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Han N, Woo KS, Lee JY, Lee HG, Lee J, Lee YY, Kim M, Kang MS, Kim HJ. Comparative study on the effects of grain blending on functional compound content and in vitro biological activity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12638. [PMID: 38825591 PMCID: PMC11144691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, changes in bioactive compound contents and the in vitro biological activity of mixed grains, including oats, sorghum, finger millet, adzuki bean, and proso millet, with eight different blending ratios were investigated. The total phenolic compounds and flavonoid contents ranged from 14.43-16.53 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 1.22-5.37 mg catechin equivalent/g extract, respectively, depending on the blending ratio. The DI-8 blend (30% oats, 30% sorghum, 15% finger millet, 15% adzuki bean, and 10% proso millet) exhibited relatively higher antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects than other blending samples. The levels of twelve amino acids and eight organic acids in the grain mixes were measured. Among the twenty metabolites, malonic acid, asparagine, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, and proline were identified as key metabolites across the blending samples. Moreover, the levels of lactic acid, oxalic acid, and malonic acid, which are positively correlated with α-glucosidase inhibition activity, were considerably higher in the DI-blending samples. The results of this study suggest that the DI-8 blend could be used as a functional ingredient as it has several bioactive compounds and biological activities, including anti-diabetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narae Han
- Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 16613, Korea
| | - Koan Sik Woo
- Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan, 58545, Korea
| | - Jin Young Lee
- Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 16613, Korea
| | - Hyeon Gyu Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Junsoo Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Korea
| | - Yu-Young Lee
- Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 16613, Korea
| | - Mihyang Kim
- Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 16613, Korea
| | - Moon Seok Kang
- Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 16613, Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Kim
- Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 16613, Korea.
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2
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Zhao Q, Fan Y, Zhao L, Zhu Y, Jiang Y, Gu J, Xue Y, Hao Z, Shen Q. Identification and molecular binding mechanism of novel pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase inhibitory peptides from heat-treated adzuki bean protein hydrolysates. Food Chem 2024; 439:138129. [PMID: 38100876 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Heat-treated adzuki bean protein hydrolysates exhibit lipid-reducing properties; however, few studies have reported pancreatic lipase (PL) and cholesterol esterase (CE) inhibitory effects and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we accomplished the identification of antiobesity peptides through peptide sequencing, virtual screening, and in vitro experiments. Furthermore, the mechanisms were investigated via molecular docking. The findings reveal that the action of pepsin and pancreatin resulted in the transformation of intact adzuki bean protein into smaller peptide fragments. The < 3 kDa fraction exhibited a high proportion of hydrophobic amino acids and displayed superior inhibitory properties for both PL and CE. Five novel antiobesity peptides (LLGGLDSSLLPH, FDTGSSFYNKPAG, IWVGGSGMDM, YLQGFGKNIL, and IFNNDPNNHP) were identified as PL and CE inhibitors. Particularly, IFNNDPNNHP exhibited the most robust biological activity. These peptides exerted their inhibitory action on PL and CE by occupying catalytic or substrate-binding sites through hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, salt bridges, and π-π stacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Center of Technology Innovation (Deep Processing of Highland Barley) in Food Industry, Beijing 100083, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yimeng Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liangxing Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Center of Technology Innovation (Deep Processing of Highland Barley) in Food Industry, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yiqing Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Center of Technology Innovation (Deep Processing of Highland Barley) in Food Industry, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuanrong Jiang
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200137
| | - Jie Gu
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200137
| | - Yong Xue
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Center of Technology Innovation (Deep Processing of Highland Barley) in Food Industry, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhihui Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qun Shen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Center of Technology Innovation (Deep Processing of Highland Barley) in Food Industry, Beijing 100083, China.
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Moussa AY, Alanzi A, Luo J, Chung SK, Xu B. Potential anti-obesity effect of saponin metabolites from adzuki beans: A computational approach. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:3612-3627. [PMID: 38726452 PMCID: PMC11077217 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In contrast to its widespread traditional and popular culinary use to reduce weight, Vigna angularis (adzuki beans) was not subjected to sufficient scientific scrutiny. Particularly, its saponins whose role was never investigated before to unveil the beans' antidiabetic and anti-obesity effects. Four vital pancreatic and intestinal carbohydrate enzymes were selected to assess the potency of the triterpenoidal saponins of V. angularis to bind and activate these proteins through high-precision molecular modeling and dynamics mechanisms with accurate molecular mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (MMGBSA) energy calculations; thus, recognizing their anti-obesity potential. Our results showed that adzukisaponin VI and adzukisaponin IV were the best compounds in the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymatic grooves, respectively. Adzukisaponin VI and angulasaponin C were the best fitting in the N-termini of sucrase-isomaltose (SI) enzyme, and angulasaponin C was the best scoring compound in maltase-glucoamylase C-termini. All of them outperformed the standard drug acarbose. These compounds in their protein complexes were selected to undergo molecular simulations of the drug-bound protein compared to the apo-protein through 100 ns, which confirmed the consistency of binding to the key amino acid residues in the four enzyme pockets with the least propensity of unfolding. Detailed analysis is given of the different polar and hydrophobic binding interactions of docked compounds. While maltase-adzukisaponin VI complex scored the lowest MMGBSA free energy of -67.77 Kcal/mol, α-amylase complex with angulasaponin B revealed the free binding energy of -74.18 Kcal/mol with a dominance of van der Waals energy (ΔEVDW) and the least change from the start to the end of the simulation time. This study will direct researchers to the significance of isolating the pure adzuki saponin components to conduct future in vitro and in vivo experimental works and even clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashaimaa Y. Moussa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of PharmacyAin Shams UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - Abdullah Alanzi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of PharmacyKing Saud UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Jinhai Luo
- Department of Life Sciences, Food Science and Technology ProgramBNU‐HKBU United International CollegeZhuhaiGuangdongChina
| | - Sookja Kim Chung
- Medical FacultyMacau University of Science and TechnologyMacauChina
| | - Baojun Xu
- Department of Life Sciences, Food Science and Technology ProgramBNU‐HKBU United International CollegeZhuhaiGuangdongChina
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Gangadhara RM, Gowda SGB, Gowda D, Inui K, Hui SP. Lipid Composition Analysis and Characterization of Acyl Sterol Glycosides in Adzuki and Soybean Cultivars by Non-Targeted LC-MS. Foods 2023; 12:2784. [PMID: 37509876 PMCID: PMC10379096 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Beans, a globally significant economic and nutritional food crop, are rich in polyphenolic chemicals with potential health advantages, providing high protein, fiber, minerals, and vitamins. However, studies on the global profiling of lipids in beans are limited. We applied a non-targeted lipidomic approach based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (HPLC/LTQ-Orbitrap-MS) to comprehensively profile and compare the lipids in six distinct bean cultivars, namely, adzuki red beans-adzuki cultivar (ARB-AC), adzuki red beans-Benidainagon cultivar (ARB-BC), adzuki red beans-Erimoshouzu cultivar (ARB-EC), soybean-Fukuyutaka cultivar 2021 (SB-FC21), soybean-Fukuyutaka cultivar 2022 (SB-FC22), and soybean-Oosuzu cultivar (SB-OC). MS/MS analysis defined 144 molecular species from four main lipid groups. Multivariate principal component analysis indicated unique lipid compositions in the cultivars except for ARB-BC and ARB-EC. Evaluation of the concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid ratio among all the cultivars showed that SB-FC21 and SB-FC22 had the highest value, suggesting they are the most beneficial for health. Furthermore, lipids such as acyl sterol glycosides were detected and characterized for the first time in these bean cultivars. Hierarchical cluster correlations revealed the predominance of ceramides in ARB-EC, lysophospholipids in SB-FC21, and glycerophospholipids in SB-OC. This study comprehensively investigated lipids and their compositions in beans, indicating their potential utility in the nutritional evaluation of beans as functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana M Gangadhara
- Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan
| | - Siddabasave Gowda B Gowda
- Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Divyavani Gowda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ken Inui
- HIRYU Co., Ltd., Chuo-Cho 2-32, Kashiwa-shi 277-0021, Japan
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Dwivedi SL, Chapman MA, Abberton MT, Akpojotor UL, Ortiz R. Exploiting genetic and genomic resources to enhance productivity and abiotic stress adaptation of underutilized pulses. Front Genet 2023; 14:1193780. [PMID: 37396035 PMCID: PMC10311922 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1193780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Underutilized pulses and their wild relatives are typically stress tolerant and their seeds are packed with protein, fibers, minerals, vitamins, and phytochemicals. The consumption of such nutritionally dense legumes together with cereal-based food may promote global food and nutritional security. However, such species are deficient in a few or several desirable domestication traits thereby reducing their agronomic value, requiring further genetic enhancement for developing productive, nutritionally dense, and climate resilient cultivars. This review article considers 13 underutilized pulses and focuses on their germplasm holdings, diversity, crop-wild-crop gene flow, genome sequencing, syntenic relationships, the potential for breeding and transgenic manipulation, and the genetics of agronomic and stress tolerance traits. Recent progress has shown the potential for crop improvement and food security, for example, the genetic basis of stem determinacy and fragrance in moth bean and rice bean, multiple abiotic stress tolerant traits in horse gram and tepary bean, bruchid resistance in lima bean, low neurotoxin in grass pea, and photoperiod induced flowering and anthocyanin accumulation in adzuki bean have been investigated. Advances in introgression breeding to develop elite genetic stocks of grass pea with low β-ODAP (neurotoxin compound), resistance to Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus in black gram using rice bean, and abiotic stress adaptation in common bean, using genes from tepary bean have been carried out. This highlights their potential in wider breeding programs to introduce such traits in locally adapted cultivars. The potential of de-domestication or feralization in the evolution of new variants in these crops are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark A. Chapman
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Rodomiro Ortiz
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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Li Y, Ma E, Yang K, Zhao B, Li Y, Wan P. Genome-wide analysis of key gene families in RNA silencing and their responses to biotic and drought stresses in adzuki bean. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:195. [PMID: 37046231 PMCID: PMC10091639 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, RNA silencing is an important conserved mechanism to regulate gene expression and combat against abiotic and biotic stresses. Dicer-like (DCL) and Argonaute (AGO) proteins and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) are the core elements involved in gene silencing and their gene families have been explored in many plants. However, these genes and their responses to stresses have not yet been well characterized in adzuki bean. RESULTS A total of 11 AGO, 7 DCL and 6 RDR proteins were identified, and phylogenetic analyses of these proteins showed that they clustered into six, four and four clades respectively. The expression patterns of these genes in susceptible or resistant adzuki bean cultivars challenged with drought, bean common mosaic virus and Podosphaera xanthii infections were further validated by quantitative RT-PCR. The different responses of these proteins under abiotic and biotic stresses indicated their specialized regulatory mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS In this study, 24 genes of the DCL, AGO and RDR gene families in adzuki bean were identified, and the sequence characterization, structure of the encoded proteins, evolutionary relationship with orthologues in other legumes and gene expression patterns under drought and biotic stresses were primarily explored, which enriched our understanding of these genes in adzuki bean. Our findings provide a foundation for the comparative genomic analyses of RNA silencing elements in legume plants and further new insights into the functional complexity of RNA silencing in the response to various stresses in adzuki bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Li
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, College of Biological Science and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, HuilongguanBeinonglu 7, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Enze Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, HuilongguanBeinonglu 7, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, HuilongguanBeinonglu 7, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, HuilongguanBeinonglu 7, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yisong Li
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, College of Biological Science and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, HuilongguanBeinonglu 7, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ping Wan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, HuilongguanBeinonglu 7, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Zhang Z, Liang Y, Zou L, Xu Y, Li M, Xing B, Zhu M, Hu Y, Ren G, Zhang L, Qin P. Individual or mixing extrusion of Tartary buckwheat and adzuki bean: Effect on quality properties and starch digestibility of instant powder. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1113327. [PMID: 37025611 PMCID: PMC10070833 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1113327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tartary buckwheat and adzuki bean, which are classified as coarse grain, has attracted increasing attention as potential functional ingredient or food source because of their high levels of bioactive components and various health benefits. Methods This work investigated the effect of two different extrusion modes including individual extrusion and mixing extrusion on the phytochemical compositions, physicochemical properties and in vitro starch digestibility of instant powder which consists mainly of Tartary buckwheat and adzuki bean flour. Results Compared to mixing extrusion, instant powder obtained with individual extrusion retained higher levels of protein, resistant starch, polyphenols, flavonoids and lower gelatinization degree and estimated glycemic index. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (35.45%) of the instant powder obtained with individual extrusion was stronger than that obtained with mixing extrusion (26.58%). Lower levels of digestibility (39.65%) and slower digestion rate coefficient (0.25 min-1) were observed in the instant powder obtained with individual extrusion than in mixing extrusion (50.40%, 0.40 min-1) by logarithm-of-slope analysis. Moreover, two extrusion modes had no significant impact on the sensory quality of instant powder. Correlation analysis showed that the flavonoids were significantly correlated with physicochemical properties and starch digestibility of the instant powder. Discussion These findings suggest that the instant powder obtained with individual extrusion could be used as an ideal functional food resource with anti-diabetic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation and Nutrition Health of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation and Nutrition Health of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunan Xu
- Seed Administration Station of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mengzhuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation and Nutrition Health of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao Xing
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation and Nutrition Health of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Manli Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation and Nutrition Health of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yichen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guixing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation and Nutrition Health of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Guixing Ren,
| | - Lizhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Lizhen Zhang,
| | - Peiyou Qin
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation and Nutrition Health of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Peiyou Qin,
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Muhammad M, Zhu Y, Wen A, Liu N, Qin L. Phenolic profile, alpha-amylase inhibitory activity, and in vitro glycemic index of adzuki beans. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1063602. [PMID: 36618697 PMCID: PMC9815551 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1063602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular consumption of low-glycemic index (GI) foods is a common strategy for type 2 diabetes patients. To evaluate the potential application of adzuki beans in low-GI foods, the phenolic profile and alpha-amylase inhibitor (α-AI) activity of four varieties of adzuki beans (G24, Te Xiao Li No. 1, Gui Nong No. 1, and Qian Xiao Hei) were determined. The starch digestibility properties and in vitro glycemic index (IVGI) of these beans were also evaluated using the in vitro digestion model coupled with 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid colorimetry. The results indicated that these adzuki beans, containing numerous phenolics, showed inhibitory activities to alpha-amylase with the α-AI activities between 1.760 ± 0.044 and 3.411 ± 0.186 U/g. The resistant starch (RS) contributed predominantly to the total starch with proportions between (69.78 ± 2.45%) and (81.03 ± 0.06%); Te Xiao Li No. 1 was the highest compared with the other varieties. The adzuki beans were categorized into low- or medium-GI foods, and the IVGI ranged from (39.00 ± 0.36) to (56.76 ± 4.21). These results suggested that adzuki beans can be used as a component of low-GI foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar Muhammad
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Anyan Wen
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Likang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China,School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China,*Correspondence: Likang Qin,
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Tayade R, Rana V, Shafiqul M, Nabi RBS, Raturi G, Dhar H, Thakral V, Kim Y. Genome-Wide Identification of Aquaporin Genes in Adzuki Bean ( Vigna angularis) and Expression Analysis under Drought Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416189. [PMID: 36555833 PMCID: PMC9782098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The adzuki bean Vigna angularis (Wild.) is an important leguminous crop cultivated mainly for food purposes in Asian countries; it represents a source of carbohydrates, digestible proteins, minerals, and vitamins. Aquaporins (AQPs) are crucial membrane proteins involved in the transmembrane diffusion of water and small solutes in all living organisms, including plants. In this study, we used the whole genome sequence of the adzuki bean for in silico analysis to comprehensively identify 40 Vigna angularis aquaporin (VaAQP) genes and reveal how these plants react to drought stress. VaAQPs were compared with AQPs from other closely-related leguminous plants, and the results showed that mustard (Brassica rapa) (59), barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) (46), soybean (Glycine max) (66), and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (41) had more AQP genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that forty VaAQPs belong to five subfamilies, with the VaPIPs (fifteen) subfamily the largest, followed by the VaNIPs (ten), VaTIPs (ten), VaSIPs (three), and VaXIPs (two) subfamilies. Furthermore, all AQP subcellular locations were found at the plasma membrane, and intron-exon analysis revealed a relationship between the intron number and gene expression, duplication, evolution, and diversity. Among the six motifs identified, motifs one, two, five, and six were prevalent in VaTIP, VaNIP, VaPIP, and VaXIP, while motifs one, three, and four were not observed in VaPIP1-3 and VaPIP1-4. Under drought stress, two of the VaAQPs (VaPIP2-1 and VaPIP2-5) showed significantly higher expression in the root tissue while the other two genes (VaPIP1-1 and VaPIP1-7) displayed variable expression in leaf tissue. This finding revealed that the selected VaAQPs might have unique molecular functions linked with the uptake of water under drought stress or in the exertion of osmoregulation to transport particular substrates rather than water to protect plants from drought. This study presents the first thorough investigation of VaAQPs in adzuki beans, and it reveals the transport mechanisms and related physiological processes that may be utilized for the development of drought-tolerant adzuki bean cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Tayade
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Varnika Rana
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali 140306, India
| | - Mohammad Shafiqul
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Rizwana Begum Syed Nabi
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang 50424, Republic of Korea
| | - Gaurav Raturi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali 140306, India
| | - Hena Dhar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali 140306, India
| | - Vandana Thakral
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali 140306, India
| | - Yoonha Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +82-53-950-5710
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