in maize kernels. The best regression models presented the following root mean square error of cross validation and ratio of performance to deviation values: 0.848 mg kg-1 and 2.344 (DON), 3.714 mg kg-1 and 2.018 (FB1) and 2.104 mg kg-1 and 2.301 (FB2). Regarding classification, European Union legal limits for DON and FB1 + FB2 were selected as thresholds to classify maize kernels as acceptable or not. The sensitivity and specificity were 0.778 and 1 for the best DON classification model and 0.607 and 0.938 for the best FB1 + FB2 classification model. CONCLUSION NIR-HSI can help reduce DON and fumonisins contamination in the maize food and feed chain. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat Borràs-Vallverdú
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Science, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Sonia Marín
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Science, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Vicente Sanchis
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Science, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ferran Gatius
- Department of Environment, Soil Sciences and Chemistry, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonio J Ramos
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Science, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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Yao C, Hao S, Zhang C, Liu L, Jia Y, Meng P, Wu C, Guo X. Modulatory interactions of T-2 and deoxynivalenol mycotoxins on murine femoral development and osteological integrity. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114630. [PMID: 38604577 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we conducted a systematic assessment of the effectsof deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 mycotoxins (T-2) on the developmental processes and structural integrity of murine femurs, considering both the isolated and synergistic effects of these toxins. To this end, we divided 72 male mice into nine groups, each subjected to varying dosages of T-2, DON, or their combinations. Over a four-week experimental period, meticulous monitoring was undertaken regarding the mice's body weight, biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption, and the activity of relevant cells. To comprehensively evaluate alterations in bone structure, we employed biomechanical analysis, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and transmission electron microscopy.Our findings unveiled a significant revelation: the mice exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in body weight upon exposure to individual mycotoxins, while the combined use of these toxins manifested an atypical antagonistic effect. Furthermore, we observed variations in the levels of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D, as well as adjustments in the activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, all intricately linked to the dosage and ratio of the toxins. Alterations in biomechanical properties were also noted to correlate with the dosage and combination of toxins. Analyses via micro-CT and transmission electron microscopy further corroborated the substantial impact of toxin dosage and combinations on both cortical and trabecular bone structures.In summation, our research unequivocally demonstrates the dose- and ratio-dependent detrimental effects of DON and T-2 mycotoxins on the growth and structural integrity of murine femurs. These insights accentuate the importance of a profound understanding of the potential risks these toxins pose to bone health, offering pivotal guidance for future toxicological research and public health preventative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Yao
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University; NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China; Nursing Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi 'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuichu Hao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi 'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi 'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University; NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yumeng Jia
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University; NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Peilin Meng
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University; NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Cuiyan Wu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University; NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Xiong Guo
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University; NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Wang P, Wang H, Wang X, Li Y, Sun J, Wang X, Zhang G. Mycotoxins in grains (products), Gansu province, China and risk assessment. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2024; 17:101-109. [PMID: 38234288 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2023.2300652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the dietary exposure towards mycotoxins of residents in Gansu province, China, from 2014-2020 through surveillance data on mycotoxins in grains and grain products. Fumonisin B1 (FB1), Deoxynivalenol (DON), 3- and 15-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON and 15-ADON), Tentoxin (TEN), Tenuazonic acid (TeA) and Zearalenone (ZEN) in 863 grains and grain products were detected by HPLC-MS and UPLC-MS. DON was the most detected mycotoxin of all samples. For women, the average dietary exposure to DON was 1.49 μg/kg bw/day, with 55.8% of the individuals eating dried noodles exceeding tolerable daily intake. The hazard quotient values were 1.24-12.60, so greater than 1 for DON at the average, 90th percentile, 95th percentile, and maximum levels: 44.6% of the HQ values for men and 45.7% for women were greater than 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Haixia Wang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Yongjun Li
- Gansu Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyun Sun
- Gansu Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Gexiang Zhang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
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Li W, Cao S, Sun H, Yang X, Xu L, Zhang X, Deng Y, Pavlov IN, Litovka YA, Chen H. Genome Analyses Reveal the Secondary Metabolites that Potentially Influence the Geographical Distribution of Fusarium pseudograminearum Populations. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:1812-1819. [PMID: 38277654 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-23-1743-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium crown rot (FCR), caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum, significantly impacts wheat yield and quality in China's Huanghuai region. The rapid F. pseudograminearum epidemic and FCR outbreak within a decade remain unexplained. In this study, two high-quality, chromosome-level genomes of F. pseudograminearum strains producing 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3AcDON) and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15AcDON) toxins were assembled. Additionally, 38 related strains were resequenced. Genomic differences such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions/deletions (indels), and structural variations (SVs) among F. pseudograminearum strains were analyzed. The whole-genome SNP locus-based population classification mirrored the toxin chemotype (3AcDON and 15AcDON)-based classification, indicating the presence of genes associated with the trichothecene toxin gene cluster. Further analysis of differential SNP, indel, and SV loci between the 3AcDON and 15AcDON populations revealed a predominant connection to secondary metabolite synthesis genes. Notably, the majority of the secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene cluster loci were located in SNP-dense genomic regions, suggesting high mutability and a possible contribution to F. pseudograminearum population structure and environmental adaptability. This study provides insightful perspectives on the distribution and evolution of F. pseudograminearum and for forecasting the spread of wheat FCR, thereby aiding in the development of preventive measures and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shulin Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiyan Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Nanjing Genepioneer Biotechnologies Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanyu Deng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Igor N Pavlov
- Laboratory of Reforestation, Mycology and Plant Pathology, V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
- Department of Chemical Technology of Wood and Biotechnology, Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsk 660049, Russia
| | - Yulia A Litovka
- Laboratory of Reforestation, Mycology and Plant Pathology, V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
- Department of Chemical Technology of Wood and Biotechnology, Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsk 660049, Russia
| | - Huaigu Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
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Sevarika M, Beccari G, Tini F, Ederli L, Bellezza I, Covarelli L, Romani R. Effect of the mycotoxins enniatin B and deoxynivalenol on the wheat aphid Sitobion avenae and on the predatory lacewing Chrysoperla carnea. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:2991-2999. [PMID: 38312069 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium species are responsible for Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat, resulting in yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and enniatins (ENNs) are common mycotoxins produced by Fusarium, affecting plant, animal and human health. Although DON's effects have been widely studied, limited research has explored the impact of ENNs on insects. This study examines the influence of DON and enniatin B (ENB), both singularly and in combination, on the wheat aphid Sitobion avenae and one of its predators, the lacewing Chrysoperla carnea. RESULTS When exposed to DON (100 mg L-1) or DON + ENB (100 mg L-1), S. avenae exhibited significantly increased mortality compared to the negative control. ENB (100 mg L-1) had no significant effect on aphid mortality. DON-treated aphids showed increasing mortality from 48 to 96 h. A dose-response relationship with DON revealed significant cumulative mortality starting at 25 mg L-1. By contrast, C. carnea larvae exposed to mycotoxins via cuticular application did not show significant differences in mortality when mycotoxins were dissolved in water but exhibited increased mortality with acetone-solubilized DON + ENB (100 mg L-1). Feeding C. carnea with aphids exposed to mycotoxins (indirect exposure) did not impact their survival or predatory activity. Additionally, the impact of mycotoxins on C. carnea was observed only with acetone-solubilized DON + ENB. CONCLUSIONS These findings shed light on the complex interactions involving mycotoxins, aphids and their predators, offering valuable insights for integrated pest management strategies. Further research should explore broader ecological consequences of mycotoxin contamination in agroecosystems. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Sevarika
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luisa Ederli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bellezza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Romani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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6
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Mohammadizadeh-Heydari N, Tohidfar M, Maleki Zanjani B, Mohsenpour M, Ghanbari Moheb Seraj R, Esmaeilzadeh-Salestani K. Co-overexpression of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase significantly enhanced the resistance of Iranian wheat cultivars to Fusarium. BMC Biotechnol 2024; 24:35. [PMID: 38790016 PMCID: PMC11127306 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-024-00859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating fungal disease affecting different cereals, particularly wheat, and poses a serious threat to global wheat production. Chitinases and β-glucanases are two important proteins involved in lysing fungal cell walls by targeting essential macromolecular components, including chitin and β-glucan micro fibrils. In our experiment, a transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum) was generated by introducing chitinase and glucanase genes using Biolistic technique and Recombinant pBI121 plasmid (pBI-ChiGlu (-)). This plasmid contained chitinase and glucanase genes as well as nptII gene as a selectable marker. The expression of chitinase and glucanase was individually controlled by CaMV35S promoter and Nos terminator. Immature embryo explants from five Iranian cultivars (Arta, Moghan, Sisun, Gascogen and A-Line) were excised from seeds and cultured on callus induction medium to generate embryonic calluses. Embryogenic calluses with light cream color and brittle texture were selected and bombarded using gold nanoparticles coated with the recombinant pBI-ChiGlu plasmid. Bombarded calluses initially were transferred to selective callus induction medium, and later, they were transfferd to selective regeneration medium. The selective agent was kanamycin at a concentration of 25 mg/l in both media. Among five studied cultivars, A-Line showed the highest transformation percentage (4.8%), followed by the Sisun, Gascogen and Arta in descending order. PCR and Southern blot analysis confirmed the integration of genes into the genome of wheat cultivars. Furthermore, in an in-vitro assay, the growth of Fusarium graminearum was significantly inhibited by using 200 μg of leaf protein extract from transgenic plants. According to our results, the transgenic plants (T1) showed the resistance against Fusarium when were compared to the non-transgenic plants. All transgenic plants showed normal fertility and no abnormal response was observed in their growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masoud Tohidfar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahram Maleki Zanjani
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breading, Agriculture Faculty, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Motahhareh Mohsenpour
- Department of Tissue Culture and Gene Transformation, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Karaj, Iran
| | - Rahele Ghanbari Moheb Seraj
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Keyvan Esmaeilzadeh-Salestani
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R.Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, E-50411, Tartu, Estonia
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Zhang M, Jiang P, Wu Q, Han X, Man J, Sun J, Liang J, Chen J, Zhao Q, Guo Y, An Y, Jia H, Li S, Xu Y. Identification of candidate genes for Fusarium head blight resistance from QTLs using RIL population in wheat. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:62. [PMID: 38771394 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01462-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) stands out as one of the most devastating wheat diseases and leads to significantly grain yield losses and quality reductions in epidemic years. Exploring quantitative trait loci (QTL) for FHB resistance is a critical step for developing new FHB-resistant varieties. We previously constructed a genetic map of unigenes (UG-Map) according to the physical positions using a set of recombinant-inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross of 'TN18 × LM6' (TL-RILs). Here, the number of diseased spikelets (NDS) and relative disease index (RDI) for FHB resistance were investigated under four environments using TL-RILs, which were distributed across 13 chromosomes. A number of 36 candidate genes for NDS and RDI from of 19 stable QTLs were identified. The average number of candidate genes per QTL was 1.89, with 14 (73.7%), two (10.5%), and three (15.8%) QTLs including one, two, and 3-10 candidate genes, respectively. Among the 24 candidate genes annotated in the reference genome RefSeq v1.1, the homologous genes of seven candidate genes, including TraesCS4B02G227300 for QNds/Rdi-4BL-4553, TraesCS5B02G303200, TraesCS5B02G303300, TraesCS5B02G303700, TraesCS5B02G303800 and TraesCS5B02G304000 for QNds/Rdi-5BL-9509, and TraesCS7A02G568400 for QNds/Rdi-7AL-14499, were previously reported to be related to FHB resistance in wheat, barely or Brachypodium distachyon. These genes should be closely associated with FHB resistance in wheat. In addition, the homologous genes of five genes, including TraesCS1A02G037600LC for QNds-1AS-2225, TraesCS1D02G017800 and TraesCS1D02G017900 for QNds-1DS-527, TraesCS1D02G018000 for QRdi-1DS-575, and TraesCS4B02G227400 for QNds/Rdi-4BL-4553, were involved in plant defense responses against pathogens. These genes should be likely associated with FHB resistance in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qun Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xu Han
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Junxia Man
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Junsheng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jinlong Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jingchuan Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Ying Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yanrong An
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Haiyan Jia
- Applied Plant Genomics Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Sishen Li
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Yongyu Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
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Risoli S, Cotrozzi L, Pisuttu C, Nali C. Biocontrol Agents of Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat: A Meta-Analytic Approach to Elucidate Their Strengths and Weaknesses. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:521-537. [PMID: 37831969 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-23-0292-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of biocontrol agents (BCAs) coping with fungal pathogens causing Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a compelling strategy for disease management, but a better elucidation of their effectiveness is crucial. Meta-analysis is the analysis of the results of multiple studies, which is typically performed to synthesize evidence from many possible sources in a formal probabilistic manner. This meta-analytic study, including 30 pathometric, biometric, physiochemical, genetic, and mycotoxin response variables reported in 56 studies, evidences the BCA effects on FHB in wheat. The effectiveness of BCAs of FHB in wheat in terms of pathogen abundance and disease reductions, biomass and yield conservation, and mycotoxin prevention/control was confirmed. BCAs showed higher efficacy (i) in studies published more recently; (ii) under controlled conditions; (iii) in high susceptible wheat cultivars; (iv) when Fusarium inoculation and BCA treatment did not occur directly on the plant (i.e., at the seed and kernel levels) in terms of disease development and mycotoxin control, and vice versa in terms of biomass conservation; (v) if Fusarium inoculation and BCA treatment occurred by spraying spikes in terms of yield; (vi) at 15 to 21 days post Fusarium inoculation or BCA treatment; and (vii) if they were filamentous fungi. However, BCAs overall were less efficacious than conventional agrochemicals, especially in terms of pathogen abundance and FHB reductions, as well as of mycotoxin prevention/control, although inconsistencies were reported among the investigated moderator variables. This study also highlights the complexity of reaching a good balance among BCA effects, and the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Risoli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Italy
- University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Pisuttu
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Italy
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Cai P, Liu S, Tu Y, Shan T. Toxicity, biodegradation, and nutritional intervention mechanism of zearalenone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168648. [PMID: 37992844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), a global mycotoxin commonly found in a variety of grain products and animal feed, causes damage to the gastrointestinal tract, immune organs, liver and reproductive system. Many treatments, including physical, chemical and biological methods, have been reported for the degradation of ZEA. Each degradation method has different degradation efficacies and distinct mechanisms. In this article, the global pollution status, hazard and toxicity of ZEA are summarized. We also review the biological detoxification methods and nutritional regulation strategies for alleviating the toxicity of ZEA. Moreover, we discuss the molecular detoxification mechanism of ZEA to help explore more efficient detoxification methods to better reduce the global pollution and hazard of ZEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Cai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuang Tu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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10
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Miao J, Li Y, Hu S, Li G, Gao X, Dai T, Liu X. Resistance risk, resistance mechanism and the effect on DON production of a new SDHI fungicide cyclobutrifluram in Fusarium graminearum. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 199:105795. [PMID: 38458689 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight in wheat is caused by Fusarium graminearum, resulting in significant yield losses and grain contamination with deoxynivalenol (DON), which poses a potential threat to animal health. Cyclobutrifluram, a newly developed succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, has shown excellent inhibition of Fusarium spp. However, the resistance risk of F. graminearum to cyclobutrifluram and the molecular mechanism of resistance have not been determined. In this study, we established the average EC50 of a range of F. graminearum isolates to cyclobutrifluram to be 0.0110 μg/mL. Six cyclobutrifluram-resistant mutants were obtained using fungicide adaptation. All mutants exhibited impaired fitness relative to their parental isolates. This was evident from measurements of mycelial growth, conidiation, conidial germination, virulence, and DON production. Interestingly, cyclobutrifluram did not seem to affect the DON production of either the sensitive isolates or the resistant mutants. Furthermore, a positive cross-resistance was observed between cyclobutrifluram and pydiflumetofen. These findings suggest that F. graminearum carries a moderate to high risk of developing resistance to cyclobutrifluram. Additionally, point mutations H248Y in FgSdhB and A73V in FgSdhC1 of F. graminearum were observed in the cyclobutrifluram-resistant mutants. Finally, an overexpression transformation assay and molecular docking indicated that FgSdhBH248Y or FgSdhC1A73V could confer resistance of F. graminearum to cyclobutrifluram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shiping Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guixiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tan Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing 100193, China.
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11
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Gozzi M, Blandino M, Bruni R, Capo L, Righetti L, Dall'Asta C. Mycotoxin occurrence in kernels and straws of wheat, barley, and tritordeum. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:203-210. [PMID: 38236484 PMCID: PMC10834653 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00521-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Thirty-two varieties of common and durum wheat, hordeum, barley, and tritordeum collected over two harvesting years (2020 and 2021) were investigated for the presence of multiple Fusarium-related mycotoxins in asymptomatic plants. DON, 3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, T-2, HT-2, and ZEN together with the emerging mycotoxin ENN B and the major modified form of DON, namely DON3Glc, were quantified by means of UHPLC-MS/MS. Overall, DON and ENN B were the most frequently detected mycotoxins, albeit large inter-year variability was observed and related to different climate and weather conditions. Straws had higher mycotoxin contents than kernels and regarding DON occurrence tritordeum was found to be the most contaminated group on average for both harvesting years, while barley was the less contaminated one. Emerging mycotoxin ENN B showed comparable contents in kernels compared to straw, with a ratio close to 1 for tritordeum and barley. Regarding the occurrence of the other evaluated mycotoxins, T-2 and HT-2 toxins have been spotted in a few tritordeum samples, while ZEN has been frequently found only in straw from the harvesting year 2020. The data collected confirms the occurrence of multiple Fusarium mycotoxins in straws also from asymptomatic plants, highlighting concerns related to feed safety and animal health. The susceptibility of Tritordeum, hereby reported for the first time, suggests that careful measures in terms of monitoring, breeding, and cultural choices should be applied when dealing with his emerging crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gozzi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/a, 43100, Parma, Italy.
| | - Massimo Blandino
- Department of Agricultural Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Renato Bruni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/a, 43100, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Capo
- Department of Agricultural Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Laura Righetti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, 6708, WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700, AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/a, 43100, Parma, Italy
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12
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Krishnan SV, Nampoothiri KM, Suresh A, Linh NT, Balakumaran PA, Pócsi I, Pusztahelyi T. Fusarium biocontrol: antagonism and mycotoxin elimination by lactic acid bacteria. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1260166. [PMID: 38235432 PMCID: PMC10791833 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1260166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species are secondary metabolites with low molecular weight formed by filamentous fungi generally resistant to different environmental factors and, therefore, undergo slow degradation. Contamination by Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals and millets is the foremost quality challenge the food and feed industry faces across the globe. Several types of chemical preservatives are employed in the mitigation process of these mycotoxins, and they help in long-term storage; however, chemical preservatives can be used only to some extent, so the complete elimination of toxins from foods is still a herculean task. The growing demand for green-labeled food drives to evade the use of chemicals in the production processes is getting much demand. Thus, the biocontrol of food toxins is important in the developing food sector. Fusarium mycotoxins are world-spread contaminants naturally occurring in commodities, food, and feed. The major mycotoxins Fusarium species produce are deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, zearalenone, and T2/HT2 toxins. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), generally regarded as safe (GRAS), is a well-explored bacterial community in food preparations and preservation for ages. Recent research suggests that LAB are the best choice for extenuating Fusarium mycotoxins. Apart from Fusarium mycotoxins, this review focuses on the latest studies on the mechanisms of how LAB effectively detoxify and remove these mycotoxins through their various bioactive molecules and background information of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Vipin Krishnan
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - K. Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Anandhu Suresh
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Nguyen Thuy Linh
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, FAFSEM, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - P. A. Balakumaran
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, FAFSEM, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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13
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Sun H, Cai S, Liu H, Li X, Deng Y, Yang X, Cao S, Li W, Chen H. FgSdhC Paralog Confers Natural Resistance toward SDHI Fungicides in Fusarium graminearum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:20643-20653. [PMID: 38108286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum exhibited natural resistance to a majority of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides (SDHIs) and the molecular mechanisms responsible for the natural resistance were still unknown. Succinate dehydrogenase subunit C (SdhC) is an essential gene for maintaining succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (SQR) function in fungi. In F. graminearum, a paralog of FgSdhC named as FgSdhC1 was identified. Based on RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR assay, we found that the expression level of FgSdhC1 was very low but upregulated by SDHIs treatment. Based on reverse genetics, we demonstrated that FgSdhC1 was an inessential gene in normal growth but was sufficient for maintaining SQR function and conferred natural resistance or reduced sensitivity toward SDHIs. Additionally, we found that the standard F. graminearum isolate PH-1 had high sensitivity to a majority of SDHIs. A single nucleotide variation (C to T) in the FgSdhC1 of isolate PH-1, resulting in a premature termination codon (TAA) replacing the fourth amino acid glutamine (Q), led to the failure of FgSdhC1 to perform functions of conferring nature resistance. These results established that a dispensable paralogous gene determined SDHIs resistance in natural populations of F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Shiyan Cai
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Huiquan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xinlei Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yuanyu Deng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiaoyue Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Shulin Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Huaigu Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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14
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Bethke G, Huang Y, Hensel G, Heinen S, Liu C, Wyant SR, Li X, Quin MB, McCormick S, Morrell PL, Dong Y, Kumlehn J, Salvi S, Berthiller F, Muehlbauer GJ. UDP-glucosyltransferase HvUGT13248 confers type II resistance to Fusarium graminearum in barley. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2691-2710. [PMID: 37610244 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) of barley (Hordeum vulgare) causes yield losses and accumulation of trichothecene mycotoxins (e.g. deoxynivalenol [DON]) in grains. Glucosylation of DON to the nontoxic DON-3-O-glucoside (D3G) is catalyzed by UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGTs), such as barley UGT13248. We explored the natural diversity of UGT13248 in 496 barley accessions and showed that all carried potential functional alleles of UGT13248, as no genotypes showed strongly increased seedling sensitivity to DON. From a TILLING population, we identified 2 mutant alleles (T368I and H369Y) that, based on protein modeling, likely affect the UDP-glucose binding of UGT13248. In DON feeding experiments, DON-to-D3G conversion was strongly reduced in spikes of these mutants compared to controls, and plants overexpressing UGT13248 showed increased resistance to DON and increased DON-to-D3G conversion. Moreover, field-grown plants carrying the T368I or H369Y mutations inoculated with Fusarium graminearum showed increased FHB disease severity and reduced D3G production. Barley is generally considered to have type II resistance that limits the spread of F. graminearum from the infected spikelet to adjacent spikelets. Point inoculation experiments with F. graminearum showed increased infection spread in T368I and H369Y across the spike compared to wild type, while overexpression plants showed decreased spread of FHB symptoms. Confocal microscopy revealed that F. graminearum spread to distant rachis nodes in T368I and H369Y mutants but was arrested at the rachis node of the inoculated spikelet in wild-type plants. Taken together, our data reveal that UGT13248 confers type II resistance to FHB in barley via conjugation of DON to D3G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerit Bethke
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben 06466, Germany
| | - Shane Heinen
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Chaochih Liu
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Skylar R Wyant
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Maureen B Quin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Susan McCormick
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research, USDA-ARS NCAUR, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Peter L Morrell
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yanhong Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben 06466, Germany
| | - Silvio Salvi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Gary J Muehlbauer
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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15
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Uwineza PA, Urbaniak M, Stępień Ł, Gramza-Michałowska A, Waśkiewicz A. Lamium album Flower Extracts: A Novel Approach for Controlling Fusarium Growth and Mycotoxin Biosynthesis. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:651. [PMID: 37999514 PMCID: PMC10675686 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamium album is a medicinal flowering plant that is rich in bioactive compounds with various biological properties. Fusarium species, known for causing significant crop losses and mycotoxin contamination, pose threats to food safety and human health. While synthetic fungicides are commonly employed for fungal management, their environmental impact prompts the ongoing development of alternative methods. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of L. album flower extracts in inhibiting the in vitro growth and biosynthesis of mycotoxins by Fusarium culmorum and F. proliferatum strains. The extracts were obtained by supercritical fluid extraction using CO2 (SC-CO2). The effects of various concentrations (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%) were assessed on a potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium using the "poisoning" technique. L. album flower extracts reduced mycelium growth by 0 to 30.59% for F. culmorum and 27.71 to 42.97% for F. proliferatum. Ergosterol content was reduced by up to 88.87% for F. culmorum and 93.17% for F. proliferatum. Similarly, the amounts of synthesized mycotoxins produced by both strains were also lower compared to control cultures. These findings are a preliminary phase for further in vivo tests planned to determine the fungistatic effect of L. album flower extracts on cereal substrates as seedlings incubated in controlled environments and under field conditions. Their phytotoxicity and biological stability, as well as the possibility of formulating a bio-preparation to protect cereals against Fusarium infections, will be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascaline Aimee Uwineza
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance Department, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (M.U.); (Ł.S.)
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance Department, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (M.U.); (Ł.S.)
| | - Anna Gramza-Michałowska
- Department of Gastronomy Science and Functional Foods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland;
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16
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Santos FC, Figueiredo JEF, Pinheiro RB, Cota LV, Vasconcelos AA, Albuquerque Filho MR, Costa RV, Pastina MM, Silva-Araújo DD. Effects of maize genotypes, nitrogen rates and sources in yield, nutritional status, and fumonisins incidence. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e274081. [PMID: 37971086 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.274081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The maize yield, nutritional status, and grain fumonisins concentration were evaluated in different genotypes, doses, and nitrogen sources (N) in two years and three locations. Two experiments were carried out in each area and year in an experimental design of a subdivided plot with four replications. One experiment involved a 4x2 factorial treatment: four nitrogen (N) doses (0, 80, 160, and 240 kg ha-1) in coverage and having urea as a source of N and two genotypes. Another experiment involved a 4x2 factorial treatment: four N sources: urea, urea covered with polymer, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium nitrate + urea (UAN), at a dose of 160 kg ha-1, in two genotypes. The genotype generally influenced maize yield more than N doses and sources, mainly due to the bushy stunt/corn stunt tolerance of AG7098 PRO2 and AG8677 PRO2. The N doses linearly increased the N leaf content. However, the N sources did not affect the N leaf content. The N doses and sources had no significant effect on the content of fumonisins, which was affected only by the genotypes in Sete Lagoas in 2016 (N doses experiment) and 2017 (N sources experiment). The hybrids, P3630H and AG8677PRO2 (Sete Lagoas, 2016, N doses experiment and 2017, N sources experiment, respectively) exceeded the Brazilian legislation for Maximum Tolerance Limit for fumonisins in corn grains, which is 5,000 µg kg-1. The best result was obtained with AG7098 PRO2, with yields (above 10,000 kg ha-1) and fumonisins consistently below 5,000 µg kg-1. Therefore, the selection of corn hybrids is a strategy to reduce the occurrence of fumonisins in the grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Santos
- Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Laboratório de Fertilidade de Solos, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brasil
| | - J E F Figueiredo
- Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Laboratório de Bioquímica Molecular, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brasil
| | - R B Pinheiro
- Terrena Agronegócios, Laboratório de Fertilidade de Solos, Patos de Minas, MG, Brasil
| | - L V Cota
- Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Laboratório de Fitopatologia, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brasil
| | - A A Vasconcelos
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Engenharia Agronômica, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
| | | | - R V Costa
- Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Laboratório de Fitopatologia, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brasil
| | - M M Pastina
- Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brasil
| | - D D Silva-Araújo
- Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Laboratório de Fitopatologia, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brasil
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17
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Wei H, Mao J, Sun D, Zhang Q, Cheng L, Yang X, Li P. Strategies to control mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi contamination by nano-semiconductor in food and agro-food: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12488-12512. [PMID: 35880423 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2102579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites generated from toxigenic fungi in the contaminated food and agro-food, which have been regarded as a serious threat to the food safety and human health. Therefore, the control of mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi contamination is of great significance and has attracted the increasing attention of researchers. As we know, nano-semiconductors have many unique properties such as large surface area, structural stability, good biocompatibility, excellent photoelectrical properties, and low cost, which have been developed and applied in many research fields. Recently, nano-semiconductors have also been promisingly applied in mitigating or controlling mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi contaminations in food and agro-food. In this review, the type, occurrence, and toxicity of main mycotoxins in food and agro-food were introduced. Then, a variety of strategies to mitigate the mycotoxin contamination based on nano-semiconductors involving mycotoxins detection, inhibition of toxigenic fungi, and mycotoxins degradation were summarized. Finally, the outlook, opportunities, and challenges have prospected in the future for the mitigation of mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi based on nano-semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailian Wei
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Mao
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing P.R. China, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Sun
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing P.R. China, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Cheng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing P.R. China, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianglong Yang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing P.R. China, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing P.R. China, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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18
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Akohoue F, Koch S, Lieberherr B, Kessel B, Presterl T, Miedaner T. Effectiveness of introgression of resistance loci for Gibberella ear rot from two European flint landraces into adapted elite maize (Zea mays L.). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292095. [PMID: 37756342 PMCID: PMC10530019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
European flint landraces are a major class of maize possessing favorable alleles for improving host resistance to Gibberella ear rot (GER) disease which reduces yield and contaminates the grains with mycotoxins. However, the incorporation of these landraces into breeding programs requires a clear understanding of the effectiveness of their introgression into elite materials. We evaluated 15 pre-selected doubled haploid (DH) lines from two European flint landraces, "Kemater Landmais Gelb" (KE) and "Petkuser Ferdinand Rot" (PE), together with two adapted elite flint lines and seven standard lines for GER severity as the main trait, and several adaptation traits (plant height, days to silking, seed-set, plant vigor) across four environments. From this evaluation, three KE DH lines and one PE DH line, with the lowest GER severity, were selected and used as donor parents that were crossed with the two adapted and GER susceptible flint lines (Flint1 and Flint2) to develop six bi-parental DH populations with 34-145 DH lines each. Each DH population was evaluated across two locations. Correlations between GER severity, which was the target trait, and adaptation traits were weak (-0.02 to 0.19). GER severity of lines from PE landrace was on average 2-fold higher than lines from KE landrace, indicating a clear superiority of the KE landrace lines. Mean GER severity of the DH populations was 39.4-61.0% lower than the adapted elite flint lines. All KE-derived DH populations were on average more resistant (27.0-36.7%) than the PE-derived population (51.0%). Highly resistant lines (1.3-5.2%) were found in all of the populations, suggesting that the DH populations can be successfully integrated into elite breeding programs. The findings demonstrate that selected KE landrace lines used as donors were effective in improving GER resistance of the adapted elite inbreds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félicien Akohoue
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Silvia Koch
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bärbel Lieberherr
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bettina Kessel
- Kleinwanzlebener Saatzucht (KWS) KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA, Einbeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Presterl
- Kleinwanzlebener Saatzucht (KWS) KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA, Einbeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Miedaner
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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19
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Chen C, Guo Q, He Q, Tian Z, Hao W, Shan X, Lu J, Barkla BJ, Ma C, Si H. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of wheat cultivars differing in their resistance to Fusarium head blight infection during grain-filling stages reveals unique defense mechanisms at play. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:433. [PMID: 37715120 PMCID: PMC10504723 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04451-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating fungal disease that poses a significant threat to wheat production, causing substantial yield losses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of wheat resistance to FHB is crucial for developing effective disease management strategies. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of FHB resistance and the patterns of toxin accumulation in three wheat cultivars, Annong8455, Annong1589, and Sumai3, with different levels of resistance, ranging from low to high respectively, under natural field conditions. Samples were taken at three different grain-filling stages (5, 10, and 15 DPA) for gene expression analysis and phenotypic observation. Results found that toxin concentration was inversely correlated with varietal resistance but not correlated with disease phenotypes, indicating that toxin analysis is a more accurate measure of disease status in wheat ears and grains. Transcriptomic data showed that Sumai3 exhibited a stronger immune response during all stages of grain filling by upregulating genes involved in the active destruction of pathogens and removal of toxins. In contrast, Annong1589 showed a passive prevention of the spread of toxins into cells by the upregulation of genes involved in tyramine biosynthesis at the early stage (5 DPA), which may be involved in cell wall strengthening. Our study demonstrates the complexity of FHB resistance in wheat, with cultivars exhibiting unique and overlapping defense mechanisms, and highlights the importance of considering the temporal and spatial dynamics of gene expression in breeding programs for developing more resistant wheat cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Chen
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, 2480 NSW, Australia
| | - Qifang He
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Zhuangbo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Weihao Hao
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xinyu Shan
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Bronwyn J Barkla
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, 2480 NSW, Australia
| | - Chuanxi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Hongqi Si
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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20
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Latham RL, Boyle JT, Barbano A, Loveman WG, Brown NA. Diverse mycotoxin threats to safe food and feed cereals. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:797-809. [PMID: 37313591 PMCID: PMC10500202 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Toxigenic fungi, including Aspergillus and Fusarium species, contaminate our major cereal crops with an array of harmful mycotoxins, which threaten the health of humans and farmed animals. Despite our best efforts to prevent crop diseases, or postharvest spoilage, our cereals are consistently contaminated with aflatoxins and deoxynivalenol, and while established monitoring systems effectively prevent acute exposure, Aspergillus and Fusarium mycotoxins still threaten our food security. This is through the understudied impacts of: (i) our chronic exposure to these mycotoxins, (ii) the underestimated dietary intake of masked mycotoxins, and (iii) the synergistic threat of cocontaminations by multiple mycotoxins. Mycotoxins also have profound economic consequences for cereal and farmed-animal producers, plus their associated food and feed industries, which results in higher food prices for consumers. Climate change and altering agronomic practices are predicted to exacerbate the extent and intensity of mycotoxin contaminations of cereals. Collectively, this review of the diverse threats from Aspergillus and Fusarium mycotoxins highlights the need for renewed and concerted efforts to understand, and mitigate, the increased risks they pose to our food and feed cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie L Latham
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, U.K
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, U.K
| | - Jeremy T Boyle
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, U.K
| | - Anna Barbano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, U.K
| | | | - Neil A Brown
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, U.K
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, U.K
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21
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Topi D, Babič J, Jakovac-Strajn B, Tavčar-Kalcher G. Incidence of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Wheat and Corn from Albania. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:567. [PMID: 37755993 PMCID: PMC10537406 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) were analyzed in grains, specifically wheat and corn, from Albania. To summarize, 71 wheat and 45 corn samples from different growing areas were collected. The multi-toxin analytical procedure involved sample extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The incidence of AF was 18% in the analyzed wheat and 71% in the corn samples. The concentration of AFs was much higher in the corn samples than in the wheat samples. The maximum permitted levels for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and total AFs were not exceeded in the wheat samples, while they were exceeded in 36% of the corn samples. In the wheat samples, the AFB1 concentration varied between 0.2 and 0.4 µg kg-1. However, the highest concentrations in the corn samples were 2057, 2944, and 3550 µg kg-1. OTA was present in only three corn samples and one wheat sample. However, all contaminated samples exceeded the maximum permitted levels. This report reveals the presence of AFs and OTA in grain commodities, specifically wheat and corn, grown in Albania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dritan Topi
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.B.); (B.J.-S.); (G.T.-K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Boulevard Zogu 1, 25/1, 1000 Tirana, Albania
| | - Janja Babič
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.B.); (B.J.-S.); (G.T.-K.)
| | - Breda Jakovac-Strajn
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.B.); (B.J.-S.); (G.T.-K.)
| | - Gabrijela Tavčar-Kalcher
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.B.); (B.J.-S.); (G.T.-K.)
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22
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Kościelecka K, Kuć A, Kubik-Machura D, Męcik-Kronenberg T, Włodarek J, Radko L. Endocrine Effect of Some Mycotoxins on Humans: A Clinical Review of the Ways to Mitigate the Action of Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:515. [PMID: 37755941 PMCID: PMC10535190 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi such as Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp., which are commonly found in the environment, pose a serious global health problem. This study aims to present the results of epidemiological studies, including clinical cases, on the relationship between human exposure to some mycotoxins, especially zearalenone and aflatoxin, and the occurrence of reproductive disorders. In addition, examples of methods to reduce human exposure to mycotoxins are presented. In March 2023, various databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE and Web of Science) were systematically searched using Google Chrome to identify studies evaluating the association between exposure to mycotoxins and the occurrence of complications related to impaired fertility or cancer incidence. The analysed data indicate that exposure to the evaluated mycotoxins is widespread and correlates strongly with precocious puberty, reduced fertility and increased cancer incidence in women and men worldwide. There is evidence to suggest that exposure to the Aspergillus mycotoxin aflatoxin (AF) during pregnancy can impair intrauterine foetal growth, promote neonatal jaundice and cause perinatal death and preterm birth. In contrast, exposure to the Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA) leads to precocious sexual development, infertility, the development of malformations and the development of breast cancer. Unfortunately, the development of methods (biological, chemical or physical) to completely eliminate exposure to mycotoxins has limited practical application. The threat to human health from mycotoxins is real and further research is needed to improve our knowledge and specific public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Kościelecka
- Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, 3 Maja St. 13, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (K.K.); (A.K.); (D.K.-M.)
| | - Aleksandra Kuć
- Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, 3 Maja St. 13, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (K.K.); (A.K.); (D.K.-M.)
| | - Daria Kubik-Machura
- Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, 3 Maja St. 13, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (K.K.); (A.K.); (D.K.-M.)
| | - Tomasz Męcik-Kronenberg
- Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, 3 Maja St. 13, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (K.K.); (A.K.); (D.K.-M.)
| | - Jan Włodarek
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska St. 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Lidia Radko
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska St. 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
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23
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Meneely J, Greer B, Kolawole O, Elliott C. T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:481. [PMID: 37624238 PMCID: PMC10467144 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major classes of mycotoxins posing serious hazards to humans and animals and potentially causing severe economic impact to the cereal industry are the trichothecenes, produced by many fungal genera. As such, indicative limits for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 were introduced in the European Union in 2013 and discussions are ongoing as to the establishment of maximum levels. This review provides a concise assessment of the existing understanding concerning the toxicological effects of T-2 and HT-2 in humans and animals, their biosynthetic pathways, occurrence, impact of climate change on their production and an evaluation of the analytical methods applied to their detection. This study highlights that the ecology of F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae as well as the influence of interacting environmental factors on their growth and activation of biosynthetic genes are still not fully understood. Predictive models of Fusarium growth and subsequent mycotoxin production would be beneficial in predicting the risk of contamination and thus aid early mitigation. With the likelihood of regulatory maximum limits being introduced, increased surveillance using rapid, on-site tests in addition to confirmatory methods will be required. allowing the industry to be proactive rather than reactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Brett Greer
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Oluwatobi Kolawole
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, 99 Mhu 18, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
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24
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Yu J, Pedroso IR. Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Products and Their Impacts on the Health of Humans, Livestock Animals and Pets. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:480. [PMID: 37624237 PMCID: PMC10467131 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains are the most important food staples for human beings and livestock animals. They can be processed into various types of food and feed products such as bread, pasta, breakfast cereals, cake, snacks, beer, complete feed, and pet foods. However, cereal grains are vulnerable to the contamination of soil microorganisms, particularly molds. The toxigenic fungi/molds not only cause quality deterioration and grain loss, but also produce toxic secondary metabolites, mycotoxins, which can cause acute toxicity, death, and chronic diseases such as cancer, immunity suppression, growth impairment, and neural tube defects in humans, livestock animals and pets. To protect human beings and animals from these health risks, many countries have established/adopted regulations to limit exposure to mycotoxins. The purpose of this review is to update the evidence regarding the occurrence and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in cereal grains and cereal-derived food and feed products and their health impacts on human beings, livestock animals and pets. The effort for safe food and feed supplies including prevention technologies, detoxification technologies/methods and up-to-date regulation limits of frequently detected mycotoxins in cereal grains for food and feed in major cereal-producing countries are also provided. Some important areas worthy of further investigation are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Yu
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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25
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Senatore MT, Prodi A, Tini F, Balmas V, Infantino A, Onofri A, Cappelletti E, Oufensou S, Sulyok M, Covarelli L, Beccari G. Different diagnostic approaches for the characterization of the fungal community and Fusarium species complex composition of Italian durum wheat grain and correlation with secondary metabolite accumulation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:4503-4521. [PMID: 36828788 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution of the fungal communities associated with durum wheat was assessed using different diagnostic approaches. Durum wheat grain samples were collected in three different Italian cultivation macro-areas (north, center and south). Fungal isolation was realized by potato dextrose agar (PDA) and by deep-freezing blotter (DFB). Identification of Fusarium isolates obtained from PDA was achieved by partial tef1α sequencing (PDA + tef1α), while those obtained from DFB were identified from their morphological characteristics (DFB + mc). The fungal biomass of eight Fusarium species was quantified in grains by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Fungal secondary metabolites were analyzed in grains by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Correlations between Fusarium detection techniques (PDA + tef1α; DFB + mc and qPCR) and mycotoxins in grains were assessed. RESULTS Alternaria and Fusarium showed the highest incidence among the fungal genera developed from grains. Within the Fusarium community, PDA + tef1α highlighted that F. avenaceum and F. graminearum were the most represented members, while, DFB + mc detected a high presence of F. proliferatum. Alternaria and Fusarium mycotoxins, principally enniatins, were particularly present in the grain harvested in central Italy. Deoxynivalenol was mainly detected in northern-central Italy. CONCLUSIONS The adoption of the different diagnostic techniques of Fusarium detection highlighted that, for some species, qPCR was the best method of predicting their mycotoxin contamination in grains. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Senatore
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Prodi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Infantino
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Onofri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cappelletti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Safa Oufensou
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Michael Sulyok
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bionalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Tulln, Austria
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Kortei NK, Badzi S, Nanga S, Wiafe-Kwagyan M, Amon DNK, Odamtten GT. Survey of knowledge, and attitudes to storage practices preempting the occurrence of filamentous fungi and mycotoxins in some Ghanaian staple foods and processed products. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8710. [PMID: 37248384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxigenic fungi can infect and produce potent mycotoxins in foodstuffs prior to harvest, during harvest (field fungi), and in storage after harvest (storage fungi), which when ingested, can result in adverse health effects. This study was aimed at assessing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices adopted by the Ghanaian populace to help mitigate the occurrence of molds and mycotoxins in foods. A cross-sectional survey involving a structured questionnaire was conducted with 642 respondents from twelve regions of Ghana. Descriptive statistics and analyses of variance were calculated. Correct Classification Rate (CCR) was measured to assess the utility of a logistic regression model. The results of the study showed that the majority of 299 (46.6%) of the respondents were between the ages of 18-25. Age and educational level were related to knowledge about the occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins in foods (p < 0.05). More than half the respondents, 50% indicated that they knew of aflatoxins as a major mycotoxin present in food. Higher education directly influenced on the knowledge of mycotoxicosis and the management of stored food to present intoxication by fungal metabolites. 502 (32.9%) knew that consuming foods with toxins could cause stomach aches. The most commonly consumed food commodity despite the presence of visible growth of fungi was bread (35.3%). The average KAP score for knowledge showed that, out of 100%, there was adequate knowledge (63.8%) among the members of the Ghanaian populace. Favorable environmental conditions of high humidity (> 85% ERH) and temperature (> 28-32 °C) enhance the proliferation of fungi in most foods and the attendant production of mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and fumonisins are associated with several severe human and animal health conditions; mycotoxicosis was associated with high fever, pain, vomiting, suppression of immunity, cancer, etc. when these foods are consumed on regular basis for a prolonged length of time. Future examination of the food items used for the School Feeding Programme in Ghana will offer opportunities to examine the risks of feeding youth with fungal-contaminated food preparations from providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nii Korley Kortei
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana.
| | - Sandra Badzi
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Salifu Nanga
- School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Michael Wiafe-Kwagyan
- College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
| | - Denick Nii Kotey Amon
- College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
| | - George Tawia Odamtten
- College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
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Zhang TW, Wu DL, Li WD, Hao ZH, Wu XL, Xing YJ, Shi JR, Li Y, Dong F. Occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in freshly harvested highland barley (qingke) grains from Tibet, China. Mycotoxin Res 2023:10.1007/s12550-023-00487-1. [PMID: 37237114 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00487-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Highland barley, also called "qingke" in Tibetan, is mainly cultivated in the Tibetan Plateau of China and has been used as a major staple food for Tibetans. Recently, Fusarium head blight (FHB) of qingke was frequently observed around the Brahmaputra River in Tibet. Considering the importance of qingke for Tibetans, the assessment of Fusarium mycotoxin contamination is essential for food safety. In this study, a total of 150 freshly harvested qingke grain samples were obtained from three regions around the Brahmaputra River in Tibet (China) in 2020. The samples were investigated for the occurrence of 20 Fusarium mycotoxins using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‒MS/MS). The most frequently occurring mycotoxin was enniatin B (ENB) (46%), followed by enniatin B1 (ENB1) (14.7%), zearalenone (ZEN) (6.0%), enniatin A1 (ENA1) (3.3%), enniatin A (ENA) (1.3%), beauvericin (BEA) (0.7%), and nivalenol (NIV) (0.7%). Due to the increase in altitude, the cumulative precipitation level and average temperature decreased from the downstream to the upstream of the Brahmaputra River; this directly correlated to the contamination level of ENB in qingke, which gradually decreased from downstream to upstream. In addition, the level of ENB in qingke obtained from qingke-rape rotation was significantly lower than that from qingke-wheat and qingke-qingke rotations (p < 0.05). These results disseminated the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins and provided further understanding of the effect of environmental factors and crop rotation on Fusarium mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Zhang
- Institution of Agricultural Product Quality Standard and Testing Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 850000, People's Republic of China
| | - D L Wu
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - W D Li
- College of Food Science, Xizang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, 860000, People's Republic of China
| | - Z H Hao
- Institution of Agricultural Product Quality Standard and Testing Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 850000, People's Republic of China
| | - X L Wu
- Institution of Agricultural Product Quality Standard and Testing Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 850000, People's Republic of China
| | - Y J Xing
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - J R Shi
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Li
- Institution of Agricultural Product Quality Standard and Testing Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 850000, People's Republic of China.
- College of Food Science, Xizang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, 860000, People's Republic of China.
| | - F Dong
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China.
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Song P, Dong W. Identification and Characterization of an Antifungal Gene Mt1 from Bacillus subtilis by Affecting Amino Acid Metabolism in Fusarium graminearum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108857. [PMID: 37240206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight is a devastating disease that causes significant economic losses worldwide. Fusarium graminearum is a crucial pathogen that requires close attention when controlling wheat diseases. Here, we aimed to identify genes and proteins that could confer resistance to F. graminearum. By extensively screening recombinants, we identified an antifungal gene, Mt1 (240 bp), from Bacillus subtilis 330-2. We recombinantly expressed Mt1 in F. graminearum and observed a substantial reduction in the production of aerial mycelium, mycelial growth rate, biomass, and pathogenicity. However, recombinant mycelium and spore morphology remained unchanged. Transcriptome analysis of the recombinants revealed significant down-regulation of genes related to amino acid metabolism and degradation pathways. This finding indicated that Mt1 inhibited amino acid metabolism, leading to limited mycelial growth and, thus, reduced pathogenicity. Based on the results of recombinant phenotypes and transcriptome analysis, we hypothesize that the effect of Mt1 on F. graminearum could be related to the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), the most affected metabolic pathway with significant down-regulation of several genes. Our findings provide new insights into antifungal gene research and offer promising targets for developing novel strategies to control Fusarium head blight in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Song
- Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wubei Dong
- Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Vásquez-Ocmín PG, Marti G, Gadea A, Cabanac G, Vásquez-Briones JA, Casavilca-Zambrano S, Ponts N, Jargeat P, Haddad M, Bertani S. Metabotyping of Andean pseudocereals and characterization of emerging mycotoxins. Food Chem 2023; 407:135134. [PMID: 36527946 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pseudocereals are best known for three crops derived from the Andes: quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), canihua (C. pallidicaule), and kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus). Their grains are recognized for their nutritional benefits; however, there is a higher level of polyphenism. Meanwhile, the chemical food safety of pseudocereals remains poorly documented. Here, we applied untargeted and targeted metabolomics approaches by LC-MS to achieve both: i) a comprehensive chemical mapping of pseudocereal samples collected in the Andes; and ii) a quantification of their contents in emerging mycotoxins. An inventory of the fungal community was also realized to better know the fungi present in these grains. Metabotyping permitted to add new insights into the chemotaxonomy of pseudocereals, confirming the previously established phylotranscriptomic clades. Sixteen samples from Peru (out of 27) and one from France (out of one) were contaminated with Beauvericin, an emerging mycotoxin. Several mycotoxigenic fungi were detected, including Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., and Alternaria sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro G Vásquez-Ocmín
- UMR 152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Anthropological Oncology, IRD, INEN, Lima, Peru.
| | - Guillaume Marti
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (UMR 5546), CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Gadea
- UMR 152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Cabanac
- UMR 5505 IRIT, CNRS, INP, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31400, France
| | | | - Sandro Casavilca-Zambrano
- International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Anthropological Oncology, IRD, INEN, Lima, Peru; Faculdad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Huánuco, Huánuco, Peru; Banco de Tejidos Tumorales, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Nadia Ponts
- International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Anthropological Oncology, IRD, INEN, Lima, Peru; UR 1264 MYCSA, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Patricia Jargeat
- UMR 5174 EDB, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Mohamed Haddad
- UMR 152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Anthropological Oncology, IRD, INEN, Lima, Peru
| | - Stéphane Bertani
- UMR 152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Anthropological Oncology, IRD, INEN, Lima, Peru.
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Valenti I, Tini F, Sevarika M, Agazzi A, Beccari G, Bellezza I, Ederli L, Grottelli S, Pasquali M, Romani R, Saracchi M, Covarelli L. Impact of Enniatin and Deoxynivalenol Co-Occurrence on Plant, Microbial, Insect, Animal and Human Systems: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:271. [PMID: 37104209 PMCID: PMC10144843 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium mycotoxins commonly contaminate agricultural products resulting in a serious threat to both animal and human health. The co-occurrence of different mycotoxins in the same cereal field is very common, so the risks as well as the functional and ecological effects of mycotoxins cannot always be predicted by focusing only on the effect of the single contaminants. Enniatins (ENNs) are among the most frequently detected emerging mycotoxins, while deoxynivalenol (DON) is probably the most common contaminant of cereal grains worldwide. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the simultaneous exposure to these mycotoxins, with emphasis on the combined effects in multiple organisms. Our literature analysis shows that just a few studies on ENN-DON toxicity are available, suggesting the complexity of mycotoxin interactions, which include synergistic, antagonistic, and additive effects. Both ENNs and DON modulate drug efflux transporters, therefore this specific ability deserves to be explored to better understand their complex biological role. Additionally, future studies should investigate the interaction mechanisms of mycotoxin co-occurrence on different model organisms, using concentrations closer to real exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Valenti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.V.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Milos Sevarika
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Alessandro Agazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Ilaria Bellezza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (I.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Luisa Ederli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Silvia Grottelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (I.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Matias Pasquali
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.V.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Roberto Romani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Marco Saracchi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.V.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
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Kaela CR, Lilly M, Rheeder JP, Misihairabgwi JM, Alberts JF. Mycological and Multiple Mycotoxin Surveillance of Sorghum and Pearl Millet Produced by Smallholder Farmers in Namibia. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:164. [PMID: 37014446 PMCID: PMC10073170 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Mycological (mycotoxigenic Fusarium and aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp.) and multiple mycotoxins [aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B (FB), deoxynivalenol and zearalenone] surveillance was conducted on raw whole grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) produced on smallholder farms, and processed products sold at open markets in northern Namibia. Fungal contamination was determined with morphological methods as well as with quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR). The concentrations of multiple mycotoxins in samples were determined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The incidence of mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp., Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, as well as the concentrations of AFB1 and FB were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in the malts as compared to the raw whole grains, with Aspergillus spp. and AFB1 exhibiting the highest contamination (P < 0.001). None of the analysed mycotoxins were detected in the raw whole grains. Aflatoxin B1 above the regulatory maximum level set by the European Commission was detected in sorghum (2 of 10 samples; 20%; 3-11 µg/kg) and pearl millet (6 of 11 samples; 55%; 4-14 µg/kg) malts. Low levels of FB1 (6 of 10 samples; 60%; 15-245 µg/kg) were detected in sorghum malts and no FB was detected in pearl millet malts. Contamination possibly occurred postharvest, during storage, and/or transportation and processing. By critically monitoring the complete production process, the sources of contamination and critical control points could be identified and managed. Mycotoxin awareness and sustainable education will contribute to reducing mycotoxin contamination. This could ultimately contribute to food safety and security in northern Namibia where communities are exposed to carcinogenic mycotoxins in their staple diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin R Kaela
- Department of Agriculture, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Private Bag X8, Wellington, South Africa
| | - Mariska Lilly
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute (AMHBI), Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, South Africa
| | - John P Rheeder
- Department of Biotechnology and Consumer Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jane M Misihairabgwi
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Namibia, PO Box 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Johanna F Alberts
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, South Africa.
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N'zi FAJA, Kouakou-Kouamé CA, N'guessan FK, Poss C, Teyssier C, Durand N, Montet D. Occurrence of mycotoxins and microbial communities in artisanal infant flours marketed in Côte d'Ivoire. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:128. [PMID: 36943491 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the microbial diversity and mycotoxin profile of artisanal infant flours commonly vended in public healthcare centres and retail markets in Côte d'Ivoire. Thus, maize, millet, sorghum, soya and multigrain (mix of different cereals) flour samples collected from different localities were first, analysed for nutritional composition, then for microbial communities using high-throughput sequencing and for mycotoxins through UHPLC-MS/MS method. Firmicutes was the most abundant bacterial phylum and the dominant genera were Weissella, Staphylococcus, Pediococcus. Potential pathogenic genera such as Bacillus, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter and Burkholderia were also found. The fungal community was composed of two dominant phyla (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) and 31 genera with > 0.1% relative abundance. In samples from public healthcare centres, Candida, Hyphopichia, Trichosporon, and Cyberlindnera were the most dominant genera according to the flour type while in samples from retail markets, they were Cyberlindnera, Clavispora, Nakaseomyces, Aureobasidium and Candida. Possible toxigenic genera Fusarium and Aspergillus were also detected. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), Ochractoxin (OTA), Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2) were the mycotoxins found in the analysed flours. AFB1 was detected in 100% of maize (range 1.2-120.5 µg/kg; mean: 44.2 µg/kg) and 50-83.3% of millet flours (range 0.2-31.5 µg/kg; mean: 31.5 µg/kg). Its level in all maize and rice flour samples exceeded EU standard (0.1 µg/kg). For OTA and fumonisins, millet and maize flours showed the highest levels of sample exceeding the EU standard. Thus, artisanal infant flours marketed in Côte d'Ivoire, mainly maize and rice flours, although containing potentially beneficial bacteria, represent potential health risks for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Anne-Julie A N'zi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Microbiologie des Aliments, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences et Technologie des Aliments (UFR-STA), Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801, Abidjan, 02, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Clémentine A Kouakou-Kouamé
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Microbiologie des Aliments, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences et Technologie des Aliments (UFR-STA), Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801, Abidjan, 02, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Florent K N'guessan
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Microbiologie des Aliments, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences et Technologie des Aliments (UFR-STA), Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801, Abidjan, 02, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Charlie Poss
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Corinne Teyssier
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Noel Durand
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Montet
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
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Corrêa JAF, de Melo Nazareth T, Rocha GFD, Luciano FB. Bioactive Antimicrobial Peptides from Food Proteins: Perspectives and Challenges for Controlling Foodborne Pathogens. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030477. [PMID: 36986399 PMCID: PMC10052163 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides (BAPs) derived from food proteins have been extensively studied for their health benefits, majorly exploring their potential use as nutraceuticals and functional food components. These peptides possess a range of beneficial properties, including antihypertensive, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antibacterial activities, and are naturally present within dietary protein sequences. To release food-grade antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), enzymatic protein hydrolysis or microbial fermentation, such as with lactic acid bacteria (LAB), can be employed. The activity of AMPs is influenced by various structural characteristics, including the amino acid composition, three-dimensional conformation, liquid charge, putative domains, and resulting hydrophobicity. This review discusses the synthesis of BAPs and AMPs, their potential for controlling foodborne pathogens, their mechanisms of action, and the challenges and prospects faced by the food industry. BAPs can regulate gut microbiota by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria or by directly inhibiting pathogenic microorganisms. LAB-promoted hydrolysis of dietary proteins occurs naturally in both the matrix and the gastrointestinal tract. However, several obstacles must be overcome before BAPs can replace antimicrobials in food production. These include the high manufacturing costs of current technologies, limited in vivo and matrix data, and the difficulties associated with standardization and commercial-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Audrey Feijó Corrêa
- Laboratory of Agri-Food Research and Innovation, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, R. Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Tiago de Melo Nazareth
- Laboratory of Agri-Food Research and Innovation, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, R. Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Giovanna Fernandes da Rocha
- Laboratory of Agri-Food Research and Innovation, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, R. Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Fernando Bittencourt Luciano
- Laboratory of Agri-Food Research and Innovation, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, R. Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
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Inbaia S, Farooqi A, Ray RV. Aggressiveness and mycotoxin profile of Fusarium avenaceum isolates causing Fusarium seedling blight and Fusarium head blight in UK malting barley. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1121553. [PMID: 36968422 PMCID: PMC10031139 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1121553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fusarium avenaceum causing Fusarium seedling blight (FSB) and Fusarium head blight (FHB) on barley is associated with economic losses of crop yield and quality, and the accumulation of mycotoxins including the enniatins (ENNs) A, A1, B and B1. Although F. avenaceum is the main producer of ENNs, studies on the ability of isolates to cause severe Fusarium diseases or produce mycotoxins in barley are limited. METHODS In this work, we investigated the aggressiveness of nine isolates of F. avenaceum to two cultivars of malting barley, Moonshine and Quench, and defined their ENN mycotoxin profiles in in vitro and in planta experiments. We assessed and compared the severity of FSB and FHB caused by these isolates to disease severity by F. graminearum, F. tricinctum and F. poae. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry assays were used to quantify pathogen DNA and mycotoxin accumulation, respectively, in barley heads. RESULTS Isolates of F. avenaceum were equally aggressive to barley stems and heads and caused the most severe FSB symptoms resulting in up to 55% reductions of stem and root length. Fusarium graminearum caused the most severe FHB disease, followed by the isolates of F. avenaceum with the most aggressive F. avenaceum isolates capable of causing similar bleaching of barley heads as F. avenaceum. Fusarium avenaceum isolates produced ENN B as the predominant mycotoxin, followed by ENN B1 and A1 in vitro. However, only the most aggressive isolates produced ENN A1 in planta and none produced ENN A or beauvericin (BEA) either in planta or in vitro. DISCUSSION The capacity of F. avenaceum isolates to produce ENNs was related to the accumulation of pathogen DNA in barley heads, whilst FHB severity was related to the synthesis and accumulation of ENN A1 in planta. Cv. Moonshine was significantly more resistant than Quench to FSB or FHB, caused by any Fusarium isolate, and to the accumulation of pathogen DNA, ENNs or BEA. In conclusion, aggressive F. avenaceum isolates are potent ENN producers causing severe FSB and FHB with ENN A1 requiring further investigation as potential virulence factor for F. avenaceum in cereals.
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Agudo-Jurado FJ, Reveglia P, Rubiales D, Evidente A, Barilli E. Status of Phytotoxins Isolated from Necrotrophic Fungi Causing Diseases on Grain Legumes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065116. [PMID: 36982189 PMCID: PMC10049004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal phytotoxins can be defined as secondary metabolites toxic to host plants and are believed to be involved in the symptoms developed of a number of plant diseases by targeting host cellular machineries or interfering with host immune responses. As any crop, legumes can be affected by a number of fungal diseases, causing severe yield losses worldwide. In this review, we report and discuss the isolation, chemical, and biological characterization of fungal phytotoxins produced by the most important necrotrophic fungi involved in legume diseases. Their possible role in plant-pathogen interaction and structure-toxicity relationship studies have also been reported and discussed. Moreover, multidisciplinary studies on other prominent biological activity conducted on reviewed phytotoxins are described. Finally, we explore the challenges in the identification of new fungal metabolites and their possible applications in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierluigi Reveglia
- Plant Breeding Department, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Plant Breeding Department, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II (UNINA), 80138 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Barilli
- Plant Breeding Department, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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Fusarium Head Blight on Wheat: Biology, Modern Detection and Diagnosis and Integrated Disease Management. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030192. [PMID: 36977083 PMCID: PMC10053988 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a major threat for wheat production worldwide. Most reviews focus on Fusarium graminearum as a main causal agent of FHB. However, different Fusarium species are involved in this disease complex. These species differ in their geographic adaptation and mycotoxin profile. The incidence of FHB epidemics is highly correlated with weather conditions, especially rainy days with warm temperatures at anthesis and an abundance of primary inoculum. Yield losses due to the disease can reach up to 80% of the crop. This review summarizes the Fusarium species involved in the FHB disease complex with the corresponding mycotoxin profiles, disease cycle, diagnostic methods, the history of FHB epidemics, and the management strategy of the disease. In addition, it discusses the role of remote sensing technology in the integrated management of the disease. This technology can accelerate the phenotyping process in the breeding programs aiming at FHB-resistant varieties. Moreover, it can support the decision-making strategies to apply fungicides via monitoring and early detection of the diseases under field conditions. It can also be used for selective harvest to avoid mycotoxin-contaminated plots in the field.
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Impact of Climate Changes on the Natural Prevalence of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Maize Harvested in Serbia and Croatia. Foods 2023; 12:foods12051002. [PMID: 36900519 PMCID: PMC10000585 DOI: 10.3390/foods12051002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ongoing climate change may affect the susceptibility of plants to attacks by pathogenic, mostly mycotoxigenic fungi with a consequent increase in the presence of mycotoxins. Fusarium fungi represent one of the most important producers of mycotoxins, and are also important pathogens of agricultural crops. Therefore, the main aim of the study was to estimate the impact of weather parameters on the natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins B1 and B2 (FUMs), zearalenone (ZEN), T-2, and HT-2 toxins (T-2/HT-2) in maize samples harvested from two neighboring countries, Serbia and Croatia, during a four-year production period (2018-2021). The frequency and contamination level of examined Fusarium mycotoxins varied by maize year of production and could be linked to weather conditions per investigated country. Among them, FUMs were found to be the most common contaminants (84-100%) of maize in both Serbia and Croatia. Additionally, a critical assessment of Fusarium mycotoxins occurrence in the last 10 years (2012-2021), for both Serbia and Croatia, was done. Results pointed out the highest contamination of maize from 2014, especially with DON and ZEN, in connection to extreme levels of precipitation observed in both Serbia and Croatia, whereas FUMs occurred with high prevalence from each of the ten investigated years.
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Savignac JM, Atanasova V, Chereau S, Ducos C, Gallegos N, Ortega V, Ponts N, Richard-Forget F. Carotenoids Occurring in Maize Affect the Redox Homeostasis of Fusarium graminearum and Its Production of Type B Trichothecene Mycotoxins: New Insights Supporting Their Role in Maize Resistance to Giberella Ear Rot. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:3285-3296. [PMID: 36780464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of Gibberella ear rot (GER) in maize, a devastating fungal disease resulting in yield reduction and contamination of grains with type B trichothecene (TCTB) mycotoxins. Reducing GER damage requires the implementation of an integrated management strategy in which the use of resistant maize genotypes is a key factor. The present study aimed at providing new phenotyping tools to improve breeding pipelines by investigating the yet understudied contribution of carotenoids to GER resistance. Here, we demonstrated for the first time the efficiency of carotenoid extracts from various maize genotypes to inhibit the production of TCTB by F. graminearum. We further suggested that zeaxanthin could be a key actor of this inhibition efficiency, notably via a negative transcriptional control of several biosynthetic genes of the TCTB pathway. Besides, we demonstrated that zeaxanthin treatments led to profound perturbations in the fungal redox homeostasis by affecting the expression of key genes encoding ROS detoxifying enzymes, several of them being involved in F. graminearum virulence during plant infection. Altogether, our data support the contribution of carotenoids to the mechanisms employed by maize to counteract F. graminearum infection and its production of TCTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Savignac
- Syngenta France SAS, Route de Vignolles lieu dit La Grangette, 32220 Lombez, France
- INRAE, UR 1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Vessela Atanasova
- INRAE, UR 1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sylvain Chereau
- INRAE, UR 1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Christine Ducos
- INRAE, UR 1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nathalie Gallegos
- INRAE, UR 1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Véronique Ortega
- Syngenta France SAS, Route de Vignolles lieu dit La Grangette, 32220 Lombez, France
| | - Nadia Ponts
- INRAE, UR 1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Vasilchenko AV, Poshvina DV, Semenov MV, Timofeev VN, Iashnikov AV, Stepanov AA, Pervushina AN, Vasilchenko AS. Triazoles and Strobilurin Mixture Affects Soil Microbial Community and Incidences of Wheat Diseases. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:660. [PMID: 36771744 PMCID: PMC9919142 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used in agriculture as a pest control strategy. Despite the benefits of pesticides on crop yields, the persistence of chemical residues in soil has an unintended impact on non-targeted microorganisms. In the present study, we evaluated the potential adverse effects of a mixture of fungicides (difenoconazole, epoxiconazole, and kresoxim-methyl) on soil fungal and bacterial communities, as well as the manifestation of wheat diseases. In the fungicide-treated soil, the Shannon indices of both fungal and bacterial communities decreased, whereas the Chao1 indices did not differ compared to the control soil. Among bacterial taxa, the relative abundances of Arthrobacter and Sphingomonas increased in fungicide-treated soil due to their ability to utilize fungicides and other toxic compounds. Rhizopus and plant-beneficial Chaetomium were the dominant fungal genera, with their prevalence increasing by 2-4 times in the fungicide-treated soil. The genus Fusarium, which includes phytopathogenic species, which are notably responsible for root rot, was the most abundant taxon in each of the two conditions but its relative abundance was two times lower in fungicide-treated soils, consistent with a lower level of disease incidence in plants. The prediction of metabolic pathways revealed that the soil bacterial community had a high potential for degrading various pollutants, and the soil fungal community was in a state of recovery after the application of quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides. Fungicide-treated soil was characterized by an increase in soil microbial carbon, compared with the control soil. Collectively, the obtained results suggest that the application of difenoconazole, epoxiconazole, and kresoxim-methyl is an effective approach for pest control that does not pose a hazard for the soil ecosystem in the short term. However, it is necessary to carry out additional sampling to take into account the spatio-temporal impact of this fungicide mixture on the functional properties of the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V. Vasilchenko
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), Tyumen State University, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Darya V. Poshvina
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), Tyumen State University, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Semenov
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), Tyumen State University, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
- Laboratory of Soil Carbon and Microbial Ecology, Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, 119017 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav N. Timofeev
- Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture for Northern Trans-Ural Region—Branch of Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Alexandr V. Iashnikov
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), Tyumen State University, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Artyom A. Stepanov
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), Tyumen State University, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Arina N. Pervushina
- International Integrated Research Laboratory for the Study of Climate Change, Land Use and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), Tyumen State University, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Alexey S. Vasilchenko
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), Tyumen State University, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
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Wang S, Wang S, Li P, Li L, Ye J. Establishment of SI-traceable purity assessment of Fumonisin B1 using a combination of quantitative 1H NMR and mass balance. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wang H, Gai Y, Zhao Y, Wang M, Ma Z. The calcium-calcineurin and high-osmolarity glycerol pathways co-regulate tebuconazole sensitivity and pathogenicity in Fusarium graminearum. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 190:105311. [PMID: 36740345 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The calcium-calcineurin and high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathways play crucial roles in fungal development, pathogenicity, and in responses to various environmental stresses. However, interaction of these pathways in regulating fungicide sensitivity remains largely unknown in phytopathogenic fungi. In this study, we investigated the function of the calcium-calcineurin signalling pathway in Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight. Inhibitors of Ca2+ and calcineurin enhanced antifungal activity of tebuconazole (an azole fungicide) against F. graminearum. Deletion of the putative downstream transcription factor FgCrz1 resulted in significantly increased sensitivity of F. graminearum to tebuconazole. FgCrz1-GFP was translocated to the nucleus upon tebuconazole treatment in a calcineurin-dependent manner. In addition, deletion of FgCrz1 increased the phosphorylation of FgHog1 in response to tebuconazole. Moreover, the calcium-calcineurin and HOG signalling pathways exhibited synergistic effect in regulating pathogenicity and sensitivity of F. graminearum to tebuconazole and multiple other stresses. RNA-seq data revealed that FgCrz1 regulated expression of a set of non-CYP51 genes that are associated with tebuconazole sensitivity, including multidrug transporters, membrane lipid biosynthesis and metabolism, and cell wall organization. Our findings demonstrate that the calcium-calcineurin and HOG pathways act coordinately to orchestrate tebuconazole sensitivity and pathogenicity in F. graminearum, which may provide novel insights in management of Fusarium disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yunpeng Gai
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Youfu Zhao
- Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
| | - Minhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Doshi P, Šerá B. Role of Non-Thermal Plasma in Fusarium Inactivation and Mycotoxin Decontamination. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:627. [PMID: 36771708 PMCID: PMC9921801 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium spp. is a well-studied pathogen with the potential to infect cereals and reduce the yield to maximum if left unchecked. For decades, different control treatments have been tested against different Fusarium spp. and for reducing the mycotoxins they produce and are well documented. Some treatments also involved integrated pest management (IPM) strategies against Fusarium spp. control and mycotoxin degradation produced by them. In this review article, we compiled different control strategies against different Fusarium spp. In addition, special focus is given to the non-thermal plasma (NTP) technique used against Fusarium spp. inactivation. In a separate group, we compiled the literature about the use of NTP in the decontamination of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp., and highlighted the possible mechanisms of mycotoxin degradation by NTP. In this review, we concluded that although NTP is an effective treatment, it is a nice area and needs further research. The possibility of a prospective novel IPM strategy against Fusarium spp. is also proposed.
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Wu C, Chen H, Yuan M, Zhang M, Abubakar YS, Chen X, Zhong H, Zheng W, Zheng H, Zhou J. FgAP1 σ Is Critical for Vegetative Growth, Conidiation, Virulence, and DON Biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020145. [PMID: 36836259 PMCID: PMC9962196 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The AP1 complex is a highly conserved clathrin adaptor that plays important roles in regulating cargo protein sorting and intracellular vesicle trafficking in eukaryotes. However, the functions of the AP1 complex in the plant pathogenic fungi including the devastating wheat pathogen Fusarium graminearum are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the biological functions of FgAP1σ, a subunit of the AP1 complex in F. graminearum. Disruption of FgAP1σ causes seriously impaired fungal vegetative growth, conidiogenesis, sexual development, pathogenesis, and deoxynivalenol (DON) production. The ΔFgap1σ mutants were found to be less sensitive to KCl- and sorbitol-induced osmotic stresses but more sensitive to SDS-induced stress than the wild-type PH-1. Although the growth inhibition rate of the ΔFgap1σ mutants was not significantly changed under calcofluor white (CFW) and Congo red (CR) stresses, the protoplasts released from ΔFgap1σ hyphae were decreased compared with the wild-type PH-1, suggesting that FgAP1σ is necessary for cell wall integrity and osmotic stresses in F. graminearum. Subcellular localization assays showed that FgAP1σ was predominantly localized to endosomes and the Golgi apparatus. In addition, FgAP1β-GFP, FgAP1γ-GFP, and FgAP1μ-GFP also localize to the Golgi apparatus. FgAP1β interacts with FgAP1σ, FgAP1γ, and FgAP1μ, while FgAP1σ regulates the expression of FgAP1β, FgAP1γ, and FgAP1μ in F. graminearum. Furthermore, the loss of FgAP1σ blocks the transportation of the v-SNARE protein FgSnc1 from the Golgi to the plasma membrane and delays the internalization of FM4-64 dye into the vacuole. Taken together, our results demonstrate that FgAP1σ plays vital roles in vegetative growth, conidiogenesis, sexual reproduction, DON production, pathogenicity, cell wall integrity, osmotic stress, exocytosis, and endocytosis in F. graminearum. These findings unveil the functions of the AP1 complex in filamentous fungi, most notably in F. graminearum, and lay solid foundations for effective prevention and control of Fusarium head blight (FHB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Congxian Wu
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Public Technology Service Center, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Huilin Chen
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mingyue Yuan
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Meiru Zhang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810107, Nigeria
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Haoming Zhong
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huawei Zheng
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jie Zhou
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (J.Z.)
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Gab-Allah MA, Choi K, Kim B. Type B Trichothecenes in Cereal Grains and Their Products: Recent Advances on Occurrence, Toxicology, Analysis and Post-Harvest Decontamination Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:85. [PMID: 36828399 PMCID: PMC9963506 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Type B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol) and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G) are secondary toxic metabolites produced mainly by mycotoxigenic Fusarium fungi and have been recognized as natural contaminants in cereals and cereal-based foods. The latest studies have proven the various negative effects of type B trichothecenes on human health. Due to the widespread occurrence of Fusarium species, contamination by these mycotoxins has become an important aspect for public health and agro-food systems worldwide. Hence, their monitoring and surveillance in various foods have received a significant deal of attention in recent years. In this review, an up-to-date overview of the occurrence profile of major type B trichothecenes and DON-3G in cereal grains and their toxicological implications are outlined. Furthermore, current trends in analytical methodologies for their determination are overviewed. This review also covers the factors affecting the production of these mycotoxins, as well as the management strategies currently employed to mitigate their contamination in foods. Information presented in this review provides good insight into the progress that has been achieved in the last years for monitoring type B trichothecenes and DON-3G, and also would help the researchers in their further investigations on metabolic pathway analysis and toxicological studies of these Fusarium mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Gab-Allah
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Reference Materials Lab, National Institute of Standards, P.O. Box 136, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Kihwan Choi
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Al-Abri N, Al-Raqami S, Al-Hashemi M, Al-Shidi R, Al-Khatri S, Ray RV. Impact of Initial Population Density of the Dubas Bug, Ommatissus lybicus (Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae), on Oviposition Behaviour, Chlorophyll, Biomass and Nutritional Response of Date Palm ( Phoenix dactylifera). INSECTS 2022; 14:12. [PMID: 36661941 PMCID: PMC9866723 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Dubas bug (Ommatissus lybicus) is an economically significant pest of date palms. In this study, the effect of the population density of O. lybicus on chlorophyll, measured by the soil plant analysis development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter, palm biomass, and the nutritional composition of date palms, were investigated. A further objective was to determine significant relationships between the population density of O. lybicus, the number of honeydew droplets, and oviposited eggs. Reductions of up to 8-11% and 29-34% in chlorophyll content and plant biomass, respectively, were caused by infestations exceeding 300 nymphs per palm seedling. Increasing the population density of O. lybicus to 600 insects per palm decreased oviposition by females, suggesting intraspecific competition for resources. There was a significant relationship between honeydew droplets produced by the pest population and chlorophyll content in the rachis, suggesting that treatment can be triggered at 3-6 nymphs/leaflet. Egg oviposition was preferentially on the rachis. Ca, Mg, K, and P were the main nutrients affected by the activity of the pest. Mg content was associated with reduced chlorophyll content under increasing pest density, suggesting that supplemental nutrition can be potentially utilized to sustain chlorophyll and increase palm tolerance to pest infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Al-Abri
- Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth & Water Resources, Muscat P.O. Box 50, Oman
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Suad Al-Raqami
- Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth & Water Resources, Muscat P.O. Box 50, Oman
| | - Maryam Al-Hashemi
- Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth & Water Resources, Muscat P.O. Box 50, Oman
| | - Rashid Al-Shidi
- Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth & Water Resources, Muscat P.O. Box 50, Oman
| | - Salim Al-Khatri
- Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth & Water Resources, Muscat P.O. Box 50, Oman
| | - Rumiana V. Ray
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
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Matras E, Gorczyca A, Przemieniecki SW, Oćwieja M. Surface properties-dependent antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18046. [PMID: 36302952 PMCID: PMC9613916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibit unusual biocidal properties thanks to which they find a wide range of applications in diverse fields of science and industry. Numerous research studies have been devoted to the bactericidal properties of AgNPs while less attention has been focused on their fungicidal activity. Our studies were therefore oriented toward determining the impact of AgNPs characterized by different physicochemical properties on Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium equiseti. The main hypothesis assumed that the fungicidal properties of AgNPs characterized by comparable morphology can be shaped by stabilizing agent molecules adsorbed on nanoparticle surfaces. Two types of AgNPs were prepared by the reduction of silver ions with sodium borohydride (SB) in the presence of trisodium citrate (TC) or cysteamine hydrochloride (CH). Both types of AgNPs exhibited a quasi-spherical shape. Citrate-stabilized AgNPs (TCSB-AgNPs) of an average size of 15 ± 4 nm were negatively charged. Smaller (12 ± 4 nm), cysteamine-capped AgNPs (CHSB-AgNPs) were characterized by a positive surface charge and higher silver ion release profile. The phytopathogens were exposed to the AgNPs in three doses equal to 2.5, 5 and 10 mg L-1 over 24 and 240 h. Additionally, the impact of silver ions delivered in the form of silver nitrate and the stabilizing agents of AgNPs on the fungi was also investigated. The response of phytopathogens to these treatments was evaluated by determining mycelial growth, sporulation and changes in the cell morphology. The results of our studies showed that CHSB-AgNPs, especially at a concentration of 10 mg L-1, strongly limited the vegetative mycelium growth of both species for short and long treatment times. The cell imaging revealed that CHSB-AgNPs damaged the conidia membranes and penetrated into the cells, while TCSB-AgNPs were deposited on their surface. The fungistatic (lethal) effect was demonstrated only for silver ions at the highest concentration for the F. equiseti species in the 240 h treatment. The number of spores of both Fusarium species was significantly reduced independently of the type of silver compounds used. Generally, it was found that the positively charged CHSB-AgNPs were more fungicidal than negatively charged TCSB-AgNPs. Thereby, it was established that the stabilizing agents of AgNPs and surface charge play a crucial role in the shaping of their fungicidal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Matras
- grid.410701.30000 0001 2150 7124Department of Microbiology and Biomonitoring, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Mickiewicz Ave. 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Gorczyca
- grid.410701.30000 0001 2150 7124Department of Microbiology and Biomonitoring, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Mickiewicz Ave. 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sebastian Wojciech Przemieniecki
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Oćwieja
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Kraków, Poland
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Karlsson I, Mellqvist E, Persson P. Temporal and spatial dynamics of Fusarium spp. and mycotoxins in Swedish cereals during 16 years. Mycotoxin Res 2022; 39:3-18. [PMID: 36279098 PMCID: PMC10156870 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-022-00469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe analysed the dynamics of Fusarium spp. and mycotoxin contamination in Swedish cereals during 2004–2018. More than 1400 cereal samples from field trials were included, collected in a monitoring programme run by the Swedish Board of Agriculture. Five Fusarium mycotoxins were quantified with LC-MS/MS and fungal DNA from four species was quantified using quantitative real-time PCR. Correlation analyses revealed that deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) were mainly associated with Fusarium graminearum, but stronger correlations with F. culmorum was seen some years. Nivalenol (NIV) was associated with F. poae and the HT-2 and T-2 toxins with F. langsethiae. Clear differences in mycotoxin contamination between different cereal crops and geographical regions were identified. The highest levels of DON and ZEN were found in spring wheat in Western Sweden. For NIV, HT-2 and T-2 toxins, the levels were highest in spring oats and spring barley. Regional differences were not detected for NIV, while HT-2 and T-2 toxins were associated with the northernmost region. We found that delayed harvest was strongly associated with increased levels of DON and ZEN in several crops. However, harvest date did not influence the levels of NIV or HT-2 and T-2 toxins. Our results suggest similar distribution patterns of DON and ZEN, in contrast to NIV and HT-2 and T-2 toxins, probably mirroring the differences in the ecology of the toxin-producing Fusarium species. Timely harvest is important to reduce the risk of DON and ZEN contamination, especially for fields with other risk factors.
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Natural Compounds and Products from an Anti-Aging Perspective. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207084. [PMID: 36296673 PMCID: PMC9610014 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a very complex process that is accompanied by a degenerative impairment in many of the major functions of the human body over time. This inevitable process is influenced by hereditary factors, lifestyle, and environmental influences such as xenobiotic pollution, infectious agents, UV radiation, diet-borne toxins, and so on. Many external and internal signs and symptoms are related with the aging process and senescence, including skin dryness and wrinkles, atherosclerosis, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, etc. Oxidative stress, a consequence of the imbalance between pro- and antioxidants, is one of the main provoking factors causing aging-related damages and concerns, due to the generation of highly reactive byproducts such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species during the metabolism, which result in cellular damage and apoptosis. Antioxidants can prevent these processes and extend healthy longevity due to the ability to inhibit the formation of free radicals or interrupt their propagation, thereby lowering the level of oxidative stress. This review focuses on supporting the antioxidant system of the organism by balancing the diet through the consumption of the necessary amount of natural ingredients, including vitamins, minerals, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), essential amino acids, probiotics, plants’ fibers, nutritional supplements, polyphenols, some phytoextracts, and drinking water.
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Diversity and Exploration of Endophytic Bacilli for the Management of Head Scab ( Fusarium graminearum) of Wheat. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101088. [PMID: 36297145 PMCID: PMC9609341 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum causing head scab (HS) or head blight (HB) disease in wheat is one of the nasty fungi reported to cause significant grain quality and yield loss. Biological control using endophytic bacteria has emerged as a prospective option for containing fungal diseases in an environmentally benevolent, durable, and sustainable manner. In this regard, 112 endophytic bacilli were isolated from the anthesis stage (Zadok’s growth stage 65) from five different wheat genotypes with an aim to identify prospective antagonistic strains against F. graminearum. The molecular identity of the strains was confirmed by matching 16S rRNA sequences of bacterial strains with the gene sequences of type strains available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database and reported 38 different species of Bacillus in all the five wheat cultivars. Further, it has been observed that only fourteen strains (B. clarus NOK09, B. mojavensis NOK16, B. subtilis NOK33, B. rugosus NOK47, B. mojavensis NOK52, B. clarus NOK59, B. coahuilensis NOK72, B. cabrialesii NOK78, B. cabrialesii NOK82, B. rugosus NOK85, B. amyloliquefaciens NOK89, B. australimaris NOK95, B. pumilus NOK103, and B. amyloliquefaciens NOK109) displayed in-vitro antagonistic effect against Fusarium graminearum fungus. Furthermore, the three endophytic Bacillus strains showing the strongest antagonistic effect (>70% of growth inhibition of fungal mycelium) under in-vitro antagonistic assay were selected for field experiments. In a two-year consecutive field study, a combination of three strains (B. clarus NOK09 + B. subtilis NOK33 + B. amyloliquefaciens NOK109) displayed a remarkable reduction in HS disease index by 81.47% and 77.85%, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction assay detected three genes (ituD, bmyC, and srfA) involved in antibiotic biosynthesis pathways. Additional attributes such as potassium solubilization, siderophore release, and hydrolytic enzyme (protease, lipase, amylase, chitinase, and pectinase) synthesis have been observed in these strains. Overall, the present study was successful in profiling endophytic bacilli and selecting the combination of effective antagonistic endophytic Bacillus strains that could be the best alternative for the sustainable and ecological sound management of HS disease in wheat under field conditions.
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Variation in Tocochromanols Level and Mycotoxins Content in Sweet Maize Cultivars after Inoculation with Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182781. [PMID: 36140909 PMCID: PMC9497480 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A major problem in maize production is the contamination of the grain with Fusarium spp., mainly F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides and their secondary metabolites—mycotoxins. Under biotic stress conditions, caused by a fungal pathogen, plants initiate a series of defense mechanisms that may cause quantitative and qualitative changes in the composition of phenolic compounds. We analyzed the resistance of four sweet maize cultivars (Syngenta Group: Overland, Sweetstar, GSS 8529, Shinerock) to the infection with Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum isolates, along with fumonisins B1, B2, and B3 grain contamination and the levels of tocopherols and tocotrienols accumulated. Differences in ear rot levels were found between the cultivars and isolates used. The phenotypic evaluation positively correlated with the concentrations of fumonisins. The results obtained also indicate a significant dependence on tocochromanols content in sweet maize cultivars tested on the infection of plants with Fusarium isolates and fumonisin biosynthesis. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms of the plant reaction and the effect of different levels of tocopherols and tocotrienols on Fusarium resistance and grain contamination with mycotoxins.
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