Chitosan Nanoparticles as a Promising Nanomaterial for Encapsulation of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peel Extract as a Natural Source of Antioxidants

Preparation, antioxidant, antibacterial, and in vivo evaluation of pomegranate flower extract nanofibers based on thiolated chitosan and thiolated gelatin for treating aphthous stomatitis

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common condition that manifests as ulcerative lesions in the oral mucosa. In this study, bilayer, mucoadhesive nanofibers loaded with pomegranate flower extract (PFE) were prepared using thiolated gelatin (TGel) and thiolated chitosan (TCS) as the active layer and drug-free polycaprolactone (PCL) as the backing layer. Gelatin (Gel) and chitosan (CS) were successfully thiolated (proven by Ellman's assay, solubility, 1H NMR, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and XRD) and electrospun into active nanofibrous layers with a diameter of 356.9 nm. The in vitro release assay showed extended release of PFE, reaching about 57 % drug release in 48 h, fitted to the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics. FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and XRD also showed the characteristic peaks of the nanofibers and their components. The nanofibers also exhibited significant hydrophilicity (contact angle of 47-49°), mucoadhesion (432.7 Pa), antioxidant capabilities (93.3 ± 0.2 %), and antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, PFE-loaded thiolated nanofibers significantly accelerated wound healing and epithelial tissue regeneration in vivo, reducing the ulcer area from 187 ± 19 mm on the 1st day to 68 ± 6 on the 7th day. Overall, bilayer PFE-loaded nanofibers based on TCS and TGel showed promising potential for treating RAS.

Synergy of the flow behaviour and disperse phase of polysaccharide nanoparticles derived from Corchorus olitorius in enhancing oil recovery at an offshore operation

The escalating global energy demand necessitates enhanced oil recovery methods, particularly offshore. Biological nanotechnology offers sustainable, environment-friendly, and cost-effective alternatives to synthetic chemicals. This study explored the synthesis of polysaccharide-based nanoparticles (PNPs) from Corchorus olitorius leaves using a weak acid-assisted ultrasonic method and their application as nanocomposites for oil recovery. The PNPs were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, zeta potential, and 1H NMR analyses. Performance assessments included rheological properties under varying temperatures and shear rates, interfacial tension (IFT) via the pendant-drop method, and core flooding to evaluate the oil recovery. The weak acid-assisted ultrasonic method produced PNPs with sizes ranging from 35 to 175 nm, exhibiting stable hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. Rheological tests showed viscosity dependence on PNP concentration, with viscosity decreasing as the temperature increased. Salinity amplified the viscosity at higher PNP concentrations (>1.5 wt%). The PNPs enhanced the nanocomposite stability by reducing the consistency index, increasing the flow behaviour index, and minimising shear thinning. The PNP fluid improved oil recovery by 3.77 %, achieving a total recovery of 60.30 %. Combining PNPs with mucilage further increased recovery by 18 %, resulting in a total recovery of 75.52 %. The cost-effectiveness of PNP production makes it a viable solution for large-scale oil-recovery applications.

Optimization and preparation of doxycycline-loaded chitosan nanoparticles using Box-Behnken design for better diabetic wound healing

A diabetic wound is one of the most devastating difficulties associated with diabetes and leads to significant death and morbidity. Hence, the aim was to make Doxycycline-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (DOX-CNPs) using ionic gelation with a cross-linking technique. In the Box-Behnken design, the DOX-CNPs were optimized by considering the effects of the following 3 variables independently, namely chitosan, sodium tripolyphosphate in volume ratio, strength of chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate, among several response variables related to nanoparticle properties. The Fourier transform infrared, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimeter, X-ray diffraction, particle size, entrapment efficiency, and drug release in-vitro were used to characterized the nanoparticles. Additionally, DPPH scavenging activity and activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and in vivo characterization were carried out to optimize DOX-CNPs. Then effective delivery of DOX-CNPs is incorporated in chitosan hydrogel for diabetic wounds. The findings of this study indicate that DOX-CNPs exhibit free radical scavenging properties, demonstrate significant antibacterial activity, and enhance cell viability and migration in an in vitro wound healing assay using the L929 fibroblast cell line, and in vivo demonstrate increased blood vessels, collagen deposition epithelization. Chitosan could be used as a drug carrier in a DOX-chitosan-NP system to help develop procedures that can be used in the lab and to treat diabetic wounds.

Chitosan Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Cordyceps militaris Grown on Germinated Rhynchosia nulubilis Reduces Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cell Apoptosis in PM2.5-Induced Lung Injury

Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) were synthesized in this study to enhance the limited bioactivity and stability of Cordyceps militaris grown on germinated Rhynchosia nulubilis (GRC) and effectively deliver it to target tissues. Under optimized conditions, stable encapsulation of GRC was achieved by setting the chitosan (CHI)-to-tripolyphosphate (TPP) ratio to 4:1 and adjusting the pH of TPP to 2, resulting in a zeta potential of +22.77 mV, which indicated excellent stability. As the concentration of GRC increased, the encapsulation efficiency decreased, whereas the loading efficiency increased. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy revealed shifts in the amide I and II bands of CHI from 1659 and 1578 to 1639 cm⁻1, indicating hydrogen bonding and successful encapsulation of GRC encapsulated with CNPs (GCN). X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination revealed the transition of the nanoparticles from a crystalline to an amorphous state, further confirming successful encapsulation. In vivo experiments demonstrated that GCN treatment significantly reduced lung injury scores in fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-exposed mice (p < 0.05) and alleviated lung epithelial barrier damage by restoring the decreased expression of occludin protein (p < 0.05). In addition, GCN decreased the PM2.5-induced upregulation of MMP-9 and COL1A1 mRNA expression levels, preventing extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and collagen accumulation (p < 0.05). GCN exhibited antioxidant effects by reducing the mRNA expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and enhancing both the protein and mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) caused by PM2.5, thereby alleviating oxidative stress (p < 0.05). In A549 cells, GCN significantly reduced PM2.5-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production compared with GRC (p < 0.05), with enhanced intracellular uptake confirmed using fluorescence microscopy (p < 0.05). In conclusion, GCN effectively alleviated PM2.5-induced lung damage by attenuating oxidative stress, suppressing apoptosis, and preserving the lung epithelial barrier integrity. These results emphasize its potential as a therapeutic candidate for preventing and treating the lung diseases associated with PM2.5 exposure.

Nanoencapsulation of active compounds in chitosan by ionic gelation: Physicochemical, active properties and application in packaging

The ionic gelation technique using chitosan to encapsulate active compounds has received lots of attention in the literature due to its ease-of-use and known biodegradability, biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties of the polymer. In this review, main studies from the last five years involving encapsulation of active compounds (natural and commercial/synthetic) are brought together in order to understand the encapsulation mechanisms of components with chitosan as well as the physical, chemical and morphological properties of the resulting particles. The application of these nanostructures in polymeric films was then investigated, since additives for packaging are an attractive premise and have only recently started being studied in the literature. Herein, comparisons are made between free and encapsulated bioactive compounds in different film matrices, as well as the effect of this activation on structure. Finally, this work details the mechanisms involved in the production of chitosan nanoparticles with active compounds and encourages new studies to focus on their application in packaging.

Herbal nanoemulsions in cosmetic science: A comprehensive review of design, preparation, formulation, and characterization

The rapid development of delivery systems for cosmetics has revealed two critical challenges in the field: enhancing the solubility of active ingredients and ensuring the stability of natural materials used in cosmetics. Nanoemulsion technology has emerged as an indispensable solution for addressing these challenges, not only enhancing the stability of cosmetics but also improving the solubility of pharmaceuticals and active ingredients with poor solubility. Nanoemulsion formulations have reinforced stability and amended the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. Moreover, nanoemulsion exhibit excellent skin penetration and long-lasting effects, making them particularly appealing to consumers, especially in the cosmetic industry. This article aims to provide an overview of herbal nanoemulsion formulations as cosmetic products, covering formulation, production, and characterization. Herbal nanoemulsions is an effective, stable, and promising option for cosmetic delivery. The nanoemulsions were characterized by their key properties, such as particle size, polydisperse index (PDI), zeta potential, viscosity, stability and others. Techniques like zeta potential measurement, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the surface morphology, whereas stability tests were employed to evaluate nanoemulsion performance. This review also delves into the high-energy and the low-energy methods of manufacturing nanoemulsions. Additionally, we also explore the selection of appropriate surfactants, co-surfactants, and ingredients for creating herbal nanoemulsions with desirable attributes and qualities. Overall, this review consolidates the current knowledge on herbal nanoemulsion formulations for cosmetic preparations, designs, shedding light on their effectiveness, characteristics, and stability. These formulations hold promise in overcoming challenges related to meeting the increasing demand for effective herbal nanoemulsion and high-quality cosmetic products.

Formulation, Characterization, and Antioxidant Properties of Chitosan Nanoparticles Containing Phenolic Compounds from Olive Pomace

Olive phenolic compounds like hydroxytyrosol (OH-Tyr), tyrosol (Tyr), and their precursors have different health-promoting properties, mainly based on their strong antioxidant capacity. However, their presence in extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) is scarce since they are primarily contained in the by-products of oil production, such as olive pomace (OP). The aim of this work was to extract and encapsulate OP phenolic compounds into chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles (NPs) using an ionotropic gelation lyophilization approach to increase their resistance to environmental and chemical stress. NPs resulted in a monodisperse (PDI: 0.21) population of cationic NPs (ζ-potential: 33 mV, size: 229 nm) with an encapsulation efficiency (EE%), expressed as total phenolic content (TPC) and total OH-Tyr + Tyr content, of 64-65%. Mannitol and maltodextrin DE 19 (MD-19) were evaluated as lyoprotectants to counteract irreversible NP aggregation during lyophilization. The NP powder freeze dried using 0.7% of MD-19 showed the best performance, returning a monodispersed population of particles after rehydration. The antioxidant capacity of the obtained NPs was confirmed both in cell-free assays and in a THP-1 cell model of oxidative stress. This method represents a promising way to deliver health-promoting olive phenols for nutraceutical purposes and, hence, to valorize otherwise wasted by-products.

Chitosan Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Alstonia venenata R.Br. Root Methanolic Extract: A Promising Strategy for Breast Cancer Therapy in DMBA-Induced Breast Cancer in Sprague Dawley Rats

Alstonia venenata R.Br., a plant native to the Western Ghats, is recognized for its diverse medicinal properties. The plant's extracts, particularly rich in alkaloids and other bioactive compounds, have shown potential anticancer activity. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) loaded with the root methanolic extract (RME) of A. venenata in combating breast cancer induced by dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in female Sprague Dawley rats. The RME-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (RME-EnCNPs) were synthesized and characterized, and their in vivo efficacy was evaluated. Treatment with RME-EnCNPs significantly inhibited tumor progression, which is evidenced by reduced tumor volume, burden, and incidence. Moreover, the nanoparticles demonstrated a sustained release of the active compounds, leading to marked improvements in various biochemical, enzymatic, and histopathological parameters. The study found that both RME and RME-EnCNPs effectively suppressed tumor growth, with RME-EnCNPs showing superior efficacy in modulating tumor progression. Antioxidant assays revealed that treatment with RME-EnCNPs (500 mg/kg) resulted in significant increases in total protein, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione (GSH) levels, alongside a marked reduction in lipid peroxidation (LPO) (p < 0.001). These findings suggest that RME-EnCNPs exert a potent antioxidant effect, mitigating oxidative stress within the tumor microenvironment. The root extract of A. venenata and its nanoparticle formulation hold promise as a potential therapeutic agent for breast cancer, warranting further investigation to isolate active bioactive compounds and elucidate their mechanisms of action.

Recent advances in pomegranate peel extract mediated nanoparticles for clinical and biomedical applications

Manufacturing new materials at the nanoscale level is a field that is rapidly expanding with widespread application in advanced science and MMT is effectively used for the technology. Nanoparticles (NP), the building blocks of nanotechnology, exhibit improved properties than the larger counterparts and can be prepared from a variety of metals, including silver, copper, gold, zinc, and others. Phytonanotechnology is gaining major attention as various clinical researches have focused on the excellent properties (physicochemical and biological) of nanoscale phytochemicals and its applications in biological systems. In recent developments, pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) has gained major attention due to the phenolic compounds like apigenin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, cyanidin, ellagic acid, gallic acid, granatin A, granatin B, pelargonidin, punicalagin, punicalin and quercetin found in its peel. Pomegranate Peel Extract (PPE) that aid the synthesis of PPE mediated nanoparticles (PPE-MNPs) like PPE-MAuNPs, PPE-MAgNPs, PPE-MZnONPs, PPE-MCuNPs, PPE-MPtNPs and PPE-MFeNPs has yielded plethora of beneficial properties in both plants and humans. In the current review, we discuss in detail the recent advances in synthesis and characterization of various nanoparticles from PPE. Moreover, the multitude biological properties of PPE-MNPs make up the long list of clinical uses. In addition, we discuss the pharmacokinetics, current advantages, and limitations of PPE-MNPs which can further help in development of more efficient therapeutics. Despite some of the challenges, PPE-MNPs hold a lot of potential for drug delivery and are always a better choice. The convergence of science and engineering has created new hopes, in which phytomedicines will have more efficacy, bioavailability, and less toxicity.

Effect of molecular weight of chitosan on quercetin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles

BACKGROUND

The widespread use of quercetin is limited by its instability, low solubility and poor oral bioavailability. Encapsulation of quercetin using a nanoparticle delivery system is an effective way to overcome these drawbacks.

RESULTS

The effect of the molecular weight (Mw) of chitosan (CS) (100, 200, 500 and 1000 kDa) on quercetin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (QCNPs) was investigated. The structure, stability, release properties and antioxidant activities of the nanoparticles (QCNP-10, QCNP-20, QCNP-50 and QCNP-100) were assessed. Particle size of QCNPs decreased and polydispersity index increased with the increasing Mw of CS. The main forces involved in the formation of QCNPs were hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction. X-ray diffraction verified that quercetin was loaded into CS nanoparticles. The photostability and thermal stability of QCNPs increased with increasing Mw of CS. QCNP-100 exhibited the lowest release rate in a mixture of water and anhydrous ethanol. The antioxidant activities of QCNPs were enhanced with increasing Mw of CS, and QCNP-100 possessed the highest antioxidant activities, which might be relevant to its smallest particle size.

CONCLUSION

Overall, these results revealed that the Mw of CS affected the properties of QCNPs, and QCNP-100 possessed the smallest particle, best stability, lowest release rate and highest antioxidant activities. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Plant-Derived Natural Products and Their Nano Transformation: A Sustainable Option Towards Desert Locust Infestations

The desert locust has been recognized as the most devastating migratory pest in the world. Swarms of this pest have been threatening vast regions of pastures and crops in Africa, Middle East, and South Asia. The biological management of expanding swarms has become a strategy of particular interest due to environmental awareness and economic issues associated with chemical pesticides. The present review aims to explore the latest updates and information about pesticidal plants that are distributed across Africa. Searches on Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus databases from 2013-2024 revealed a total of 22 plant species probed for insecticidal activities against desert locusts. The formulation, active ingredients, and biological effects of essential oils and other extracts from these plants are presented. Despite the promising anti-insecticidal effects of the plant extracts and compounds, issues related to their solubility and instability under environmental conditions have been observed. To address such major quality defects, methods for the encapsulation of plant natural products within nanostructures are detailed. Given the presence of bioactive compounds with nucleophiles bearing functional groups, the reported plant extracts have been exploited to fabricate metal nanoparticles with inherent insecticidal activities. In this paper, a holistic overview of prepared phytochemical-coated metal nanopesticides is also presented. In summary, this study offers insights into the integration of nanoformulated natural resources as a more sustainable option to control desert locust invasions.

A Review of Chitosan-Based Materials for Biomedical, Food, and Water Treatment Applications

Chitosan, a natural biopolymer with excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and modifiable structure, has broad applications in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, food packaging, and environmental technology. Its abundance, solubility in acidic solutions, and capacity for chemical modification make it highly adaptable for creating specialized derivatives with enhanced properties. Recent advances have demonstrated chitosan's efficacy in composite systems for tissue regeneration, drug delivery, and antimicrobial applications. This review examines chitosan's unique properties, with a focus on its antibacterial activity as influenced by factors like pH, concentration, molecular weight, and deacetylation degree. Additionally, chitosan's potential as a sustainable, non-toxic material for eco-friendly packaging and water treatment is explored, highlighting the growing interest in chitosan composites with other polymers and metallic nanoparticles for enhanced biomedical and environmental applications.

Nanotechnology Approaches for Prevention and Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Neurotoxicity, Neuropathy, and Cardiomyopathy in Breast and Ovarian Cancer Survivors

Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach for the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents while improving their efficacy and safety. As a result, nanomaterial development for the selective targeting of cancers, with the possibility of treating off-target, detrimental sequelae caused by chemotherapy, is an important area of research. Breast and ovarian cancer are among the most common cancer types in women, and chemotherapy is an essential treatment modality for these diseases. However, chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity, neuropathy, and cardiomyopathy are common side effects that can affect breast and ovarian cancer survivors quality of life. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies for these adverse effects. Nanoparticles (NPs) have extreme potential for enhancing therapeutic efficacy but require continued research to elucidate beneficial interventions for women cancer survivors. In short, nanotechnology-based approaches have emerged as promising strategies for preventing and treating chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity, neuropathy, and cardiomyopathy. NP-based drug delivery systems and therapeutics have shown potential for reducing the side effects of chemotherapeutics while improving drug efficacy. In this article, the latest nanotechnology approaches and their potential for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity, neuropathy, and cardiomyopathy in breast and ovarian cancer survivors are discussed.

Development of phytotherapeutic nanoformulation containing Gypsophila eriocalyx and its evaluation as a candidate formulation for osteoporosis treatment on human bone marrow stem cells

INTRODUCTION

Osteoporosis, one of the common bone diseases, manifests itself as a decrease in bone mass. Recently, the use of medicinal plants in the search for effective and low-toxicity therapeutics for the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis has become a trending topic.

OBJECTIVE

In this study, we aim to prepare a controlled drug carrier system loaded with Gypsophila eriocalyx to determine its potential for anti-osteoporosis applications.

METHODS

Gypsophila eriocalyx extract (GEE) was prepared, and components were determined. The molecular interactions of the components with Cathepsin K (CatK), which is used as a target in drug development against osteoporosis, were revealed by in silico molecular docking and MD methods. ADMET profiles were also examined. GEE-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) were synthesized. The nanoparticles' morphology, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, release profile, average size, polydispersity index, and zeta potentials were determined. The cytotoxic effects of GEE and GEE-loaded CNPs on the L929 and osteogenic proliferation profiles on human bone marrow stem cells (hBMC) were examined.

RESULTS

The MD analysis revealed no breaks or atomic changes in the dynamic system, and the docking analysis confirmed the continued interaction of identical residues. It was determined that the GEE-loaded CNP formulation was produced successfully, had no toxic effect on the L929, and had an osteogenic proliferation effect on hBMC.

CONCLUSION

In line with the in vitro and in silico results obtained, it was evaluated that GEE-loaded CNPs can be used as a controlled drug release system as a candidate formulation with phytotherapeutic properties for osteoporosis treatment.q1.

Camellia Oleifera oil-loaded chitosan nanoparticles embedded in hydrogels as cosmeceutical products with improved biological properties and sustained drug release

Hydrogels based on poly(vinyl alcohol), silk sericin, and gelatin containing Camellia oleifera oil (CO)-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) were fabricated. The loading of CO into CSNPs was achieved by a two-step procedure, which included an oil-in-water emulsion and an ionic gelation method. SEM images of CO-loaded CSNPs illustrated the spherical shape with aggregation of the nanoparticles. The particle size and polydispersity index were 541-1089 nm and 0.39-0.65, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity were 3-16 % and 4-6 %, respectively. The gelatin/poly(vinyl alcohol)/sericin hydrogels were fabricated and incorporated with CO or CO-loaded CSNPs with different concentrations of CO-loaded CSNPs. All hydrogels demonstrated a porous structure. Besides, the hydrogels containing CO-loaded CSNPs showed a more controlled and sustained release profile than the hydrogels containing CO. Moreover, the hydrogels showed tyrosinase inhibition (9-13 %) and antioxidant activity (37-60 %). Finally, the hydrogels containing CO-loaded CSNPs were non-toxic to the Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts and NCTC clone 929 cells, even at a high dosage of 50 mg/mL. As a result, these hydrogels exhibited excellent potential for use in cosmeceutical industries.

ULK1 Mediated Autophagy-Promoting Effects of Rutin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Contribute to the Activation of NF-κB Signaling Besides Inhibiting EMT in Hep3B Hepatoma Cells

Background

Liver cancer remains to be one of the leading causes of cancer worldwide. The treatment options face several challenges and nanomaterials have proven to improve the bioavailability of several drug candidates and their applications in nanomedicine. Specifically, chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) are extremely biodegradable, pose enhanced biocompatibility and are considered safe for use in medicine.

Methods

CNPs were synthesized by ionic gelation, loaded with rutin (rCNPs) and characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The rCNPs were tested for their cytotoxic effects on human hepatoma Hep3B cells, and experiments were conducted to determine the mechanism of such effects. Further, the biocompatibility of the rCNPs was tested on L929 fibroblasts, and their hemocompatibility was determined.

Results

Initially, UV-vis and FTIR analyses indicated the possible loading of rutin on rCNPs. Further, the rutin load was quantitatively measured using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) and the concentration was 88 µg/mL for 0.22 micron filtered rCNPs. The drug loading capacity (LC%) of the rCNPs was observed to be 13.29 ± 0.68%, and encapsulation efficiency (EE%) was 19.55 ± 1.01%. The drug release was pH-responsive as 88.58% of the drug was released after 24 hrs at the lysosomal pH 5.5, whereas 91.44% of the drug was released at physiological pH 7.4 after 102 hrs. The cytotoxic effects were prominent in 0.22 micron filtered samples of 5 mg/mL rutin precursor. The particle size for the rCNPs at this concentration was 144.1 nm and the polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.244, which is deemed to be ideal for tumor targeting. A zeta potential (ζ-potential) value of 16.4 mV indicated rCNPs with good stability. The IC50 value for the cytotoxic effects of rCNPs on human hepatoma Hep3B cells was 9.7 ± 0.19 μg/mL of rutin load. In addition, the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were observed. Gene expression studies indicated that the mechanism for cytotoxic effects of rCNPs on Hep3B cells was due to the activation of Unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinase (ULK1) mediated autophagy and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling besides inhibiting the epithelial-mesenchymal Transition (EMT). In addition, the rCNPs were less toxic on NCTC clone 929 (L929) fibroblasts in comparison to the Hep3B cells and possessed excellent hemocompatibility (less than 2% of hemolysis).

Conclusion

The synthesized rCNPs were pH-responsive and possessed the physicochemical properties suitable for tumor targeting. The particles were effectively cytotoxic on Hep3B cells in comparison to normal cells and possessed excellent hemocompatibility. The very low hemolytic profile of rCNPs indicates that the drug could be administered intravenously for cancer therapy.

Inhibition of the Naja naja venom toxicity by polymeric nanoparticles loaded with Leucas aspera methanolic extract

Background

Snakebite is a neglected tropical disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Developing effective treatments can make a significant contribution to global health efforts and public health initiatives. To reduce mortality due to snakebite, there is an immediate need to explore novel and effective treatment methodologies. In that context, nanoparticle-based drug delivery is gaining a lot of attention. Hydrophilic nanoparticles are suitable for the delivery of therapeutic peptides, proteins, and antigens.

Methods

The present investigation is aimed at evaluating the anti-ophidian potential of the methanolic extract of the ethno-medicinal herb Leucas aspera (Willd.) loaded within chitosan nanoparticles (CNP-LA), against the Indian cobra (Naja naja) venom enzymes. For this purpose, nanoparticles were prepared using the ionic gelation method to enhance the efficacy of the extract. The physicochemical and structural features of nanoparticles were investigated using dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier-transform Infrared (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques.

Results

It was found that CNP-LA has an average size of 260 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.132 (PDI) and zeta potential of 34.7 mV, with an encapsulation efficiency of 92.46%. The in vitro release study was performed at pH 5.0 and 7.4. Furthermore, in vitro studies indicated that CNP-LA inhibited the phospholipase A2, hemolytic, and caseinolytic activities of Naja naja venom with the percentage inhibition of 92.5%, 83.9%, and 94.5%, respectively.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the application of herbal methanolic extract loaded within chitosan nanoparticles for neutralizing snake venom enzymes with increased efficiency.

Unveiling antioxidant capacity of standardized chitosan-tripolyphosphate microcapsules containing polyphenol-rich extract of Portulaca oleraceae

The medicinal plant Portulaca oleraceae has a long history of usage in traditional medicine. Plant extracts have several interesting pharmacological effects but have some drawbacks that can be addressed via capsulation with chitosan. This work set out to do just that tally up the antioxidant effects of a polyphenol-rich P. olerace extract and see how capsulation affected them. The reflux extraction and response surface methodology (RSM) were carried out to optimize the phenolic and flavonoid content of P. oleraceae extract. Additionally, high-resolution mass spectrometry was employed to determine the secondary metabolite present in the extract. The microcapsules of extract-loaded chitosan were prepared using the ionic gelation method and characterized in terms of size, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and morphology of microcapsules. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was used to observe the successful production of microcapsules with a principal component analysis (PCA) approach. The antioxidant activity of microcapsules was established using the radical scavenging method. According to RSM, the highest amounts of TPC and TFC were obtained at 72.894 % ethanol, 2.031 h, and 57.384 °C. The compounds were employed from the optimized extract of P. oleraceae including phenolics and flavonoids. The microcapsules were secured with a %EE of 43.56 ± 2.31 %. The characteristics of microcapsules were approved for the obtained product's successful synthesis according to the PCA. The microcapsules have antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.0001). The findings of this study underscored the benefits of employing chitosan as a nanocarrier for extract, offering a promising approach to enhance plant-derived therapies.

Exploiting Apical Sodium-Dependent Bile Acid Transporter (ASBT)-Mediated Endocytosis with Multi-Functional Deoxycholic Acid Grafted Alginate Amide Nanoparticles as an Oral Insulin Delivery System

OBJECTIVE

Oral administration of insulin is a potential candidate for managing diabetes. However, it is obstructed by the gastrointestinal tract barriers resulting in negligible oral bioavailability.

METHODS

This investigation presents a novel nanocarrier platform designed to address these challenges. In this regard, the process involved amination of sodium alginate by ethylene diamine, followed by its conjugation with deoxycholic acid.

RESULTS

The resulting DCA@Alg@INS nanocarrier revealed a significantly high insulin loading content of 63.6 ± 1.03% and encapsulation efficiency of 87.6 ± 3.84%, with a particle size of 206 nm and zeta potentials of -3 mV. In vitro studies showed sustained and pH-dependent release profiles of insulin from nanoparticles. In vitro cellular studies, confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry analysis confirmed the successful attachment and internalization of DCA@Alg@INS nanoparticles in Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, the DCA@Alg@INS demonstrated a superior capacity for cellular uptake and permeability coefficient relative to the insulin solution, exhibiting sixfold and 4.94-fold enhancement, respectively. According to the uptake mechanism studies, the results indicated that DCA@Alg@INS was mostly transported through an energy-dependent active pathway since the uptake of DCA@Alg@INS by cells was significantly reduced in the presence of NaN3 by ~ 92% and at a low temperature of 4°C by ~ 94%.

CONCLUSIONS

Given the significance of administering insulin through oral route, deoxycholic acid-modified alginate nanoparticles present a viable option to surmount various obstacles presented by the gastrointestinal.

Designing and fabrication of colloidal nano-phytosomes with gamma-oryzanol and phosphatidylcholine for encapsulation and delivery of polyphenol-rich extract from pomegranate peel

Nano-carriers are well-known delivery systems to encapsulate different bioactive compounds and extracts. Such nano-systems are used in various food and drug areas to protect active ingredients, increase bioavailability, control the release, and deliver bioactive substances. This study aimed to design and fabricate a stable colloidal nano-delivery system to better preserve the antioxidant properties of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) and protect its sustained release in a gastrointestinal model. To achieve this goal, a nano-phytosomal system was fabricated with plant-based, cost-effective, and food-grade compounds, i.e., phosphatidylcholine (PC) and gamma-oryzanol (GO) for encapsulation of PPE. To fabricate the nano-phytosomes, thin film hydration/sonication method was used. The parameters of particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), loading capacity (LC), and encapsulation efficiency (EE) were investigated to evaluate the efficiency of the produced nano-system. In summary, the size, zeta potential, PDI, LC, and EE of homogenous spherical PC-GO-PPE nano-phytosomes (NPs) in the ratio of 8:2:2 % w/w were achieved as 60.61 ± 0.81 nm, -32.24 ± 0.84 mV, 0.19 ± 0.01, 19.13 ± 0.30 %, and 95.66 ± 1.52 %, respectively. Also, the structure of NPs was approved by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The optimized NPs were stable during one month of storage at 4 °C, and changes in the size of particles and PPE retention rate were insignificant (p > 0.05). The nano-encapsulation of PPE significantly decreased the loss of its antioxidant activity during one month of storage at 4 °C. The optimized NPs exhibited prolonged and sustained release of PPE in a gastrointestinal model, so that after 2 h in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and 4 h in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), 22.66 ± 2.51 % and 69.33 ± 4.50 % of initially loaded PPE was released, respectively. Optimized NPs had considerable cytotoxicity against the Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 cell line (MCF7) (IC50 = 103 μg/ml), but not against Human Foreskin Fibroblast cell line (HFF-2) (IC50 = 453 μg/ml). In conclusion, spherical PC-GO-PPE NPs were identified as a promising delivery system to efficiently encapsulate PPE, as well as protect and preserve its bioactivity, including antioxidant and cytotoxicity against cancer cell line.

Ultrasonication/dynamic maceration-assisted extraction method as a novel combined approach for recovery of phenolic compounds from pomegranate peel

According to recent studies, pomegranate peel (PP) has the potential to be inverted from environmental pollutant waste to wealth due to possessing valuable phenolic compounds at a higher amount compared to edible parts. So far, different types of biological activities such as antimutagenic, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and chemo-preventive properties were stated for pomegranate peel extract (PPE) according to chemical composition. In the present research, the probable intensifying effects of two extraction methods and optimum conditions for novel combined method of ultrasonication and dynamic maceration-assisted extraction of PPE using response surface methodology (RSM) were determined. A Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to optimize three extraction variables, including sonication time (X1), sonication temperature (X2), and stirring speed (X3) for the achievement of high extraction yield of the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. The optimized conditions to obtain maximum extraction efficiency were determined as X1 = 70 min, X2 = 61.8°C, and X3 = 1000 rpm. The experimental values were in line with the values anticipated by RSM models, which indicates the appropriateness of the applied quadratic model and the accomplishment of RSM in optimizing the extraction conditions. The results suggest that the extraction of PPE by mix of ultrasonication as a modern method and dynamic maceration as a conventional method could improve its bioactive extractability and the obtained values were higher than any of the methods used. In other words, these two methods together have intensifying effects in increasing extraction efficiency which could further be utilized in food and agricultural industry.

Wild-Grown Romanian Helleborus purpurascens Approach to Novel Chitosan Phyto-Nanocarriers-Metabolite Profile and Antioxidant Properties

The current nanomedicinal approach combines medicinal plants and nanotechnology to create new scaffolds with enhanced bioavailability, biodistribution and controlled release. In an innovative approach to herb encapsulation in nanosized chitosan matrices, wild-grown Romanian Helleborus purpurascens was used to prepare two new chitosan nanocarriers. The first carrier preparation involved the nanoencapsulation of hellebore in chitosan. The second carrier emerged from two distinct stages: hellebore-AgNPs phyto-carrier system succeeded by nanoencapsulation in chitosan. The morphostructural characteristics and thermal behavior of these newly prepared nanocarriers were examined using FT-IR, XRD, DLS, SEM, EDS and thermogravimetric analyses. In addition, the encapsulation yield, encapsulation efficiency and encapsulation contents were investigated. The antioxidant activity was estimated using four in vitro, noncompetitive methods: total phenolic assay; 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay; phosphomolybdate (i.e., total antioxidant capacity); and iron(III)-phenanthroline antioxidant assay. Moreover, this study reports the first low-molecular-weight metabolite profile of wild-grown Romanian Helleborus purpurascens Waldst. & Kit. A total of one hundred and five secondary metabolites were identified in the mass spectra (MS)-positive mode from fourteen secondary metabolite categories (alkaloids, butenolides, bufadienolides, phytoecdysteroids, amino acids and peptides, terpenoids, fatty acids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, sterols, glycosides, carbohydrates, nucleosides and miscellaneous). The collective results suggest the potential application is a promising new antioxidant vehicle candidate in tumor therapeutic strategy.

Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles against Listeria monocytogenes

Chitosan is obtained from the deacetylation of chitin, and it is known to possess antimicrobial activity. It has attracted attention as it may be used for treating infections caused by different types of microorganisms due to its broad spectrum. Its application in the form of micro- or nanoparticles (CM/CN) has expanded its usage, as in this form, it retains its activity, and remain stable in aqueous solutions. However, inconsistencies in the results reported by different authors have been identified. In this communication, the antimicrobial activity of CN produced from different starting materials was tested against Listeria monocytogenes. It was observed that, even though all the starting materials were reported to have a molecular weight (MW) below 200 kDa and degree of deacetylation (DD) > 75%, the size of the CNs were significantly different (263 nm vs. 607 nm). Furthermore, these differences in sizes exerted a direct effect on the antimicrobial properties of the particles, as when testing the ones with the smallest size, i.e., 263 nm, a lower Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was achieved, i.e., 0.04 mg/mL. Even though the largest particles, i.e., 607 nm, in individual experiments were able to achieve an MIC of 0.03 mg/mL, the results with CN presented great variation among replicates and up to 0.2 mg/mL were needed in other replicates. The starting material has a critical impact on the properties of the CN, and it must be carefully characterized and selected for the intended application, and MW and DD solely do not fully account for these properties.

Novel Perspectives on Food-Based Natural Antimicrobials: A Review of Recent Findings Published since 2020

Various fruit and vegetable wastes, particularly peels, seeds, pulp, and unprocessed residues from the food industry, are abundant sources of antioxidants and essential antimicrobial agents. These valuable bioactive compounds recovered from the food industry have a great application in food, agriculture, medicine, and pharmacology. Food-derived natural antimicrobials offer advantages such as diminishing microbial loads and prolonging the shelf life of food products particularly prone to microbial spoilage. They not only enrich the foods with antioxidants but also help prevent microbial contamination, thereby prolonging their shelf life. Similarly, incorporating these natural antimicrobials into food packaging products extends the shelf life of meat products. Moreover, in agricultural practices, these natural antimicrobials act as eco-friendly pesticides, eliminating phytopathogenic microbes responsible for causing plant diseases. In medicine and pharmacology, they are being explored as potential therapeutic agents. This review article is based on current studies conducted in the last four years, evaluating the effectiveness of food-based natural antimicrobials in food, agriculture, medicine, and pharmacology.

Carvacrol-Fabricated Chitosan Nanoparticle Synergistic Potential with Topoisomerase Inhibitors on Breast and Cervical Cancer Cells

Breast and cervical cancers are the most common heterogeneous malignancies in women. Chemotherapy with conventional drug delivery systems having several limitations along with development of multidrug resistance compelled us to seek out targeted therapeutics. Nanoparticles are suitable substitutes to circumvent multidrug resistance for the targeted treatment of cancer. The current study was aimed to investigate the anticancer effect of carvacrol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles with topoisomerase inhibitors. The average size of carvacrol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles was found to be 80 nm with 24.7 mV ζ-potential, and maximum absorbance was observed at 275 nm. Among all drug combinations, the carvacrol nanoparticles with the doxorubicin combination group exerted greater dose-dependent growth inhibition of both MCF-7 and HeLa cells as compared to single carvacrol nanoparticles and doxorubicin. Combination index values of carvacrol nanoparticles and the doxorubicin combination group showed a strong synergistic effect as they were found to be between 0.2 and 0.4, 0.31 for MCF-7 and 0.34 for HeLa cells. The carvacrol nanoparticles in combination with doxorubicin on MCF-7 cells reduced the dose 16.32-fold for carvacrol nanoparticles and 4.09-fold for doxorubicin at 6.23 μg/mL IC50, while on HeLa cells, this combination reduced the dose 13.18-fold for carvacrol nanoparticles and 3.83-fold for doxorubicin at 9.33 μg/mL IC50. As the dose reduction values were greater than 1, they indicated favorable dose reduction. It was concluded that the combination of carvacrol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles with topoisomerase inhibitors may represent an innovative and promising strategy to improve the efficacy, resistance, and targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics in cancer.

Characterization and antimicrobial activity of a chitosan-selenium nanocomposite biosynthesized using Posidonia oceanica

Nanobiotechnological approaches can provide effective solutions for overcoming food products' contamination and spoilage. The development of rapid and eco-friendly approaches for synthesizing nanocomposites from chitosan nanoparticles (Cht), Neptune grass "Posidonia oceanica" extract (NG), and NG-mediated selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) was targeted, with their investigation as potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and biopreservatives of fresh chicken fillets. SeNPs were biosynthesized with NG, and their conjugates with Cht were composited. Characterization approaches, including infrared analysis, physiognomic analysis, and electron microscopy of synthesized nanomaterials and composites, were applied. The nanomaterials' antibacterial properties were assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Escherichia coli qualitatively, quantitatively, and with ultrastructure imaging. The antimicrobial and antioxidant potentialities of nanomaterials were employed for preserving chicken fillets, and the sensorial and microbiological parameters were assessed for coated fillets. SeNPs were effectively biosynthesized by NG, with mean diameters of 12.41 nm; the NG/SeNPs had homogenous spherical shapes with good distribution. The prepared Cht/NG/SeNPs nanoconjugates had a mean diameter of 164.61 nm, semi-spherical or smooth structures, and charges of +21.5 mV. The infrared analyses revealed the involvement of biochemical groups in nanomaterial biosynthesis and interactions. The antibacterial actions of nanomaterials were proven against the entire challenged strains; Cht/NG/SeNPs was the most active agent, and Salmonella typhimurium was the most susceptible bacteria. Scanning micrographs of Cht/NG/SeNPs-treated Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium indicate the severe time-dependent destruction of bacterial cells within 8 h of exposure. The antioxidant potentiality of Cht/NG/SeNPs was the highest (91.36%), followed by NG/SeNPs (79.45%). The chicken fillets' coating with Cht, NG, NG/SeNPs, and Cht/NG/SeNPs resulted in a remarkable reduction in microbial group count and raised the sensorial attributes of coated fillets after 14 days of cold storage, with increased potentialities in the order: Cht/NG/SeNPs > NG/SeNPs > NG > Cht > control. The inventive, facile biosynthesis of Cht, NG, and SeNPs could provide effective antimicrobial and antioxidant nanocomposites for prospective applications in food biopreservation.

Encapsulation of Heracleum persicum essential oil in chitosan nanoparticles and its application in yogurt

Heracleum percicum essential oil (HEO) at various levels was encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles and its potential application in yogurt was investigated. The values obtained for encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, mean particle size, and zeta potential of nanoparticles were 39.12-70.22%, 9.14-14.26%, 201.23-336.17 nm, and + 20.19-46.37 mV, respectively. The nanoparticles had spherical shape with some holes as a result of drying process. In vitro release studies in acidic solution and phosphate buffer solution indicated an initial burst effect followed by slow release with higher release rate in acidic medium. Results of antibacterial activity revealed that Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium with inhibition zones of 21.04-38.10 and 9.39-20.56 mm were the most sensitive and resistant bacteria to HEO, respectively. Incorporation of encapsulated HEO into yogurt decreased pH and increased titratable acidity due to stimulation of starters' activity. Interaction of nanoparticles with proteins decreased syneresis in yogurt. Regarding antioxidant activity, a higher value was observed in yogurt containing encapsulated HEO after 14 days of storage due to degradation and release of essential oil from nanoparticles. In conclusion, application of HEO nanoparticles in yogurt could be a promising approach for development of functional food products such as yogurt with enhanced antioxidant properties.

Application of structurally modified WPC in combination with maltodextrin for microencapsulation of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) extract as a natural colorant source for gummy candy

The aim of this work was to improve the stability of Roselle extract (RE) by spray-drying using maltodextrin (MD) alone, and in combination with WPC in the forms of unmodified and modified (via ultrasonication, UWPC, or enzymatic hydrolysis, HWPC). Enzymatic hydrolysis by improving the surface activity of WPC increased spray-drying yield (75.1 %), and improved physical (flow) and functional (solubility, and emulsifying) properties of obtained microparticles. Degree of hydrolysis of the primary WPC (2.6 %) was increased to 6.1 % and 24.6 % after ultrasonication and hydrolysis, respectively. Both modifications caused a significant increase in the solubility of WPC, in a way that initial solubility (10.6 %, at pH = 5) was significantly increased to 25.5 % in UWPC, and to 87.3 % in HWPC (P < 0.05). Furthermore, emulsifying activity (20.6 m²/g) and emulsifying stability (17 %) indices of primary WPC (at pH = 5) were significantly increased to 32 m²/g and 30 % in UWPC, and to 92.4 m²/g and 69.0 % in HWPC, respectively (P < 0.05). FT-IR analysis indicated successful encapsulation of RE within carriers' matrix. According to FE-SEM study, the surface morphology of microparticles was improved when modified HWPC was used as a carrier. Microencapsulation of RE with HWPC showed the highest contents of total phenolic compounds (13.3 mg GAE/mL), total anthocyanins (9.1 mg C3G/L) as well as a higher retention of antioxidant activity according to ABTS⁺ (85.0 %) and DPPH (79.5 %) radicals scavenging assays. Considering all properties of microparticles obtained by HWPC next to their color attributes, it can be concluded that HWPC-RE powders could be used as natural colorant and antioxidant source for the fortification of gummy candy. Gummy candy obtained using 6 % concentration of the above powder gave the highest overall sensory scores.

Physicochemical, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of corn pollen protein hydrolysates obtained by different peptidases

The applications of protein hydrolysates as food preservatives and nutraceutical ingredients have attracted much attention because of their beneficial effects. The interest in these ingredients has shifted toward their biological activities with benefits to human health. Bioactive peptides are known as antioxidant agents that could promote health-promoting effects and prolong food shelf-life beyond their basic nutritional value. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate antioxidant, antimicrobial, and in vitro cytotoxic properties of corn pollen protein (CPP) hydrolysates obtained by different enzymes. Proteolytic activity in terms of degree of hydrolysis (DH) and SDS-PAGE analysis was measured in pancreatin (H-Pan), pepsin (H-Pep), and trypsin (H-Tri) hydrolysates. Amino acid composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and cytotoxicity of hydrolysates were evaluated. DH and SDS-PAGE revealed higher proteolytic activity of pepsin compared to other enzymes. Amino acid analysis showed that the functional amino acids such as antioxidant types were most predominant in H-Pep compared to two other samples. Antioxidant activity of hydrolysates was found to be affected by the type of enzyme and the concentration of hydrolysates. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between antioxidant activity of different hydrolysates. The highest antioxidant activity in terms of Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (0.23-2.75 mM), DPPH (33.3%-64.8%), and hydroxyl (33.7%-63.2%) radical scavenging activities, chelation of iron (33.2%-62.5%) and copper (30.2%-50.5%) metals, and total antioxidant activity (0.65-0.85) was obtained for H-Pep followed by H-Pan and H-Tri samples. Antibacterial tests showed that pepsin-hydrolyzed protein was not significantly (P > 0.05) effective against E. coli at any concentrations, however, it showed significant (P < 0.05) concentration-dependent effect against S. aureus (with inhibition zones of 15-25 mm). Cytotoxicity results revealed that CPP, as a nonhydrolyzed protein, did not generally show antiproliferative activity, however, a significant (P < 0.05) ability of H-Pep hydrolysate in decreasing HT-29 colon cancer cell line viability was seen in a concentration-dependent manner (the lowest cell viability of 32% at 5 mg/mL). Overall, investigating the application of protein-based hydrolysates is one of the possible strategies that govern their applied intentions as preservatives and nutraceuticals in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

A hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/hydroxypropyl starch nanocomposite film reinforced with chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating cinnamon essential oil: Preparation and characterization

Active packaging derived from polysaccharides plays an important role in prolonging the shelf life of food. In this study, cinnamon essential oil (CEO)-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CNs) were prepared and embedded in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)/hydroxypropyl starch (HPS) blends to enhance the physicochemical and biofunctional properties of the formed films. Different concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100 μL/mL) of CEOs were encapsulated with CNs to form CEO-CNs, as confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. The prepared CEO-CNs were incorporated into the HPMC/HPS film-forming matrix to prepare reinforced nanocomposite films. SEM images showed that the CEO-CNs were dispersed in the HPMC/HPS matrix, thus filling the void space in the composite matrix and significantly improving the mechanical and barrier properties of the bio-nanocomposite films. The elongation at break of the reinforced films improved from 8.54 ± 0.53 MPa to 24.81 ± 0.47 MPa, and the water vapor permeability was reduced by nearly 30 %. FTIR and XRD analyses indicated the formation of hydrogen bonds between CEO-CNs and HPMC/HPS polymer molecules. Release studies showed that the nanocomposite film was capable of sustained release of CEO, which imparted antioxidant (radical scavenging activity of 27.66-42.19 %) and antimicrobial properties (inhibition of Escherichia coli and Aspergillus flavus growth). Therefore, these HPMC/HPS nanocomposite films with enhanced properties may have great potential for food preservation.

Microencapsulation of Yerba mate extract: The efficacy of polysaccharide/protein hydrocolloids on physical, microstructural, functional, and antioxidant properties

Effects of hydrolyzed whey protein concentrate (WPC) and its combination with polysaccharides as wall material in spray-drying microencapsulation of Yerba mate extract (YME) have not been investigated yet. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the surface-active properties of WPC or WPC-hydrolysate may improve different properties of spray-dried microcapsules (such as physicochemical, structural, functional and morphological properties) compared to neat MD and GA. Thus, the objective of current study was to produce microcapsules loaded with YME by different carrier combinations. Effect of maltodextrin (MD), maltodextrin-gum Arabic (MD-GA), maltodextrin-whey protein concentrate (MD-WPC), and maltodextrin-hydrolyzed WPC (MD-HWPC) as encapsulating hydrocolloids was studied on physicochemical, functional, structural, antioxidant and morphological characteristics of the spray-dried YME. The type of carrier significantly affected spray dying yield. Enzymatic hydrolysis by improving the surface activity of WPC increased its efficiency as a carrier and produced particles with high production yield (about 68 %) and excellent physical, functional, hygroscopicity and flowability indices. Chemical structure characterization by FTIR indicated the placement of phenolic compounds of the extract in the carrier matrix. FE-SEM study showed that the microcapsules produced with polysaccharide-based carriers were completely wrinkled, whereas, the surface morphology of particles was improved when protein-based carriers were applied. Among the produced samples, the highest amount of TPC (3.26 mg GAE/mL), inhibition of DPPH (76.4 %), ABTS (88.1 %) and hydroxyl (78.1 %) free radicals were related to microencapsulated extract with MD-HWPC. The results of this research can be used to stabilize plant extracts and produce powders with appropriate physicochemical properties and biological activity.

Avocado peel extract loaded on chitosan nanoparticles alleviates urethane toxicity that causes lung cancer in a mouse model

Lung cancer progresses without obvious symptoms and is detected in most patients at late stages, causing a high rate of mortality. Avocado peels (AVP) were thought to be biowaste, but they have antioxidant and anticancer properties in vitro. Chitosan nanoparticles (Cs-NPs) were loaded with various plant extracts, increasing their in vitro and in vivo anticancer activities. Our goal was to load AVP onto Cs-NPs and determine the role of AVP-extract or AVP-loaded Cs-NPs in controlling the progression of lung cancer caused by urethane toxicity. The AVP-loaded chitosan nano-combination (Cs@AVP NC) was synthesized and characterized. Our in vitro results show that Cs@AVP NC has higher anticancer activity than AVP against three human cancer cell lines. The in vivo study proved the activation of apoptosis in lung cancer cells with the Cs@AVP NC oral treatment more than the AVP treatment. Additionally, Cs@AVP NC-treated animals showed significantly higher p53 and Bax-expression levels and lower NF-κB p65 levels in their lung tissues than in positive control animals. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the superior anticancer potency of Cs@AVP NC over AVP extract and its ability to inhibit lung cancer proliferation. Therefore, oral consumption of Cs@AVP NC might be a promising treatment for lung cancer.

Effect of Microencapsulated Basil Extract on Cream Cheese Quality and Stability

The antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of plant extracts are well known, but their use is limited because they affect the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of products. Encapsulation presents an option to limit or prevent these changes. The paper presents the composition of individual polyphenols (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS) from basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) extracts (BE), and their antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects against strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Abony. The BE was encapsulated in sodium alginate (Alg) using the drop technique. The encapsulation efficiency of microencapsulated basil extract (MBE) was 78.59 ± 0.01%. SEM and FTIR analyses demonstrated the morphological aspect of the microcapsules and the existence of weak physical interactions between the components. Sensory, physicochemical and textural properties of MBE-fortified cream cheese were evaluated over a 28-day storage time at 4 °C. In the optimal concentration range of 0.6-0.9% (w/w) MBE, we determined the inhibition of the post-fermentation process and the improvement in the degree of water retention. This led to the improvement of the textural parameters of the cream cheese, contributing to the extension of the shelf life of the product by 7 days.

Nanoencapsulation of Chavir (Ferulago angulata) essential oil in chitosan carrier: Investigating physicochemical, morphological, thermal, antimicrobial and release profile of obtained nanoparticles

The essential oil obtained by steam-distillation from Ferulago angulata (FA) was stabilized by ionic-gelation technique within chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs). The aim of this study was to investigate different properties of CSNPs loaded with FA essential oil (FAEO). GC-MS analysis detected the major components of FAEO as α-pinene (21.85 %), β-ocimene (19.37 %), bornyl acetate (10.50 %) and thymol (6.80 %). Due to presence of these components, FAEO showed stronger antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli with MIC values of 0.45 and 2.12 mg/mL, respectively. Chitosan to FAEO ratio of 1: 1.25 exhibited a maximum encapsulation efficiency (60.20 %) and loading capacity (24.5 %) values. By increasing loading ratio from 1:0 to 1:1.25, mean particle size and polydispersity index were significantly (P < 0.05) increased from 175 to 350 nm and 0.184 to 0.32, respectively, while zeta potential was decreased from +43.5 to +19.2 mV, indicating the physical instability of CSNPs at higher FAEO loading concentrations. SEM observation proved successful formation of spherical CSNPs during the nanoencapsulation of EO. FTIR spectroscopy indicated successful physical entrapment of EO within CSNPs. Differential scanning calorimetry also proved the physical entrapment of FAEO into polymeric matrix of chitosan. XRD exhibited a broad peak at 2θ = 19° - 25° in loaded-CSNPs as indication of successful entrapment of FAEO within CSNPs. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that encapsulated essential oil was decomposed at higher temperature than its free from, indicating the success of encapsulation technique in stabilizing FAEO within CSNPs.

Introduction of Materials Genome Technology and Its Applications in the Field of Biomedical Materials

Traditional research and development (R&D) on biomedical materials depends heavily on the trial and error process, thereby leading to huge economic and time burden. Most recently, materials genome technology (MGT) has been recognized as an effective approach to addressing this problem. In this paper, the basic concepts involved in the MGT are introduced, and the applications of MGT in the R&D of metallic, inorganic non-metallic, polymeric, and composite biomedical materials are summarized; in view of the existing limitations of MGT for R&D of biomedical materials, potential strategies are proposed on the establishment and management of material databases, the upgrading of high-throughput experimental technology, the construction of data mining prediction platforms, and the training of relevant materials talents. In the end, future trend of MGT for R&D of biomedical materials is proposed.

Sustainable Biodegradable Biopolymer-Based Nanoparticles for Healthcare Applications

Biopolymeric nanoparticles are gaining importance as nanocarriers for various biomedical applications, enabling long-term and controlled release at the target site. Since they are promising delivery systems for various therapeutic agents and offer advantageous properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and stability compared to various toxic metal nanoparticles, we decided to provide an overview on this topic. Therefore, the review focuses on the use of biopolymeric nanoparticles of animal, plant, algal, fungal, and bacterial origin as a sustainable material for potential use as drug delivery systems. A particular focus is on the encapsulation of many different therapeutic agents categorized as bioactive compounds, drugs, antibiotics, and other antimicrobial agents, extracts, and essential oils into protein- and polysaccharide-based nanocarriers. These show promising benefits for human health, especially for successful antimicrobial and anticancer activity. The review article, divided into protein-based and polysaccharide-based biopolymeric nanoparticles and further according to the origin of the biopolymer, enables the reader to select the appropriate biopolymeric nanoparticles more easily for the incorporation of the desired component. The latest research results from the last five years in the field of the successful production of biopolymeric nanoparticles loaded with various therapeutic agents for healthcare applications are included in this review.

Nanoparticle-mediated therapeutic management in cholangiocarcinoma drug targeting: Current progress and future prospects

Patients with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) often have an unfavorable prognosis because of its insidious nature, low resectability rate, and poor response to anticancer drugs and radiotherapy, which makes early detection and treatment difficult. At present, CCA has a five-year overall survival rate (OS) of only 5%, despite advances in therapies. New an increasing number of evidence suggests that nanoplatforms may play a crucial role in enhancing the pharmacological effects and in reducing both short- and long-term side effects of cancer treatment. This document reviews the advantages and shortcomings of nanoparticles such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticle，inorganic nanoparticle, nano-metals and nano-alloys, carbon dots, nano-micelles, dendrimer, nano-capsule, bio-Nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of CCA and discuss the current challenges in of nanoplatforms for CCA.

Antimicrobial Compounds in Food Packaging

This review presents current knowledge on antimicrobial agents that are already used in the food packaging industry. At the beginning, innovative ways of food packaging were discussed, including how smart packaging differs from active packaging, and what functions they perform. Next, the focus was on one of the groups of bioactive components that are used in these packaging, namely antimicrobial agents. Among the antimicrobial agents, we selected those that have already been used in packaging and that promise to be used elsewhere, e.g., in the production of antimicrobial biomaterials. Main groups of antimicrobial agents (i.e., metals and metal oxides, organic acids, antimicrobial peptides and bacteriocins, antimicrobial agents of plant origin, enzymes, lactoferrin, chitosan, allyl isothiocyanate, the reuterin system and bacteriophages) that are incorporated or combined with various types of packaging materials to extend the shelf life of food are described. The further development of perspectives and setting of new research directions were also presented.

Synthesis of spirulina loaded chitosan nanoparticles from prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense shell for extending the shelf life of pike-perch (Sander lucioperca) fillet during refrigerated storage

BACKGROUND

This study was aimed to synthesize polymeric chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) from Macrobrachium nipponense shells using sodium triphosphate (TPP) as a crosslinker that was incorporated with spirulina extract (SPE) to improve the shelf life of pike-perch during refrigerated storage (4 °C).

RESULTS

The encapsulation efficiency (EE) of SPE-loaded CSNPs decreased from 67% to 32%, and loading capacity (LC) was increased (10-14%) depending on their loaded SPE concentrations. The initial burst effect, followed by a slow-release at pH 7 (24 h), was observed. Free SPE and SPE incorporated CSNPs decreased microbial counts (total viable count, total psychotropic count, pseudomonas, and lactic acid bacteria) compared to control and unloaded CSNPs. Samples treated with free SPE or SPE-loaded CSNPs showed higher changes in odor, color, TVB-N (total volatile basic nitrogen), and TBA (thiobarbituric acid) compared with the unloaded CSNPs batch (P ≤ 0.05) until the tenth day of storage. However, fish fillets coated with SPE-loaded CSNPs had the highest overall consumer acceptability and the lowest values for TVB-N and TBA at the end of storage (14^th  day). Controlled release of bioactive compounds in batches treated with SPE-CSNPs could delay the microbial degradation and enhance chemical reactions (TBA and TVB-N) in comparison to pure SPE during storage time.

CONCLUSION

The incorporation of SPE in polymeric CSNPs can be considered as a promising material for controlled delivery of natural bioactive agents, and preservation of Pike perch quality during refrigerator storage. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Nano-delivery systems for encapsulation of phenolic compounds from pomegranate peel

Pomegranate fruit is getting more attention due to its positive health effects, and pomegranate peel (PP) is its main byproduct. PP has the potential to be converted from environmentally polluting waste to wealth due to its rich phenolic compounds such as ellagitannins, proanthocyanidins, and flavonoids with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and health effects. These phenolics are susceptible to environmental conditions such as heat, light, and pH as well as in vivo conditions of gastrointestinal secretions. Some phenolics of PP, e.g., ellagitannins could interfere with food ingredients and thus reduce their beneficial effects. Also, ellagitannins could form complexes with salivary glycoproteins, then a feeling of astringency taste. In this article, nano-delivery systems such as nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and vesicular nanocarriers, designed and fabricated for PP bioactive compounds in recent years have been reviewed. Among them, lipid-based nano carriers i.e., solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and vesicular nanocarriers have low toxicity, large-scale production feasibility, easy synthesis, and high biocompatibility. So, it seems that the extraction and purification of bioactives from pomegranate wastes and nanoencapsulating them with cost effective and generally recognized as safe (GRAS) materials can be a bright prospect in enhancing the quality, safety, shelf life and health benefits of pomegranate products.

Preparation and Characterisation of Liposomes of Bergenia Ciliata Extract and Evaluation of their Hepatoprotective Activity

Acute liver damage (ALD) can cause biochemical and pathological changes, which can lead to major complications and even death. The goal of the study was to examine the therapeutic efficacy of liposomes of Bergenia ciliata extract against thioacetamide-induced liver damage in rats. Liposomal batches of B. ciliata extract were prepared by altering the kind and amount of phospholipids and characterized through various physiochemical properties such as laser diffraction, TEM, encapsulation efficiency, stability and in-vitro release studies. In-vivo hepatoprotective studies were performed on TAA-induced acute hepatic damage model. Further, in-silico studies of bergenin against the three hepatic damage markers viz. TGF-β1, TNF-α and interleukin-6 were also performed. Laser diffraction and TEM showed that most stable liposome batch of B. ciliata extract were in the range of 678-1170 nm with encapsulation efficiency of 84.3±3.5. Extract was found to be rapidly dissociated from B. ciliata liposomes in HCl than PBS, according to in-vitro release data. In-vivo data revealed a significant decline in LFT indicators, amelioration of pathological changes and high bergenin bioavailability in the liposomal group. Protective activity of bergenin against ALD targets like TGF-β1, TNF-α and interleukin-6 was anticipated via molecular docking research. As a result, the current findings of the study indicate that B. ciliata liposomes and bergenin have promising ameliorative potential in the management of ALD.

Multifunctional Nanocarriers Based on Chitosan Oligomers and Graphitic Carbon Nitride Assembly

In this study, a graphitic carbon nitride and chitosan oligomers (g-C3N4−COS) nanocarrier assembly, which was obtained by cross-linking with methacrylic anhydride (MA), was synthesized and characterized. Its characterization was carried out using infrared spectroscopy, elemental and thermal analyses, and transmission electron microscopy. The new nanocarriers (NCs), with an average particle size of 85 nm in diameter and a 0.25 dispersity index, showed photocatalytic activity (associated with the g-C3N4 moiety), susceptibility to enzymatic degradation (due to the presence of the COS moiety), and high encapsulation and moderate-high release efficiencies (>95% and >74%, respectively). As a proof of concept, the visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity of the NCs was tested for rhodamine B degradation and the reduction of uranium(VI) to uranium(IV). Regarding the potential of the nanocarriers for the encapsulation and delivery of bioactive products for crop protection, NCs loaded with Rubia tinctorum extracts were investigated in vitro against three Vitis vinifera phytopathogens (viz. Neofusicoccum parvum, Diplodia seriata, and Xylophilus ampelinus), obtaining minimum inhibitory concentration values of 750, 250, and 187.5 µg·mL−1, respectively. Their antifungal activity was further tested in vivo as a pruning wound protection product in young ‘Tempranillo’ grapevine plants that were artificially infected with the two aforementioned species of the family Botryosphaeriaceae, finding a significant reduction of the necrosis lengths in the inner woody tissues. Therefore, g-C3N4-MA-COS NCs may be put forward as a multifunctional platform for environmental and agrochemical delivery applications.

Development and Application of Dual-Sensors Label in Combination with Active Chitosan-Based Coating Incorporating Yarrow Essential Oil for Freshness Monitoring and Shelf-Life Extension of Chicken Fillet

This study aimed for the application of active chitosan coating incorporating yarrow essential oil (YEO) together with the development of an on-package sensor label based on bromocresol purple (BCP) and methyl red (MR) for shelf-life extension and freshness monitoring of chicken breast fillet. Physiochemical and microbiological attributes of chicken meat coated with sole chitosan, YEO, and chitosan + YEO were compared with those of uncoated (control) samples. Chitosan + YEO coated chicken meat stayed fresh with no significant changes (p > 0.05) in pH (5.42−5.56), TVB-N (12.55−15.36 mg N/100 g), TBARs (0.35−0.40 mg MDA/kg) and total aerobic psycrotrophic bacteria (3.97−4.65 log CFU/g) in days 1−15. There was no response of the dual-sensors label toward the variation in chemical and microbiological indicators of chicken meat coated with chitosan + YEO. However, either uncoated, sole chitosan, or sole YEO treatments indicated a three-stage freshness status with the fresh stage belonged to a period earlier than day 7 (with no distinct color change in both sensor labels); the semi-fresh stage corresponded to storage days between 7−9, wherein a gradual color change appeared (MR from pink to orange, BCP from yellow to light purple); and the spoiled stage occurred in day 9 onward with a drastic color change (MR from orange to light yellow, BCP from light purple to deep purple). In general, the dual-sensors successfully responded to the variation of chemical and microbiological indicators and visual color of uncoated samples during storage time. Based on the obtained results, the application of chitosan + YEO coating efficiently prolonged the freshness of chicken breast meat, where on-package dual-sensors systems were able to detect the freshness stages of meat samples during storage time.

Microencapsulation of Plant Phenolic Extracts Using Complex Coacervation Incorporated in Ultrafiltered Cheese Against AlCl3-Induced Neuroinflammation in Rats

Plant-derived phenolic compounds have numerous biological effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. However, their application is limited because they are degraded under environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to microencapsulate plant phenolic extracts using a complex coacervation method to mitigate this problem. Red beet (RB), broccoli (BR), and spinach leaf (SL) phenolic extracts were encapsulated by complex coacervation. The characteristics of complex coacervates [zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE), FTIR, and morphology] were evaluated. The RB, BR, and SL complex coacervates were incorporated into an ultrafiltered (UF) cheese system. The chemical properties, pH, texture profile, microstructure, and sensory properties of UF cheese with coacervates were determined. In total, 54 male Sprague–Dawley rats were used, among which 48 rats were administered an oral dose of AlCl₃ (100 mg/kg body weight/d). Nutritional and biochemical parameters, including malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, nitric oxide, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial fibrillary acidic protein, were assessed. The RB, BR, and SL phenolic extracts were successfully encapsulated. The RB, BR, and SL complex coacervates had no impact on the chemical composition of UF cheese. The structure of the RB, BR, and SL complex coacervates in UF cheese was the most stable. The hardness of UF cheese was progressively enhanced by using the RB, BR, and SL complex coacervates. The sensory characteristics of the UF cheese samples achieved good scores and were viable for inclusion in food systems. Additionally, these microcapsules improved metabolic strategies and neurobehavioral systems and enhanced the protein biosynthesis of rat brains. Both forms failed to induce any severe side effects in any experimental group. It can be concluded that the microencapsulation of plant phenolic extracts using a complex coacervation technique protected rats against AlCl3-induced neuroinflammation. This finding might be of interest to food producers and researchers aiming to deliver natural bioactive compounds in the most acceptable manner (i.e., food).