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Yao ZY, Gong JS, Jiang JY, Su C, Zhao WH, Xu ZH, Shi JS. Unraveling the intricacies of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis: Decoding the molecular symphony in understanding complex polysaccharide assembly. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 75:108416. [PMID: 39033835 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are extensively utilized in clinical, cosmetic, and healthcare field, as well as in the treatment of thrombosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatism, and cancer. The biological production of GAGs is a strategy that has garnered significant attention due to its numerous advantages over traditional preparation methods. In this review, we embark on a journey to decode the intricate molecular symphony that orchestrates the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans. By unraveling the complex interplay of related enzymes and thorough excavation of the intricate metabolic cascades involved, GAGs chain aggregation and transportation, which efficiently and controllably modulate GAGs sulfation patterns involved in biosynthetic pathway, we endeavor to offer a thorough comprehension of how these remarkable GAGs are intricately assembled and pushes the boundaries of our understanding in GAGs biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, PR China.
| | - Jia-Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Chang Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, PR China
| | - Wen-Han Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, PR China; College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, PR China.
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Helmecke T, Hahn D, Ruland A, Tsurkan MV, Maitz MF, Werner C. Adsorbed polymer conjugates to adaptively inhibit blood coagulation activation by medical membranes. J Control Release 2024; 368:344-354. [PMID: 38417559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Adaptive drug release can combat coagulation and inflammation activation at the blood-material interface with minimized side effects. For that purpose, poly(styrene-alt-maleic-anhydride) copolymers were conjugated to heparin via coagulation-responsive linker peptides and shown to tightly adsorb onto poly(ethersulfone) (PES)-surfaces from aqueous solutions as monolayers. Coagulation-responsive release of unfractionated as well as low molecular weight heparins from the respective coatings was demonstrated to be functionally beneficial in human plasma and whole blood incubation with faster release kinetics resulting in stronger anticoagulant effects. Coated poly(ethersulfone)/poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PES/PVP) flat membranes proved the technology to offer an easy, effective and robust anticoagulant interfacial functionalization of hemodialysis membranes. In perspective, the modularity of the adaptive release system will be used for inhibiting multiple activation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Helmecke
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Institute of Biofunctional Polymer Materials, Hohe Strasse 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Dominik Hahn
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Institute of Biofunctional Polymer Materials, Hohe Strasse 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - André Ruland
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Institute of Biofunctional Polymer Materials, Hohe Strasse 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Mikhail V Tsurkan
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Institute of Biofunctional Polymer Materials, Hohe Strasse 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Manfred F Maitz
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Institute of Biofunctional Polymer Materials, Hohe Strasse 6, Dresden 01069, Germany.
| | - Carsten Werner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Institute of Biofunctional Polymer Materials, Hohe Strasse 6, Dresden 01069, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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3
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Venegas-Solis F, Staliunaite L, Rudolph E, Münch CCS, Yu P, Freibert SA, Maeda T, Zimmer CL, Möbs C, Keller C, Kaufmann A, Bauer S. A type I interferon regulatory network for human plasmacytoid dendritic cells based on heparin, membrane-bound and soluble BDCA-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312404121. [PMID: 38478694 PMCID: PMC10963015 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312404121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) produce type I interferons (IFNs) after sensing viral/bacterial RNA or DNA by toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 or TLR9, respectively. However, aberrant pDCs activation can cause adverse effects on the host and contributes to the pathogenesis of type I IFN-related autoimmune diseases. Here, we show that heparin interacts with the human pDCs-specific blood dendritic cell antigen 2 (BDCA-2) but not with related lectins such as DCIR or dectin-2. Importantly, BDCA-2-heparin interaction depends on heparin sulfation and receptor glycosylation and results in inhibition of TLR9-driven type I IFN production in primary human pDCs and the pDC-like cell line CAL-1. This inhibition is mediated by unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin, as well as endogenous heparin from plasma, suggesting that the local blood environment controls the production of IFN-α in pDCs. Additionally, we identified an activation-dependent soluble form of BDCA-2 (solBDCA-2) in human plasma that functions as heparin antagonist and thereby increases TLR9-driven IFN-α production in pDCs. Of importance, solBDCA-2 levels in the serum were increased in patients with scrub typhus (an acute infectious disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi) compared to healthy control subjects and correlated with anti-dsDNA antibodies titers. In contrast, solBDCA-2 levels in plasma from patients with bullous pemphigoid or psoriasis were reduced. In summary, this work identifies a regulatory network consisting of heparin, membrane-bound and solBDCA-2 modulating TLR9-driven IFN-α production in pDCs. This insight into pDCs function and regulation may have implications for the treatment of pDCs-related autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Venegas-Solis
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Marburg, Marburg35043, Germany
| | - Laura Staliunaite
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Marburg, Marburg35043, Germany
| | - Elisa Rudolph
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Marburg, Marburg35043, Germany
| | - Carina Chan-Song Münch
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Biomedizinisches Forschungszemtrum Marburg, Marburg35043, Germany
| | - Philipp Yu
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Marburg, Marburg35043, Germany
| | - Sven-A. Freibert
- Institute for Cytobiology, Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35032, Germany
- Core Facility “Protein Biochemistry and Spectroscopy”, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35032, Germany
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Department of Island and Community Medicine, Island Medical Research Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki852-8523, Japan
| | - Christine L. Zimmer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35043, Germany
| | - Christian Möbs
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35043, Germany
| | - Christian Keller
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Biomedizinisches Forschungszemtrum Marburg, Marburg35043, Germany
| | - Andreas Kaufmann
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Marburg, Marburg35043, Germany
| | - Stefan Bauer
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Marburg, Marburg35043, Germany
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang P, Jing T, Hu Y, Chen X. Research Progress on Antiviral Activity of Heparin. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:7-24. [PMID: 36740803 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230203124032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heparin, as a glycosaminoglycan, is known for its anticoagulant and antithrombotic properties for several decades. Heparin is a life-saving drug and is widely used for anticoagulation in medical practice. In recent years, there have been extensive studies that heparin plays an important role in non-anticoagulant diseases, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-angiogenesis, anti-neoplastic, anti-metastatic effects, and so on. Clinical observation and in vitro experiments indicate that heparin displays a potential multitarget effect. In this brief review, we will summarize heparin and its derivative's recently studied progress for the treatment of various viral infections. The aim is to maximize the benefits of drugs through medically targeted development, to meet the unmet clinical needs of serious viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Chinese Materia Medica Pharmacology, Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- Shandong VeriSign Test Detection Co., LTD, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Chinese Materia Medica Pharmacology, Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Tianyuan Jing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yanan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiushan Chen
- Zhenjiang Runjing High Purity Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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5
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Das A, Khambhati DP, Longoria ND, Tabibi A, Davachi SM, Dimas K, Laurencin Y, Carmona L, Avalos PZ, Karimi Abdolmaleki M. Modified Diatomaceous Earth in Heparin Recovery from Porcine Intestinal Mucosa. Molecules 2023; 28:7982. [PMID: 38138471 PMCID: PMC10745834 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28247982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin, a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan, is a naturally occurring anticoagulant that plays a vital role in various physiological processes. The remarkable structural complexity of heparin, consisting of repeating disaccharide units, makes it a crucial molecule for the development of commercial drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. Over the past few decades, significant progress has been made in the development of cost-effective adsorbents specifically designed for the adsorption of heparin from porcine intestinal mucosa. This advancement has been driven by the need for efficient and scalable methods to extract heparin from natural sources. In this study, we investigated the use of cationic ammonium-functionalized diatomaceous earth, featuring enhanced porosity, larger surface area, and higher thermal stability, to maximize the isolated heparin recovery. Our results showed that the higher cationic density and less bulky quaternary modified diatomaceous earth (QDADE) could adsorb up to 16.3 mg·g-1 (31%) of heparin from the real mucosa samples. Additionally, we explored the conditions of the adsorbent surface for recovery of the heparin molecule and optimized various factors, such as temperature and pH, to optimize the heparin uptake. This is the introductory account of the implementation of modified diatomaceous earth with quaternary amines for heparin capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushree Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;
| | - Devang P. Khambhati
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (D.P.K.); (S.M.D.); (K.D.); (L.C.); (P.Z.A.)
| | - Niko D. Longoria
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA;
| | - Alireza Tabibi
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran;
| | - Seyed Mohammad Davachi
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (D.P.K.); (S.M.D.); (K.D.); (L.C.); (P.Z.A.)
| | - Kayli Dimas
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (D.P.K.); (S.M.D.); (K.D.); (L.C.); (P.Z.A.)
| | - Yulianna Laurencin
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (D.P.K.); (S.M.D.); (K.D.); (L.C.); (P.Z.A.)
| | - Lesly Carmona
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (D.P.K.); (S.M.D.); (K.D.); (L.C.); (P.Z.A.)
| | - Pablo Zarate Avalos
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (D.P.K.); (S.M.D.); (K.D.); (L.C.); (P.Z.A.)
| | - Mahmood Karimi Abdolmaleki
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA;
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Bhardwaj T, Giri R. Potential of ADAM 17 Signal Peptide To Form Amyloid Aggregates in Vitro. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3818-3825. [PMID: 37802503 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
ADAM 17, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 belonging to the adamalysin protein family, is a Zn2+-dependent type-I transmembrane α-secretase protein. As a major sheddase, ADAM 17 acts as an indispensable regulator of chief cellular events and controls diverse cytokines, adhesion molecules, and growth factors. The signal peptide (residues 1-17) of ADAM 17 targets the protein to the secretory pathway and gets cleaved off afterward. No other function is documented for the ADAM 17 signal peptide (ADAM 17-SP) inside the cells. Here, we have taken a reductionist approach to understand the biophysical properties of ADAM 17-SP. Aiming to understand the possibility of aggregation, we found several aggregation-prone segments in the signal peptide. We performed in vitro experiments to show that the signal peptide forms amyloid-like aggregates in buffered conditions. We also studied its aggregation in the presence of sodium tripolyphosphate and heparin to correlate with the cellular conditions, as these biomolecules are naturally present inside cells. Further, we performed seeding experiments to observe the possibility of ADAM 17-SP aggregate interaction with the Aβ42 peptide. The results suggest that its seeds escalate the aggregation kinetics of the Aβ42 peptide and form heteromeric aggregates with it. We believe this finding could further intensify the aggregation studies on other signal peptides and shed light on the potential role of these segments other than signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taniya Bhardwaj
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
| | - Rajanish Giri
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
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Gao J, Jiang N, Zhang Y, Chen R, Feng Y, Sang X, Chen Q. A heparin-binding protein of Plasmodium berghei is associated with merozoite invasion of erythrocytes. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:277. [PMID: 37563696 PMCID: PMC10416508 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05896-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria caused by Plasmodium species is a prominent public health concern worldwide, and the infection of a malarial parasite is transmitted to humans through the saliva of female Anopheles mosquitoes. Plasmodium invasion is a rapid and complex process. A critical step in the blood-stage infection of malarial parasites is the adhesion of merozoites to red blood cells (RBCs), which involves interactions between parasite ligands and receptors. The present study aimed to investigate a previously uncharacterized protein, PbMAP1 (encoded by PBANKA_1425900), which facilitates Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbANKA) merozoite attachment and invasion via the heparan sulfate receptor. METHODS PbMAP1 protein expression was investigated at the asexual blood stage, and its specific binding activity to both heparan sulfate and RBCs was analyzed using western blotting, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry. Furthermore, a PbMAP1-knockout parasitic strain was established using the double-crossover method to investigate its pathogenicity in mice. RESULTS The PbMAP1 protein, primarily localized to the P. berghei membrane at the merozoite stage, is involved in binding to heparan sulfate-like receptor on RBC surface of during merozoite invasion. Furthermore, mice immunized with the PbMAP1 protein or passively immunized with sera from PbMAP1-immunized mice exhibited increased immunity against lethal challenge. The PbMAP1-knockout parasite exhibited reduced pathogenicity. CONCLUSIONS PbMAP1 is involved in the binding of P. berghei to heparan sulfate-like receptors on RBC surface during merozoite invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China.
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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Ye B, Cai Z, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Chen J. Supramolecular self-assembly of glycosaminoglycan mimetic nanostructures for cell proliferation and 3D cell culture application. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123179. [PMID: 36621740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), such as heparin, heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, are playing important roles in various biological processes. Due to the laborious work of organic or enzymatic total synthesis of GAGs, different approaches, including glycopolymers, dendrimers, etc., have been developed to mimic the structures and bioactivities of GAGs, but the syntheses can still be difficult. In the current study, a new format of GAG mimetic structure, supramolecularly assembled polymers, have been easily prepared by mixing fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-diphenylalanine (Fmoc-FF) and sulfated glyco-modified fluorenylmethoxy derivatives (FGS and FG3S). The self-assembly behavior of these polymers into different structural formats of nanoparticles, nanofibers and macroscopic hydrogels upon adjusted concentrations and composite ratios have been detailed studied. The nanofibers modified with highly sulfated glycol groups (FG3S/Fmoc-FF) showed strong promotion effect for cell proliferation, which efficiency was even similar to that of natural heparin, higher than nanoparticles or non-/low-sulfated glyco-modified nanofibers. Moreover, the supramolecular polymers were further made into hydrogels that capable of 3D cell culture. This study provided a novel and efficient approach for GAG mimicking, showing great potential for tissue engineering related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baotong Ye
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Chemical & Material Engineering, Jiangnan Universtiy, Wuxi, 214122, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Qimeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| | - Jinghua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
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9
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McQuaid C, Solorzano A, Dickerson I, Deane R. Uptake of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein mediated by angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and ganglioside in human cerebrovascular cells. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1117845. [PMID: 36875642 PMCID: PMC9980911 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1117845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is clinical evidence of neurological manifestations in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). However, it is unclear whether differences in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/spike protein (SP) uptake by cells of the cerebrovasculature contribute to significant viral uptake to cause these symptoms. Methods Since the initial step in viral invasion is binding/uptake, we used fluorescently labeled wild type and mutant SARS-CoV-2/SP to study this process. Three cerebrovascular cell types were used (endothelial cells, pericytes, and vascular smooth muscle cells), in vitro. Results There was differential SARS-CoV-2/SP uptake by these cell types. Endothelial cells had the least uptake, which may limit SARS-CoV-2 uptake into brain from blood. Uptake was time and concentration dependent, and mediated by angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2), and ganglioside (mono-sialotetrahexasylganglioside, GM1) that is predominantly expressed in the central nervous system and the cerebrovasculature. SARS-CoV-2/SPs with mutation sites, N501Y, E484K, and D614G, as seen in variants of interest, were also differentially taken up by these cell types. There was greater uptake compared to that of the wild type SARS-CoV-2/SP, but neutralization with anti-ACE2 or anti-GM1 antibodies was less effective. Conclusion The data suggested that in addition to ACE2, gangliosides are also an important entry point of SARS-CoV-2/SP into these cells. Since SARS-CoV-2/SP binding/uptake is the initial step in the viral penetration into cells, a longer exposure and higher titer are required for significant uptake into the normal brain. Gangliosides, including GM1, could be an additional potential SARS-CoV-2 and therapeutic target at the cerebrovasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rashid Deane
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute Neuroscience, University of Rochester, University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC), Rochester, NY, United States
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10
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Tudu M, Samanta A. Natural polysaccharides: Chemical properties and application in pharmaceutical formulations. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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11
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Not Just Anticoagulation—New and Old Applications of Heparin. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206968. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, heparin, as the most important anticoagulant drug, has been widely used in clinical settings to prevent and treat thrombosis in a variety of diseases. However, with in-depth research, the therapeutic potential of heparin is being explored beyond anticoagulation. To date, heparin and its derivatives have been tested in the protection against and repair of inflammatory, antitumor, and cardiovascular diseases. It has also been explored as an antiangiogenic, preventive, and antiviral agent for atherosclerosis. This review focused on the new and old applications of heparin and discussed the potential mechanisms explaining the biological diversity of heparin.
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12
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Yang X, Wang Q, Zhang A, Shao X, Liu T, Tang B, Fang G. Strategies for sustained release of heparin: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 294:119793. [PMID: 35868762 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heparin, a sulfate-containing linear polysaccharide, has proven preclinical and clinical efficacy for a variety of disorders. Heparin, including unfractionated heparin (UFH), low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), and ultra-low-molecular-weight heparin (ULMWH), is administered systematically, in the form of a solution in the clinic. However, it is eliminated quickly, due to its short half-life, especially in the case of UFH and LMWH. Frequent administration is required to ensure its therapeutic efficacy, leading to poor patient compliance. Moreover, heparin is used to coat blood-contacting medical devices to avoid thrombosis through physical interaction. However, the short-term durability of heparin on the surface of the stent limits its further application. Various advanced sustained-release strategies have been used to prolong its half-life in vivo as preparation technologies have improved. Herein, we briefly introduce the pharmacological activity and mechanisms of action of heparin. In addition, the strategies for sustained release of heparin are comprehensively summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Qiuxiang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Aiwen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Xinyao Shao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Tianqing Liu
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Bo Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.
| | - Guihua Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.
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13
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Lauth LM, Voigt B, Bhatia T, Machner L, Balbach J, Ott M. Heparin promotes rapid fibrillation of the basic Parathyroid Hormone at physiological pH. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2928-2939. [PMID: 35903816 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In acidic secretory granules of mammalian cells, peptide hormones including the parathyroid hormone (PTH) are presumably stored in the form of functional amyloid fibrils. Mature PTH, however, is considerably positively charged in acidic environments, a condition known to impede unassisted self-aggregation into fibrils. Here, we studied the role of the polyanion heparin on promoting fibril formation of PTH. Employing ITC, CD spectroscopy, NMR, SAXS and fluorescence-based assays we could demonstrate that heparin binds PTH with submicromolar affinity and facilitates its conversion into fibrillar seeds, enabling rapid formation of amyloid fibrils under acidic conditions. In absence of heparin, PTH remained in a soluble monomeric state. We suspect that heparin-like surfaces are required in vivo to convert PTH efficiently into fibrillar deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca M Lauth
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Bruno Voigt
- Department of Biophysics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Twinkle Bhatia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Lisa Machner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jochen Balbach
- Department of Biophysics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Maria Ott
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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14
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The Choice of Anticoagulant Influences the Characteristics of Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Bioactivity In Vitro. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:8259888. [PMID: 35910535 PMCID: PMC9337942 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8259888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMC) is commonly used as a therapeutic agent to resolve orthopedic injuries, using its unique cellularity to reduce inflammation and prime the region for repair. The aspiration of the bone marrow is performed using either sodium citrate (SC) or heparin sodium (HS) as an anticoagulant and processed via centrifugation to concentrate the cellular constituents. To date, the consideration of the impact of the two commonly used anticoagulants on the mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) population has been overlooked. The current study assesses the differences in the BMCs produced using 15% SC and HS at 1,000 U/mL or 100 U/mL final v./v. as an anticoagulant using in vitro metrics including total nucleated cell counts (TNC) and viability, the ability for mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) to establish colony-forming units with fibroblast morphology (CFU-f), and cytokine expression profile of the MSC cultures. Our findings demonstrate that HS-derived BMC cultures result in higher CFU-f formation and CFU-f frequency at both concentrations assessed compared to SC-derived BMC cultures. In addition, there were significant differences in 27% (7 of 26) of the cytokines quantified in HS-derived BMC cultures compared to SC-derived BMC cultures with implications for MSC plasticity and self-renewal.
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15
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De Masi R, Orlando S. GANAB and N-Glycans Substrates Are Relevant in Human Physiology, Polycystic Pathology and Multiple Sclerosis: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7373. [PMID: 35806376 PMCID: PMC9266668 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans are one of the four fundamental macromolecular components of living matter, and they are highly regulated in the cell. Their functions are metabolic, structural and modulatory. In particular, ER resident N-glycans participate with the Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 highly conserved sequence, in protein folding process, where the physiological balance between glycosylation/deglycosylation on the innermost glucose residue takes place, according GANAB/UGGT concentration ratio. However, under abnormal conditions, the cell adapts to the glucose availability by adopting an aerobic or anaerobic regimen of glycolysis, or to external stimuli through internal or external recognition patterns, so it responds to pathogenic noxa with unfolded protein response (UPR). UPR can affect Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and several neurological and metabolic diseases via the BiP stress sensor, resulting in ATF6, PERK and IRE1 activation. Furthermore, the abnormal GANAB expression has been observed in MS, systemic lupus erythematous, male germinal epithelium and predisposed highly replicating cells of the kidney tubules and bile ducts. The latter is the case of Polycystic Liver Disease (PCLD) and Polycystic Kidney Disease (PCKD), where genetically induced GANAB loss affects polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin-2 (PC2), resulting in altered protein quality control and cyst formation phenomenon. Our topics resume the role of glycans in cell physiology, highlighting the N-glycans one, as a substrate of GANAB, which is an emerging key molecule in MS and other human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto De Masi
- Complex Operative Unit of Neurology, “F. Ferrari” Hospital, Casarano, 73042 Lecce, Italy;
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Multiple Sclerosis Centre, “F. Ferrari” Hospital, Casarano, 73042 Lecce, Italy
| | - Stefania Orlando
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Multiple Sclerosis Centre, “F. Ferrari” Hospital, Casarano, 73042 Lecce, Italy
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16
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Selective and efficient extraction of heparin by arginine-functionalized flowered mesoporous silica nanoparticles with high capacity. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Sood A, Gupta A, Agrawal G. Recent advances in polysaccharides based biomaterials for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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18
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Laner-Plamberger S, Oeller M, Rohde E, Schallmoser K, Strunk D. Heparin and Derivatives for Advanced Cell Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12041. [PMID: 34769471 PMCID: PMC8584295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin and its derivatives are saving thousands of human lives annually, by successfully preventing and treating thromboembolic events. Although the mode of action during anticoagulation is well studied, their influence on cell behavior is not fully understood as is the risk of bleeding and other side effects. New applications in regenerative medicine have evolved supporting production of cell-based therapeutics or as a substrate for creating functionalized matrices in biotechnology. The currently resurgent interest in heparins is related to the expected combined anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and anti-viral action against COVID-19. Based on a concise summary of key biochemical and clinical data, this review summarizes the impact for manufacturing and application of cell therapeutics and highlights the need for discriminating the different heparins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Laner-Plamberger
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.L.-P.); (M.O.); (E.R.)
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Michaela Oeller
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.L.-P.); (M.O.); (E.R.)
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Eva Rohde
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.L.-P.); (M.O.); (E.R.)
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Katharina Schallmoser
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.L.-P.); (M.O.); (E.R.)
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Dirk Strunk
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
- Cell Therapy Institute, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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19
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Shen S, Chen X, Shen Z, Chen H. Marine Polysaccharides for Wound Dressings Application: An Overview. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1666. [PMID: 34683959 PMCID: PMC8541487 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound dressings have become a crucial treatment for wound healing due to their convenience, low cost, and prolonged wound management. As cutting-edge biomaterials, marine polysaccharides are divided from most marine organisms. It possesses various bioactivities, which allowing them to be processed into various forms of wound dressings. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the application of marine polysaccharides in wound dressings is particularly important for the studies of wound therapy. In this review, we first introduce the wound healing process and describe the characteristics of modern commonly used dressings. Then, the properties of various marine polysaccharides and their application in wound dressing development are outlined. Finally, strategies for developing and enhancing marine polysaccharide wound dressings are described, and an outlook of these dressings is given. The diverse bioactivities of marine polysaccharides including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, haemostatic properties, etc., providing excellent wound management and accelerate wound healing. Meanwhile, these biomaterials have higher biocompatibility and biodegradability compared to synthetic ones. On the other hand, marine polysaccharides can be combined with copolymers and active substances to prepare various forms of dressings. Among them, emerging types of dressings such as nanofibers, smart hydrogels and injectable hydrogels are at the research frontier of their development. Therefore, marine polysaccharides are essential materials in wound dressings fabrication and have a promising future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghai Shen
- SDU-ANU Joint Science College, Shandong University, NO. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, China; (S.S.); (X.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, NO. 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- SDU-ANU Joint Science College, Shandong University, NO. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, China; (S.S.); (X.C.)
| | - Zhewen Shen
- School of Humanities, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, Sepang 43900, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Hao Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, NO. 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- Marine College, Shandong University, NO. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, China
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20
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Varghese M, Rokosh RS, Haller CA, Chin SL, Chen J, Dai E, Xiao R, Chaikof EL, Grinstaff MW. Sulfated poly-amido-saccharides (sulPASs) are anticoagulants in vitro and in vivo. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12719-12725. [PMID: 34703558 PMCID: PMC8494039 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02302k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Anticoagulant therapeutics are a mainstay of modern surgery and of clotting disorder management such as venous thrombosis, yet performance and supply limitations exist for the most widely used agent - heparin. Herein we report the first synthesis, characterization, and performance of sulfated poly-amido-saccharides (sulPASs) as heparin mimetics. sulPASs inhibit the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, specifically FXa and FXIa, as revealed by ex vivo human plasma clotting assays and serine protease inhibition assays. sulPASs activity positively correlates with molecular weight and degree of sulfation. Importantly, sulPASs are not degraded by heparanases and are non-hemolytic. In addition, their activity is reversed by protamine sulfate, unlike small molecule anticoagulants. In an in vivo murine model, sulPASs extend clotting time in a dose dependent manner with bleeding risk comparable to heparin. These findings support continued development of synthetic anticoagulants to address the clinical risks and shortages associated with heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Varghese
- Departments of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, and Medicine, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Rae S Rokosh
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering of Harvard University Boston MA USA mailto:
| | - Carolyn A Haller
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering of Harvard University Boston MA USA mailto:
| | - Stacy L Chin
- Departments of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, and Medicine, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Jiaxuan Chen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering of Harvard University Boston MA USA mailto:
| | - Erbin Dai
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering of Harvard University Boston MA USA mailto:
| | - Ruiqing Xiao
- Departments of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, and Medicine, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Elliot L Chaikof
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering of Harvard University Boston MA USA mailto:
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Departments of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, and Medicine, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
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21
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Litov L, Petkov P, Rangelov M, Ilieva N, Lilkova E, Todorova N, Krachmarova E, Malinova K, Gospodinov A, Hristova R, Ivanov I, Nacheva G. Molecular Mechanism of the Anti-Inflammatory Action of Heparin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10730. [PMID: 34639073 PMCID: PMC8509397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective is to reveal the molecular mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) based on its influence on the activity of two key cytokines, IFNγ and IL-6. The mechanism of heparin binding to IFNγ and IL-6 and the resulting inhibition of their activity were studied by means of extensive molecular-dynamics simulations. The effect of LMWH on IFNγ signalling inside stimulated WISH cells was investigated by measuring its antiproliferative activity and the translocation of phosphorylated STAT1 in the nucleus. We found that LMWH binds with high affinity to IFNγ and is able to fully inhibit the interaction with its cellular receptor. It also influences the biological activity of IL-6 by binding to either IL-6 or IL-6/IL-6Rα, thus preventing the formation of the IL-6/IL-6Rα/gp130 signalling complex. These findings shed light on the molecular mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action of LMWH and underpin its ability to influence favourably conditions characterised by overexpression of these two cytokines. Such conditions are not only associated with autoimmune diseases, but also with inflammatory processes, in particular with COVID-19. Our results put forward heparin as a promising means for the prevention and suppression of severe CRS and encourage further investigations on its applicability as an anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandar Litov
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University “St. Kl. Ohridski”, 5, James Bourchier Blvd, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Peicho Petkov
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University “St. Kl. Ohridski”, 5, James Bourchier Blvd, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Miroslav Rangelov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 9, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Nevena Ilieva
- Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 25A, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofi, Bulgaria; (N.I.); (E.L.)
| | - Elena Lilkova
- Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 25A, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofi, Bulgaria; (N.I.); (E.L.)
| | - Nadezhda Todorova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2, Gagarin Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Elena Krachmarova
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”,Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.K.); (K.M.); (A.G.); (R.H.); (I.I.); (G.N.)
| | - Kristina Malinova
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”,Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.K.); (K.M.); (A.G.); (R.H.); (I.I.); (G.N.)
| | - Anastas Gospodinov
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”,Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.K.); (K.M.); (A.G.); (R.H.); (I.I.); (G.N.)
| | - Rossitsa Hristova
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”,Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.K.); (K.M.); (A.G.); (R.H.); (I.I.); (G.N.)
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”,Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.K.); (K.M.); (A.G.); (R.H.); (I.I.); (G.N.)
| | - Genoveva Nacheva
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”,Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.K.); (K.M.); (A.G.); (R.H.); (I.I.); (G.N.)
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22
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Banik N, Yang SB, Kang TB, Lim JH, Park J. Heparin and Its Derivatives: Challenges and Advances in Therapeutic Biomolecules. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910524. [PMID: 34638867 PMCID: PMC8509054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been extensively studied as a safe medicine and biomolecule over the past few decades. Heparin derivatives, including low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) and heparin pentasaccharide, are effective anticoagulants currently used in clinical settings. They have also been studied as functional biomolecules or biomaterials for various therapeutic uses to treat diseases. Heparin, which has a similar molecular structure to heparan sulfate, can be used as a remarkable biomedicine due to its uniquely high safety and biocompatibility. In particular, it has recently drawn attention for use in drug-delivery systems, biomaterial-based tissue engineering, nanoformulations, and new drug-development systems through molecular formulas. A variety of new heparin-based biomolecules and conjugates have been developed in recent years and are currently being evaluated for use in clinical applications. This article reviews heparin derivatives recently studied in the field of drug development for the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipa Banik
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea; (N.B.); (S.-B.Y.); (T.-B.K.); (J.-H.L.)
| | - Seong-Bin Yang
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea; (N.B.); (S.-B.Y.); (T.-B.K.); (J.-H.L.)
| | - Tae-Bong Kang
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea; (N.B.); (S.-B.Y.); (T.-B.K.); (J.-H.L.)
| | - Ji-Hong Lim
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea; (N.B.); (S.-B.Y.); (T.-B.K.); (J.-H.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Jooho Park
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea; (N.B.); (S.-B.Y.); (T.-B.K.); (J.-H.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
- Correspondence:
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23
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Chen D. Heparin beyond anti-coagulation. Curr Res Transl Med 2021; 69:103300. [PMID: 34237474 PMCID: PMC8257468 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2021.103300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Heparin has served as a mainstream anticoagulant for over eight decades. Clinically heparin-derived compounds significantly contribute to prevention and treatment of thrombotic events complicated in numerous medical conditions such as venous thromboembolism, coronary artery disease and extracorporeal circulation processes. Moreover in recent years, various off-labeled efficacious potentials of heparin beyond anti-coagulation are dramatically emerging, and increasingly investigated in clinical studies. Herein this article presents a comprehensive update on the expanded applications of heparin agents, covering the pregnant clinic, respiratory inflammation, renal disease, sepsis, pancreatitis, among others. It aims to maximize the beneficial profile of a pharmaceutical product through medical re-purposing development, exemplified by heparin, to address the unmet clinical needs of severe illness including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daohong Chen
- Research Institute, Changshan Biochemical Pharmaceutical, North Head of Yinchuan Street, Zhengding New District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050800, China.
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24
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Amiral J, Amiral C, Dunois C. Optimization of Heparin Monitoring with Anti-FXa Assays and the Impact of Dextran Sulfate for Measuring All Drug Activity. Biomedicines 2021; 9:700. [PMID: 34205548 PMCID: PMC8235539 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparins, unfractionated or low molecular weight, are permanently in the spotlight of both clinical indications and laboratory monitoring. An accurate drug dosage is necessary for an efficient and safe therapy. The one-stage kinetic anti-FXa assays are the most widely and universally used with full automation for large series, without needing exogenous antithrombin. The WHO International Standards are available for UFH and LMWH, but external quality assessment surveys still report a high inter-assay variability. This heterogeneity results from the following: assay formulation, designed without or with dextran sulfate to measure all heparin in blood circulation; calibrators for testing UFH or LMWH with the same curve; and automation parameters. In this study, various factors which impact heparin measurements are reviewed, and we share our experience to optimize assays for testing all heparin anticoagulant activities in plasma. Evidence is provided on the usefulness of low molecular weight dextran sulfate to completely mobilize all of the drug present in blood circulation. Other key factors concern the adjustment of assay conditions to obtain fully superimposable calibration curves for UFH and LMWH, calibrators' formulations, and automation parameters. In this study, we illustrate the performances of different anti-FXa assays used for testing heparin on UFH or LMWH treated patients' plasmas and obtained using citrate or CTAD anticoagulants. Comparable results are obtained only when the CTAD anticoagulant is used. Using citrate as an anticoagulant, UFH is underestimated in the absence of dextran sulfate. Heparin calibrators, adjustment of automation parameters, and data treatment contribute to other smaller differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cédric Amiral
- HYPHEN BioMed, 95000 Neuville sur Oise, France; (C.A.); (C.D.)
| | - Claire Dunois
- HYPHEN BioMed, 95000 Neuville sur Oise, France; (C.A.); (C.D.)
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Muñoz-Garcia J, Mazza M, Alliot C, Sinquin C, Colliec-Jouault S, Heymann D, Huclier-Markai S. Antiproliferative Properties of Scandium Exopolysaccharide Complexes on Several Cancer Cell Lines. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19030174. [PMID: 33806830 PMCID: PMC8005100 DOI: 10.3390/md19030174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimetastatic properties on both murine and human osteosarcoma cell lines (POS-1 and KHOS) have been evidenced using exopolysaccharide (EPS) derivatives, produced by Alteromonas infernus bacterium. These derivatives had no significant effect on the cell cycle neither a pro-apoptotic effect on osteosarcoma cells. Based on this observation, these EPSs could be employed as new drug delivery systems for therapeutic uses. A theranostic approach, i.e., combination of a predictive biomarker with a therapeutic agent, has been developed notably by combining with true pair of theranostic radionuclides, such as scandium 47Sc/44Sc. However, it is crucial to ensure that, once complexation is done, the biological properties of the vector remain intact, allowing the molecular tropism of the ligand to recognize its molecular target. It is important to assess if the biological properties of EPS evidenced on osteosarcoma cell lines remain when scandium is complexed to the polymers and can be extended to other cancer cell types. Scandium-EPS complexes were thus tested in vitro on human cell lines: MNNG/HOS osteosarcoma, A375 melanoma, A549 lung adenocarcinoma, U251 glioma, MDA231 breast cancer, and Caco2 colon cancer cells. An xCELLigence Real Cell Time Analysis (RTCA) technology assay was used to monitor for 160 h, the proliferation kinetics of the different cell lines. The tested complexes exhibited an anti-proliferative effect, this effect was more effective compared to EPS alone. This increase of the antiproliferative properties was explained by a change in conformation of EPS complexes due to their polyelectrolyte nature that was induced by complexation. Alterations of both growth factor-receptor signaling, and transmembrane protein interactions could be the principal cause of the antiproliferative effect. These results are very promising and reveal that EPS can be coupled to scandium for improving its biological effects and also suggesting that no major structural modification occurs on the ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Muñoz-Garcia
- Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, Université de Nantes, Blvd Jacques Monod, F-44805 Saint-Herblain, France; (J.M.-G.); (D.H.)
| | - Mattia Mazza
- GIP ARRONAX, 1 rue Aronnax, CEDEX 3, F-44817 Nantes, France; (M.M.); (C.A.)
- Laboratoire SUBATECH, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, BP 20722, CEDEX 3, F-44307 Nantes, France
| | - Cyrille Alliot
- GIP ARRONAX, 1 rue Aronnax, CEDEX 3, F-44817 Nantes, France; (M.M.); (C.A.)
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes Angers, INSERM, U892, 8 quai Moncousu, CEDEX 1, F-44007 Nantes, France
| | - Corinne Sinquin
- IFREMER, Institut Français de Recherche pour L’exploitation de la mer, rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, BP21105, CEDEX 3, F-44311 Nantes, France; (C.S.); (S.C.-J.)
| | - Sylvia Colliec-Jouault
- IFREMER, Institut Français de Recherche pour L’exploitation de la mer, rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, BP21105, CEDEX 3, F-44311 Nantes, France; (C.S.); (S.C.-J.)
| | - Dominique Heymann
- Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, Université de Nantes, Blvd Jacques Monod, F-44805 Saint-Herblain, France; (J.M.-G.); (D.H.)
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Sandrine Huclier-Markai
- GIP ARRONAX, 1 rue Aronnax, CEDEX 3, F-44817 Nantes, France; (M.M.); (C.A.)
- Laboratoire SUBATECH, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, BP 20722, CEDEX 3, F-44307 Nantes, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)51-85-85-37 or +33-(0)28-21-25-23
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Solid state structure of sodium β-1-thiophenyl glucuronate identifies 5-coordinate sodium with three independent glucoronates. Carbohydr Res 2021; 502:108281. [PMID: 33770633 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronic acid is a key component of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) Chrondroitin Sulfate (CS), Heparin/Heparan sulfate (HS) and Hyaluronic Acid (HA), as well an important metabolite derivative. In biological systems the carboxylate of uronic acids in GAGs is involved in important H-binding interactions, and the role of metal coordination, such as sodiated systems, has indications associated with a number of biological effects, and physiological GAG-related processes. In synthetic approaches to GAG fragments, thioglycoside intermediates, or derivatives from these, are commonly employed. Of the reported examples of sodium coordination in carbohydrates, 6-coordinate systems are usually observed often with water ligands involved, Herein we report an unexpected 5-coordinate sodiated GlcA crystal structure of the parent GlcA, but as a thioglycoside derivative, whose crystal coordination differs from previous examples, with no involvement of water as a ligand and containing a distorted trigonal bypramidal sodium with each GlcA having five of 6 oxygens sodium-coordinated.
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Kozlowski AM, Yates EA, Roubroeks JP, Tømmeraas K, Smith AM, Morris GA. Hydrolytic Degradation of Heparin in Acidic Environments: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Reveals Details of Selective Desulfation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:5551-5563. [PMID: 33471995 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heparin is a complex glycosaminoglycan, derived mainly from pig mucosa, used therapeutically for its anticoagulant activity. Yet, owing largely to the chain complexity, the progressive effects of environmental conditions on heparin structure have not been fully described. A systematic study of the influence of acidic hydrolysis on heparin chain length and substitution has therefore been conducted. Changes in the sulfation pattern, monitored via 2D NMR, revealed initial de-N-sulfation of the molecule (pH 1/ 40 °C) and unexpectedly identified the secondary sulfate of iduronate as more labile than the 6-O-sulfate of glucosamine residues under these conditions (pH 1/ 60 °C). Additionally, the loss of sulfate groups, rather than depolymerization, accounted for most of the reduction in molecular weight. This provides an alternative route to producing partially 2-O-de-sulfated heparin derivatives that avoids using conventional basic conditions and may be of value in the optimization of processes associated with the production of heparin pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Kozlowski
- Biopolymer Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Alan M Smith
- Biopolymer Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon A Morris
- Biopolymer Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
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Jin W, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ. Glycosaminoglycans in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1325:189-204. [PMID: 34495536 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-70115-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear polysaccharides that consist of alternating disaccharides sequences of uronic acids and/or galactose hexamino sugars most of which are sulfated. GAGs are ubiquitously expressed on the cell surface, in the intracellular milieu and in the extracellular matrix of all animal cells. Thus, GAGs exhibit many essential roles in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. The targets of GAGs are GAG-binding proteins and related proteins that are of significant interest to both the academic community and in the pharmaceutical industry. In this review, the structures of GAGs, their binding proteins, and analogs are presented that further the development of GAGs and their analogs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA. .,Department of Biological Science, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
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Meng H, Jin W, Yu L, Xu S, Wan H, He Y. Protective effects of polysaccharides on cerebral ischemia: A mini-review of the mechanisms. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 169:463-472. [PMID: 33347928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia, a common cerebrovascular disease, is one of the great threats to human health. Nowadays, many drugs used in the treatment of cerebral ischemia such as clot busting drugs, antiplatelet drugs, and neuroprotective drugs have limits. It is urgent finding new effective treatments for the patients. Researches have confirmed that many kinds of polysaccharides from natural resources possess therapeutic effects on cerebral ischemia, but are still lack of a comprehensively understanding. In this paper, based on the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemic injury, we summarize the latest discoveries and advancements of 29 kinds of polysaccharides, focusing on their ameliorating effects on cerebral ischemia and the underlying mechanisms. Several mechanisms are involved, mainly including antioxidant activities, anti-inflammatory activities, regulating neuron apoptosis, as well as resisting nitrosative stress injury. Besides, polysaccharides show protective effects through certain signaling pathways including PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and NF-κB, PARP-1/AIF, JNK3/c-Jun/Fas-L, and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways. The main goal of this mini-review is to emphasize the important roles of polysaccharides in attenuating cerebral ischemic injury through the elucidation of mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Meng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Weifeng Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Li Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Shouchao Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Haitong Wan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Yu He
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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Volpi N, Galeotti F, Maccari F, Capitani F, Mantovani V. Structural definition of terrestrial chondroitin sulfate of various origin and repeatability of the production process. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 195:113826. [PMID: 33358299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We report results on the structure, physicochemical characteristics and purity of chondroitin sulfate (CS) samples derived from three largely available and common biological sources such as bovine and porcine trachea and chicken keel bones with the aim to define their structural signatures. Many lots of CS produced by a manufacturer at industrial scale were characterized with a view to assess the reproducibility of the process as not controlled extractive procedures may produce final products with variable structure and biological contaminants as well as not constant clinical efficacy and safety. By using standardized source animal tissues and manufacturing procedure, highly pure CS (∼92 %) products with constant structure and characteristics were obtained. Bovine CS showed a lower molecular weight (MWw of ∼21,500 Da) than porcine (MWw of ∼26,000 Da) and chicken (MWw of ∼35,900 Da) products with a CV% of ∼2.0-7.5 and a polydispersity variability of 0.7-2.7 %. The ratio between the sulfate groups main located in position 4 and 6 of N-acetyl-galactosamine (4/6 ratio) was ∼1.70 for bovine CS versus a value of 3.60 for porcine and ∼2.70 for chicken samples with a overall charge density of 0.92-0.93 and a CV% of 2.1-2.5. The final products also showed the presence of a very low and constant content of other co-purified bio(macro)molecules (hyaluronic acid, keratan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, nucleic acids and proteins), calcium and sodium, and the absence of versican. Finally, a high reproducibility of molecular weight values, disaccharide composition, specific optical rotation and particle dimension was observed. The observed parameters are structural signatures useful to specifically identify the origin of CS and obtained by a standardized and highly reproducible manufacturing process. The compositional profile determined from this study provides a measure of the norm and range of variation in CS samples of terrestrial origin produced under standardized production protocol to which future pharmaceutical/nutraceutical final products can be compared. Moreover, the physicochemical properties including molecular weight, disaccharide composition, presence of natural contaminants and particle dimension were characterized to provide the basis of CS of high quality for application as pharmaceutical/nutraceutical active agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Volpi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Fabio Galeotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Maccari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Federica Capitani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Veronica Mantovani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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31
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Metabolic engineering for production of functional polysaccharides. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 66:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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32
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Vázquez JA, Fraguas J, González P, Serra J, Valcarcel J. Optimal Recovery of Valuable Biomaterials, Chondroitin Sulfate and Bioapatites, from Central Skeleton Wastes of Blue Shark. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112613. [PMID: 33172009 PMCID: PMC7694617 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The industrial filleting of blue shark (Prionace glauca) led to the generation of a large number of central skeletons of low interest to fishmeal plants handling such wastes. In this context, the present study describes the optimization of the hydrolysis process (pH 8.35, T 58 °C, 1% (v/w) of alcalase and t = 4 h) to produce chondroitin sulfate (CS) together with the recovery of bioapatites. Then, that hydrolysate was chemically treated with an optimal alkaline-hydroalcoholic-saline solution (0.48 M of NaOH, 1.07 volumes of EtOH and 2.5 g/L of NaCl) and finally purified by ultrafiltration-diafiltration (30 kDa) to obtain glycosaminoglycan with a purity of 97% and a productive yield of 2.8% (w/w of skeleton). The size of the biopolymer (CS) was of 58 kDa with prevalence of 6S-GalNAc sulfation (4S/6S ratio of 0.25), 12% of GlcA 2S-GalNAc 6S and 6% of non-sulfated disaccharides. Crude bioapatites were purified by pyrolysis and FT-Raman and XRD techniques confirm the presence of hydroxyapatite [Ca5(PO4)3(OH)], with a molar mass of 502.3 g/mol, embedded in the organic matrix of the skeleton. The mineralized tissues of blue shark are promising marine sources for the extraction of high value biomaterials with clinical application in bone and tissue regeneration and are still completely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Vázquez
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6. Vigo, 36208 Galicia, Spain;
- Correspondence: (J.A.V.); (J.V.); Tel.: +34-986-231-930 (J.A.V.); Fax: +34-986-292-762 (J.V.)
| | - Javier Fraguas
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6. Vigo, 36208 Galicia, Spain;
| | - Pío González
- New Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, University of Vigo, IISGS, MTI, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (P.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Julia Serra
- New Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, University of Vigo, IISGS, MTI, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (P.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Jesus Valcarcel
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6. Vigo, 36208 Galicia, Spain;
- Correspondence: (J.A.V.); (J.V.); Tel.: +34-986-231-930 (J.A.V.); Fax: +34-986-292-762 (J.V.)
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Multidirectional Strategies for Targeted Delivery of Oncolytic Viruses by Tumor Infiltrating Immune Cells. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105094. [PMID: 32795509 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) immunotherapy has demonstrated to be a promising approach in cancer treatment due to tumor-specific oncolysis. However, their clinical use so far has been largely limited due to the lack of suitable delivery strategies with high efficacy. Direct 'intratumoral' injection is the way to cross the hurdles of systemic toxicity, while providing local effects. Progress in this field has enabled the development of alternative way using 'systemic' oncolytic virotherapy for producing better results. One major potential roadblock to systemic OV delivery is the low virus persistence in the face of hostile immune system. The delivery challenge is even greater when attempting to target the oncolytic viruses into the entire tumor mass, where not all tumor cells are equally exposed to exactly the same microenvironment. The microenvironment of many tumors is known to be massively infiltrated with various types of leucocytes in both primary and metastatic sites. Interestingly, this intratumoral immune cell heterogeneity exhibits a degree of organized distribution inside the tumor bed as evidenced, for example, by the hypoxic tumor microenviroment where predominantly recruits tumor-associated macrophages. Although in vivo OV delivery seems complicated and challenging, recent results are encouraging for decreasing the limitations of systemically administered oncolytic viruses and an improved efficiency of oncolytic viral therapy in targeting cancerous tissues in vitro. Here, we review the latest developments of carrier cell-based oncolytic virus delivery using tumor-infiltrating immune cells with a focus on the main features of each cellular vehicle.
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Voynow JA, Zheng S, Kummarapurugu AB. Glycosaminoglycans as Multifunctional Anti-Elastase and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1011. [PMID: 32733248 PMCID: PMC7360816 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil elastase (NE) is a major protease in the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) that activates airway inflammation by several mechanisms. NE stimulates epithelial toll like receptors (TLR) resulting in cytokine upregulation and release, upregulates MUC5AC, a major airway mucin, degrades both phagocytic receptors and opsonins resulting in both neutrophil and macrophage phagocytic failure, generates oxidative stress via extracellular generation and uptake of heme free iron, and activates other proteases. Altogether, these mechanisms create a significant inflammatory challenge that impairs innate immune function and results in airway remodeling. Currently, a major gap in our therapeutic approach to CF lung disease is the lack of an effective therapeutic strategy targeting active NE and its downstream pro-inflammatory sequelae. Polysulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are potent anti-elastase drugs that have additional anti-inflammatory properties. Heparin is a prototype of a glycosaminoglycan with both anti-elastase and anti-inflammatory properties. Heparin inhibits NE in an allosteric manner with high potency. Heparin also inhibits cathepsin G, blocks P-selectin and L-selectin, hinders ligand binding to the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts, and impedes histone acetyltransferase activity which dampens cytokine transcription and High Mobility Group Box 1 release. Furthermore, nebulized heparin treatment improves outcomes for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, acute lung injury and smoke inhalation. However, the anticoagulant activity of heparin is a potential contraindication for this therapy to be developed for CF lung disease. Therefore, modified heparins and other GAGs are being developed that retain the anti-elastase and anti-inflammatory qualities of heparin with minimal to no anticoagulant activity. The modified heparin, 2-O, 3-O desulfated heparin (ODSH), maintains anti-elastase and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo, and has little residual anticoagulant activity. Heparan sulfate with O-sulfate residues but not N-sulfate residues blocks allergic asthmatic inflammation in a murine model. Polysulfated hyaluronic acid abrogates allergen- triggered rhinosinusitis in a murine model. Finally, nonsaccharide glycosaminoglycan mimetics with specific sulfate modifications can be designed to inhibit NE activity. Altogether, these novel GAGs or GAG mimetics hold significant promise to address the unmet need for inhaled anti-elastase and anti-inflammatory therapy for patients with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Voynow
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Children's Hospital of Richmond at VCU, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Shuo Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Children's Hospital of Richmond at VCU, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Apparao B Kummarapurugu
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Children's Hospital of Richmond at VCU, Richmond, VA, United States
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Crude Heparin Preparations Unveil the Presence of Structurally Diverse Oversulfated Contaminants. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24162988. [PMID: 31426507 PMCID: PMC6721129 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, pharmaceutical heparin is purified from porcine and bovine intestinal mucosa. In the past decade there has been an ongoing concern about the safety of heparin, since in 2008, adverse effects associated with the presence of an oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) were observed in preparations of pharmaceutical porcine heparin, which led to the death of patients, causing a global public health crisis. However, it has not been clarified whether OSCS has been added to the purified heparin preparation, or whether it has already been introduced during the production of the raw heparin. Using a combination of different analytical methods, we investigate both crude and final heparin products and we are able to demonstrate that the sulfated contaminants are intentionally introduced in the initial steps of heparin preparation. Furthermore, the results show that the oversulfated compounds are not structurally homogeneous. In addition, we show that these contaminants are able to bind to cells in using well known heparin binding sites. Together, the data highlights the importance of heparin quality control even at the initial stages of its production.
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36
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Zhang R, Zhang T, Lv Y, Qin P, Li H, Li JP, Tan T. Selective binding of heparin oligosaccharides in a magnetic thermoresponsive molecularly imprinted polymer. Talanta 2019; 201:441-449. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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37
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Dinoro J, Maher M, Talebian S, Jafarkhani M, Mehrali M, Orive G, Foroughi J, Lord MS, Dolatshahi-Pirouz A. Sulfated polysaccharide-based scaffolds for orthopaedic tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2019; 214:119214. [PMID: 31163358 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Given their native-like biological properties, high growth factor retention capacity and porous nature, sulfated-polysaccharide-based scaffolds hold great promise for a number of tissue engineering applications. Specifically, as they mimic important properties of tissues such as bone and cartilage they are ideal for orthopaedic tissue engineering. Their biomimicry properties encompass important cell-binding motifs, native-like mechanical properties, designated sites for bone mineralisation and strong growth factor binding and signaling capacity. Even so, scientists in the field have just recently begun to utilise them as building blocks for tissue engineering scaffolds. Most of these efforts have so far been directed towards in vitro studies, and for these reasons the clinical gap is still substantial. With this review paper, we have tried to highlight some of the important chemical, physical and biological features of sulfated-polysaccharides in relation to their chondrogenic and osteogenic inducing capacity. Additionally, their usage in various in vivo model systems is discussed. The clinical studies reviewed herein paint a promising picture heralding a brave new world for orthopaedic tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Dinoro
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science AIIM Facility University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Malachy Maher
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science AIIM Facility University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Sepehr Talebian
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science AIIM Facility University of Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Mahboubeh Jafarkhani
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, 2800 Kgs, Denmark
| | - Mehdi Mehrali
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, 2800 Kgs, Denmark
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01006, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain; Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore
| | - Javad Foroughi
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science AIIM Facility University of Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Alireza Dolatshahi-Pirouz
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, 2800 Kgs, Denmark; Department of Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips van Leydenlaan 25, Nijmegen, 6525 EX, the Netherlands.
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Mycroft-West CJ, Cooper LC, Devlin AJ, Procter P, Guimond SE, Guerrini M, Fernig DG, Lima MA, Yates EA, Skidmore MA. A Glycosaminoglycan Extract from Portunus pelagicus Inhibits BACE1, the β Secretase Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E293. [PMID: 31100859 PMCID: PMC6562973 DOI: 10.3390/md17050293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options for Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia, are currently restricted to palliative treatments. The glycosaminoglycan heparin, widely used as a clinical anticoagulant, has previously been shown to inhibit the Alzheimer's disease-relevant β-secretase 1 (BACE1). Despite this, the deployment of pharmaceutical heparin for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease is largely precluded by its potent anticoagulant activity. Furthermore, ongoing concerns regarding the use of mammalian-sourced heparins, primarily due to prion diseases and religious beliefs hinder the deployment of alternative heparin-based therapeutics. A marine-derived, heparan sulphate-containing glycosaminoglycan extract, isolated from the crab Portunus pelagicus, was identified to inhibit human BACE1 with comparable bioactivity to that of mammalian heparin (IC50 = 1.85 μg mL-1 (R2 = 0.94) and 2.43 μg mL-1 (R2 = 0.93), respectively), while possessing highly attenuated anticoagulant activities. The results from several structural techniques suggest that the interactions between BACE1 and the extract from P. pelagicus are complex and distinct from those of heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney J Mycroft-West
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Lynsay C Cooper
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Anthony J Devlin
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Patricia Procter
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Scott E Guimond
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - David G Fernig
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Marcelo A Lima
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Mark A Skidmore
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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39
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Wei Q, Zhang X, Zhou C, Ren Q, Zhang Y. Roles of large aggregating proteoglycans in human intervertebral disc degeneration. Connect Tissue Res 2019; 60:209-218. [PMID: 29992840 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2018.1499731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of the intervertebral discs, a natural progression of the aging process, is strongly implicated as a cause of low back pain. Aggrecan is the major structural proteoglycan in the extracellular matrix of the intervertebral disc. It is large, possessing numerous glycosaminoglycan chains and the ability to form aggregates in association with hyaluronan. The negatively charged glycosaminoglycan side chains in aggrecan in the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs can bind electrostatically to polar water molecules, which are crucial for maintaining the well-hydrated state that enables the discs to undergo reversible deformation under compressive loading. A more in-depth understanding of the molecular basis of disc degeneration is essential to the design of therapeutic solutions to treat degenerative discs. Within this scope, we discuss the current knowledge concerning the structure and function of aggrecan in intervertebral disc degeneration. These data suggest that aggrecan plays a central role in the function and degeneration of the intervertebral disc, which may suggest potential aggrecan-based therapies for disc regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshen Wei
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Rizhao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital , Rizhao , China
| | - Xiangwei Zhang
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Rizhao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital , Rizhao , China
| | - Caiju Zhou
- b School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jining Medical University , Rizhao , China
| | - Qiang Ren
- b School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jining Medical University , Rizhao , China
| | - Yuntao Zhang
- b School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jining Medical University , Rizhao , China
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40
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Vázquez JA, Fraguas J, Novoa-Carballal R, Reis RL, Pérez-Martín RI, Valcarcel J. Optimal isolation and characterisation of chondroitin sulfate from rabbit fish (Chimaera monstrosa). Carbohydr Polym 2019; 210:302-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Heparinized Polyurethane Surface Via a One-Step Photografting Method. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040758. [PMID: 30791534 PMCID: PMC6412568 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional methods using coupling chemistry for surface grafting of heparin onto polyurethane (PU) are disadvantageous due to their generally low efficiency. In order to overcome this problem, a quick one-step photografting method is proposed here. Three heparin derivatives incorporating 0.21, 0.58, and 0.88 wt% pendant aryl azide groups were immobilized onto PU surfaces, leading to similar grafting densities of 1.07, 1.17, and 1.13 μg/cm2, respectively, yet with increasing densities of anchoring points. The most negatively charged surface and the maximum binding ability towards antithrombin III were found for the heparinized PU with the lowest amount of aryl azide/anchor sites. Furthermore, decreasing the density of anchoring points was found to inhibit platelet adhesion to a larger extent and to prolong plasma recalcification time, prothrombin time, thrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time to a larger extent. This was also found to enhance the bioactivity of immobilized heparin from 22.9% for raw heparin to 36.9%. This could be explained by the enhanced molecular mobility of immobilized heparin when it is more loosely anchored to the PU surface, as well as a higher surface charge.
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Abstract
The translation of biological glycosylation in humans to the clinical applications involves systematic studies using homogeneous samples of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, which could be accessed by chemical, enzymatic or other biological methods. However, the structural complexity and wide-range variations of glycans and their conjugates represent a major challenge in the synthesis of this class of biomolecules. To help navigate within many methods of oligosaccharide synthesis, this Perspective offers a critical assessment of the most promising synthetic strategies with an eye on the therapeutically relevant targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Krasnova
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115 , Taiwan
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43
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He C, Ji H, Qian Y, Wang Q, Liu X, Zhao W, Zhao C. Heparin-based and heparin-inspired hydrogels: size-effect, gelation and biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:1186-1208. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02671h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The size-effect, fabrication methods and biomedical applications of heparin-based and heparin-inspired hydrogels are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Haifeng Ji
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Yihui Qian
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Weifeng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Changsheng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
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44
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Lanzi C, Cassinelli G. Heparan Sulfate Mimetics in Cancer Therapy: The Challenge to Define Structural Determinants and the Relevance of Targets for Optimal Activity. Molecules 2018; 23:E2915. [PMID: 30413079 PMCID: PMC6278363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond anticoagulation, the therapeutic potential of heparin derivatives and heparan sulfate (HS) mimetics (functionally defined HS mimetics) in oncology is related to their ability to bind and modulate the function of a vast array of HS-binding proteins with pivotal roles in cancer growth and progression. The definition of structural/functional determinants and the introduction of chemical modifications enabled heparin derivatives to be identified with greatly reduced or absent anticoagulant activity, but conserved/enhanced anticancer activity. These studies paved the way for the disclosure of structural requirements for the inhibitory effects of HS mimetics on heparanase, selectins, and growth factor receptor signaling, as well as for the limitation of side effects. Actually, HS mimetics affect the tumor biological behavior via a multi-target mechanism of action based on their effects on tumor cells and various components of the tumor microenvironment. Emerging evidence indicates that immunomodulation can participate in the antitumor activity of these agents. Significant ability to enhance the antitumor effects of combination treatments with standard therapies was shown in several tumor models. While the first HS mimetics are undergoing early clinical evaluation, an improved understanding of the molecular contexts favoring the antitumor action in certain malignancies or subgroups is needed to fully exploit their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Lanzi
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Cassinelli
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Isolation and Chemical Characterization of Chondroitin Sulfate from Cartilage By-Products of Blackmouth Catshark ( Galeus melastomus). Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16100344. [PMID: 30241332 PMCID: PMC6213352 DOI: 10.3390/md16100344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan actively researched for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and tissue engineering applications. CS extracted from marine animals displays different features from common terrestrial sources, resulting in distinct properties, such as anti-viral and anti-metastatic. Therefore, exploration of undescribed marine species holds potential to expand the possibilities of currently-known CS. Accordingly, we have studied for the first time the production and characterization of CS from blackmouth catshark (Galeus melastomus), a shark species commonly discarded as by-catch. The process of CS purification consists of cartilage hydrolysis with alcalase, followed by two different chemical treatments and ending with membrane purification. All steps were optimized by response surface methodology. According to this, the best conditions for cartilage proteolysis were established at 52.9 °C and pH = 7.31. Subsequent purification by either alkaline treatment or hydroalcoholic alkaline precipitation yielded CS with purities of 81.2%, 82.3% and 97.4% respectively, after 30-kDa membrane separation. The molecular weight of CS obtained ranges 53–66 kDa, depending on the conditions. Sulfation profiles were similar for all materials, with dominant CS-C (GlcA-GalNAc6S) units (55%), followed by 23–24% of CS-A (GlcA-GalNAc4S), a substantial amount (15–16%) of CS-D (GlcA2S-GalNAc6S) and less than 7% of other disulfated and unsulfated disaccharides.
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Kang Z, Zhou Z, Wang Y, Huang H, Du G, Chen J. Bio-Based Strategies for Producing Glycosaminoglycans and Their Oligosaccharides. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:806-818. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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47
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Marine glycosaminoglycan-like carbohydrates as potential drug candidates for infectious disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:919-929. [PMID: 30026370 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), present in the extracellular matrix, are exploited by numerous, distinct microbes for cellular attachment, adhesion, invasion and evasion of the host immune system. Glycosaminoglycans, including the widely used, clinical anticoagulant heparin and semi-synthetic analogues thereof, have been reported to inhibit and disrupt interactions between microbial proteins and carbohydrates present on the surface of host cells. However, the anticoagulant properties of unmodified, pharmaceutical heparin preparations preclude their capabilities as therapeutics for infectious disease states. Here, unique Glycosaminoglycan-like saccharides from various, distinct marine species are reported for their potential use as therapeutics against infectious diseases; many of which possess highly attenuated anticoagulant activities, while retaining significant antimicrobial properties.
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Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Human Colorectal Cancer. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2018; 2018:8389595. [PMID: 30027065 PMCID: PMC6031075 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8389595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide, accounting for more than 610,000 mortalities every year. Prognosis of patients is highly dependent on the disease stage at diagnosis. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate molecules involved in colorectal cancer tumorigenesis, with possible use as tumor markers. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are complex molecules present in the cell membrane and extracellular matrix, which play vital roles in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and signaling pathways. In colorectal cancer, the cell surface proteoglycan syndecan-2 is upregulated and increases cell migration. Moreover, expression of syndecan-1 and syndecan-4, generally antitumor molecules, is reduced. Levels of glypicans and perlecan are also altered in colorectal cancer; however, their role in tumor progression is not fully understood. In addition, studies have reported increased heparan sulfate remodeling enzymes, as the endosulfatases. Therefore, heparan sulfate proteoglycans are candidate molecules to clarify colorectal cancer tumorigenesis, as well as important targets to therapy and diagnosis.
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49
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Lebellenger L, Verrez-Bagnis V, Passerini D, Delbarre-Ladrat C. Comparative genomics reveals a widespread distribution of an exopolysaccharide biosynthesis gene cluster among Vibrionaceae. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:102. [PMID: 29409541 PMCID: PMC5801674 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The eps locus in Vibrio diabolicus is involved in the production of the biotechnologically valuable HE800 EPS. In this study, the distribution and diversity of similar eps gene clusters across Vibrionaceae and its variability in relation to phylogenetic relationship were investigated. The aim was to provide a better knowledge of the eps gene cluster importance and to facilitate discovery of new EPS with potent interesting bioactivities. Results Seventy percent of the 103 genome sequences examined display such an eps locus with a high level of synteny. However, genetic divergence was found inside some monophyletic clades or even between some strains of the same species. It includes gene insertions, truncations, and deletions. Comparative analysis also reveals some variations in glycosyltransferase and export systems genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the Vibrionaceae eps gene clusters within Vibrionaceae suggests a vertical transfer by speciation but also pinpoints rearrangement events independent of the speciation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-018-3214-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou Lebellenger
- Ifremer, Atlantique Center, Biotechnology and Marine Resources Unit, Marine Ecosystems and Marine Molecules for the Biotechnologies Laboratory, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Véronique Verrez-Bagnis
- Ifremer, Atlantique Center, Biotechnology and Marine Resources Unit, Marine Ecosystems and Marine Molecules for the Biotechnologies Laboratory, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Delphine Passerini
- Ifremer, Atlantique Center, Biotechnology and Marine Resources Unit, Marine Ecosystems and Marine Molecules for the Biotechnologies Laboratory, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Christine Delbarre-Ladrat
- Ifremer, Atlantique Center, Biotechnology and Marine Resources Unit, Marine Ecosystems and Marine Molecules for the Biotechnologies Laboratory, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France.
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50
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Zhang GL, Ye XS. Synthetic Glycans and Glycomimetics: A Promising Alternative to Natural Polysaccharides. Chemistry 2018; 24:6696-6704. [PMID: 29282776 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A large quantity of polysaccharide-derived conjugate vaccines have been developed to combat various pathogenic infections. Another prominent polysaccharide, heparin, is listed as an essential drug by the World Health Organization (WHO) to treat thrombus. One of their common problems is that they all derive from natural polysaccharides. Specifically, capsular polysaccharides are mainly obtained from bacterial fermentation and unfractionated heparin is extracted from animal tissues such as porcine mucosa. The quality of natural polysaccharides is inconsistent and traces of contamination would cause a disaster. By contrast, the use of chemical or chemoenzymatic methods could provide structurally homogeneous and quality-controlled glycans. To date, large numbers of polysaccharide fragments and their analogues have been synthesized and evaluated. Some of them even showed comparable activities to their corresponding natural polysaccharides. Here, the latest advances in these synthetic glycan analogues ranging from carbohydrate-based vaccines, heparin-related therapeutics and glycomimetics of polysaccharides are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of National and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 10091, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of National and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 10091, P. R. China
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