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Rollo I, Williams C. Carbohydrate Nutrition and Skill Performance in Soccer. Sports Med 2023; 53:7-14. [PMID: 37421586 PMCID: PMC10721660 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01876-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
In soccer, players must perform a variety of sport-specific skills usually during or immediately after running, often at sprint speed. The quality of the skill performed is likely influenced by the volume of work done in attacking and defending over the duration of the match. Even the most highly skilful players succumb to the impact of fatigue both physical and mental, which may result in underperforming skills at key moments in a match. Fitness is the platform on which skill is performed during team sport. With the onset of fatigue, tired players find it ever more difficult to successfully perform basic skills. Therefore, it is not surprising that teams spend a large proportion of their training time on fitness. While acknowledging the central role of fitness in team sport, the importance of team tactics, underpinned by spatial awareness, must not be neglected. It is well established that a high-carbohydrate diet before a match and, as a supplement during match play, helps delay the onset of fatigue. There is some evidence that players ingesting carbohydrate can maintain sport-relevant skills for the duration of exercise more successfully compared with when ingesting placebo or water. However, most of the assessments of sport-specific skills have been performed in a controlled, non-contested environment. Although these methods may be judged as not ecologically valid, they do rule out the confounding influences of competition on skill performance. The aim of this brief review is to explore whether carbohydrate ingestion, while delaying fatigue during match play, may also help retain sport soccer-specific skill performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire, UK.
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | - Clyde Williams
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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2
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Tirla A, Timar AV, Becze A, Memete AR, Vicas SI, Popoviciu MS, Cavalu S. Designing New Sport Supplements Based on Aronia melanocarpa and Bee Pollen to Enhance Antioxidant Capacity and Nutritional Value. Molecules 2023; 28:6944. [PMID: 37836785 PMCID: PMC10574696 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
With a high number of athletes using sport supplements targeting different results, the need for complex, natural and effective formulations represents an actual reality, while nutrition dosing regimens aiming to sustain the health and performance of athletes are always challenging. In this context, the main goal of this study was to elaborate a novel and complex nutraceutical supplement based on multiple bioactive compounds extracted from Aronia melanocarpa and bee pollen, aiming to support physiological adaptations and to minimize the stress generated by intense physical activity in the case of professional or amateur athletes. Our proposed formulations are based on different combinations of Aronia and bee pollen (A1:P1, A1:P2 and A2:P1), offering personalized supplements designed to fulfill the individual requirements of different categories of athletes. The approximate composition, fatty acid profile, identification and quantification of individual polyphenols, along with the antioxidant capacity of raw biological materials and different formulations, was performed using spectrophotometric methods, GS-MS and HPLC-DAD-MS-ESI+. In terms of antioxidant capacity, our formulations based on different ratios of bee pollen and Aronia were able to act as complex and powerful antioxidant products, highlighted by the synergic or additional effect of the combinations. Overall, the most powerful synergism was obtained for the A1:P2 formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Tirla
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Adrian Vasile Timar
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 26 Gen. Magheru Street, 410048 Oradea, Romania; (A.V.T.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Anca Becze
- INCDO-INOE 2000 Subsidiary Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation ICIA, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Adriana Ramona Memete
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 26 Gen. Magheru Street, 410048 Oradea, Romania; (A.V.T.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Simona Ioana Vicas
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 26 Gen. Magheru Street, 410048 Oradea, Romania; (A.V.T.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Mihaela Simona Popoviciu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
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Rothschild JA, Kilding AE, Stewart T, Plews DJ. Factors Influencing Substrate Oxidation During Submaximal Cycling: A Modelling Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:2775-2795. [PMID: 35829994 PMCID: PMC9585001 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01727-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple factors influence substrate oxidation during exercise including exercise duration and intensity, sex, and dietary intake before and during exercise. However, the relative influence and interaction between these factors is unclear. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to investigate factors influencing the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during continuous exercise and formulate multivariable regression models to determine which factors best explain RER during exercise, as well as their relative influence. METHODS Data were extracted from 434 studies reporting RER during continuous cycling exercise. General linear mixed-effect models were used to determine relationships between RER and factors purported to influence RER (e.g., exercise duration and intensity, muscle glycogen, dietary intake, age, and sex), and to examine which factors influenced RER, with standardized coefficients used to assess their relative influence. RESULTS The RER decreases with exercise duration, dietary fat intake, age, VO2max, and percentage of type I muscle fibers, and increases with dietary carbohydrate intake, exercise intensity, male sex, and carbohydrate intake before and during exercise. The modelling could explain up to 59% of the variation in RER, and a model using exclusively easily modified factors (exercise duration and intensity, and dietary intake before and during exercise) could only explain 36% of the variation in RER. Variables with the largest effect on RER were sex, dietary intake, and exercise duration. Among the diet-related factors, daily fat and carbohydrate intake have a larger influence than carbohydrate ingestion during exercise. CONCLUSION Variability in RER during exercise cannot be fully accounted for by models incorporating a range of participant, diet, exercise, and physiological characteristics. To better understand what influences substrate oxidation during exercise further research is required on older subjects and females, and on other factors that could explain additional variability in RER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Rothschild
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew E Kilding
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tom Stewart
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel J Plews
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Chantler S, Griffiths A, Matu J, Davison G, Holliday A, Jones B. A systematic review: Role of dietary supplements on markers of exercise-associated gut damage and permeability. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266379. [PMID: 35417467 PMCID: PMC9007357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition strategies and supplements may have a role to play in diminishing exercise associated gastrointestinal cell damage and permeability. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the influence of dietary supplements on markers of exercise-induced gut endothelial cell damage and/or permeability. Five databases were searched through to February 2021. Studies were selected that evaluated indirect markers of gut endothelial cell damage and permeability in response to exercise with and without a specified supplement, including with and without water. Acute and chronic supplementation protocols were included. Twenty-seven studies were included. The studies investigated a wide range of supplements including bovine colostrum, glutamine, probiotics, supplemental carbohydrate and protein, nitrate or nitrate precursors and water across a variety of endurance exercise protocols. The majority of studies using bovine colostrum and glutamine demonstrated a reduction in selected markers of gut cell damage and permeability compared to placebo conditions. Carbohydrate intake before and during exercise and maintaining euhydration may partially mitigate gut damage and permeability but coincide with other performance nutrition strategies. Single strain probiotic strains showed some positive findings, but the results are likely strain, dosage and duration specific. Bovine colostrum, glutamine, carbohydrate supplementation and maintaining euhydration may reduce exercise-associated endothelial damage and improve gut permeability. In spite of a large heterogeneity across the selected studies, appropriate inclusion of different nutrition strategies could mitigate the initial phases of gastrointestinal cell disturbances in athletes associated with exercise. However, research is needed to clarify if this will contribute to improved athlete gastrointestinal and performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Chantler
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Griffiths
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Matu
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Glen Davison
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Holliday
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Silva Daniel NV, Esteves Dos Santos N, Gobatto CA, Hoffmann LM, Esteves AM, Belli T. Nutritional Strategies of an Athlete with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus During a 217-km Ultramarathon. Wilderness Environ Med 2022; 33:128-133. [PMID: 34996696 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Considering the challenges in meeting the high nutritional demand during ultramarathons, the aim of this study was to analyze the nutritional strategies and glycemic response of an athlete with type 1 diabetes (DM1) during participation in a 217-km ultramarathon. A 36-y-old male athlete who was diagnosed with DM1 15 y earlier was studied during participation in the Brazil 135 ultramarathon. Food consumption and blood glucose were recorded during the race, and nutritional intake was calculated after the race. The athlete completed the race in 51 h 18 min. He consumed a total of 3592 kcal, 532 g carbohydrate, 166 g protein, 92 g lipid, and 14 L of water during the race. Glycemic values ranged from 3.6 to 18.2 mmol·L-1. Most glycemic values (47%) ranged from 3.9 to 10 mmol·L-1, whereas 5% were <3.9 mmol·L-1, 16% were >10 to 13.9 mmol·L-1, and 32% were >13.9 mmol·L-1. This case report describes the dietary profile of an athlete with DM1 during a 217-km ultramarathon. Although the athlete implemented strategies that differed from those recommended in the literature, food and nutrient intake and the glycemic management strategy adopted allowed him to successfully finish the race. These results suggest that past personal experiences can be considered and that nutritional recommendations for athletes with DM1 should be individualized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Taisa Belli
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira-SP, Brazil.
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Kharisma FAM, Riolina A. Dietary Pattern in Junior High School Students: Literature Review. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/11320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nutrition and indoor cycling: a cross-sectional analysis of carbohydrate intake for online racing and training. Br J Nutr 2021; 127:1204-1213. [PMID: 34080530 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521001860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cycling is a sport characterised by high training load, and adequate nutrition is essential for training and race performance. With the increased popularity of indoor trainers, cyclists have a unique opportunity to practice and implement key nutritional strategies. This study aimed to assess carbohydrate (CHO) intake of cyclists training or racing in this unique scenario for optimising exercise nutrition. A mixed-methods approach consisting of a multiple-pass self-report food recall and questionnaire was used to determine total CHO intake pre, during and post-training or racing using a stationary trainer and compared with current guidelines for endurance exercise. Sub-analyses were also made for higher ability cyclists (>4 W/kg functional threshold power), races v. non-races and 'key' training sessions. Mean CHO intake pre and post-ride was 0·7 (sd 0·6) and 1·0 (sd 0·8) g kg/BM and 39·3 (sd 27·5) g/h during training. CHO intake was not different for races (pre/during/post, P = 0·31, 0·23, 0·18, respectively), 'key sessions' (P = 0·26, 0·89, 0·98) or higher ability cyclists (P = 0·26, 0·76, 0·45). The total proportion of cyclists who failed to meet CHO recommendations was higher than those who met guidelines (pre = 79 %, during = 86 %, post = 89 %). Cyclists training or racing indoors do not meet current CHO recommendations for cycling performance. Due to the short and frequently high-intensity nature of some sessions, opportunity for during exercise feeding may be limited or unnecessary.
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Fell JM, Hearris MA, Ellis DG, Moran JEP, Jevons EFP, Owens DJ, Strauss JA, Cocks M, Louis JB, Shepherd SO, Morton JP. Carbohydrate improves exercise capacity but does not affect subcellular lipid droplet morphology, AMPK and p53 signalling in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2021; 599:2823-2849. [PMID: 33772787 DOI: 10.1113/jp281127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Muscle glycogen and intramuscular triglycerides (IMTG, stored in lipid droplets) are important energy substrates during prolonged exercise. Exercise-induced changes in lipid droplet (LD) morphology (i.e. LD size and number) have not yet been studied under nutritional conditions typically adopted by elite endurance athletes, that is, after carbohydrate (CHO) loading and CHO feeding during exercise. We report for the first time that exercise reduces IMTG content in both central and peripheral regions of type I and IIa fibres, reflective of decreased LD number in both fibre types whereas reductions in LD size were exclusive to type I fibres. Additionally, CHO feeding does not alter subcellular IMTG utilisation, LD morphology or muscle glycogen utilisation in type I or IIa/II fibres. In the absence of alterations to muscle fuel selection, CHO feeding does not attenuate cell signalling pathways with regulatory roles in mitochondrial biogenesis. ABSTRACT We examined the effects of carbohydrate (CHO) feeding on lipid droplet (LD) morphology, muscle glycogen utilisation and exercise-induced skeletal muscle cell signalling. After a 36 h CHO loading protocol and pre-exercise meal (12 and 2 g kg-1 , respectively), eight trained males ingested 0, 45 or 90 g CHO h-1 during 180 min cycling at lactate threshold followed by an exercise capacity test (150% lactate threshold). Muscle biopsies were obtained pre- and post-completion of submaximal exercise. Exercise decreased (P < 0.01) glycogen concentration to comparable levels (∼700 to 250 mmol kg-1 DW), though utilisation was greater in type I (∼40%) versus type II fibres (∼10%) (P < 0.01). LD content decreased in type I (∼50%) and type IIa fibres (∼30%) (P < 0.01), with greater utilisation in type I fibres (P < 0.01). CHO feeding did not affect glycogen or IMTG utilisation in type I or II fibres (all P > 0.05). Exercise decreased LD number within central and peripheral regions of both type I and IIa fibres, though reduced LD size was exclusive to type I fibres. Exercise induced (all P < 0.05) comparable AMPKThr172 (∼4-fold), p53Ser15 (∼2-fold) and CaMKIIThr268 phosphorylation (∼2-fold) with no effects of CHO feeding (all P > 0.05). CHO increased exercise capacity where 90 g h-1 (233 ± 133 s) > 45 g h-1 (156 ± 66 s; P = 0.06) > 0 g h-1 (108 ± 54 s; P = 0.03). In conditions of high pre-exercise CHO availability, we conclude CHO feeding does not influence exercise-induced changes in LD morphology, glycogen utilisation or cell signalling pathways with regulatory roles in mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marc Fell
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Mark A Hearris
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Daniel G Ellis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - James E P Moran
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Emily F P Jevons
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Daniel J Owens
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Juliette A Strauss
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Matthew Cocks
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Julien B Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Sam O Shepherd
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
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Baldassarre R, Ieno C, Bonifazi M, Di Castro A, Gianfelici A, Piacentini MF. Carbohydrate supplementation during a simulated 10-km open water swimming race: effects on physiological, perceptual parameters and performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:390-398. [PMID: 33487101 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1880644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to test the effect of carbohydrate ingestion, simulating a 10-km open water race competition on energy cost (Csw), perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), stroke rate (SR) and performance. We hypothesized that carbohydrate ingestion would reduce Csw and RPE in elite open water swimmers (OW-swimmers) and improve performance. Eight elite OW-swimmers swam for 3 × 30 min with 20-s of interval necessary to collect data in the swimming flume at a pre-set pace corresponding to their 10-km race pace, followed by a time to exhaustion test (TTE) at 100% of the peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak). During the set, OW-swimmers ingested 45-g of carbohydrates (CHO) in 550-mL of water (8% solution) during each of the two intervals or a placebo solution (PLA). HR, RPE, V̇O2 and SR were measured. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify the normal distribution of data. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA and t-test was performed (p < 0.05). A significant difference emerged in TTE between the trials (169.00 ± 91.06 s in CHO; 102.31 ± 57.47 s in PLA). HR, RPE and SR increased during the TTE but did not differ between trials. Csw did not show a significant main effect between the two conditions and in time course in both conditions. CHO ingestion significantly increased TTE at 100% of V̇O2peak after 90-min of swimming at 10-km race pace. These findings indicate that CHO intake during a 10-km open water swimming competition should have a beneficial impact on performance in the final part of the race.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristian Ieno
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Bonifazi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Italian Swimming Federation, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Castro
- Sport Science Institute, Italian National Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gianfelici
- Sport Science Institute, Italian National Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
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Malone JJ, Hulton AT, MacLaren DPM. Exogenous carbohydrate and regulation of muscle carbohydrate utilisation during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1255-1269. [PMID: 33544230 PMCID: PMC8064975 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Carbohydrates (CHO) are one of the fundamental energy sources during prolonged steady state and intermittent exercise. The consumption of exogenous CHO during exercise is common place, with the aim to enhance sporting performance. Despite the popularity around exogenous CHO use, the process by which CHO is regulated from intake to its use in the working muscle is still not fully appreciated. Recent studies utilizing the hyperglycaemic glucose clamp technique have shed light on some of the potential barriers to CHO utilisation during exercise. The present review addresses the role of exogenous CHO utilisation during exercise, with a focus on potential mechanisms involved, from glucose uptake to glucose delivery and oxidation at the different stages of regulation. METHODS Narrative review. RESULTS A number of potential barriers were identified, including gastric emptying, intestinal absorption, blood flow (splanchnic and muscle), muscle uptake and oxidation. The relocation of glucose transporters plays a key role in the regulation of CHO, particularly in epithelial cells and subsequent transport into the blood. Limitations are also apparent when CHO is infused, particularly with regards to blood flow and uptake within the muscle. CONCLUSION We highlight a number of potential barriers involved with the regulation of both ingested and infused CHO during exercise. Future work on the influence of longitudinal training within the regulation processes (such as the gut) is warranted to further understand the optimal type, dose and method of CHO delivery to enhance sporting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Malone
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Taggart Avenue, Liverpool, L16 9JD, UK.
| | - Andrew T Hulton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Don P M MacLaren
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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11
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Rollo I, Randell RK, Baker L, Leyes JY, Medina Leal D, Lizarraga A, Mesalles J, Jeukendrup AE, James LJ, Carter JM. Fluid Balance, Sweat Na + Losses, and Carbohydrate Intake of Elite Male Soccer Players in Response to Low and High Training Intensities in Cool and Hot Environments. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020401. [PMID: 33513989 PMCID: PMC7912570 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypohydration increases physiological strain and reduces physical and technical soccer performance, but there are limited data on how fluid balance responses change between different types of sessions in professional players. This study investigated sweat and fluid/carbohydrate intake responses in elite male professional soccer players training at low and high intensities in cool and hot environments. Fluid/sodium (Na+) losses and ad-libitum carbohydrate/fluid intake of fourteen elite male soccer players were measured on four occasions: cool (wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT): 15 ± 7 °C, 66 ± 6% relative humidity (RH)) low intensity (rating of perceived exertion (RPE) 2–4, m·min−1 40–46) (CL); cool high intensity (RPE 6–8, m·min−1 82–86) (CH); hot (29 ± 1 °C, 52 ± 7% RH) low intensity (HL); hot high intensity (HH). Exercise involved 65 ± 5 min of soccer-specific training. Before and after exercise, players were weighed in minimal clothing. During training, players had ad libitum access to carbohydrate beverages and water. Sweat [Na+] (mmol·L−1), which was measured by absorbent patches positioned on the thigh, was no different between conditions, CL: 35 ± 9, CH: 38 ± 8, HL: 34 ± 70.17, HH: 38 ± 8 (p = 0.475). Exercise intensity and environmental condition significantly influenced sweat rates (L·h−1), CL: 0.55 ± 0.20, CH: 0.98 ± 0.21, HL: 0.81 ± 0.17, HH: 1.43 ± 0.23 (p =0.001), and percentage dehydration (p < 0.001). Fluid intake was significantly associated with sweat rate (p = 0.019), with no players experiencing hypohydration > 2% of pre-exercise body mass. Carbohydrate intake varied between players (range 0–38 g·h−1), with no difference between conditions. These descriptive data gathered on elite professional players highlight the variation in the hydration status, sweat rate, sweat Na+ losses, and carbohydrate intake in response to training in cool and hot environments and at low and high exercise intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (R.K.R.); (L.B.); (J.M.C.)
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (A.E.J.); (L.J.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +116-2348846
| | - Rebecca K. Randell
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (R.K.R.); (L.B.); (J.M.C.)
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (A.E.J.); (L.J.J.)
| | - Lindsay Baker
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (R.K.R.); (L.B.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Javier Yanguas Leyes
- FC Barcelona Medical Department, FC, 08014 Barcelona, Spain; (J.Y.L.); (D.M.L.); (A.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Daniel Medina Leal
- FC Barcelona Medical Department, FC, 08014 Barcelona, Spain; (J.Y.L.); (D.M.L.); (A.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Antonia Lizarraga
- FC Barcelona Medical Department, FC, 08014 Barcelona, Spain; (J.Y.L.); (D.M.L.); (A.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Jordi Mesalles
- FC Barcelona Medical Department, FC, 08014 Barcelona, Spain; (J.Y.L.); (D.M.L.); (A.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Asker E. Jeukendrup
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (A.E.J.); (L.J.J.)
| | - Lewis J. James
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (A.E.J.); (L.J.J.)
| | - James M. Carter
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (R.K.R.); (L.B.); (J.M.C.)
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Newell ML, Macgregor LJ, Galloway SDR, Hunter AM. Prolonged cycling exercise alters neural control strategy, irrespective of carbohydrate dose ingested. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Newell
- School of Sport Science and Physical Activity University of Bedfordshire Bedford England UK
| | - Lewis J. Macgregor
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport University of Stirling Stirling Scotland UK
| | | | - Angus M. Hunter
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport University of Stirling Stirling Scotland UK
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Baur DA, Saunders MJ. Carbohydrate supplementation: a critical review of recent innovations. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:23-66. [PMID: 33106933 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To critically examine the research on novel supplements and strategies designed to enhance carbohydrate delivery and/or availability. METHODS Narrative review. RESULTS Available data would suggest that there are varying levels of effectiveness based on the supplement/supplementation strategy in question and mechanism of action. Novel carbohydrate supplements including multiple transportable carbohydrate (MTC), modified carbohydrate (MC), and hydrogels (HGEL) have been generally effective at modifying gastric emptying and/or intestinal absorption. Moreover, these effects often correlate with altered fuel utilization patterns and/or glycogen storage. Nevertheless, performance effects differ widely based on supplement and study design. MTC consistently enhances performance, but the magnitude of the effect is yet to be fully elucidated. MC and HGEL seem unlikely to be beneficial when compared to supplementation strategies that align with current sport nutrition recommendations. Combining carbohydrate with other ergogenic substances may, in some cases, result in additive or synergistic effects on metabolism and/or performance; however, data are often lacking and results vary based on the quantity, timing, and inter-individual responses to different treatments. Altering dietary carbohydrate intake likely influences absorption, oxidation, and and/or storage of acutely ingested carbohydrate, but how this affects the ergogenicity of carbohydrate is still mostly unknown. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, novel carbohydrate supplements and strategies alter carbohydrate delivery through various mechanisms. However, more research is needed to determine if/when interventions are ergogenic based on different contexts, populations, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Baur
- Department of Physical Education, Virginia Military Institute, 208 Cormack Hall, Lexington, VA, 24450, USA.
| | - Michael J Saunders
- Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, 22801, USA
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Mohebbi H, Campbell IT, Keegan MA, Malone JJ, Hulton AT, MacLaren DPM. Hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia promote glucose utilization and storage during low- and high-intensity exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 120:127-135. [PMID: 31707476 PMCID: PMC6969862 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04257-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effect of hyperglycaemia with and without additional insulin was explored at a low and high intensity of exercise (40% vs 70% VO2peak) on glucose utilization (GUR), carbohydrate oxidation, non-oxidative glucose disposal (NOGD), and muscle glycogen. METHODS Eight healthy trained males were exercised for 120 min in four trials, twice at 40% VO2peak and twice at 70% VO2peak, while glucose was infused intravenously (40%G; 70%G) at rates to "clamp" blood glucose at 10 mM. On one occasion at each exercise intensity, insulin was also infused at 40 mU/m2/per min (i.e. 40%GI and 70%GI). The glucose and insulin infusion began 30 min prior to exercise and throughout exercise. A muscle biopsy was taken at the end of exercise for glycogen analysis. RESULTS Hyperglycaemia significantly elevated plasma insulin concentration (p < 0.001), although no difference was observed between the exercise intensities. Insulin infusion during both mild and severe exercise resulted in increased insulin concentrations (p < 0.01) and GUR (p < 0.01) compared with glucose (40%GI by 25.2%; 70%GI by 26.2%), but failed to significantly affect carbohydrate, fat and protein oxidation. NOGD was significantly higher for GI trials at both intensities (p < 0.05) with storage occurring during both lower intensities (62.7 ± 19.6 g 40%GI; 127 ± 20.7 g 40%GI) and 70%GI (29.0 ± 20.0 g). Muscle glycogen concentrations were significantly depleted from rest (p < 0.01) after all four trials. CONCLUSION Hyperinsulinaemia in the presence of hyperglycaemia during both low- and high-intensity exercise promotes GUR and NOGD, but does not significantly affect substrate oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Mohebbi
- Sport Science and Faculty of Physical Education, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Iain T Campbell
- Department of Anaesthesia, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Marie A Keegan
- Department of Anaesthesia, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - James J Malone
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew T Hulton
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Don P M MacLaren
- Prof (Emeritus), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street Campus, Liverpool, L3 2AF, UK.
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Association of Daily Dietary Intake and Inflammation Induced by Marathon Race. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:1537274. [PMID: 31686980 PMCID: PMC6800895 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1537274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Daily food intake is crucial to maintain health and determine endogenous fuel to practice endurance exercise. We investigated the association between quantity of macronutrient and micronutrient daily intake and inflammation induced by long-distance exercise. Methods. Forty-four Brazilian male amateurs' marathon finishers from 30 to 55 years old participated in this study. Blood samples were collected 1 day before, immediately after, and 1 day and 3 days after São Paulo International Marathon. The serum levels of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-8, IL-12p70, and TNF-α were measured to evaluate inflammation. Dietary intake was determined using a prospective method of three food records in the week before marathon race. Results. Marathon race promoted an elevation on IL-6, IL-8, IL-1-β, and IL-10 immediately after the race. The energy intake (EI), carbohydrate, fiber, folic acid, vitamin E, vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, and potassium intakes was below recommended. Immediately after the marathon race, we observed a negative correlation between IL-8 and daily EI, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, iron, calcium, potassium, and sodium intakes, and higher levels of IL-8 on runners with <3 g/kg/day of carbohydrate intake compared to runners with >5 g/kg/day. We demonstrated a positive correlation between daily carbohydrate intake and IL-10 and a negative correlation between TNF-α and % of energy intake recommended, carbohydrate and fiber intakes. Finally, runners with adequate EI had lower levels of IL-1β and TNF-α compared with low EI immediately after the race. Conclusion. Nutrition strategies to promote balanced diet in amateur runners seem to be as important as immunonutrition sports market. Daily food intake, mainly EI, electrolyte and carbohydrate intakes, may modulate exacerbated inflammation after endurance exercise.
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King AJ, O'Hara JP, Arjomandkhah NC, Rowe J, Morrison DJ, Preston T, King RFGJ. Liver and muscle glycogen oxidation and performance with dose variation of glucose-fructose ingestion during prolonged (3 h) exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1157-1169. [PMID: 30840136 PMCID: PMC6469629 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effect of small manipulations in carbohydrate (CHO) dose on exogenous and endogenous (liver and muscle) fuel selection during exercise. METHOD Eleven trained males cycled in a double-blind randomised order on 4 occasions at 60% [Formula: see text] for 3 h, followed by a 30-min time-trial whilst ingesting either 80 g h-1 or 90 g h-1 or 100 g h-1 13C-glucose-13C-fructose [2:1] or placebo. CHO doses met, were marginally lower, or above previously reported intestinal saturation for glucose-fructose (90 g h-1). Indirect calorimetry and stable mass isotope [13C] techniques were utilised to determine fuel use. RESULT Time-trial performance was 86.5 to 93%, 'likely, probable' improved with 90 g h-1 compared 80 and 100 g h-1. Exogenous CHO oxidation in the final hour was 9.8-10.0% higher with 100 g h-1 compared with 80 and 90 g h-1 (ES = 0.64-0.70, 95% CI 9.6, 1.4 to 17.7 and 8.2, 2.1 to 18.6). However, increasing CHO dose (100 g h-1) increased muscle glycogen use (101.6 ± 16.6 g, ES = 0.60, 16.1, 0.9 to 31.4) and its relative contribution to energy expenditure (5.6 ± 8.4%, ES = 0.72, 5.6, 1.5 to 9.8 g) compared with 90 g h-1. Absolute and relative muscle glycogen oxidation between 80 and 90 g h-1 were similar (ES = 0.23 and 0.38) though a small absolute (85.4 ± 29.3 g, 6.2, - 23.5 to 11.1) and relative (34.9 ± 9.1 g, - 3.5, - 9.6 to 2.6) reduction was seen in 90 g h-1 compared with 100 g h-1. Liver glycogen oxidation was not significantly different between conditions (ES < 0.42). Total fat oxidation during the 3-h ride was similar in CHO conditions (ES < 0.28) but suppressed compared with placebo (ES = 1.05-1.51). CONCLUSION 'Overdosing' intestinal transport for glucose-fructose appears to increase muscle glycogen reliance and negatively impact subsequent TT performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J King
- Carnegie School of Sport, Fairfax Hall, Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QT, UK.
| | - John P O'Hara
- Carnegie School of Sport, Fairfax Hall, Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QT, UK
| | | | - Josh Rowe
- Carnegie School of Sport, Fairfax Hall, Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QT, UK
| | | | - Thomas Preston
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Roderick F G J King
- Carnegie School of Sport, Fairfax Hall, Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QT, UK
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Keto-Adaptation and Endurance Exercise Capacity, Fatigue Recovery, and Exercise-Induced Muscle and Organ Damage Prevention: A Narrative Review. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7020040. [PMID: 30781824 PMCID: PMC6410243 DOI: 10.3390/sports7020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A ketogenic diet (KD) could induce nutritional ketosis. Over time, the body will acclimate to use ketone bodies as a primary fuel to achieve keto-adaptation. Keto-adaptation may provide a consistent and fast energy supply, thus improving exercise performance and capacity. With its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties, a KD may contribute to muscle health, thus preventing exercise-induced fatigue and damage. Given the solid basis of its potential to improve exercise capacity, numerous investigations into KD and exercise have been carried out in recent years. This narrative review aims to summarize recent research about the potential of a KD as a nutritional approach during endurance exercise, focusing on endurance capacity, recovery from fatigue, and the prevention of exhaustive exercise-induced muscle and organ damage.
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Earnest CP, Rothschild J, Harnish CR, Naderi A. Metabolic adaptations to endurance training and nutrition strategies influencing performance. Res Sports Med 2018; 27:134-146. [PMID: 30411978 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1544134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Endurance performance is the result of optimal training targeting cardiovascular, metabolic, and peripheral muscular adaptations and is coupled to effective nutrition strategies via the use of macronutrient manipulations surrounding training and potential supplementation with ergogenic aids. It is important to note that training and nutrition may differ according to the individual needs of the athlete and can markedly impact the physiological response to training. Herein, we discuss various aspects of endurance training adaptations, nutritional strategies and their contributions to towards performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad P Earnest
- a Health and Kinesiology, College Station , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
| | | | | | - Alireza Naderi
- d Department of Sport Physiology , Islamic Azad University , Boroujerd , Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
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Regulation of Muscle Glycogen Metabolism during Exercise: Implications for Endurance Performance and Training Adaptations. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10030298. [PMID: 29498691 PMCID: PMC5872716 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of the muscle biopsy technique in the late 1960s, our understanding of the regulation of muscle glycogen storage and metabolism has advanced considerably. Muscle glycogenolysis and rates of carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation are affected by factors such as exercise intensity, duration, training status and substrate availability. Such changes to the global exercise stimulus exert regulatory effects on key enzymes and transport proteins via both hormonal control and local allosteric regulation. Given the well-documented effects of high CHO availability on promoting exercise performance, elite endurance athletes are typically advised to ensure high CHO availability before, during and after high-intensity training sessions or competition. Nonetheless, in recognition that the glycogen granule is more than a simple fuel store, it is now also accepted that glycogen is a potent regulator of the molecular cell signaling pathways that regulate the oxidative phenotype. Accordingly, the concept of deliberately training with low CHO availability has now gained increased popularity amongst athletic circles. In this review, we present an overview of the regulatory control of CHO metabolism during exercise (with a specific emphasis on muscle glycogen utilization) in order to discuss the effects of both high and low CHO availability on modulating exercise performance and training adaptations, respectively.
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