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Sen S, Ganta B, Rachel VN, Gogikar SK, Singh V, Sonti R, Dikundwar AG. Mapping Advantages and Challenges in Analytical Development for Fixed Dose Combination Products, a Review. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:2028-2043. [PMID: 38697403 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Formulations containing more than one active ingredient are increasingly gaining popularity due to advantages with regard to patient convenience as well as reduced cost of production, packaging, and transportation. Such fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) demand for enhanced analytical methodologies and tools to efficiently achieve quality control of these complex products as compared to the conventional products containing only one active constituent. Highly efficient analytical methods can measure multiple constituents at once, improving their quality control. This review article discusses the challenges in the development of such methods due to the similarities or differences in the chemical identity of the participating drug molecules in an FDC. The latest developments in multiple analyte determination using various analytical techniques (HPLC, LC-MS, NMR, IR, powder XRD and DSC) are discussed, with a focus on special considerations in each case. The article discusses challenges with sample preparation of complex FDC products, and the use of Chemometrics and Quality by Design to develop efficient analytical methods. Lastly, an equation-based approach is proposed and demonstrated to arrive at a parameter referred to as "percentage efficiency gain" that would be useful in directly accessing the relevance and commercial benefits of a simultaneous method vis-a-vis separate methods for individual components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibu Sen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Brundharika Ganta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India
| | - V Nina Rachel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Shiva Kumar Gogikar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Vartika Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Amol G Dikundwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India.
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2
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Tsigara AS, Banti CN, Hatzidimitriou A, Hadjikakou SK. Tetracycline: structural characterization and antimicrobial properties of its water-soluble di-anionic bi-sodium salt. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:12080-12089. [PMID: 38869456 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01384k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The new water-soluble di-anionic bi-sodium salt of tetracycline (TC), an antibiotic in clinical use, with the formula {[TC]2-[Na+(MeOH)(H2O)] [Na+]·(H2O)}n (TCNa) was synthesized. The compound was characterized by m.p., attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infra-red (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet (UV) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy in the solid state and in solution. The molecular weight (MW) was determined by cryoscopy. The crystal structure of TCNa was also determined by X-ray crystallography. The antibacterial activity of TCNa was evaluated against the bacterial species Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) by means of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and inhibition zones (IZs). Moreover, the ability of the compound to eradicate biofilm formation was also evaluated. The results are compared with those obtained for the commercially available drug TCH2. The in vitro and in vivo toxicities of TCNa were tested against human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and Artemia salina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi S Tsigara
- Biological Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Christina N Banti
- Biological Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Antonios Hatzidimitriou
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sotiris K Hadjikakou
- Biological Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
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Aitipamula S, Bolla G. Optimizing Drug Development: Harnessing the Sustainability of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3121-3143. [PMID: 38814314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Environmental impacts of the industrial revolution necessitate adoption of sustainable practices in all areas of development. The pharmaceutical industry faces increasing pressure to minimize its ecological footprint due to its significant contribution to environmental pollution. Over the past two decades, pharmaceutical cocrystals have received immense popularity due to their ability to optimize the critical attributes of active pharmaceutical ingredients and presented an avenue to bring improved drug products to the market. This review explores the potential of pharmaceutical cocrystals as an ecofriendly alternative to traditional solid forms, offering a sustainable approach to drug development. From reducing the number of required doses to improving the stability of actives, from eliminating synthetic operations to using pharmaceutically approved chemicals, from the use of continuous and solvent-free manufacturing methods to leveraging published data on the safety and toxicology, the cocrystallization approach contributes to sustainability of drug development. The latest trends suggest a promising role of pharmaceutical cocrystals in bringing novel and improved medicines to the market, which has been further fuelled by the recent guidance from the major regulatory agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasulu Aitipamula
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Geetha Bolla
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
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Shih BB, Ma C, Cortes JR, Reglero C, Miller H, Quinn SA, Albero R, Laurent AP, Mackey A, Ferrando AA, Geskin L, Palomero T. Romidepsin and Afatinib Abrogate Jak-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Signaling and Elicit Synergistic Antitumor Effects in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:1579-1589.e8. [PMID: 38219917 PMCID: PMC11193653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are mature lymphoid neoplasias resulting from the malignant transformation of skin-resident T-cells. A distinctive clinical feature of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas is their sensitivity to treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors. However, responses to histone deacetylase inhibitor therapy are universally transient and noncurative, highlighting the need for effective and durable drug combinations. In this study, we demonstrate that the combination of romidepsin, a selective class I histone deacetylase inhibitor, with afatinib, an EGFR family inhibitor, induces strongly synergistic antitumor effects in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma models in vitro and in vivo through abrogation of Jak-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling. These results support a previously unrecognized potential role for histone deacetylase inhibitor plus afatinib combination in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby B Shih
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cindy Ma
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jose R Cortes
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Clara Reglero
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hannah Miller
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - S Aidan Quinn
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert Albero
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Biomedical Research Institute August Pi y Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anouchka P Laurent
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam Mackey
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adolfo A Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Larisa Geskin
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Teresa Palomero
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
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Haddadzadegan S, To D, Matteo Jörgensen A, Wibel R, Laffleur F, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Comparative Analysis of PEG-Free and PEG-Based Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems for Enhanced Oral Bioavailability of Therapeutic (Poly) Peptides. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307618. [PMID: 38308358 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to compare the potential of Polyethylene glycol (PEG-free and PEG-based self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) for the oral administration of insulin glargine (IG). Hydrophobic ion pairs (HIPs) of IG are formed using various counterions. HIPs are assessed for log P octanol/water and dissociation behavior. They are incorporated into SEDDS based on polyglycerol (PG) and zwitterionic surfactant (ZW) using response surface methodology and compared to conventional PEG-SEDDS in size, stability, and log D SEDDS/release medium. Oral IG bioavailability in PG/ZW-SEDDS and PEG-SEDDS is evaluated in rats. Among the various counterions studied, IG-BIS (bis(isotridecyl)sulfosuccinate) HIPs demonstrated the highest log P and an improved dissociation profile. PG/ZW-SEDDS and PEG-SEDDS have similar ≈40 nm sizes and are stable over 24 h. Both formulations have log D > 4 in water and >2 in 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 6.8. PG/ZW-SEDDS yielded an oral bioavailability of 2.13 ± 0.66% for IG, while the employment of PEG-SEDDS resulted in an oral bioavailability of 1.15 ± 0.35%. This study highlights the prospective utilization of PEG-free SEDDS involving the concurrent application of PG and ZW surfactants, an alternative to conventional PEG surfactants, for improved oral therapeutic (poly) peptide delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Haddadzadegan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dennis To
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arne Matteo Jörgensen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard Wibel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Flavia Laffleur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Salvati S, D'Andria Ursoleo J, Belletti A, Monti G, Bonizzoni MA, Fazio M, Landoni G. Norepinephrine Salt Formulations and Risk of Therapeutic Error: Results of a National Survey. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2024:S1053-0770(24)00365-3. [PMID: 38908934 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2024.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Norepinephrine is available commercially in solution containing its salt (eg, tartrate), but only the base form (ie, norepinephrine base) is active pharmacologically. Unfortunately, the outer label of drug packages frequently reports the dosage of norepinephrine as a salt, which can lead potentially to therapeutic errors when prescribing norepinephrine. We performed a survey to assess the level of awareness of this issue. DESIGN National survey. SETTING Acute care units of Italian hospitals. PARTICIPANTS Acute care physicians and nurses. INTERVENTIONS A 15-item online survey was emailed to 305 critical care practitioners in Italy. Questions included information on the participants' background, methods of diluting norepinephrine, interpretation of recommended doses from guidelines, and a sample case related to the preparation and administration of the drug. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We collected 106 responses from 54 hospitals. All hospitals used norepinephrine bitartrate salt. Of the participants, 53% responded that the guidelines express norepinephrine dosages as a salt, 23% as the base form, and 24% were unsure or unaware about it. The simulated patient-dose calculation was resolved in 81% of cases with an incorrect calculation referring to the norepinephrine salt and only in 19% referring to the norepinephrine base. CONCLUSIONS There is significant variability in dosage management of norepinephrine across different hospital units, as well as a lack of knowledge regarding the salt-to-base ratio. Scientific publications (eg, guidelines) should specify whether they are referring to the base or salt form of norepinephrine. The adoption of different labeling and national standards for dilution may decrease the risk of therapeutic errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Salvati
- Hospital Pharmacy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo D'Andria Ursoleo
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Belletti
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Monti
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Aldo Bonizzoni
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Fazio
- Hospital Pharmacy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Landoni
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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7
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Wu D, Liu J, Paragas EM, Yadav J, Aliwarga T, Heimbach T, Escotet-Espinoza MS. Assessing and mitigating pH-mediated DDI risks in drug development - formulation approaches and clinical considerations. Drug Metab Rev 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38700278 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2345632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
pH-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDI) is a prevalent DDI in drug development, especially for weak base compounds with highly pH-dependent solubility. FDA has released a guidance on the evaluation of pH-mediated DDI assessments using in vitro testing and clinical studies. Currently, there is no common practice of ways of testing across the academia and industry. The development of biopredictive method and physiologically-based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) approaches to assess acid-reducing agent (ARA)-DDI have been proven with accurate prediction and could decrease drug development burden, inform clinical design and potentially waive clinical studies. Formulation strategies and careful clinical design could help mitigate the pH-mediated DDI to avoid more clinical studies and label restrictions, ultimately benefiting the patient. In this review paper, a detailed introduction on biorelevant dissolution testing, preclinical and clinical study requirement and PBPK modeling approaches to assess ARA-DDI are described. An improved decision tree for pH-mediated DDI is proposed. Potential mitigations including clinical or formulation strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences & Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences & Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Erickson M Paragas
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Department, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jaydeep Yadav
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Theresa Aliwarga
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Department, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tycho Heimbach
- Pharmaceutical Sciences & Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
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Wieruszewski PM, Leone M, Kaas-Hansen BS, Dugar S, Legrand M, McKenzie CA, Bissell Turpin BD, Messina A, Nasa P, Schorr CA, De Waele JJ, Khanna AK. Position Paper on the Reporting of Norepinephrine Formulations in Critical Care from the Society of Critical Care Medicine and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Joint Task Force. Crit Care Med 2024; 52:521-530. [PMID: 38240498 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000006176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide guidance on the reporting of norepinephrine formulation labeling, reporting in publications, and use in clinical practice. DESIGN Review and task force position statements with necessary guidance. SETTING A series of group conference calls were conducted from August 2023 to October 2023, along with a review of the available evidence and scope of the problem. SUBJECTS A task force of multinational and multidisciplinary critical care experts assembled by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. INTERVENTIONS The implications of a variation in norepinephrine labeled as conjugated salt (i.e., bitartrate or tartrate) or base drug in terms of effective concentration of norepinephrine were examined, and guidance was provided. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS There were significant implications for clinical care, dose calculations for enrollment in clinical trials, and results of datasets reporting maximal norepinephrine equivalents. These differences were especially important in the setting of collaborative efforts across countries with reported differences. CONCLUSIONS A joint task force position statement was created outlining the scope of norepinephrine-dose formulation variations, and implications for research, patient safety, and clinical care. The task force advocated for a uniform norepinephrine-base formulation for global use, and offered advice aimed at appropriate stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Wieruszewski
- Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Marc Leone
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nord Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | - Siddharth Dugar
- Department of Critical Care, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Matthieu Legrand
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Cathrine A McKenzie
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR), Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Perioperative and Critical Care Theme, and NIHR Wessex Applied Research Collaborative, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Brittany D Bissell Turpin
- Ephraim McDowell Regional Medical Center, Danville, KY
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Antonio Messina
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano (MI), Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele (MI), Italy
| | - Prashant Nasa
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, NMC Specialty Hospital, Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Christa A Schorr
- Cooper Department of Medicine, Cooper Research Institute, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ
- Cooper Medical School at Rowan University, Camden, NJ
| | - Jan J De Waele
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ashish K Khanna
- Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH
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Subbaiah MAM, Rautio J, Meanwell NA. Prodrugs as empowering tools in drug discovery and development: recent strategic applications of drug delivery solutions to mitigate challenges associated with lead compounds and drug candidates. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2099-2210. [PMID: 38226865 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The delivery of a drug to a specific organ or tissue at an efficacious concentration is the pharmacokinetic (PK) hallmark of promoting effective pharmacological action at a target site with an acceptable safety profile. Sub-optimal pharmaceutical or ADME profiles of drug candidates, which can often be a function of inherently poor physicochemical properties, pose significant challenges to drug discovery and development teams and may contribute to high compound attrition rates. Medicinal chemists have exploited prodrugs as an informed strategy to productively enhance the profiles of new chemical entities by optimizing the physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, and pharmacokinetic properties as well as selectively delivering a molecule to the site of action as a means of addressing a range of limitations. While discovery scientists have traditionally employed prodrugs to improve solubility and membrane permeability, the growing sophistication of prodrug technologies has enabled a significant expansion of their scope and applications as an empowering tool to mitigate a broad range of drug delivery challenges. Prodrugs have emerged as successful solutions to resolve non-linear exposure, inadequate exposure to support toxicological studies, pH-dependent absorption, high pill burden, formulation challenges, lack of feasibility of developing solid and liquid dosage forms, first-pass metabolism, high dosing frequency translating to reduced patient compliance and poor site-specific drug delivery. During the period 2012-2022, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved 50 prodrugs, which amounts to 13% of approved small molecule drugs, reflecting both the importance and success of implementing prodrug approaches in the pursuit of developing safe and effective drugs to address unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugaiah A M Subbaiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra Phase IV, Bangalore, PIN 560099, India.
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Zöller L, Avdeef A, Karlsson E, Borde A, Carlert S, Saal C, Dressman J. A comparison of USP 2 and µDISS Profiler™ apparatus for studying dissolution phenomena of ibuprofen and its salts. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 193:106684. [PMID: 38154507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmaceutical salts of poorly soluble drugs typically dissolve faster than their corresponding free acid or base, resulting in supersaturation under some circumstances. The key questions relevant to drug bioavailability "does the salt invoke the supersaturated state?" and, if so, "does precipitation occur?" remain. To answer these questions, different types of dissolution equipment are often used at different stages of the development process. AIM To compare the dissolution behaviour of ibuprofen and its sodium and lysine salts in the USP 2 apparatus and the µDISS Profiler™ apparatus. The dissolution, supersaturation of the salt forms and precipitation to the free acid of ibuprofen were characterized along with the dissolution of the free acid form. METHODS Media containing different concentrations of the salt-forming counterions - sodium and lysine - were used to investigate the influence of the type of dissolution apparatus used for the study on dissolution, supersaturation and precipitation behaviour. KEY RESULTS Supersaturation was observed for both the sodium and lysinate salts of ibuprofen in all USP 2 apparatus and µDISS Profiler™ experiments. However, precipitation tended to be far greater in the µDISS Profiler™ than in the USP 2 apparatus. The difference was most pronounced in pH 4.5 acetate buffer, in which precipitation was observed exclusively in experiments with the µDISS Profiler™. CONCLUSION Choice of dissolution apparatus can affect the dissolution/supersaturation/precipitation characteristics of pharmaceutical salts. This has to be carefully taken into account when investigating salts over different stages of pharmaceutical research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurin Zöller
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Eva Karlsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, 43150 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anders Borde
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, 43150 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Sara Carlert
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bio-Pharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, 43150 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Christoph Saal
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88400 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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11
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Kayalar C, Helal N, Mohamed EM, Dharani S, Khuroo T, Kuttolamadom MA, Rahman Z, Khan MA. In Vitro and In Vivo testing of 3D-Printed Amorphous Lopinavir Printlets by Selective Laser Sinitering: Improved Bioavailability of a Poorly Soluble Drug. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:20. [PMID: 38267637 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02729-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to investigate the effects of formulation parameters on the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior of amorphous printlets of lopinavir (LPV) manufactured by selective laser sintering 3D printing method (SLS). The formulation variables investigated were disintegrants (magnesium aluminum silicate at 5-10%, microcrystalline cellulose at 10-20%) and the polymer (Kollicoat® IR at 42-57%), while keeping printing parameters constant. Differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared analysis confirmed the transformation of the crystalline drug into an amorphous form. A direct correlation was found between the disintegrant concentration and dissolution. The dissolved drug ranged from 71.1 ± 5.7% to 99.3 ± 2.7% within 120 min. A comparative PK study in rabbits showed significant differences in the rate and extent of absorption between printlets and compressed tablets. The values for Tmax, Cmax, and AUC were 4 times faster, and 2.5 and 1.7 times higher in the printlets compared to the compressed tablets, respectively. In conclusion, the SLS printing method can be used to create an amorphous delivery system through a single continuous process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canberk Kayalar
- Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Reynolds Medical Sciences Building, Suite 159, College Station, TX, 77843-1114, United States of America
| | - Nada Helal
- Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Reynolds Medical Sciences Building, Suite 159, College Station, TX, 77843-1114, United States of America
| | - Eman M Mohamed
- Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Reynolds Medical Sciences Building, Suite 159, College Station, TX, 77843-1114, United States of America
| | - Sathish Dharani
- Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Reynolds Medical Sciences Building, Suite 159, College Station, TX, 77843-1114, United States of America
| | - Tahir Khuroo
- Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Reynolds Medical Sciences Building, Suite 159, College Station, TX, 77843-1114, United States of America
| | - Mathew A Kuttolamadom
- Dept. of Engineering Technology & Industrial Distribution, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States of America
| | - Ziyaur Rahman
- Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Reynolds Medical Sciences Building, Suite 159, College Station, TX, 77843-1114, United States of America
| | - Mansoor A Khan
- Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Reynolds Medical Sciences Building, Suite 159, College Station, TX, 77843-1114, United States of America.
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12
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Tonnis K, Jaworska J, Kasting GB. Modeling the percutaneous absorption of solvent-deposited solids over a wide dose range: II. Weak electrolytes. J Control Release 2024; 365:435-447. [PMID: 37996054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Dermal absorption of weak electrolytes applied to skin from pharmaceutical and cosmetic compositions is an important consideration for both their efficacy and skin safety. We developed a mechanistic, physics-based framework that simulates this process for leave on applications following solvent deposition. We incorporated this framework into our finite dose computational skin permeation model previously tested with nonelectrolytes to generate quantitative predictions for weak electrolytes. To test the model, we analyzed experimental data from an in vitro human skin permeation study of a weak acid (benzoic acid) and a weak base (propranolol) and their sodium and hydrochloride salts from simple, ethanol/water vehicles as a function of dose and ionization state. Key factors controlling absorption are the pH and buffer capacity of the dose solution, the dissolution rate of precipitated solids into a lipid boundary layer and the rate of conversion of the deposited solid to its conjugate form as the nonionized component permeates and (sometimes) evaporates from the skin surface. The resulting framework not only describes the current test data but has the potential to predict the absorption of other weak electrolytes following topical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tonnis
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Joanna Jaworska
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Data and Modeling Sciences, Brussels Innovation Center, Belgium
| | - Gerald B Kasting
- The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA.
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13
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Cui Q, Huang C, Liu JY, Zhang JT. Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting the "Undruggable" Survivin: The Past, Present, and Future from a Medicinal Chemist's Perspective. J Med Chem 2023; 66:16515-16545. [PMID: 38092421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Survivin, a homodimeric protein and a member of the IAP family, plays a vital function in cell survival and cycle progression by interacting with various proteins and complexes. Its expression is upregulated in cancers but not detectable in normal tissues. Thus, it has been regarded and validated as an ideal cancer target. However, survivin is "undruggable" due to its lack of enzymatic activities or active sites for small molecules to bind/inhibit. Academic and industrial laboratories have explored different strategies to overcome this hurdle over the past two decades, with some compounds advanced into clinical testing. These strategies include inhibiting survivin expression, its interaction with binding partners and homodimerization. Here, we provide comprehensive analyses of these strategies and perspective on different small molecule survivin inhibitors to help drug discovery targeting "undruggable" proteins in general and survivin specifically with a true survivin inhibitor that will prevail in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbin Cui
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Caoqinglong Huang
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Jing-Yuan Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Jian-Ting Zhang
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
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14
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Ahmed Y, Elkhodary KI, Youssef M. Molecular assessment of drug-phospholipid interactions consequent to cancer treatment: a study of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22155. [PMID: 38092839 PMCID: PMC10719326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiotoxicity limits the use of anthracyclines as potent chemotherapeutics. We employ classical molecular dynamics to explore anthracycline interactions with a realistic myocardial membrane and compare to an ideal membrane widely used in literature. The interaction of these two membranes with four anthracyclines; doxorubicin, epirubicin, daunorubicin, and idarubicin are studied. Careful analysis was conducted on three forms of each drug; pristine, primary metabolite, and cationic salt. By examining the molecular residence time near the membrane's surface, the average number of molecule/membrane hydrogen bonds, the immobilization of the molecules near the membrane, and the location of those molecules relative to the mid-plane of the membrane we found out that salt forms exhibit the highest cardiotoxic probability, followed by the metabolites and pristine forms. Additionally, all forms have more affinity to the upper layer of the realistic myocardial membrane. Meanwhile, an ideal membrane consisting of a single type of phospholipids is not capable of capturing the specific interactions of each drug form. These findings confirm that cardiotoxic mechanisms are membrane-layer and drug-form dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Ahmed
- Nanotechnology Program, The American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Khalil I Elkhodary
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Youssef
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
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15
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Guruprasad Reddy P, Bar-Hai A, Hoffman A, Marc Feldmann S, Domb AJ. Novel phenolate salts of bioactive agents: Cannabidiol phenolate salts. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106914. [PMID: 37857065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive phenolic compounds are commonly found in medications, with examples including apomorphine, estrone, thymol, estradiol, propofol, o-phenylphenol, l-Dopa, doxorubicin, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and cannabidiol (CBD). This study is the first to explore the creation and assessment of metal and ammonium phenolate salts using CBD as an example. CBD is used in medicine to treat anxiety, insomnia, chronic pain, and inflammation, but its bioavailability is limited due to poor water solubility. In this study exploit a synthetic route to convert CBD into anionic CBD-salts to enhance water solubility. Various CBD-salts with metal and ammonium counterions such as lithium (Li+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), choline hydroxide ([(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+), and tetrabutylammonium ([N(C4H9)4]+) have been synthesized and characterized. These salts are obtained in high yields, ranging from 74 % to 88 %, through a straightforward dehydration reaction between CBD and alkali metal hydroxides (LiOH, NaOH, KOH) or ammonium hydroxides (choline hydroxide, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide). These reactions are conducted in either ethanol, methanol, or a methanol:water mixture, maintaining a 1:1 molar ratio between the reactants. Comprehensive characterization using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and elemental (CHN) analysis confirms the formation of CBD-salts, as evidenced by the absence of aromatic hydroxyl resonances or stretching frequencies. The molecular formulas of CBD salts were determined based on CHN analysis, and CBD quantification from acid regeneration experiments. Characterization data confirms that each CBD phenolate in a specific CBD salt was electrostatically stabilized by one of the either alkali metal or ammonium ion. The CBD-salts are highly susceptible to acidic conditions, readily reverting back to the original CBD. The percentage and purity of CBD in the CBD-metal/ammonium salts have been studied using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Solubility studies indicate that the conversion of CBD into CBD salts significantly enhances its solubility in water, ranging from 110 to 1606 folds greater than pure CBD. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic evaluation of oral administration of CBD-salts compared to CBD were determined in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulikanti Guruprasad Reddy
- School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and Centre for Cannabis Research and the Institute of Drug Research, The Alex Grass Centre for Drug Design and Synthesis, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ayala Bar-Hai
- School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and Centre for Cannabis Research and the Institute of Drug Research, The Alex Grass Centre for Drug Design and Synthesis, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amnon Hoffman
- School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and Centre for Cannabis Research and the Institute of Drug Research, The Alex Grass Centre for Drug Design and Synthesis, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Abraham J Domb
- School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and Centre for Cannabis Research and the Institute of Drug Research, The Alex Grass Centre for Drug Design and Synthesis, Jerusalem, Israel.
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16
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Coliaie P, Bhawnani RR, Ali R, Kelkar MS, Korde A, Langston M, Liu C, Nazemifard N, Patience DB, Rosenbaum T, Skliar D, Nere NK, Singh MR. Snap-on Adaptor for Microtiter Plates to Enable Continuous-Flow Microfluidic Screening and Harvesting of Crystalline Materials. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:41502-41511. [PMID: 37969966 PMCID: PMC10633872 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Microtiter plate assay is a conventional and standard tool for high-throughput (HT) screening that allows the synthesis, harvesting, and analysis of crystals. The microtiter plate screening assays require a small amount of solute in each experiment, which is adequate for a solid-state crystal analysis such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) or Raman spectroscopy. Despite the advantages of these high-throughput assays, their batch operational nature results in a continuous decrease in supersaturation due to crystal nucleation and growth. Continuous-flow microfluidic mixer devices have evolved as an alternate technique for efficiently screening crystals under controlled supersaturation. However, such a microfluidic device requires a minimum of two inlets per micromixer to create cyclonic flow, thereby creating physical limitations for implementing such a device for HT screening. Additionally, the monolithic design of these microfluidic devices makes it challenging to harvest crystals for post-screening analysis. Here, we develop a snap-on adapter that can be reversibly attached to a microtiter plate and convert it into a continuous-flow microfluidic mixer device. The integration of the snap-on adapter with a flow distributor and concentration gradient generator provides greater control over screening conditions while minimizing the number of independent inlets and pumps required. The three-dimensional (3D)-printed snap-on adaptor is plugged into a 24-well plate assay to demonstrate salt screening of naproxen crystals. Different naproxen salts are crystallized using four different salt formers (SFs)-sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, pyridine, and arginine-and four different solvents-ethanol, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, and deionized water. The wells are further inspected under an optical microscope to identify their morphological forms and yields. The crystals are then harvested for solid-state characterization using XRD and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, followed by measurement of their dissolution rates. The flexibility of the snap-on adapter to fit on a wide range of microtiter plates and the ease in harvesting and analyzing crystals postscreening are two significant advantages that make this device versatile for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paria Coliaie
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois
at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Rajan R. Bhawnani
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois
at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Rabia Ali
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois
at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Manish S. Kelkar
- Center
of Excellence for Isolation & Separation Technologies (CoExIST), Process R&D, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Akshay Korde
- Center
of Excellence for Isolation & Separation Technologies (CoExIST), Process R&D, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Marianne Langston
- Pharmaceutics
Research—Analytical Development, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chengxiang Liu
- Pharmaceutical
Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Neda Nazemifard
- Pharmaceutics
Research—Analytical Development, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daniel B. Patience
- Chemical
Process Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Tamar Rosenbaum
- Bristol-Myers
Squibb Co., Drug Product Science & Technology, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Dimitri Skliar
- Bristol
Myers Squibb Co., Chemical & Synthetic Development, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Nandkishor K. Nere
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois
at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Center
of Excellence for Isolation & Separation Technologies (CoExIST), Process R&D, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Meenesh R. Singh
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois
at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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17
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Minecka A, Tarnacka M, Jurkiewicz K, Żakowiecki D, Kamiński K, Kamińska E. Mesoporous Matrices as a Promising New Generation of Carriers for Multipolymorphic Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Aripiprazole. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5655-5667. [PMID: 37756382 PMCID: PMC10630940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The enhancement of the properties (i.e., poor solubility and low bioavailability) of currently available active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is one of the major goals of modern pharmaceutical sciences. Among different strategies, a novel and innovative route to reach this milestone seems to be the application of nanotechnology, especially the incorporation of APIs into porous membranes composed of pores of nanometric size and made of nontoxic materials. Therefore, in this work, taking the antipsychotic API aripiprazole (APZ) infiltrated into various types of mesoporous matrices (anodic aluminum oxide, native, and silanized silica) characterized by similar pore diameters (d = 8-10 nm) as an example, we showed the advantage of incorporated systems in comparison to the bulk substance considering the crystallization kinetics, molecular dynamics, and physical stability. Calorimetric investigations supported by the temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that in the bulk system the recrystallization of polymorph III, which next is converted to the mixture of forms IV and I, is visible, while in the case of confined samples polymorphic forms I and III of APZ are produced upon heating of the molten API with different rates. Importantly, the two-step crystallization observed in thermograms obtained for the API infiltrated into native silica templates may suggest crystal formation by the interfacial and core molecules. Furthermore, dielectric studies enabled us to conclude that there is no trace of crystallization of spatially restricted API during one month of storage at T = 298 K. Finally, we found that in contrast to the crystalline and amorphous bulk samples, all examined confined systems show a logarithmic increase in API dissolution over time (very close to a prolonged release effect) without any sign of precipitation. Our data demonstrated that mesoporous matrices appear to be interesting candidates as carriers for unstable amorphous APIs, like APZ. In addition to protecting them against crystallization, they can provide the desired prolonged release effect, which may increase the drug concentration in the blood (resulting in higher bioavailability). We believe that the "nanostructirization" in terms of the application of porous membranes as a novel generation of drug carriers might open unique perspectives in the further development of drugs characterized by prolonged release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Minecka
- Department
of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia
in Katowice, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Magdalena Tarnacka
- A.
Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University
of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Karolina Jurkiewicz
- A.
Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University
of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Daniel Żakowiecki
- Chemische
Fabrik Budenheim KG, Rheinstrasse 27, 55257 Budenheim, Germany
| | - Kamil Kamiński
- A.
Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University
of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Ewa Kamińska
- Department
of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia
in Katowice, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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18
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Kim D, Lee J, Shyaka C, Kwak JH, Pai H, Rho M, Ciufolini MA, Han M, Park JH, Kim YR, Jung S, Jang AR, Kim E, Lee JY, Lee H, Son YJ, Hwang HJ. Identification of Micrococcin P2-Derivatives as Antibiotic Candidates against Two Gram-Positive Pathogens. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14263-14277. [PMID: 37796116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Thiopeptides exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive pathogens by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Micrococcins are among the structurally simpler thiopeptides, but they have not been exploited in detail. This research involved a computational simulation of micrococcin P2 (MP2) docking in parallel with the structure-activity relationship (SAR) studied. The incorporation of particular nitrogen heterocycles in the side chain of MP2 enhances the antimicrobial activity. Micrococcin analogues 6c and 6d thus proved to be more effective against impetigo and C. difficile infection (CDI), respectively, as compared to current first-line treatments. Compound 6c also showed a shorter treatment period than that of a first-line treatment for impetigo. This may be attributed to its ability to downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines. Compound 6d had no observed recurrence for C. difficile and exerted a minimal impact on the beneficial gut microbiome. Their pharmacokinetic properties and low toxicity profile make these compounds ideal candidates for the treatment of impetigo and CDI and validate their involvement in preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahyun Kim
- A&J Science Co., Ltd., 80 Chumbok Ro, Dong Gu, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Jusuk Lee
- A&J Science Co., Ltd., 80 Chumbok Ro, Dong Gu, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Clovis Shyaka
- A&J Science Co., Ltd., 80 Chumbok Ro, Dong Gu, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hwan Kwak
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, 558 Handong Ro, Heunghae-Eup, Buk-Gu, Pohang 37554, Republic of Korea
- Office of the President, Sunlin University, 30, 36 Chogok-gil, Heunghae-Eup, Buk-Gu, Pohang 37560, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Pai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 232 Wangsimri Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Rho
- Department of Computer Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Marco A Ciufolini
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6K 1Z1, Canada
| | - Minwoo Han
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, 80 Chumbok Ro, Dong Gu, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Nodcure Inc., 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Rok Kim
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, 558 Handong Ro, Heunghae-Eup, Buk-Gu, Pohang 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungji Jung
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, 558 Handong Ro, Heunghae-Eup, Buk-Gu, Pohang 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Ra Jang
- Nodcure Inc., 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Kim
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, 558 Handong Ro, Heunghae-Eup, Buk-Gu, Pohang 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Young Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, 80 Chumbok Ro, Dong Gu, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakyeong Lee
- A&J Science Co., Ltd., 80 Chumbok Ro, Dong Gu, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Son
- A&J Science Co., Ltd., 80 Chumbok Ro, Dong Gu, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jong Hwang
- A&J Science Co., Ltd., 80 Chumbok Ro, Dong Gu, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
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19
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Shamshina JL, Rogers RD. Ionic Liquids: New Forms of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients with Unique, Tunable Properties. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11894-11953. [PMID: 37797342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
This Review aims to summarize advances over the last 15 years in the development of active pharmaceutical ingredient ionic liquids (API-ILs), which make up a prospective game-changing strategy to overcome multiple problems with conventional solid-state drugs, for example, polymorphism. A critical part of the present Review is the collection of API-ILs and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) prepared to date. The Review covers rules for rational design of API-ILs and tools for API-IL formation, syntheses, and characterization. Nomenclature and ionic speciation, and the confusion that these may cause, are highlighted, particularly for speciation in both ILs and DESs of intermediate ionicity. We also highlight in vivo and in vitro pharmaceutical activity studies, with differences in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic depending on ionicity of API-ILs. A brief overview is provided for the ILs used to deliver drugs, and the Review concludes with key prospects and roadblocks in translating API-ILs into pharmaceutical manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Shamshina
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute (FBRI), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Robin D Rogers
- 525 Solutions, Inc., P.O. Box 2206, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35403, United States
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20
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Thankan RS, Thomas E, Purushottamachar P, Weber DJ, Njar VCO. Salinization Dramatically Enhance the Anti-Prostate Cancer Efficacies of AR/AR-V7 and Mnk1/2 Molecular Glue Degraders, Galeterone and VNPP433-3β Which Outperform Docetaxel and Enzalutamide in CRPC CWR22Rv1 Xenograft Mouse Model. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106700. [PMID: 37392559 PMCID: PMC10528634 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Galeterone, 3β-(hydroxy)-17-(1H-benzimidazole-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene (Gal, 1) and VNPP433-3β, 3β-(1H-imidazole-1-yl-17-(1H-benzimidazole-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene (2) are potent molecular glue degrader modulators of AR/AR-V7 and Mnk1/2-eIF4E signaling pathways, and are promising Phase 3 and Phase 1 drug candidates, respectively. Because appropriate salts can be utilized to create new chemical entities with enhanced aqueous solubility, in vivo pharmacokinetics, and enhanced in vitro and in vivo efficacies, the monohydrochloride salt of Gal (3) and the mono- and di-hydrochlorides salts of compound 2, compounds 4 and 5, respectively, were synthesized. The salts were characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS analyses. Compound 3 displayed enhanced in vitro antiproliferative activity (7.4-fold) against three prostate cancer cell lines but surprisingly decreased plasma exposure in the pharmacokinetics study. The antiproliferative activities of the compound 2 salts (4 and 5) were equivalent to that of compound 2, but their oral pharmacokinetic profiles were significantly enhanced. Finally, and most importantly, oral administration of the parent compounds (1 and 2) and their corresponding salts (3, 4 and 5) caused dose-dependent potent inhibition/regression of aggressive and difficult-to-treat CWR22Rv1 tumor xenografts growth, with no apparent host toxicities and were highly more efficacious than the blockbuster FDA-approved prostate cancer drugs, Enzalutamide (Xtandi) and Docetaxel (Taxotere). Thus, the HCl salts of Gal (3) and VNPP433-3β (4 and 5) are excellent orally bioavailable candidates for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retheesh S Thankan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Isoprene Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 801 West Baltimore Street, Suite 502J, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Puranik Purushottamachar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Isoprene Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 801 West Baltimore Street, Suite 502J, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - David J Weber
- The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Isoprene Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 801 West Baltimore Street, Suite 502J, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Vincent C O Njar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Isoprene Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 801 West Baltimore Street, Suite 502J, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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21
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Zheng H, Xie X, Ling H, You X, Liang S, Lin R, Qiu R, Hou H. Transdermal drug delivery via microneedles for musculoskeletal systems. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:8327-8346. [PMID: 37539625 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01441j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
As the population is ageing and lifestyle is changing, the prevalence of musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders is gradually increasing with each passing year, posing a serious threat to the health and quality of the public, especially the elderly. However, currently prevalent treatments for MSK disorders, mainly administered orally and by injection, are not targeted to the specific lesion, resulting in low efficacy along with a series of local and systemic adverse effects. Microneedle (MN) patches loaded with micron-sized needle array, combining the advantages of oral administration and local injection, have become a potentially novel strategy for the administration and treatment of MSK diseases. In this review, we briefly introduce the basics of MNs and focus on the main characteristics of the MSK systems and various types of MN-based transdermal drug delivery (TDD) systems. We emphasize the progress and broad applications of MN-based transdermal drug delivery (TDD) for MSK systems, including osteoporosis, nutritional rickets and some other typical types of arthritis and muscular damage, and in closing summarize the future prospects and challenges of MNs application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Zheng
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Xuankun Xie
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Haocong Ling
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Xintong You
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Siyu Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Rurong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Renjie Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Honghao Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China.
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22
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Manghnani PN, Schenck L, Khan SA, Doyle PS. Templated Reactive Crystallization of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient in Hydrogel Microparticles Enabling Robust Drug Product Processing. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2115-2123. [PMID: 37160228 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Commercialization of most promising active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is impeded either by poor bioavailability or challenging physical properties leading to costly manufacture. Bioavailability of ionizable hydrophobic APIs can be enhanced by its conversion to salt form. While salt form of the API presents higher solution concentration than the non-ionized form, poor physical properties resulting from particle anisotropy or non-ideal morphology (needles) and particle size distribution not meeting dissolution rate targets can still inhibit its commercial translation. In this regard, API physical properties can be improved through addition of non-active components (excipients or carriers) during API manufacture. In this work, a facile method to perform reactive crystallization of an API salt in presence of the microporous environment of a hydrogel microparticle is presented. Specifically, the reaction between acidic antiretroviral API, raltegravir and base potassium hydroxide is performed in the presence of polyethylene glycol diacrylamide hydrogel microparticles. In this bottom-up approach, the spherical template hydrogel microparticles for the reaction lead to monodisperse composites loaded with inherently micronized raltegravir-potassium crystals, thus improving API physical properties without hampering bioavailability. Overall, this technique provides a novel approach to reactive crystallization while maintaining the API polymorph and crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima N Manghnani
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #04-13/14 Enterprise Wing 138602, Singapore
| | - Luke Schenck
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave Rahway NJ 07065, USA
| | - Saif A Khan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore; Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #04-13/14 Enterprise Wing 138602, Singapore.
| | - Patrick S Doyle
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #04-13/14 Enterprise Wing 138602, Singapore; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue Room E17-504F, Cambridge, MA, 02139 USA; Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA, 02115 USA.
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23
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Li S, He Y, Li X, Xiong Y, Peng Y, Wang C, Zhuo L, Jiang W, Lu X, Wang Z. Development of o-aminobenzamide salt derivatives for improving water solubility and anti-undifferentiated gastric cancer. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1118397. [PMID: 37497111 PMCID: PMC10368370 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1118397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Gastric cancer is one of the cancers with wide incidence, difficult treatment and high mortality in the world, especially in Asia and Africa. In our previous work, a novel o-aminobenzamide analogue F8 was identified as an early preclinical candidate for treatment of undifferentiated gastric cancer (IC50 of 0.26 μM for HGC-27). However, the poor water solubility of compound F8 prevents its further progress in preclinical studies. Aim: To improve the water solubility and drug-likeness of F8 via salt formation. Method: Different acids and F8 were reacted to obtain different salt forms. Physicochemical property screening, pharmacokinetic property research, and antitumor biological activity evaluation in vitro and in vivo were used to obtain the optimal salt form with the best druggability. Results: our continuous efforts have finally confirmed F8·2HCl as the optimal salt form with maintained in vitro antitumor activity, improved water solubility and pharmacokinetic properties. Importantly, the F8·2HCl displayed superior in vivo antitumor efficacy (TGI of 70.1% in 75 mg/kg) in HGC-27 xenograft model. The further immunohistochemical analysis revealed that F8·2HCl exerts an antitumor effect through the regulation of cell cycle-related protein (CDK2 and p21), apoptosis-related protein Cleaved Caspase-3, proliferation marker Ki67, and cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin. In addition, F8·2HCl showed acceptable safety in the in vivo acute toxicity assay. Conclusion: Salting is an effective means to improve the drug-like properties of compound F8, and F8·2HCl can serve as a promising therapeutic agent against undifferentiated gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yanli He
- Department of Pain Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xuelin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yongxia Xiong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Chengkun Wang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of, South China
| | - Linsheng Zhuo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Postdoctoral Station for Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Weifan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xianzhou Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Postdoctoral Station for Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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24
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Krake E, Backer L, Andres B, Baumann W, Handler N, Buschmann H, Holzgrabe U, Bolm C, Beweries T. Mechanochemical Oxidative Degradation of Thienopyridine Containing Drugs: Toward a Simple Tool for the Prediction of Drug Stability. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1150-1159. [PMID: 37396854 PMCID: PMC10311657 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The long-term stability of an active-pharmaceutical ingredient and its drug products plays an important role in the licensing process of new pharmaceuticals and for the application of the drug at the patient. It is, however, difficult to predict degradation profiles at early stages of the development of new drugs, making the entire process very time-consuming and costly. Forced mechanochemical degradation under controlled conditions can be used to realistically model long-term degradation processes naturally occurring in drug products, avoiding the use of solvents, thus excluding irrelevant solution-based degradation pathways. We present the forced mechanochemical oxidative degradation of three platelet inhibitor drug products, where the drug products contain thienopyridine. Model studies using clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate (CLP) and its drug formulation Plavix show that the controlled addition of excipients does not affect the nature of the main degradants. Experiments using drug products Ticlopidin-neuraxpharm and Efient show that significant degradation occurs after short reaction times of only 15 min. These results highlight the potential of mechanochemistry for the study of degradation processes of small molecules relevant to the prediction of degradation profiles during the development of new drugs. Furthermore, these data provide exciting insights into the role of mechanochemistry for chemical synthesis in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everaldo
F. Krake
- Leibniz-Institut
für Katalyse, e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Laura Backer
- Institut
für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie,Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Benjamin Andres
- Leibniz-Institut
für Katalyse, e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumann
- Leibniz-Institut
für Katalyse, e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Norbert Handler
- RD&C
Research, Development & Consulting GmbH, Neuwaldegger Strasse 35/2/3, 1170 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Buschmann
- RD&C
Research, Development & Consulting GmbH, Neuwaldegger Strasse 35/2/3, 1170 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institut
für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie,Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen
University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Torsten Beweries
- Leibniz-Institut
für Katalyse, e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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25
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Reddy PG, Domb AJ. Bioactive Phenolate Salts: Thymol Salts. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300045. [PMID: 37005949 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Phenolate salts of bioactive agents have been reported only scarcely. This is the first report on the formation and characterization of thymol phenolate salts as representatives of phenol-containing bioactive molecules. Thymol has been used in medicine and agriculture for decades owing to its excellent therapeutic properties. However, in light of its poor aqueous solubility, thermal instability, and especially its high chemical volatility, the utility of thymol is hampered. The present work focuses on tuning the physicochemical properties of thymol by modifying its chemical structure through salt formation. In this context, a series of metal (Na, K, Li, Cu, and Zn) and ammonium (tetrabutylammonium and choline) salts of thymol were synthesized and characterized using IR, NMR, CHN elemental analysis, and DSC analyses. The molecular formulae of thymol salts were determined based on CHN analysis and thymol quantification studies from UV-Vis spectrometric analysis. In most cases, the thymol phenolate was prepared as a 1 : 1 molar ratio with metal/ammonium ion. Only the Cu salt of thymol was isolated at a ratio of two phenolate units per copper ion. Most of the synthesized thymol salts were found to have increased thermal stability relative to thymol. The physicochemical properties such as solubility, thermal stability, and evaporation rate of thymol salts were thoroughly studied in comparison with thymol. The in vitro release studies of Cu from the copper salt of thymol is pH-dependent: rapid release of copper was observed in the lower pH release medium (100 % release at pH 1 for 12 days) and the rates of release were slower at higher pH values (5 % release at pH 2, and <1 % release at pH 4, 6, 8, and 10) over a period of about three weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulikanti Guruprasad Reddy
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Institute of Drug Research and, The Alex Grass Center for Drug Design and Synthesis, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Abraham J Domb
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Institute of Drug Research and, The Alex Grass Center for Drug Design and Synthesis, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
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26
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McClure EW, Daniels RN. Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Dextromethorphan (DXM). ACS Chem Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37290117 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dextromethorphan (DXM) was introduced in 1958 as the first non-opioid cough suppressant and is indicated for multiple psychiatric disorders. It has been the most used over-the-counter cough suppressant since its emergence. However, individuals quickly noticed an intoxicating and psychedelic effect if they ingested large doses. DXM's antagonism at N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAr) is thought to underly its efficacy in treating acute cough, but supratherapeutic doses mimic the activity of dissociative hallucinogens, such as phencyclidine and ketamine. In this Review we will discuss DXM's synthesis, manufacturing information, drug metabolism, pharmacology, adverse effects, recreational use, abuse potential, and its history and importance in therapy to present DXM as a true classic in chemical neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot W McClure
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, Tennessee 37204, United States
| | - R Nathan Daniels
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Union University College of Pharmacy, Jackson, Tennessee 38305, United States
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27
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Wieruszewski PM. Norepinephrine dosage: the details go beyond a grain of salt. Intensive Care Med 2023; 49:714-715. [PMID: 37148299 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-023-07077-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Wieruszewski
- Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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28
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Kommineni N, Sainaga Jyothi VGS, Butreddy A, Raju S, Shapira T, Khan W, Angsantikul P, Domb AJ. SNAC for Enhanced Oral Bioavailability: An Updated Review. Pharm Res 2023; 40:633-650. [PMID: 36539668 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03459-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of proteins and peptides via an oral route poses numerous challenges to improve the oral bioavailability and patient compliance. To overcome these challenges, as well as to improve the permeation of proteins and peptides via intestinal mucosa, several chemicals have been studied such as surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, pH modifiers, and chelating agents, amongst these medium chain fatty acid like C10 (sodium caprate) and Sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl) amino] caprylate (SNAC) and its derivatives that have been well studied from a clinical perspective. This current review enumerates the challenges involved in protein and peptide delivery via the oral route, i.e., non-invasive routes of protein and peptide administration. This review also covers the chemistry behind SNAC and toxicity as well as mechanisms to enhance the oral delivery of clinically proven molecules like simaglutide and other small molecules under clinical development, as well as other permeation enhancers for efficient delivery of proteins and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagavendra Kommineni
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Vaskuri G S Sainaga Jyothi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Arun Butreddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Saka Raju
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Tovi Shapira
- School of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical Center, Ein Kerem Campus, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Wahid Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Natco Research Centre, NATCO Pharma Limited, Hyderabad, 500018, India
| | - Pavimol Angsantikul
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Abraham J Domb
- School of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical Center, Ein Kerem Campus, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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29
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Al-Japairai K, Hamed Almurisi S, Almonem Doolaanea A, Mahmood S, Alheibshy F, Alobaida A, Abdul-Halim N, Chatterjee B. A review on taste masked multiparticulate dosage forms for paediatric. Int J Pharm 2023; 632:122571. [PMID: 36587776 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Taste refers to those sensations perceived through taste buds on the tongue and oral cavity. The unpleasant taste of drugs leads to the refusal of taking the medicine in the paediatric population. It is widely known that a pharmaceutical product's general acceptability is the result of numerous contributing components such as swallowability, palatability (taste, flavour, texture, and mouthfeel), appearance, ease of administration, and patient characteristics. Multiparticulate as a dosage form is a platform technology for overcoming paediatrics' incapacity to swallow monolithic dosage forms, masking many medications' inherent nasty taste, and overcoming the obstacles of manufacturing a commercially taste masked dosage form. This review will discuss the considerations that must be taken into account to prepare taste masked multiparticulate dosage forms in the best way for paediatric use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khater Al-Japairai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang 26300, Malaysia.
| | - Samah Hamed Almurisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia.
| | - Abd Almonem Doolaanea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kolej Universiti Antarabangsa Maiwp (UCMI), Taman Batu Muda, Batu Caves, 68100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Syed Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Fawaz Alheibshy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 2240, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Aden University, Aden 6075, Yemen.
| | - Ahmed Alobaida
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 2240, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nadiya Abdul-Halim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang 26300, Malaysia.
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30
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Minecka A, Tarnacka M, Soszka N, Hachuła B, Kamiński K, Kamińska E. Studying the Intermolecular Interactions, Structural Dynamics, and Non-Equilibrium Kinetics of Cilnidipine Infiltrated into Alumina and Silica Pores. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:533-544. [PMID: 36575053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the behavior of the calcium channel blocker cilnidipine (CLN) infiltrated into silica (SiO2) and anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) porous membranes characterized by a similar pore size (d = 8 nm and d = 10 nm, respectively) as well as the bulk sample has been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The obtained data suggested the existence of two sets of CLN molecules in both confined systems (core and interfacial). They also revealed the lack of substantial differences in inter- and intramolecular dynamics of nanospatially restricted samples independently of the applied porous membranes. Moreover, the annealing experiments (isothermal time-dependent measurements) performed on the confined CLN clearly indicated that the whole equilibration process under confinement is governed by structural relaxation. It was also found that the βanneal parameters obtained from BDS and FTIR data upon equilibration of both confined samples are comparable (within 10%) to each other, while the equilibration constants are significantly different. This finding strongly emphasizes that there is a close connection between the inter- and intramolecular dynamics under nanospatial restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Minecka
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-200Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Magdalena Tarnacka
- A. Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500Chorzow, Poland
| | - Natalia Soszka
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 40-006Katowice, Poland
| | - Barbara Hachuła
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 40-006Katowice, Poland
| | - Kamil Kamiński
- A. Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500Chorzow, Poland
| | - Ewa Kamińska
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-200Sosnowiec, Poland
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31
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Wood JS, Dal Poggetto G, Wang X, Reibarkh M, Williamson RT, Cohen RD. Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance of chloride by an accurate internal standard approach. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2023; 61:22-31. [PMID: 36166190 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chloride is the most common counterion used to improve aqueous solubility and enhance stability of small molecule active pharmaceutical ingredients. While several analytical techniques, such as titration, HPLC with charged aerosol detection, and ion chromatography, are currently utilized to assay the level of chloride, they have notable limitations, and these instruments may not be readily available. Here, we present a generally applicable 35 Cl solution NMR method to assay the level of chloride in pharmaceutical compounds. The method uses KClO4 as an internal standard for improved accuracy in comparison with external standard methods, and it was found to be robust, linear over three orders of magnitude, precise (<3% RSD), and accurate (<0.5% absolute error).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared S Wood
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Xiao Wang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - R Thomas Williamson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
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32
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Klebeko J, Krüger O, Dubicki M, Ossowicz-Rupniewska P, Janus E. Isopropyl Amino Acid Esters Ionic Liquids as Vehicles for Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Potential Topical Drug Delivery Systems with Antimicrobial Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213863. [PMID: 36430346 PMCID: PMC9693575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
New derivatives of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were synthesized via conjugation with L-amino acid isopropyl esters. The characteristics of the physicochemical properties of the obtained pharmaceutically active ionic liquids were determined. It has been shown how the incorporation of various L-amino acid esters as an ion pair affects the properties of the parent drug. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of the obtained compounds was evaluated. The proposed structural modifications of commonly used drugs indicate great potential for use in topical and transdermal preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Klebeko
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71065 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-449-48-01
| | - Oliver Krüger
- Department II Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, Berliner Hochschule für Technik, Luxemburger Straße, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mateusz Dubicki
- Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Paula Ossowicz-Rupniewska
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Janus
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71065 Szczecin, Poland
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Huang S, Venables DS, Lawrence SE. Pharmaceutical Salts of Piroxicam and Meloxicam with Organic Counterions. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2022; 22:6504-6520. [PMID: 36817751 PMCID: PMC9933440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Piroxicam (PRM) and meloxicam (MEL) are two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, belonging to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class II drugs. In this study, six novel pharmaceutical salts of PRM and MEL with three basic organic counterions, that is, 4-aminopyridine (4AP), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (4DMP), and piperazine (PPZ), were prepared by both slurrying and slow evaporation. These salts were characterized by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. All six salts, especially MEL-4DMP and MEL-4AP, showed a significantly improved apparent solubility and dissolution rate in sodium phosphate solution compared with the pure APIs. Notably, PRM-4AP and PRM-4DMP salts exhibited enhanced fluorescence, and the PRM-PPZ salt showed weaker fluorescence compared with that of pure PRM due to different luminescence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- School
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Dean S. Venables
- School
of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Simon E. Lawrence
- School
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
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Shikha S, Lee YW, Doyle PS, Khan SA. Microfluidic Particle Engineering of Hydrophobic Drug with Eudragit E100─Bridging the Amorphous and Crystalline Gap. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:4345-4356. [PMID: 36268657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Co-processing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with excipients is a promising particle engineering technique to improve the API physical properties, which can lead to more robust downstream drug product manufacturing and improved drug product attributes. Excipients provide control over critical API attributes like particle size and solid-state outcomes. Eudragit E100 is a widely used polymeric excipient to modulate drug release. Being cationic, it is primarily employed as a precipitation inhibitor to stabilize amorphous solid dispersions. In this work, we demonstrate how co-processing of E100 with naproxen (NPX) (a model hydrophobic API) into monodisperse emulsions via droplet microfluidics followed by solidification via solvent evaporation allows the facile fabrication of compact, monodisperse, and spherical particles with an expanded range of solid-state outcomes spanning from amorphous to crystalline forms. Low E100 concentrations (≤26% w/w) yield crystalline microparticles with a stable NPX polymorph distributed uniformly across the matrix at a high drug loading (∼89% w/w). Structurally, E100 incorporation reduces the size of primary particles comprising the co-processed microparticles in comparison to neat API microparticles made using the same technique and the as-received API powder. This reduction in primary particle size translates into an increased internal porosity of the co-processed microparticles, with specific surface area and pore volume ∼9 times higher than the neat API microparticles. These E100-enabled structural modifications result in faster drug release in acidic media compared to neat API microparticles. Additionally, E100-NPX microparticles have a significantly improved flowability compared to neat API microparticles and as-received API powder. Overall, this study demonstrates a facile microfluidics-based co-processing method that broadly expands the range of solid-state outcomes obtainable with E100 as an excipient, with multiscale control over the key attributes and performance of hydrophobic API-laden microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Shikha
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore138602, Singapore
| | - Yi Wei Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore117576, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore119077, Singapore
| | - Patrick S Doyle
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore138602, Singapore.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States.,Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts02215, United States
| | - Saif A Khan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore117576, Singapore
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Leng F, Shemchuk O, Robeyns K, Leyssens T. Complexation: An Interesting Pathway for Combining Two APIs at the Solid State. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091960. [PMID: 36145706 PMCID: PMC9503796 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining different drugs into a single crystal form is one of the current challenges in crystal engineering, with the number of reported multi-drug solid forms remaining limited. This paper builds upon an efficient approach to combining Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) containing carboxylic groups in their structure with APIs containing pyridine moieties. By transforming the former into their zinc salts, they can be successfully combined with the pyridine-containing APIs. This work highlights the successfulness of this approach, as well as the improvement in the physical properties of the obtained solid forms.
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36
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Determination of Three Alkyl Camphorsulfonates as Potential Genotoxic Impurities Using GC-FID and GC-MS by Analytical QbD. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9090246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Camphorsulfonic acid salts are commonly used in the manufacturing production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and have the potential to form alkyl camphorsulfonates, which can be considered as potential genotoxic impurities (PGIs). Alkyl camphorsulfonates should be controlled using the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) when detected in APIs due to their genotoxicity. An in silico study utilizing the ICH M7 guideline was performed in order to classify the alkyl camphorsulfonates that can be produced from the reaction of camphorsulfonic acid salts with methanol, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol, which are commonly used solvents in API manufacturing processes. Two sensitive, reproducible, and accurate analytical methods using GC-FID and GC-MS were developed using the analytical Quality By Design (QbD) approaches for the quantitation of three alkyl camphorsulfonates in APIs satisfying the control limit of PGIs according to the TTC. The detection limits of the GC-FID method were found to be between 1.5 to 1.9 ppm, and the detection limits of the GC-MS method were found to be between 0.055 to 0.102 ppm. The method was validated in terms of accuracy, linearity, precision, detection limit, quantitation limit, specificity and robustness.
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37
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A potent anesthetic drug salt: experimental and computational studies. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Ferjani H, Bechaieb R, Dege N, El-Fattah WA, Elamin NY, Frigui W. Stabilization of supramolecular network of fluconazole drug polyiodide: Synthesis, computational and spectroscopic studies. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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39
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Celecoxib nanocrystal-loaded dissolving microneedles with highly efficient for osteoarthritis treatment. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122108. [PMID: 35970280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative disease that has a significant impact on patients' lives. Celecoxib (CXB) is now primarily used to treat OA with oral dosing. CXB's limited water solubility, on the other hand, restricts its therapeutic application. We developed a delivery system of dissolving microneedles (DMNs) loaded with CXB-nanocrystals (CXB-NCs) for the treatment of OA. Oral administration's inefficiency and injectable administration's poor compliance might be solved using DMNs. Furthermore, carrier-free NCs may dramatically increase the dissolution of drugs with poorly water-solubility, as well as the drug load of DMNs. Antisolvent precipitation was used to make CXB-NCs. CXB-NC@DMNs were prepared by mixing CXB-NCs with hyaluronic acid (HA) that had high mechanical qualities and could permeate the skin efficiently in vitro. The therapeutic effect of oral CXB-NCs was substantially better than that of the same dose of oral CXB in an in vivo pharmacodynamic trial, demonstrating that the preparation of CXB into NCs might greatly increase CXB bioavailability. Furthermore, we discovered that DMNs loaded with low-dose CXB-NCs had similar or even better efficacy than the oral CXB-NCs group. The findings suggested that CXB-NC@DMNs may be a very efficient and promising drug delivery strategy in the treatment of OA.
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40
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Zupančič O, Spoerk M, Paudel A. Lipid-based solubilization technology via hot melt extrusion: promises and challenges. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:1013-1032. [PMID: 35943158 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2112173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) are a promising strategy to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs (PWSD). The excipients of SEDDS enable permeation through the mucus and gastro-intestinal barrier, inhibiting efflux transporters (e.g. P-glycoprotein) of drugs. Poor drug loading capacity and formulation instability are the main setbacks of traditional SEDDS. The use of polymeric precipitation inhibitors was shown to create supersaturable SEDDS with increased drug payload, and their solidification can help to overcome the instability challenge. As an alternative to several existing SEDDS solidification technologies, hot melt extrusion (HME) holds the potential for lean and continuous manufacturing of supersaturable solid-SEDDS. Despite being ubiquitously applied in solid lipid and polymeric processing, HME has not yet been widely considered for the preparation of SEDDS. AREAS COVERED The review begins with the rationale why SEDDS as the preferred lipid-based delivery systems (LBDS) is suitable for the oral delivery of PWSD and discusses the common barriers to oral administration. The potential of LBDS to surmount them is discussed. SEDDS as the flagship of LBDS for PWSD is proposed with a special emphasis on solid-SEDDS. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of HME from the lipid-based excipient (LBE) processing and product performance standpoint are highlighted. EXPERT OPINION HME can be a continuous, solvent-free, cost-effective, and scalable technology for manufacturing solid supersaturable SEDDS. Several critical formulations and process parameters in successfully preparing SEDDS via HME are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ožbej Zupančič
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Spoerk
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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41
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Verbascoside: An Efficient and Safe Natural Antibacterial Adjuvant for Preventing Bacterial Contamination of Fresh Meat. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154943. [PMID: 35956890 PMCID: PMC9370273 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate and disproportionate antibiotic use contributes immensely to the development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial species associated with food contamination. Therefore, alternative strategies to treat multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections are urgently needed. In this study, verbascoside was shown to exhibit excellent antibacterial activity and synergistic effects in combination with cell wall synthesis-inhibiting antibiotics, indicating that it can be used as an adjuvant to restore or increase the activity of antibiotics against resistant pathogens. In a mechanistic study, higher concentrations of verbascoside resulted in a longer lag phase and a lower specific exponential-phase growth rate of bacteria. Furthermore, verbascoside exerted its antimicrobial activity through multiple mechanisms, including cell membrane dysfunction, biofilm eradication and changes in cell morphology. The promising antibacterial activity and in vitro safety assessment results suggested that verbascoside can be used as a food additive for fresh meat preservation. Treatment with medium and high doses of verbascoside caused significant bacterial death in meat samples, slowed the spoilage rate, and extended the shelf life. Collectively, verbascoside is expected to be useful as an antibiotic adjuvant to prevent or treat resistant bacteria-related infections and an alternative novel antimicrobial additive in the food industry.
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42
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Langer MK, Rahman A, Dey H, Anderssen T, Zilioli F, Haug T, Blencke HM, Stensvåg K, Strøm MB, Bayer A. A concise SAR-analysis of antimicrobial cationic amphipathic barbiturates for an improved activity-toxicity profile. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 241:114632. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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43
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Volkova TV, Simonova OR, Perlovich GL. Another Move towards Bicalutamide Dissolution and Permeability Improvement with Acetylated β-Cyclodextrin Solid Dispersion. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071472. [PMID: 35890367 PMCID: PMC9316079 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex formation of antiandrogen bicalutamide (BCL) with methylated (Me-β-CD) and acetylated (Ac-β-CD) β-cyclodextrins was investigated in buffer solution pH 6.8. A two-fold strongly binding of BCL to Ac-β-CD as compared to Me-β-CD was revealed. The solid dispersion of BCL with Ac-β-CD was prepared by the mechanical grinding procedure to obtain the complex in the solid state. The BCL/Ac-β-CD complex was characterized by DSC, XPRD, FTIR, and SEM techniques. The effect of Ac-β-CD in the BCL solid dispersions on the non-sink dissolution/permeation simultaneous processes was disclosed using the side-by-side diffusion cell with the help of the cellulose membrane. The elevated dissolution of the ground complex, as compared to the raw drug as well as the simple physical mixture, accompanied by the supersaturation was revealed. Two biopolymers—polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, Mn = 58,000) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC, Mn ~ 10,000)—were examined as the precipitation inhibitors and were shown to be useful in prolonging the supersaturation state. The BCL/Ac-β-CD complex has the fastest dissolution rate in the presence of HPMC. The maximal concentration of the complex was achieved at a time of 20, 30, and 90 min in the pure buffer, with PVP and with HPMC, respectively. The effectiveness of the BCL dissolution (release) processes (illustrated by the AUCC(t) parameter) was estimated to be 7.8-, 5.8-, 3.0-, and 1.8-fold higher for BCL/Ac-β-CD (HPMC), BCL/Ac-β-CD (PVP), BCL/Ac-β-CD (buffer), and the BCL/Ac-β-CD physical mixture, respectively, as compared to the BCL_raw sample. The excipient gain factor (EGF), calculated for the dissolution of the BCL complex, was shown to be 2.6 in the presence of HPMC, which is 1.3-fold greater as compared to PVP. From the experimental dissolution results, it can be concluded that the formation of BCL ground complex with Ac-β-CD enhances the dissolution rate of the compound. The permeation was also shown to be advantageous in the presence of the polymers, which was demonstrated by the elevated fluxes of BCL through the membrane. The comparison of the dissolution/permeation processes was illustrated and discussed. The conclusion was made that the presence of HPMC as a stabilizer of the supersaturation state is promising and seems to be a useful tool for the optimization of BCL pharmaceutical formulations manufacturing.
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44
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Martí-Marí O, Martínez-Gualda B, Fernández-Barahona I, Mills A, Abdelnabi R, Noppen S, Neyts J, Schols D, Camarasa MJ, Herranz F, Gago F, San-Félix A. Organotropic dendrons with high potency as HIV-1, HIV-2 and EV-A71 cell entry inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 237:114414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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Kamal A, Singh HK, Maury SK, Kumari S, Kushwaha AK, Srivastava V, Singh S. Visible Light-Driven Synthesis of Amine–Sulfonate Salt Derivatives: A Step towards Green Approach. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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46
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Bays HE, Fitch A, Christensen S, Burridge K, Tondt J. Anti-Obesity Medications and Investigational Agents: An Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) 2022. OBESITY PILLARS (ONLINE) 2022; 2:100018. [PMID: 37990711 PMCID: PMC10662004 DOI: 10.1016/j.obpill.2022.100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Background This "Anti-Obesity Medications and Investigational Agents: An Obesity Medicine Association Clinical Practice Statement 2022" is intended to provide clinicians an overview of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved anti-obesity medications and investigational anti-obesity agents in development. Methods The scientific information for this Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) is based upon published scientific citations, clinical perspectives of OMA authors, and peer review by the Obesity Medicine Association leadership. Results This CPS describes pharmacokinetic principles applicable to those with obesity, and discusses the efficacy and safety of anti-obesity medications [e.g., phentermine, semaglutide, liraglutide, phentermine/topiramate, naltrexone/bupropion, and orlistat, as well as non-systemic superabsorbent oral hydrogel particles (which is technically classified as a medical device)]. Other medications discussed include setmelanotide, metreleptin, and lisdexamfetamine dimesylate. Data regarding the use of combination anti-obesity pharmacotherapy, as well as use of anti-obesity pharmacotherapy after bariatric surgery are limited; however, published data support such approaches. Finally, this CPS discusses investigational anti-obesity medications, with an emphasis on the mechanisms of action and summary of available clinical trial data regarding tirzepatide. Conclusion This "Anti-Obesity Medications and Investigational Agents: An Obesity Medicine Association Clinical Practice Statement 2022" is one of a series of OMA CPSs designed to assist clinicians in the care of patients with pre-obesity/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold E. Bays
- Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 3288 Illinois Avenue, Louisville, KY, 40213, USA
| | - Angela Fitch
- Assistant Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical School, Co-Director Massachusetts General Hospital Weight Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandra Christensen
- Integrative Medical Weight Management, 2611 NE 125th St, Suite 100B, Seattle, WA, 98125, USA
| | - Karli Burridge
- Enara Health, 16501 106th Court, Orland Park, IL, 60467, USA
- Gaining Health, 528 Pennsylvania Ave #708, Glen Ellyn, IL, 60137, USA
| | - Justin Tondt
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, P.O. Box 1980, Norfolk, VA, 23501, USA
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47
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Chen S, Gao Y, Lou X, Henry RF, Stolarik DF, Lipert MP, Sheikh AY, Zhang GGZ. Overcoming Bioavailability Challenges of Dasabuvir and Enabling a Triple-Combination Direct-Acting Antiviral HCV Regimen through a Salt of Very Weak Acid for Oral Delivery. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2367-2379. [PMID: 35481355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dasabuvir is a non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitor for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. It is an extremely weak diacidic drug (pKa = 8.2 and 9.2) and a prolific solvate former. Due to its exceedingly low aqueous solubility (≤0.127 μg/mL at pH 1-6.8, dose number of 1.31 × 104), crystalline dasabuvir free acid exhibited poor oral bioavailability in initial animal pharmacokinetic (PK) assessment. This necessitated the development of enabling formulation for human clinical studies to achieve the required therapeutic in vivo concentration of dasabuvir. While salt formation has been widely used to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of solids, this approach has rarely been applied to develop oral solid dosage forms for acidic drugs as weak as dasabuvir due to concerns of rapid disproportionation and crystallization of its free acid. In this contribution, we detail our efforts in identifying dasabuvir monosodium monohydrate as a drug substance that is stable, manufacturable, and, most importantly, significantly enhances the dissolution and oral absorption of this poorly soluble drug. The oral delivery of dasabuvir through the salt approach has enabled the commercialization of the triple-combination direct-acting antiviral HCV regimen, Viekira Pak. The methodologies and solutions identified in targeted studies to overcome technical challenges encountered along the way (i.e., incorporation of polymers to inhibit crystallization and disproportionation and species mapping to enable salt manufacturing process, etc.) can be applied to other insoluble compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yi Gao
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Xiaochun Lou
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Rodger F Henry
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - DeAnne F Stolarik
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Maya P Lipert
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ahmad Y Sheikh
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Geoff G Z Zhang
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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Garg V, Narang P, Taneja R. Antacids revisited: review on contemporary facts and relevance for self-management. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221086457. [PMID: 35343261 PMCID: PMC8966100 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221086457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Heartburn and acid regurgitation are the typical symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux. Despite the availability of several treatment options, antacids remain the mainstay treatment for gastroesophageal reflux-related symptoms based on their efficacy, safety, and over-the-counter availability. Antacids are generally recommended for adults and children at least 12 years old, and the FDA recommends antacids as the first-line treatment for heartburn in pregnancy. This narrative review summarizes the mechanism, features, and limitations related to different antacid ingredients and techniques available to study the acid neutralization and buffering capacity of antacid formulations. Using supporting clinical evidence for different antacid ingredients, it also discusses the importance of antacids as OTC medicines and first-line therapies for heartburn, particularly in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, in which reliance on self-care has increased. The review will also assist pharmacists and other healthcare professionals in helping individuals with heartburn to make informed self-care decisions and educating them to ensure that antacids are used in an optimal, safe, and effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Garg
- Medical Innovation Director, GSK Consumer Healthcare Pte Ltd., Singapore
| | - Prashant Narang
- Medical Affairs Director, GSK Consumer Healthcare Pte Ltd., Gurugram (Haryana), India
| | - Ritu Taneja
- Senior Director, Innovation and Localization Lead, GSK Consumer Healthcare Pte Ltd., Singapore
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Bhavaraju S, Sreerama SG, Taylor D, Rau S. Application of Quantitative NMR (qHNMR) towards Establishment of Pharmaceutical Reference Standard; A Case of a Ticagrelor Process Impurity. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:226-229. [PMID: 35228386 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative proton NMR (qHNMR) methodology was employed for the stoichiometric (free base and the corresponding counterion) assessment of a ticagrelor process impurity, also referred to in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), Pharmacopeial Forum as Ticagrelor Related Compound A (RC A), [(1R,2S)-2-(3,4-difluorophenyl)cyclopropan-1-amine (R)-mandelate], also called as Tica amine mandelate, a critical impurity that, when present during manufacturing, has a limit of not more than 0.0008%. The Tica amine is also a listed impurity E in the Ticagrelor monograph, in European Pharmacopeia. Because there was no existing NMR spectroscopic method in the literature specific to quantify the counterion (mandelic acid) in Ticagrelor RC A, this study aimed to fill the gap. Accurate stoichiometric measurement of this impurity serves to enhance product quality in the manufacturing of the ticagrelor active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Using ethylene carbonate as an internal standard (IS), the qHNMR analysis on Ticagrelor impurity, revealed many key characteristics of the test mixture composition, including (free base and counterion). The results demonstrate that qHNMR has great potential for addressing several key quality attributes associated with chemical analyses such as detection, identification, quantification, and purity determination, as well as deriving molecular stoichiometry, all from the single proton spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitaram Bhavaraju
- Reference Standards Laboratory, United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP)
| | | | - David Taylor
- Reference Standards Laboratory, United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP)
| | - Steven Rau
- Reference Standards Evaluation, United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP)
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50
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Khajir S, Shayanfar A, Monajjemzadeh F, Jouyban A. Crystal engineering of valproic acid and carbamazepine to improve hygroscopicity and dissolution profile. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 47:1674-1679. [PMID: 35196936 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2045305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sodium valproate, the most common solid form of valproic acid, is highly hygroscopic and carbamazepine has extremely low aqueous solubility. Producing a salt form of valproic acid with tromethamine and a cocrystal form of valproic acid with carbamazepine have been studied as two approaches to improve physicochemical properties of the intended drugs. Characterization methods including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are applied to characterize the synthesized salt and cocrystal. The stability of sodium valproate and tromethamine valproate were examined in 33, 53. 75 and 100 percent of relative humidity. The dissolution profile studies were performed in phosphate buffer media (pH =6.8) for carbamazepine (a low soluble drug) and carbamazepine-valprocic acid cocrystal. Tromethamine valproate was more physically stable than sodium valproate in exposure to humidity. Carbamazepine-valproic acid cocrystal did not show an extreme improvement in dissolution profile when compared to carbamazepine, however after 24 hours carbamazepine-valproic acid cocrystal was more soluble than carbamazepine. Valproic acid forms a new salt with tromethamine and it forms a cocrystal with carbamazepine which can effect on physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheida Khajir
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Shayanfar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Editorial Office of Pharmaceutical Sciences Journal, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farnaz Monajjemzadeh
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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