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Ben Miri Y, Benabdallah A, Chentir I, Djenane D, Luvisi A, De Bellis L. Comprehensive Insights into Ochratoxin A: Occurrence, Analysis, and Control Strategies. Foods 2024; 13:1184. [PMID: 38672856 PMCID: PMC11049263 DOI: 10.3390/foods13081184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic mycotoxin produced by some mold species from genera Penicillium and Aspergillus. OTA has been detected in cereals, cereal-derived products, dried fruits, wine, grape juice, beer, tea, coffee, cocoa, nuts, spices, licorice, processed meat, cheese, and other foods. OTA can induce a wide range of health effects attributable to its toxicological properties, including teratogenicity, immunotoxicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity. OTA is not only toxic to humans but also harmful to livestock like cows, goats, and poultry. This is why the European Union and various countries regulate the maximum permitted levels of OTA in foods. This review intends to summarize all the main aspects concerning OTA, starting from the chemical structure and fungi that produce it, its presence in food, its toxicity, and methods of analysis, as well as control strategies, including both fungal development and methods of inactivation of the molecule. Finally, the review provides some ideas for future approaches aimed at reducing the OTA levels in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamina Ben Miri
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohamed Boudiaf University, BP 166, M’sila 28000, Algeria;
| | - Amina Benabdallah
- Laboratory on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Pollution, Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University Chadli Bendjedid, El-Tarf 36000, Algeria;
| | - Imene Chentir
- Laboratory of Food, Processing, Control and Agri-Resources Valorization, Higher School of Food Science and Agri-Food Industry, Algiers 16200, Algeria;
| | - Djamel Djenane
- Food Quality and Safety Research Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences, Mouloud Mammeri University, BP 17, Tizi-Ouzou 15000, Algeria;
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento Palazzina A—Centro Ecotekne via Prov, le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento Palazzina A—Centro Ecotekne via Prov, le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
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2
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Nguyen MD, Nguyen KN, Malo S, Banerjee I, Wu D, Du-Thumm L, Dauphin-Ducharme P. Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Biosensors for Measurements in Undiluted Human Saliva. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4625-4635. [PMID: 37992319 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Although blood remains a gold standard diagnostic fluid for most health exams, it involves an unpleasant and relatively invasive sampling procedure (finger pricking or venous draw). Saliva contains many relevant and useful biomarkers for diagnostic purposes, and its collection, in contrast, is noninvasive and can be obtained with minimal effort. Current saliva analyses are, however, achieved using chromatography or lateral flow assays, which, despite their high accuracy and sensitivity, can demand expensive laboratory-based instruments operated by trained personnel or offer only semiquantitative results. In response, we investigated electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) biosensors, a reagentless sensing platform, to allow for continuous and real-time measurements directly in undiluted, unstimulated human whole saliva. As a proof-of-concept study, we developed E-AB biosensors capable of detecting low-molecular-weight analytes (glucose and adenosine monophosphate (AMP)). To our knowledge, we report the first E-AB sensor for glucose, an approach that is inherently independent of its chemical reactivity in contrast to home glucometers. For these three sensors, we evaluated their figures of merits, stability, and reusability over short- and long-term exposure directly in saliva. In doing so, we found that E-AB sensors allow rapid and convenient molecular measurements in whole saliva with unprecedented sensitivities in the pico- to nanomolar regime and could be regenerated and reused up to 7 days when washed and stored in phosphate-buffered saline at room temperature. We envision that salivary molecular measurements using E-AB sensors are a promising alternative to invasive techniques and can be used for improved point-of-care clinical diagnosis and at-home measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Dat Nguyen
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Khoa-Nam Nguyen
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Samuel Malo
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Indrani Banerjee
- Colgate, Research and Development Center, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Donghui Wu
- Colgate, Research and Development Center, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Laurence Du-Thumm
- Colgate, Research and Development Center, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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3
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Rousseau CR, Kumakli H, White RJ. Perspective-Assessing Electrochemical, Aptamer-Based Sensors for Dynamic Monitoring of Cellular Signaling. ECS SENSORS PLUS 2023; 2:042401. [PMID: 38152504 PMCID: PMC10750225 DOI: 10.1149/2754-2726/ad15a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical, aptamer-based (E-AB) sensors provide a generalizable strategy to quantitatively detect a variety of targets including small molecules and proteins. The key signaling attributes of E-AB sensors (sensitivity, selectivity, specificity, and reagentless and dynamic sensing ability) make them well suited to monitor dynamic processes in complex environments. A key bioanalytical challenge that could benefit from the detection capabilities of E-AB sensors is that of cell signaling, which involves the release of molecular messengers into the extracellular space. Here, we provide a perspective on why E-AB sensors are suited for this measurement, sensor requirements, and pioneering examples of cellular signaling measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste R. Rousseau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States of America
| | - Hope Kumakli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States of America
| | - Ryan J. White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States of America
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States of America
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4
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Yu J, Ai S, Zhang W, Wang C, Shi P. Ratiometric fluorescent aptasensor for convenient detection of ochratoxin A in beer and orange juice. Analyst 2023; 148:5172-5177. [PMID: 37721150 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01360j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Based on the principle of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), a simple ratiometric fluorescent aptasensor for convenient detection of ochratoxin A (OTA), a Group IIB carcinogen secreted by some fungi, was established. Initially, the anti-OTA aptamer with a quadruplex structure was flanked with FAM and BHQ1, and its partially complementary DNA (cDNA) was tagged with Cy3. In the absence of OTA, this aptamer hybridized with the cDNA strand forming a DNA duplex structure, in which BHQ1 was adjacent to Cy3 and distant from FAM. Due to the FRET principle, the fluorescence intensity emitted by Cy3 (FCy3) was quenched by BHQ1, and the fluorescence intensity emitted by FAM (FFAM) recovered. In the presence of OTA, the prepared aptamer preferred to bind with OTA instead of cDNA, forming an aptamer-OTA complex structure in which BHQ1 was adjacent to FAM and distant from Cy3. As a result, FFAM was quenched and FCy3 was restored. OTA can be accurately detected via the determination of the FCy3/FFAM ratio value. Under optimal conditions, this ratiometric fluorescent aptasensor offers excellent OTA detection in the range of 0.6 nmol L-1-5 μmol L-1, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.3 nmol L-1. This ratiometric aptasensor showed the advantages of easy operation, accuracy and sensitive analysis. Good specificity of this aptasensor was demonstrated. This ratiometric aptasensor could be used for the detection of OTA in real samples, e.g. beer and orange juice, showing its promising application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China.
| | - Shuheng Ai
- School of Medicine, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Wenhan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China.
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China.
- School of Medicine, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Pengfei Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China.
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5
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Tsai YC, Weng WY, Yeh YT, Chien JC. Dual-Aptamer Drift Canceling Techniques to Improve Long-Term Stability of Real-Time Structure-Switching Aptasensors. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3380-3388. [PMID: 37671977 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a dual-aptamer scheme to mitigate signal drifts caused by structure-switching aptamers during long-term monitoring. Electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) biosensors have recently shown great potential for continuous in vivo monitoring. However, the accuracy of detection is often limited by signaling drifts. Traditional approaches rely on kinetic differential measurements (KDM) coupled with square-wave voltammetry to eliminate these drifts. Yet, we have discovered that KDM does not apply universally to all aptamers, as their responses at different SWV frequencies heavily rely on their structure-switching characteristics and the electron transfer (ET) kinetics of the redox reporters. In light of this, we propose a "dual-aptamer" scheme that utilizes two aptamers, each responding differently to the same target molecule to cancel out drift. These paired aptamers are identified through (1) screening from an existing pool of aptamers and (2) engineering the signaling behavior of the redox reporters. We demonstrate the differential signaling of the aptamer pair in the presence of ampicillin and ATP molecules and show that the pair exhibits similar drifts in undiluted goat serum. By implementing drift cancelation, sensor drift is reduced by a factor of 370. Additionally, the differential signaling enables an increased recording throughput by leveraging differential readout electronics. The authors believe that the proposed technique holds significant benefits for long-term in vivo monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chen Tsai
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Da'an District, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yang Weng
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Da'an District, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tung Yeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Da'an District, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Chau Chien
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Da'an District, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Da'an District, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
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6
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Zaimbashi R, Tajik S, Beitollahi H, Torkzadeh-Mahani M. Fabrication of a Novel and Ultrasensitive Label-Free Electrochemical Aptasensor Based on Gold Nanostructure for Detection of Homocysteine. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13020244. [PMID: 36832010 PMCID: PMC9953955 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The current attempt was made to detect the amino acid homocysteine (HMC) using an electrochemical aptasensor. A high-specificity HMC aptamer was used to fabricate an Au nanostructured/carbon paste electrode (Au-NS/CPE). HMC at high blood concentration (hyperhomocysteinemia) can be associated with endothelial cell damage leading to blood vessel inflammation, thereby possibly resulting in atherogenesis leading to ischemic damage. Our proposed protocol was to selectively immobilize the aptamer on the gate electrode with a high affinity to the HMC. The absence of a clear alteration in the current due to common interferants (methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys)) indicated the high specificity of the sensor. The aptasensor was successful in sensing HMC ranging between 0.1 and 30 μM, with a narrow limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.03 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zaimbashi
- Environment Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman 7631818356, Iran
| | - Somayeh Tajik
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran
| | - Hadi Beitollahi
- Environment Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman 7631818356, Iran
| | - Masoud Torkzadeh-Mahani
- Biotechnology Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman 7631818356, Iran
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7
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Rahbarimehr E, Chao HP, Churcher ZR, Slavkovic S, Kaiyum YA, Johnson PE, Dauphin-Ducharme P. Finding the Lost Dissociation Constant of Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Biosensors. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2229-2237. [PMID: 36638814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) biosensors afford real-time measurements of the concentrations of molecules directly in complex matrices and in the body, offering alternative strategies to develop innovative personalized medicine tools. While different electroanalytical techniques have been used to interrogate E-AB sensors (i.e., cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and chronoamperometry) to resolve the change in electron transfer of the aptamer's covalently attached redox reporter, square-wave voltammetry remains a widely used technique due to its ability to maximize the redox reporter's faradic contribution to the measured current. Several E-AB sensors interrogated with this technique, however, show lower aptamer affinity (i.e., μM-mM) even in the face of employing aptamers that have high affinities (i.e., nM-μM) when characterized using solution techniques such as isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) or fluorescence spectroscopy. Given past reports showing that E-AB sensor's response is dependent on square-wave interrogation parameters (i.e., frequency and amplitude), we hypothesized that the difference in dissociation constants measured with solution techniques stemmed from the electrochemical interrogation technique itself. In response, we decided to compare six dissociation constants of aptamers when characterized in solution with ITC and when interrogated on electrodes with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, a technique able to, in contrast to square-wave voltammetry, deconvolute and quantify E-AB sensors' contributions to the measured current. In doing so, we found that we were able to measure dissociation constants that were either separated by 2-3-fold or within experimental errors. These results are in contrast with square-wave voltammetry-measured dissociation constants that are at the most separated by 2-3 orders of magnitude from ones measured by ITC. We thus envision that the versatility and time scales covered by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy offer the highest sensitivity to measure target binding in electrochemical biosensors relying on changes in electron-transfer rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Rahbarimehr
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QuébecJ1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Hoi Pui Chao
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, OntarioM3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Zachary R Churcher
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, OntarioM3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sladjana Slavkovic
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, OntarioM3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Yunus A Kaiyum
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, OntarioM3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Philip E Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, OntarioM3J 1P3, Canada
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8
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Recent Advances in Nanomaterial-Based Sensing for Food Safety Analysis. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing public attention on unceasing food safety incidents prompts the requirements of analytical techniques with high sensitivity, reliability, and reproducibility to timely prevent food safety incidents occurring. Food analysis is critically important for the health of both animals and human beings. Due to their unique physical and chemical properties, nanomaterials provide more opportunities for food quality and safety control. To date, nanomaterials have been widely used in the construction of sensors and biosensors to achieve more accurate, fast, and selective food safety detection. Here, various nanomaterial-based sensors for food analysis are outlined, including optical and electrochemical sensors. The discussion mainly involves the basic sensing principles, current strategies, and novel designs. Additionally, given the trend towards portable devices, various smartphone sensor-based point-of-care (POC) devices for home care testing are discussed.
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9
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Downs AM, Plaxco KW. Real-Time, In Vivo Molecular Monitoring Using Electrochemical Aptamer Based Sensors: Opportunities and Challenges. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2823-2832. [PMID: 36205360 PMCID: PMC9840907 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The continuous, real-time measurement of specific molecules in situ in the body would greatly improve our ability to understand, diagnose, and treat disease. The vast majority of continuous molecular sensing technologies, however, either (1) rely on the chemical or enzymatic reactivity of their targets, sharply limiting their scope, or (2) have never been shown (and likely will never be shown) to operate in the complex environments found in vivo. Against this background, here we review electrochemical aptamer-based (EAB) sensors, an electrochemical approach to real-time molecular monitoring that has now seen 15 years of academic development. The strengths of the EAB platform are significant: to date it is the only molecular measurement technology that (1) functions independently of the chemical reactivity of its targets, and is thus general, and (2) supports in vivo measurements. Specifically, using EAB sensors we, and others, have already reported the real-time, seconds-resolved measurements of multiple, unrelated drugs and metabolites in situ in the veins and tissues of live animals. Against these strengths, we detail the platform's remaining weaknesses, which include still limited measurement duration (hours, rather than the more desirable days) and the difficulty in obtaining sufficiently high performance aptamers against new targets, before then detailing promising approaches overcoming these hurdles. Finally, we close by exploring the opportunities we believe this potentially revolutionary technology (as well as a few, possibly competing, technologies) will create for both researchers and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M. Downs
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Kevin W. Plaxco
- Center for Bioengineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA,Corresponding author:
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10
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Tang T, Liu Y, Jiang Y. Recent Progress on Highly Selective and Sensitive Electrochemical Aptamer-based Sensors. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022; 38:866-878. [PMID: 35530120 PMCID: PMC9069955 DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Highly selective, sensitive, and stable biosensors are essential for the molecular level understanding of many physiological activities and diseases. Electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) sensor is an appealing platform for measurement in biological system, attributing to the combined advantages of high selectivity of the aptamer and high sensitivity of electrochemical analysis. This review summarizes the latest development of E-AB sensors, focuses on the modification strategies used in the fabrication of sensors and the sensing strategies for analytes of different sizes in biological system, and then looks forward to the challenges and prospects of the future development of electrochemical aptamer-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei Tang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 P. R. China
| | - Yinghuan Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 P. R. China
| | - Ying Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
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11
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Nanomaterial-based aptamer biosensors for ochratoxin A detection: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2953-2969. [PMID: 35296913 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widely distributed mycotoxin that often contaminates food, grains and animal feed. It poses a serious threat to human health because of its high toxicity and persistence. Therefore, the development of an inexpensive, highly sensitive, accurate and rapid method for OTA detection is imperative. In recent years, various nanomaterials used in the establishment of aptasensors have attracted great attention due to their large surface-to-volume ratio, good stability and facile preparation. This review summarizes the development of nanomaterial-based aptasensors for OTA determination and sample treatment over the past 5 years. The nanomaterials used in OTA aptasensors include metal, carbon, luminescent, magnetic and other nanomaterials. Finally, the limitations and future challenges in the development of nanomaterial-based OTA aptasensors are reviewed and discussed.
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12
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Qian S, Chang D, He S, Li Y. Aptamers from random sequence space: Accomplishments, gaps and future considerations. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1196:339511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Idili A, Montón H, Medina-Sánchez M, Ibarlucea B, Cuniberti G, Schmidt OG, Plaxco KW, Parolo C. Continuous monitoring of molecular biomarkers in microfluidic devices. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 187:295-333. [PMID: 35094779 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to monitor molecular targets is crucial in fields ranging from healthcare to industrial processing to environmental protection. Devices employing biomolecules to achieve this goal are called biosensors. Over the last half century researchers have developed dozens of different biosensor approaches. In this chapter we analyze recent advances in the biosensing field aiming at adapting these to the problem of continuous molecular monitoring in complex sample streams, and how the merging of these sensors with lab-on-a-chip technologies would be beneficial to both. To do so we discuss (1) the components that comprise a biosensor, (2) the challenges associated with continuous molecular monitoring in complex sample streams, (3) how different sensing strategies deal with (or fail to deal with) these challenges, and (4) the implementation of these technologies into lab-on-a-chip architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Idili
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Helena Montón
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | | | - Bergoi Ibarlucea
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz, Germany; School of Science, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kevin W Plaxco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Interdepartmental Program in Biomolecular Science and Engineering University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Claudio Parolo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Dillen A, Lammertyn J. Paving the way towards continuous biosensing by implementing affinity-based nanoswitches on state-dependent readout platforms. Analyst 2022; 147:1006-1023. [DOI: 10.1039/d1an02308j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Combining affinity-based nanoswitches with state-dependent readout platforms allows for continuous biosensing and acquisition of real-time information about biochemical processes occurring in the environment of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Dillen
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems – Biosensors Group, Willem de Croylaan 42, Box 2428, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Lammertyn
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems – Biosensors Group, Willem de Croylaan 42, Box 2428, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Yuan Y, DeBrosse M, Brothers M, Kim S, Sereda A, Ivanov NV, Hussain S, Heikenfeld J. Oil-Membrane Protection of Electrochemical Sensors for Fouling- and pH-Insensitive Detection of Lipophilic Analytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:53553-53563. [PMID: 34665962 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To take full advantage of the reagent- and label-free sensing capabilities of electrochemical sensors, a frequent and remaining challenge is interference and degradation of the sensors due to uncontrolled pH or salinity in the sample solution or foulants from the sample solution. Here, we present an oil-membrane sensor protection technique that allows for the permeation of hydrophobic (lipophilic) analytes into a sealed sensor compartment containing ideal salinity and pH conditions while simultaneously blocking common hydrophilic interferents (proteins, acids, bases, etc.) In this paper, we validate the oil-membrane sensor protection technique by demonstrating continuous cortisol detection via electrochemical aptamer-based (EAB) sensors. The encapsulated EAB cortisol sensor exhibits a 5 min concentration-on rise time and maintains a measurement signal of at least 7 h even in the extreme condition of an acidic solution of pH 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchan Yuan
- Novel Devices Lab, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Madeleine DeBrosse
- Novel Devices Lab, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
- 711 Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Michael Brothers
- 711 Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Steve Kim
- 711 Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | | | | | - Saber Hussain
- 711 Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Jason Heikenfeld
- Novel Devices Lab, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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16
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Physical Surface Modification of Carbon-Nanotube/Polydimethylsiloxane Composite Electrodes for High-Sensitivity DNA Detection. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102661. [PMID: 34685103 PMCID: PMC8541392 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The chemical modification of electrode surfaces has attracted significant attention for lowering the limit of detection or for improving the recognition of biomolecules; however, the chemical processes are complex, dangerous, and difficult to control. Therefore, instead of the chemical process, we physically modified the surface of carbon-nanotube/polydimethylsiloxane composite electrodes by dip coating them with functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (F-MWCNTs). These electrodes are used as working electrodes in electrochemistry, where they act as a recognition layer for sequence-specific DNA sensing through π-π interactions. The F-MWCNT-modified electrodes showed a limit of detection of 19.9 fM, which was 1250 times lower than that of pristine carbon/polydimethylsiloxane electrodes in a previous study, with a broad linear range of 1-1000 pM. The physically modified electrode was very stable during the electrode regeneration process after DNA detection. Our method paves the way for utilizing physical modification to significantly lower the limit of detection of a biosensor system as an alternative to chemical processes.
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17
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Rhouati A, Marty JL, Vasilescu A. Electrochemical biosensors combining aptamers and enzymatic activity: Challenges and analytical opportunities. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Seitz WR, Grenier CJ, Csoros JR, Yang R, Ren T. Molecular Recognition: Perspective and a New Approach. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21082757. [PMID: 33919700 PMCID: PMC8070717 DOI: 10.3390/s21082757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This perspective presents an overview of approaches to the preparation of molecular recognition agents for chemical sensing. These approaches include chemical synthesis, using catalysts from biological systems, partitioning, aptamers, antibodies and molecularly imprinted polymers. The latter three approaches are general in that they can be applied with a large number of analytes, both proteins and smaller molecules like drugs and hormones. Aptamers and antibodies bind analytes rapidly while molecularly imprinted polymers bind much more slowly. Most molecularly imprinted polymers, formed by polymerizing in the presence of a template, contain a high level of covalent crosslinker that causes the polymer to form a separate phase. This results in a material that is rigid with low affinity for analyte and slow binding kinetics. Our approach to templating is to use predominantly or exclusively noncovalent crosslinks. This results in soluble templated polymers that bind analyte rapidly with high affinity. The biggest challenge of this approach is that the chains are tangled when the templated polymer is dissolved in water, blocking access to binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Rudolf Seitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA; (J.R.C.); (T.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-603-862-2408
| | | | - John R. Csoros
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA; (J.R.C.); (T.R.)
| | - Rongfang Yang
- Community College of Rhode Island, 400 East Ave., Warwick, RI 02886, USA;
| | - Tianyu Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA; (J.R.C.); (T.R.)
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19
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Pellitero MA, Curtis SD, Arroyo-Currás N. Interrogation of Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Sensors via Peak-to-Peak Separation in Cyclic Voltammetry Improves the Temporal Stability and Batch-to-Batch Variability in Biological Fluids. ACS Sens 2021; 6:1199-1207. [PMID: 33599479 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical, aptamer-based (E-AB) sensors support continuous, real-time measurements of specific molecular targets in complex fluids such as undiluted serum. They achieve these measurements by using redox-reporter-modified, electrode-attached aptamers that undergo target binding-induced conformational changes which, in turn, change electron transfer between the reporter and the sensor surface. Traditionally, E-AB sensors are interrogated via pulse voltammetry to monitor binding-induced changes in transfer kinetics. While these pulse techniques are sensitive to changes in electron transfer, they also respond to progressive changes in the sensor surface driven by biofouling or monolayer desorption and, consequently, present a significant drift. Moreover, we have empirically observed that differential voltage pulsing can accelerate monolayer desorption from the sensor surface, presumably via field-induced actuation of aptamers. Here, in contrast, we demonstrate the potential advantages of employing cyclic voltammetry to measure electron-transfer changes directly. In our approach, the target concentration is reported via changes in the peak-to-peak separation, ΔEP, of cyclic voltammograms. Because the magnitude of ΔEP is insensitive to variations in the number of aptamer probes on the electrode, ΔEP-interrogated E-AB sensors are resistant to drift and show decreased batch-to-batch and day-to-day variability in sensor performance. Moreover, ΔEP-based measurements can also be performed in a few hundred milliseconds and are, thus, competitive with other subsecond interrogation strategies such as chronoamperometry but with the added benefit of retaining sensor capacitance information that can report on monolayer stability over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Aller Pellitero
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, United States
| | - Samuel D. Curtis
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, United States
| | - Netzahualcóyotl Arroyo-Currás
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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20
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Parolo C, Idili A, Ortega G, Csordas A, Hsu A, Arroyo-Currás N, Yang Q, Ferguson BS, Wang J, Plaxco KW. Real-Time Monitoring of a Protein Biomarker. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1877-1881. [PMID: 32619092 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to monitor protein biomarkers continuously and in real-time would significantly advance the precision of medicine. Current protein-detection techniques, however, including ELISA and lateral flow assays, provide only time-delayed, single-time-point measurements, limiting their ability to guide prompt responses to rapidly evolving, life-threatening conditions. In response, here we present an electrochemical aptamer-based sensor (EAB) that supports high-frequency, real-time biomarker measurements. Specifically, we have developed an electrochemical, aptamer-based (EAB) sensor against Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL), a protein that, if present in urine at levels above a threshold value, is indicative of acute renal/kidney injury (AKI). When deployed inside a urinary catheter, the resulting reagentless, wash-free sensor supports real-time, high-frequency monitoring of clinically relevant NGAL concentrations over the course of hours. By providing an "early warning system", the ability to measure levels of diagnostically relevant proteins such as NGAL in real-time could fundamentally change how we detect, monitor, and treat many important diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Parolo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Andrea Idili
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Gabriel Ortega
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Andrew Csordas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Alex Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Netzahualcóyotl Arroyo-Currás
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Qin Yang
- Aptitude Medical Systems, Inc., Santa Barbara, California 93105, United States
| | | | - Jinpeng Wang
- Aptitude Medical Systems, Inc., Santa Barbara, California 93105, United States
| | - Kevin W. Plaxco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Interdepartmental Program in Biomolecular Science and Engineering University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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21
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Griesche C, Baeumner AJ. Biosensors to support sustainable agriculture and food safety. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Abstract
It is challenging to tune the response of biosensors to a set of ligands, for example, cross-reactivity to a given target family while maintaining high specificity against interferents, due to the lack of suitable bioreceptors. We present a novel approach for controlling the cross-reactivity of biosensors by employing defined mixtures of aptamers that have differing binding properties. As a demonstration, we develop assays for the specific detection of a family of illicit designer drugs, the synthetic cathinones, with customized responses to each target ligand and interferent. We first use a colorimetric dye-displacement assay to show that the binding spectra of dual-aptamer mixtures can be tuned by altering the molar ratio of these bioreceptors. Optimized assays achieve broad detection of synthetic cathinones with minimal response toward interferents and generally demonstrate better sensing performance than assays utilizing either aptamer alone. The generality of this strategy is demonstrated with a dual-aptamer electrochemical sensor. Our approach enables customization of biosensor responsiveness to an extent that has yet to be achieved through any previously reported aptamer engineering techniques such as sequence mutation or truncation. Since multiple aptamers for the designated target family can routinely be identified via high-throughput sequencing, we believe our strategy offers a generally applicable method for generating near-ideal aptamer biosensors for various analytical applications, including medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and drug detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhu Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Haixiang Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Obtin Alkhamis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Jordan Moliver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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23
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Idili A, Parolo C, Ortega G, Plaxco KW. Calibration-Free Measurement of Phenylalanine Levels in the Blood Using an Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Sensor Suitable for Point-of-Care Applications. ACS Sens 2019; 4:3227-3233. [PMID: 31789505 PMCID: PMC8097980 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
By analogy to the revolution the "home glucose monitor" created in the treatment of diabetes, the availability of a modular, "platform" technology able to measure nearly any metabolite, biomarker, or drug "at-home" in unprocessed, finger-prick volumes of whole blood could revolutionize the monitoring and treatment of disease. Thus motivated, we have adapted here the electrochemical aptamer-based sensing platform to the problem of rapidly and conveniently measuring the level of phenylalanine in the blood, an ability that would aid the monitoring and management of phenylketonuria (PKU). To achieve this, we exploited a previously reported DNA aptamer that recognizes phenylalanine in complex with a rhodium-based "receptor" that improves affinity. We re-engineered this to undergo a large-scale, binding-induced conformational change before modifying it with a methylene blue redox reporter and attaching it to a gold electrode that supports the appropriate electrochemical interrogation. The resultant sensor achieves a useful dynamic range of 90 nM to 7 μM. When challenged with finger-prick-scale sample volumes of the whole blood (diluted 1000-fold to match the sensor's dynamic range), the device achieves the accurate (±20%), calibration-free measurement of blood phenylalanine levels in minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Idili
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Center for Bioengineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Claudio Parolo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Center for Bioengineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Gabriel Ortega
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Center for Bioengineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kevin W. Plaxco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Center for Bioengineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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24
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Holtan MD, Somasundaram S, Khuda N, Easley CJ. Nonfaradaic Current Suppression in DNA-Based Electrochemical Assays with a Differential Potentiostat. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15833-15839. [PMID: 31718147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the key factors limiting sensitivity in many electrochemical assays is the nonfaradaic or capacitive current. This is particularly true in modern assay systems based on DNA monolayers at gold electrode surfaces, which have shown great promise for bioanalysis in complex milieu such as whole blood or serum. While various changes in analytical parameters, redox reporter molecules, DNA structures, probe coverage, and electrode surface area have been shown useful, background reduction by hardware subtraction has not yet been explored for these assays. Here, we introduce new electrochemistry hardware that considerably suppresses nonfaradaic currents through real-time analog subtraction during current-to-voltage conversion in the potentiostat. This differential potentiostat (DiffStat) configuration is shown to suppress or remove capacitance currents in chronoamperometry, cyclic voltammetry, and square-wave voltammetry measurements applied to nucleic acid hybridization assays at the electrode surface. The DiffStat makes larger electrodes and higher sensitivity settings accessible to the user, providing order-of-magnitude improvements in sensitivity, and it also significantly simplifies data processing to extract faradaic currents in square-wave voltammetry (SWV). Because two working electrodes are used for differential measurements, unique arrangements are introduced such as converting signal-OFF assays to signal-ON assays or background drift correction in 50% human serum. Overall, this new potentiostat design should be helpful not only in improving the sensitivity of most electrochemical assays, but it should also better support adaptation of assays to the point-of-care by circumventing complex data processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Holtan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
| | - Subramaniam Somasundaram
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
| | - Niamat Khuda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
| | - Christopher J Easley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
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25
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Curtis SD, Ploense KL, Kurnik M, Ortega G, Parolo C, Kippin TE, Plaxco KW, Arroyo-Currás N. Open Source Software for the Real-Time Control, Processing, and Visualization of High-Volume Electrochemical Data. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12321-12328. [PMID: 31462040 PMCID: PMC7336365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Electrochemical sensors
are major players in the race for improved
molecular diagnostics due to their convenience, temporal resolution,
manufacturing scalability, and their ability to support real-time
measurements. This is evident in the ever-increasing number of health-related
electrochemical sensing platforms, ranging from single-measurement
point-of-care devices to wearable devices supporting immediate and
continuous monitoring. In support of the need for such systems to
rapidly process large data volumes, we describe here an open-source,
easily customizable, multiplatform compatible program for the real-time
control, processing, and visualization of electrochemical data. The
software’s architecture is modular and fully documented, allowing
the easy customization of the code to support the processing of voltammetric
(e.g., square-wave and cyclic) and chronoamperometric data. The program,
which we have called Software for the Analysis and Continuous Monitoring of Electrochemical Systems (SACMES), also includes a graphical interface
allowing the user to easily change analysis parameters (e.g., signal/noise
processing, baseline correction) in real-time. To demonstrate the
versatility of SACMES we use it here to analyze the real-time data
output by (1) the electrochemical, aptamer-based measurement of a
specific small-molecule target, (2) a monoclonal antibody-detecting
DNA-scaffold sensor, and (3) the determination of the folding thermodynamics
of an electrode-attached, redox-reporter-modified protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Curtis
- Center for Bioengineering , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences , Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Kyle L Ploense
- Center for Bioengineering , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Martin Kurnik
- Center for Bioengineering , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Gabriel Ortega
- Center for Bioengineering , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Claudio Parolo
- Center for Bioengineering , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Tod E Kippin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States.,Neuroscience Research Institute , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States.,Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Kevin W Plaxco
- Center for Bioengineering , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Netzahualcóyotl Arroyo-Currás
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences , Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
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26
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Sharafeldin M, Kadimisetty K, Bhalerao KR, Bist I, Jones A, Chen T, Lee NH, Rusling JF. Accessible Telemedicine Diagnostics with ELISA in a 3D Printed Pipette Tip. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7394-7402. [PMID: 31050399 PMCID: PMC7158886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report herein a novel pipet-based "ELISA in a tip" as a new versatile diagnostic tool featuring better sensitivity, shorter incubation time, accessibility, and low sample and reagent volumes compared to traditional ELISA. Capture and analysis of data by a cell phone facilitates electronic delivery of results to health care providers. Pipette tips were designed and 3D printed as adapters to fit most commercial 50-200 μL pipettes. Capture antibodies (Ab1) are immobilized on the inner walls of the pipet tip, which serves as the assay compartment where samples and reagents are moved in and out by pipetting. Signals are generated using colorimetric or chemiluminescent (CL) reagents and can be quantified using a cell phone, CCD camera, or plate reader. We utilized pipet-tip ELISA to detect four cancer biomarker proteins with detection limits similar to or lower than microplate ELISAs at 25% assay cost and time. Recoveries of these proteins from spiked human serum were 85-115% or better, depending slightly on detection mode. Using CCD camera quantification of CL with femto-luminol reagent gave limits of detection (LOD) as low as 0.5 pg/mL. Patient samples (13) were assayed for 3 biomarker proteins with results well correlated to conventional ELISA and an established microfluidic electrochemical immunoassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sharafeldin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zakazik, Sharkia 44519, Egypt
| | - Karteek Kadimisetty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Ketki R. Bhalerao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Itti Bist
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Abby Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Tianqi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Norman H. Lee
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20037, United States
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Institute of Material Science, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, United States
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
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27
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Arroyo-Currás N, Ortega G, Copp DA, Ploense KL, Plaxco ZA, Kippin TE, Hespanha JP, Plaxco KW. High-Precision Control of Plasma Drug Levels Using Feedback-Controlled Dosing. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2018; 1:110-118. [PMID: 32219207 PMCID: PMC7088981 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.8b00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
By, in effect, rendering pharmacokinetics an experimentally adjustable parameter, the ability to perform feedback-controlled dosing informed by high-frequency in vivo drug measurements would prove a powerful tool for both pharmacological research and clinical practice. Efforts to this end, however, have historically been thwarted by an inability to measure in vivo drug levels in real time and with sufficient convenience and temporal resolution. In response, we describe a closed-loop, feedback-controlled delivery system that uses drug level measurements provided by an in vivo electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) sensor to adjust dosing rates every 7 s. The resulting system supports the maintenance of either constant or predefined time-varying plasma drug concentration profiles in live rats over many hours. For researchers, the resultant high-precision control over drug plasma concentrations provides an unprecedented opportunity to (1) map the relationships between pharmacokinetics and clinical outcomes, (2) eliminate inter- and intrasubject metabolic variation as a confounding experimental variable, (3) accurately simulate human pharmacokinetics in animal models, and (4) measure minute-to-minute changes in a drug's pharmacokinetic behavior in response to changing health status, diet, drug-drug interactions, or other intrinsic and external factors. In the clinic, feedback-controlled drug delivery would improve our ability to accurately maintain therapeutic drug levels in the face of large, often unpredictable intra- and interpatient metabolic variation. This, in turn, would improve the efficacy and safety of therapeutic intervention, particularly for the most gravely ill patients, for whom metabolic variability is highest and the margin for therapeutic error is smallest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netzahualcóyotl Arroyo-Currás
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States,E-mail: . Tel.: (410) 955-3569
| | - Gabriel Ortega
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, §Center for Bioengineering, ⊥Center for Control,
Dynamical Systems, and Computation, #Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, and ∇The Neuroscience
Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental
Biology, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States,CIC
bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Ed. 801A, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - David A. Copp
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, §Center for Bioengineering, ⊥Center for Control,
Dynamical Systems, and Computation, #Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, and ∇The Neuroscience
Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental
Biology, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kyle L. Ploense
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, §Center for Bioengineering, ⊥Center for Control,
Dynamical Systems, and Computation, #Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, and ∇The Neuroscience
Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental
Biology, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Zoe A. Plaxco
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, §Center for Bioengineering, ⊥Center for Control,
Dynamical Systems, and Computation, #Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, and ∇The Neuroscience
Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental
Biology, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Tod E. Kippin
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, §Center for Bioengineering, ⊥Center for Control,
Dynamical Systems, and Computation, #Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, and ∇The Neuroscience
Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental
Biology, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - João P. Hespanha
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, §Center for Bioengineering, ⊥Center for Control,
Dynamical Systems, and Computation, #Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, and ∇The Neuroscience
Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental
Biology, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kevin W. Plaxco
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, §Center for Bioengineering, ⊥Center for Control,
Dynamical Systems, and Computation, #Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, and ∇The Neuroscience
Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental
Biology, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States,E-mail: . Tel.: (805) 893-5558
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28
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Li H, Somerson J, Xia F, Plaxco KW. Electrochemical DNA-Based Sensors for Molecular Quality Control: Continuous, Real-Time Melamine Detection in Flowing Whole Milk. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10641-10645. [PMID: 30141321 PMCID: PMC6555152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability to monitor specific molecules in real-time directly in a flowing sample stream and in a manner that does not adulterate that stream could greatly augment quality control in, for example, food processing and pharmaceutical manufacturing. Because they are continuous, reagentless, and able to work directly in complex samples, electrochemical DNA-based (E-DNA) sensors, a modular and, thus, general sensing platform, are promising candidates to fill this role. In support, we describe here an E-DNA sensor supporting the continuous, real-time measurement of melamine in flowing milk. Using target-driven DNA triplex formation to generate an electrochemical output, the sensor responds to rising and falling melamine concentration in seconds without contaminating the product stream. The continuous, autonomous, real-time operation of sensors such as this could provide unprecedented safety, convenience, and cost-effectiveness relative to the batch processes historically employed in molecular quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Jacob Somerson
- Interdepartmental Program in Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Fan Xia
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Kevin W. Plaxco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Center for Bioengineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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