Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Potential Therapeutic Role in Cardiovascular System Disorders-A Review

Dissecting new lipids and their composition in herbal tea using untargeted LC/MS

Herbal teas and beverages have gained global attention because they are rich in natural bioactive compounds, which are known to have diverse biological effects, including antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. However, the lipidomic profiles of herbal teas remain unclear. In this study, we applied an untargeted lipidomics approach using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry to comprehensively profile, compare, and identify unknown lipids in four herbal teas: dokudami, kumazasa, sugina, and yomogi. A total of 341 molecular species from five major classes of lipids were identified. Multivariate principal component analysis revealed distinct lipid compositions for each of the herbs. The fatty acid α-linolenic acid (FA 18:3) was found to be abundant in kumazasa, whereas arachidonic acid (FA 20:4) was the most abundant in sugina. Interestingly, novel lipids were discovered for the first time in plants; specifically, short-chain fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (SFAHFAs) with 4-hydroxy phenyl nonanoic acid as the structural core. This study provides insight into the lipidomic diversity and potential bioactive lipid components of herbal teas, offering a foundation for further research into their health-promoting properties and biological significance.

Revisiting the role of phospholipases in alzheimer's: crosstalk with processed food

Phospholipases such as phospholipase-A, phospholipase-B, phospholipase-C and phospholipase-D are important functional enzymes of the cell membrane responsible for a variety of functions such as signal transduction, production of lipid mediators, metabolite digestion and playing a pathological role in central nervous system diseases. Phospholipases have shown an association with Alzheimer's disease and these enzymes have found a correlation with several metabolic pathways that can lead to the activation of inflammatory signals via astrocytes and microglial cells. We also highlighted unhealthy practices like smoking and consuming processed foods, rich in nitroso compounds and phosphatidic acid, which contribute to neuronal damage in AD through phospholipases. A few therapeutic approaches such as the use of inhibitors of phospholipase-D,phospholipase A2 as well as autophagy-mediated inhibition have been discussed to control the onset of AD. This paper serves as a crosstalk between phospholipases and their role in neurodegenerative pathways as well as their influence on other biomolecules of lipid membranes, which are acquired through unhealthy diets and possible methods to treat these anomalies occurring due to their metabolic disorder involving phospholipases acting as major signaling molecules.

Impact of fish oil supplementation on plasma levels of highly unsaturated fatty acid-containing lipid classes and molecular species in American football athletes

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have linked sports-related concussions and repeated subconcussive head impacts in contact sport athletes to elevated brain injury biomarkers. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the primary omega-3 (n-3) highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) in the brain, has shown neuroprotective effects in animal models after brain injury, but clinical research has shown mixed results.

METHODS

We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on 29 Division 1 collegiate American football players, exploring the impact of DHA (2.5 g) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (1.0 g) supplied as ethyl esters, on levels of plasma lipids shown to cross the blood-brain barrier. Dietary intake data was collected using food frequency questionnaires (FFQ). Complex lipids and unesterified fatty acids were isolated from plasma, separated via reversed-phase liquid chromatography and analyzed by targeted lipidomics analysis.

RESULTS

FFQ results indicated that participants had low dietary n-3 HUFA intake and high omega-6 (n-6):n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and HUFA ratios at baseline. After DHA + EPA supplementation, plasma lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) containing DHA and EPA significantly increased at all timepoints (weeks 17, 21, and 26; p < 0.0001), surpassing placebo at Weeks 17 (p < 0.05) and 21 (p < 0.05). Phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecular species containing DHA or EPA, PC38:6 PC36:6, PC38:7, PC40:6, and PC40:8, increased significantly in the DHA + EPA treatment group at Weeks 17 (and 21. Plasma concentrations of non-esterified DHA and EPA rose post-supplementation in Weeks 17 and 21.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates that n-3 HUFA supplementation, in the form of ethyl esters, increased the DHA and EPA containing plasma lipid pools the have the capacity to enrich brain lipids and the potential to mitigate the effects of sports-related concussions and repeated subconcussive head impacts.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

All deidentified data are available at ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT0479207.

Maternal supplementation with n-3 fatty acids affects placental lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, the endocannabinoid system, and the neonate cytokine concentrations in dairy cows

BACKGROUND

The placenta plays a crucial role in supporting and influencing fetal development. We compared the effects of prepartum supplementation with omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid (FA) sources, flaxseed oil (FLX) and fish oil (FO), on the expression of genes and proteins related to lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in the expelled placenta, as well as on FA profile and inflammatory response of neonates. Late-pregnant Holstein dairy cows were supplemented with saturated fat (CTL), FLX, or FO. Placental cotyledons (n = 5) were collected immediately after expulsion, and extracted RNA and proteins were analyzed by RT-PCR and proteomic analysis. Neonatal blood was assessed for FA composition and concentrations of inflammatory markers.

RESULTS

FO increased the gene expression of fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), interleukin 10 (IL-10), catalase (CAT), cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1), and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CNR2) compared with CTL placenta. Gene expression of ECS-enzyme FA-amide hydrolase (FAAH) was lower in FLX and FO than in CTL. Proteomic analysis identified 3,974 proteins; of these, 51-59 were differentially abundant between treatments (P ≤ 0.05, |fold change| ≥ 1.5). Top canonical pathways enriched in FLX vs. CTL and in FO vs. CTL were triglyceride metabolism and inflammatory processes. Both n-3 FA increased the placental abundance of FA binding proteins (FABPs) 3 and 7. The abundance of CNR1 cannabinoid-receptor-interacting-protein-1 (CNRIP1) was reduced in FO vs. FLX. In silico modeling affirmed that bovine FABPs bind to endocannabinoids. The FLX increased the abundance of inflammatory CD44-antigen and secreted-phosphoprotein-1, whereas prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 was decreased in FO vs. CTL placenta. Maternal FO enriched neonatal plasma with n-3 FAs, and both FLX and FO reduced interleukin-6 concentrations compared with CTL.

CONCLUSION

Maternal n-3 FA from FLX and FO differentially affected the bovine placenta; both enhanced lipid metabolism and modulated oxidative stress, however, FO increased some transcriptional ECS components, possibly related to the increased FABPs. Maternal FO induced a unique balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory components in the placenta. Taken together, different sources of n-3 FA during late pregnancy enhanced placental immune and metabolic processes, which may affect the neonatal immune system.

The Healthy Fatty Index Allows for Deeper Insights into the Lipid Composition of Foods of Animal Origin When Compared with the Atherogenic and Thrombogenicity Indexes

The aim of this research was to validate the effectiveness of the Healthy Fatty Index (HFI) regarding some foods of animal origin (meat, processed, fish, milk products, and eggs) typical of the Western diet and to compare these results with two consolidated indices (atherogenic-AI, and thrombogenic-TI) in the characterization of the nutritional features of their lipids. The fatty acids profile (% of total fatty acids and mg/100 g) of 60 foods, grouped in six subclasses, was used. The AI, TI, and HFI indexes were calculated, and the intraclass correlation coefficients and the degree of agreement were evaluated using different statistical approaches. The results demonstrated that HFI, with respect to AI and TI, seems better able to consider the complexity of the fatty acid profile and the different fat contents. HFI and AI are the two most diverse indices, and they can provide different food classifications. AI and IT exhibit only a fair agreement in regards to food classification, confirming that such indexes are always to be considered indissolubly and never separately, in contrast to the HFI, which can stand alone.

The role of different nutrients in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases

Cardiovascular health is a hot topic around the world, and as the incidence of cardiovascular disease increases each year, people are increasingly focusing on the management of their heart health. Dietary and lifestyle changes as non-pharmacological treatments have been increasingly recognized as important in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and in reducing the risk of cardiovascular accidents. Awareness of different nutrients and their effects on cardiovascular health is important for establishing a good dietary pattern. This review summarizes the effects of the five major nutrients in the daily diet, namely carbohydrates, proteins, dietary fats, vitamins, and minerals, on cardiovascular health, and aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of a healthy dietary pattern on cardiovascular health.

Neuroimmunological effects of omega-3 fatty acids on migraine: a review

Migraine is a highly prevalent disease worldwide, imposing enormous clinical and economic burdens on individuals and societies. Current treatments exhibit limited efficacy and acceptability, highlighting the need for more effective and safety prophylactic approaches, including the use of nutraceuticals for migraine treatment. Migraine involves interactions within the central and peripheral nervous systems, with significant activation and sensitization of the trigeminovascular system (TVS) in pain generation and transmission. The condition is influenced by genetic predispositions and environmental factors, leading to altered sensory processing. The neuroinflammatory response is increasingly recognized as a key event underpinning the pathophysiology of migraine, involving a complex neuro-glio-vascular interplay. This interplay is partially mediated by neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene receptor peptide (CGRP), pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and/or cortical spreading depression (CSD) and involves oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome formation, activated microglia, and reactive astrocytes. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), crucial for the nervous system, mediate various physiological functions. Omega-3 PUFAs offer cardiovascular, neurological, and psychiatric benefits due to their potent anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, antioxidant, and neuromodulatory properties, which modulate neuroinflammation, neurogenic inflammation, pain transmission, enhance mitochondrial stability, and mood regulation. Moreover, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), a class of PUFA-derived lipid mediators, regulate pro-inflammatory and resolution pathways, playing significant anti-inflammatory and neurological roles, which in turn may be beneficial in alleviating the symptomatology of migraine. Omega-3 PUFAs impact various neurobiological pathways and have demonstrated a lack of major adverse events, underscoring their multifaceted approach and safety in migraine management. Although not all omega-3 PUFAs trials have shown beneficial in reducing the symptomatology of migraine, further research is needed to fully establish their clinical efficacy and understand the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of omega-3 PUFAs and PUFA-derived lipid mediators, SPMs on migraine pathophysiology and progression. This review highlights their potential in modulating brain functions, such as neuroimmunological effects, and suggests their promise as candidates for effective migraine prophylaxis.

Omega-3 fatty acids and health of auditory and vestibular systems: a comprehensive review

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to comprehensively review animal and human studies that explore the role of omega-3 PUFAs in maintaining the health of the auditory organ across all life stages.

METHODS

This narrative review involved searching Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library databases for relevant articles from December 1980 to July 2023.

RESULTS

some animal and human studies suggest that both deficiency and excessive intake of long-chain omega-3 PUFAs, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), can lead to auditory neural conduction impairment and reduced hearing acuity from fetal development to old age (presbycusis). These effects are likely to be dependent on the dosage. Some research indicates that an excessive intake of omega-3, rather than a deficiency, can result in nutritional toxicity and hearing impairments. Animal studies highlight the positive impact of omega-3 supplements with high DHA content in addressing hearing damage, but human research on this subject is limited. Furthermore, certain studies propose that omega-3 PUFAs may prevent or delay age-related hearing loss, with high plasma omega-3 concentration, particularly long-chain omega-3 PUFA, linked to reduced hearing loss. Additionally, consuming fish more than twice a week may be associated with a lower risk of hearing loss in adulthood, with these effects potentially influenced by age and gender. However, the majority of studies have been conducted on animals, and clinical trials are scarce. Research on the influence of omega-3 PUFAs on the peripheral and central vestibular systems remains limited.

CONCLUSION

This article delves into the impact of omega-3 on the auditory-vestibular system, exploring its influence on neurodevelopment, protection, and treatment. It not only highlights specific research gaps but also offers valuable insights for potential future studies.

Factors affecting composition of fatty acids in wild-growing forest mushrooms

The importance of mushrooms as a food source is continually increasing. To investigate how environmental factors affect the nutritional value of mushrooms, we harvested them in eastern Poland, south-central Germany, and northwestern Belgium in plots with similar environmental conditions but varying in tree species composition and richness. We used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to analyze the fatty acid (FA) content of the mushrooms. Fungal species identity explained the largest part (40%) of the total variation in FA concentration and composition. Environmental factors accounted for 1-12% of variation. The concentration of FA, especially saturated fatty acids, decreased with increasing understory cover and increasing nitrogen concentration in the topsoil. The effect of tree species richness or tree species identity was negligible. Our results suggest that the nutritional value of mushrooms depends mainly on the species identity of fungi, but that their FA content is slightly higher in forests with less undergrowth and in nitrogen-poor soils.

Dietary Supplementation with Nervonic Acid Ameliorates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Modulating of Gut Microbiota Composition-Fecal Metabolites Interaction

SCOPE

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury stands as a prominent global contributor to disability and mortality. Nervonic acid (NA), a bioactive elongated monounsaturated fatty acid, holds pivotal significance in human physiological well-being. This research aims to explore the prophylactic effects and fundamental mechanisms of NA in a rat model of cerebral IR injury.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Through the induction of middle cerebral artery occlusion, this study establishes a rat model of cerebral IR injury and comprehensively assesses the pharmacodynamic impacts of NA pretreatment. This evaluation involves behavioral analyses, histopathological examinations, and quantification of serum markers. Detailed mechanisms of nervonic acid's prophylactic effects are revealed through fecal metabolomics and 16S rRNA sequencing analyses. Our findings robustly support nervonic acid's capacity to ameliorate neurological impairments in rats afflicted with cerebral IR injury. Beyond its neurological benefits, NA demonstrates its potential by rectifying metabolic perturbations across diverse pathways, particularly those pertinent to unsaturated fatty acid metabolism. Additionally, NA emerges as a modulator of gut microbiota composition, notably by selectively enhancing vital genera like Lactobacillus.

CONCLUSION

These comprehensive findings highlight the potential of incorporating NA as a functional component in dietary interventions aimed at targeting cerebral IR injury.

The Associations of Prenatal Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Its Chemical Components with Allergic Rhinitis in Children and the Modification Effect of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Birth Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been shown to protect against fine particulate matter < 2.5 μ m in aerodynamic diameter (PM 2.5 )-induced hazards. However, limited evidence is available for respiratory health, particularly in pregnant women and their offspring.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to investigate the association of prenatal exposure to PM 2.5 and its chemical components with allergic rhinitis (AR) in children and explore effect modification by maternal erythrocyte PUFAs.

METHODS

This prospective birth cohort study involved 657 mother-child pairs from Guangzhou, China. Prenatal exposure to residential PM 2.5 mass and its components [black carbon (BC), organic matter (OM), sulfate (SO 4 2 - ), nitrate (NO 3 - ), and ammonium (NH 4 + )] were estimated by an established spatiotemporal model. Maternal erythrocyte PUFAs during pregnancy were measured using gas chromatography. The diagnosis of AR and report of AR symptoms in children were assessed up to 2 years of age. We used Cox regression with the quantile-based g-computation approach to assess the individual and joint effects of PM 2.5 components and examine the modification effects of maternal PUFA levels.

RESULTS

Approximately 5.33 % and 8.07% of children had AR and related symptoms, respectively. The average concentration of prenatal PM 2.5 was 35.50 ± 5.31   μ g / m 3 . PM 2.5 was positively associated with the risk of developing AR [hazard ratio ( HR ) = 1.85 ; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16, 2.96 per 5   μ g / m 3 ] and its symptoms (HR = 1.79 ; 95% CI: 1.22, 2.62 per 5   μ g / m 3 ) after adjustment for confounders. Similar associations were observed between individual PM 2.5 components and AR outcomes. Each quintile change in a mixture of components was associated with an adjusted HR of 3.73 (95% CI: 1.80, 7.73) and 2.69 (95% CI: 1.55, 4.67) for AR and AR symptoms, with BC accounting for the largest contribution. Higher levels of n-3 docosapentaenoic acid and lower levels of n-6 linoleic acid showed alleviating effects on AR symptoms risk associated with exposure to PM 2.5 and its components.

CONCLUSION

Prenatal exposure to PM 2.5 and its chemical components, particularly BC, was associated with AR/symptoms in early childhood. We highlight that PUFA biomarkers could modify the adverse effects of PM 2.5 on respiratory allergy. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13524.

Relationship between fatty acid intake and aging: a Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND

Observational studies have previously shown a possible link between fatty acids and aging-related diseases, raising questions about its health implications. However, the causal relationship between the two remains uncertain.

METHODS

Univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to analyze the relationship between five types of fatty acids-polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), saturated fatty acid (SFA), Omega-6 fatty acid (Omega-6 FA), and Omega-3 fatty acid (Omega-3 FA) and three markers of aging: telomere length (TL), frailty index (FI), and facial aging (FclAg). The primary approach for Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis involved utilizing the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, with additional supplementary methods employed.

RESULTS

Univariate MR analysis revealed that MUFA, PUFA, SFA, and Omega-6 fatty acids were positively associated with TL (MUFA OR: 1.019, 95% CI: 1.006-1.033; PUFA OR: 1.014, 95% CI: 1.002-1.026; SFA OR: 1.016, 95% CI: 1.002-1.031; Omega-6 FAs OR=1.031, 95% CI: 1.006-1.058). PUFA was also associated with a higher FI (OR: 1.033, 95% CI: 1.009-1.057). In multivariate MR analysis, after adjusting for mutual influences among the five fatty acids, MUFA and PUFA were positively independently associated with TL (MUFA OR: 1.1508, 95% CI = 1.0724-1.2350; PUFA OR: 1.1670, 95% CI = 1.0497-1.2973, while SFA was negatively correlated (OR: 0.8005, 95% CI: 0.7045-0.9096).

CONCLUSIONS

Our research presents compelling evidence of a causal association between certain fatty acids and indicators of the aging process. In particular, MUFA and PUFA may play a role in slowing down the aging process, while SFAs may contribute to accelerated aging. These findings could have significant implications for dietary recommendations aimed at promoting healthy aging.

Micro/nano-encapsulation of marine dietary oils: A review on biomacromolecule-based delivery systems and their role in preventing cardiovascular diseases

Marine-based dietary oils (MDOs), which are naturally obtained from different sources, have been scientifically recommended as potent functional bioactives owing to their therapeutic biological activities; however, they have exhibited plenty of health benefits. Though they are very sensitive to light, temperature, moisture, and oxygen, as well as being chemically unstable and merely oxidized, this may limit their utilization in food and pharmaceutical products. Miro- and nanoencapsulation techniques are considered to be the most promising tactics for enhancing the original characteristics, physiochemical properties, and therapeutic effects of entrapped MDOs. This review focuses on the biomacromolecule-stabilized micro/nanocarriers encompassing a wide range of MDOs. The novel-equipped polysaccharides and protein-based micro/nanocarriers cover microemulsions, microcapsules, nanoemulsions, and nanoliposomes, which have been proven to be encouraging candidates for the entrapment of diverse kinds of MDOs. In addition, the current state-of-the-art loading of various MDOs through polysaccharide and protein-based micro/nanocarriers has been comprehensively discussed and tabulated in detail. Biomacromolecule-stabilized nanocarriers, particularly nanoemulsions and nanoliposomes, are addressed as propitious nanocargos for protection of MDOs in response to thought-provoking features as well as delivering the successful, meticulous release to the desired sites. Gastrointestinal fate (GF) of biopolymeric micro/nanocarriers is fundamentally based on their centrifugation, dimension, interfacial, and physical properties. The external surface of epithelial cells in the lumen is the main site where the absorption of lipid-based nanoparticles takes place. MDO-loaded micro- and nanocarriers with biological origins or structural modifications have shown some novel applications that could be used as future therapies for cardiovascular disorders, thanks to today's cutting-edge medical technology. In the future, further investigations are highly needed to open new horizons regarding the application of polysaccharide and protein-based micro/nanocarriers in food and beverage products with the possibility of commercialization in the near future for industrial use.

Quantitative mass spectrometry imaging: therapeutics & biomolecules

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has become increasingly utilized in the analysis of biological molecules. MSI grants the ability to spatially map thousands of molecules within one experimental run in a label-free manner. While MSI is considered by most to be a qualitative method, recent advancements in instrumentation, sample preparation, and development of standards has made quantitative MSI (qMSI) more common. In this feature article, we present a tailored review of recent advancements in qMSI of therapeutics and biomolecules such as lipids and peptides/proteins. We also provide detailed experimental considerations for conducting qMSI studies on biological samples, aiming to advance the methodology.

Transcriptome and lipidome integration unveils mechanisms of fatty liver formation in Shitou geese

Geese evolved from migratory birds, and when they consume excessive high-energy feed, glucose is converted into triglycerides. A large amount of triglyceride deposition can induce incomplete oxidation of fatty acids, leading to lipid accumulation in the liver and the subsequent formation of fatty liver. In the Chaoshan region of Guangdong, China, Shitou geese develop a unique form of fatty liver through 24 h overfeeding of brown rice. To investigate the mechanisms underlying the formation of fatty liver in Shitou geese, we collected liver samples from normally fed and overfed geese. The results showed that the liver size in the treatment group was significantly larger, weighing 3.5 times more than that in the control group. Extensive infiltration of lipid droplets was observed in the liver upon staining of tissue sections. Biochemical analysis revealed that compared to the control group, the treatment group showed significantly elevated levels of total cholesterol (T-CHO), triglycerides (TG), and glycogen in the liver. However, no significant differences were observed in the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), which are common indicators of liver damage. Furthermore, we performed a combined transcriptomic and lipidomic analysis of the liver samples and identified 1,510 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1,559 significantly differentially abundant metabolites (SDMs). The enrichment analysis of the DEGs revealed their enrichment in metabolic pathways, cellular process-related signaling pathways, and specific lipid metabolism pathways. We also conducted KEGG enrichment analysis of the SDMs and compared them with the enriched signaling pathways obtained from the DEGs. In this study, we identified 3 key signaling pathways involved in the formation of fatty liver in Shitou geese, namely, the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, glycerol lipid metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. In these pathways, genes such as glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, mitochondrial (GPAM), 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 2 (AGPAT2), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2), lipase, endothelial (LIPG), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), phospholipase D family member 4 (PLD4), and phospholipase A2 group IVF (PLA2G4F) may regulate the synthesis of metabolites, including triacylglycerol (TG), phosphatidate (PA), 1,2-diglyceride (DG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylcholine (PC). These genes and metabolites may play a predominant role in the development of fatty liver, ultimately promoting the accumulation of TG in the liver and leading to the progression of fatty liver.

Lipid peroxidation of immune cells in cancer

Growing evidence indicates that cellular metabolism is a critical determinant of immune cell viability and function in antitumor immunity and lipid metabolism is important for immune cell activation and adaptation to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Lipid peroxidation is a process in which oxidants attack lipid-containing carbon-carbon double bonds and is an important part of lipid metabolism. In the past decades, studies have shown that lipid peroxidation participates in signal transduction to control cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell death, which is essential for cell function execution and human health. More importantly, recent studies have shown that lipid peroxidation affects immune cell function to modulate tumor immunity and antitumor ability. In this review, we briefly overview the effect of lipid peroxidation on the adaptive and innate immune cell activation and function in TME and discuss the effectiveness and sensitivity of the antitumor ability of immune cells by regulating lipid peroxidation.

Flaxseed oil fraction reverses cardiac remodeling at a molecular level: improves cardiac function, decreases apoptosis, and suppresses miRNA-29b and miRNA 1 gene expression

Flaxseed is an ancient commercial oil that historically has been used as a functional food to lower cholesterol levels. However, despite its longstanding treatment, there is currently a lack of scientific evidence to support its role in the management of cardiac remodeling. This study aimed to address this gap in knowledge by examining the molecular mechanism of standardized flaxseed oil in restoring cardiac remodeling in the heart toxicity vivo model. The oil fraction was purified, and the major components were standardized by qualitative and quantitative analysis. In vivo experimental design was conducted using isoproterenol ISO (85 mg/kg) twice subcutaneously within 24 h between each dose. The rats were treated with flaxseed oil fraction (100 mg/kg orally) and the same dose was used for omega 3 supplement as a positive control group. The GC-MS analysis revealed that α-linolenic acid (24.6%), oleic acid (10.5%), glycerol oleate (9.0%) and 2,3-dihydroxypropyl elaidate (7%) are the major components of oil fraction. Physicochemical analysis indicated that the acidity percentage, saponification, peroxide, and iodine values were 0.43, 188.57, 1.22, and 122.34 respectively. As compared with healthy control, ISO group-induced changes in functional cardiac parameters. After 28-day pretreatment with flaxseed oil, the results indicated an improvement in cardiac function, a decrease in apoptosis, and simultaneous prevention of myocardial fibrosis. The plasma levels of BNP, NT-pro-BNP, endothelin-1, Lp-PLA2, and MMP2, and cTnI and cTn were significantly diminished, while a higher plasma level of Topo 2B was observed. Additionally, miRNA - 1 and 29b were significantly downregulated. These findings provide novel insight into the mechanism of flaxseed oil in restoring cardiac remodeling and support its future application as a cardioprotective against heart diseases.

Lipidomics reveals lipid changes in the intramuscular fat of geese at different growth stages

The quality (color, tenderness, juiciness, protein content, and fat content) of poultry meat is closely linked to age, with older birds typically exhibiting increased intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition. However, specific lipid metabolic pathways involved in IMF deposition remain unknown. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying lipid changes, we conducted a study using meat geese at 2 distinct growth stages (70 and 300 d). Our findings regarding the approximate composition of the meat revealed that as the geese aged 300 d, their meat acquired a chewier texture and displayed higher levels of IMF. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was employed for lipid profiling of the IMF. Using a lipid database, we identified 849 lipids in the pectoralis muscle of geese. Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were used to distinguish between the 2 age groups and identify differential lipid metabolites. As expected, we observed significant changes in 107 lipids, including triglycerides, diglycerides, phosphatidylethanolamine, alkyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine, alkenyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, lysophosphatidylserine, ceramide-AP, ceramide-AS, free fatty acids, cholesterol lipids, and N-acyl-lysophosphatidylethanolamine. Among these, the glyceride molecules exhibited the most pronounced changes and played a pivotal role in IMF deposition. Additionally, increased concentration of phospholipid molecules was observed in breast muscle at 70 d. Unsaturated fatty acids attached to lipid side chain sites enrich the nutritional value of goose meat. Notably, C16:0 and C18:0 were particularly abundant in the 70-day-old goose meat. Pathway analysis demonstrated that glycerophospholipid and glyceride metabolism were the pathways most significantly associated with lipid changes during goose growth, underscoring their crucial role in lipid metabolism in goose meat. In conclusion, this work provides an up-to-date study on the lipid composition and metabolic pathways of goose meat and may provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the nutritional value of goose meat at different growth stages.

A Comparative Study of Chemical Profiling and Bioactivities between Thai and Foreign Hemp Seed Species (Cannabis sativa L.) Plus an In-Silico Investigation

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a plant widely used by humans for textiles, food, and medicine. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the chemical profiling of 12 hemp seed extracts from Thai (HS-TH) and foreign (HS-FS) samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Their antibacterial activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity were assayed. Linoleic acid (17.63-86.53%) was a major component presented in Thai hemp seed extracts, while α,β-gluco-octonic acid lactone (30.39%), clionasterol (13.42-29.07%), and glyceryl-linoleate (15.12%) were detected as the main metabolites found in foreign hemp seed extracts. Furthermore, eight extracts from both Thai and foreign hemp seed exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Cutibacterium acnes, with MIC values ranging from 128 to 2048 µg/mL. Interestingly, the ethanol extract of Thai hemp seed (HS-TH-2-M-E) showed superior α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 value of 33.27 ug/mL) over foreign species. The combination between Thai hemp species (HS-TH-2-M-E) and acarbose showed a synergistic effect against α-glucosidase. Furthermore, the docking investigation revealed that fatty acids had a greater impact on α-glucosidase than fatty acid esters and cannabinoids. The computational simulation predicts a potential allosteric binding pocket of guanosine on glucosidase and is the first description of gluco-octonic acid's anti-glucosidase activity in silico. The findings concluded that Thai hemp seed could be used as a resource for supplemental drugs or dietary therapy for diabetes mellitus.

Deeper insight into ferroptosis: association with Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, and brain tumors and their possible treatment by nanomaterials induced ferroptosis

Ferroptosis is an emerging and novel type of iron-dependent programmed cell death which is mainly caused by the excessive deposition of free intracellular iron in the brain cells. This deposited free iron exerts a ferroptosis pathway, resulting in lipid peroxidation (LiPr). There are mainly three ferroptosis pathways viz. iron metabolism-mediated cysteine/glutamate, and LiPr-mediated. Iron is required by the brain as a redox metal for several physiological activities. Due to the iron homeostasis balance disruption, the brain gets adversely affected which further causes neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, strokes, and brain tumors like glioblastoma (GBS), and glioma. Nanotechnology has played an important role in the prevention and treatment of these NDDs. A synergistic effect of nanomaterials and ferroptosis could prove to be an effective and efficient approach in the field of nanomedicine. In the current review, the authors have highlighted all the latest research in the field of ferroptosis, specifically emphasizing on the role of major molecular key players and various mechanisms involved in the ferroptosis pathway. Moreover, here the authors have also addressed the correlation of ferroptosis with the pathophysiology of NDDs and theragnostic effect of ferroptosis and nanomaterials for the prevention and treatment of NDDs.

The Exposome and Nutritional Pharmacology and Toxicology: A New Application for Metabolomics

The exposome refers to all of the internal and external life-long exposures that an individual experiences. These exposures, either acute or chronic, are associated with changes in metabolism that will positively or negatively influence the health and well-being of individuals. Nutrients and other dietary compounds modulate similar biochemical processes and have the potential in some cases to counteract the negative effects of exposures or enhance their beneficial effects. We present herein the concept of Nutritional Pharmacology/Toxicology which uses high-information metabolomics workflows to identify metabolic targets associated with exposures. Using this information, nutritional interventions can be designed toward those targets to mitigate adverse effects or enhance positive effects. We also discuss the potential for this approach in precision nutrition where nutrients/diet can be used to target gene-environment interactions and other subpopulation characteristics. Deriving these "nutrient cocktails" presents an opportunity to modify the effects of exposures for more beneficial outcomes in public health.

Variability in the Clinical Effects of the Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids DHA and EPA in Cardiovascular Disease-Possible Causes and Future Considerations

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) that includes myocardial infarction and stroke, is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis, the primary underlying cause of CVD, can be controlled by pharmacological and dietary interventions, including n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation. n-3 PUFA supplementation, primarily consisting of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has shown promise in reducing atherosclerosis by modulating risk factors, including triglyceride levels and vascular inflammation. n-3 PUFAs act by replacing pro-inflammatory fatty acid types in cell membranes and plasma lipids, by regulating transcription factor activity, and by inducing epigenetic changes. EPA and DHA regulate cellular function through shared and differential molecular mechanisms. Large clinical studies on n-3 PUFAs have reported conflicting findings, causing confusion among the public and health professionals. In this review, we discuss important factors leading to these inconsistencies, in the context of atherosclerosis, including clinical study design and the differential effects of EPA and DHA on cell function. We propose steps to improve clinical and basic experimental study design in order to improve supplement composition optimization. Finally, we propose that understanding the factors underlying the poor response to n-3 PUFAs, and the development of molecular biomarkers for predicting response may help towards a more personalized treatment.

Q-RAI data-independent acquisition for lipidomic quantitative profiling

Untargeted lipidomics has been increasingly adopted for hypothesis generation in a biological context or discovery of disease biomarkers. Most of the current liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based untargeted methodologies utilize a data dependent acquisition (DDA) approach in pooled samples for identification and MS-only acquisition for semi-quantification in individual samples. In this study, we present for the first time an untargeted lipidomic workflow that makes use of the newly implemented Quadrupole Resolved All-Ions (Q-RAI) acquisition function on the Agilent 6546 quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer to acquire MS2 spectra in data independent acquisition (DIA) mode. This is followed by data processing and analysis on MetaboKit, a software enabling DDA-based spectral library construction and extraction of MS1 and MS2 peak areas, for reproducible identification and quantification of lipids in DIA analysis. This workflow was tested on lipid extracts from human plasma and showed quantification at MS1 and MS2 levels comparable to multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) targeted analysis of the same samples. Analysis of serum from Ceramide Synthase 2 (CerS2) null mice using the Q-RAI DIA workflow identified 88 lipid species significantly different between CerS2 null and wild type mice, including well-characterized changes previously associated with this phenotype. Our results show the Q-RAI DIA as a reliable option to perform simultaneous identification and reproducible relative quantification of lipids in exploratory biological studies.

Differential expressions of FASN, SCD, and FABP4 genes in the ribeye muscle of omega-3 oil-supplemented Tattykeel Australian White lambs

BACKGROUND

The concept of the functional nutritional value of health-beneficial omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) is becoming a phenomenon among red meat consumers globally. This study examined the expressions of three lipogenic genes (fatty acid binding protein 4, FABP4, fatty acid synthase, FASN; and stearoyl-CoA desaturase, SCD) in the ribeye (Longissimus thoracis et lumborum) muscle of Tattykeel Australian White (TAW) lambs fed fortified omega-3 diets and correlations with fatty acids. To answer the research question, "are there differences in the expression of lipogenic genes between control, MSM whole grain and omega-3 supplemented lambs?", we tested the hypothesis that fortification of lamb diets with omega-3 will lead to a down-regulation of lipogenic genes. Seventy-five six-month old TAW lambs were randomly allocated to the (1) omega-3 oil-fortified grain pellets, (2) unfortified grain pellets (control) or (3) unfortified MSM whole grain pellets diet supplements to generate three treatments of 25 lambs each. The feeding trial lasted 47 days.

RESULTS

From the Kruskal-Wallis test, the results showed a striking disparity in lipogenic gene expression between the three dietary treatments in which the FABP4 gene was significantly up-regulated by 3-folds in the muscles of lambs fed MSM Milling (MSM) whole grain diet compared to the omega-3 and control diets. A negative correlation was observed between FASN gene expression and intramuscular fat (IMF), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). The FABP4 gene expression was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

CONCLUSION

Taken together, this study's results suggest that FABP4 and FASN genes perform an important role in the biosynthesis of fatty acids in the ribeye muscle of TAW lambs, and supplementary diet composition is an important factor influencing their expressions.

Fatty Acid Composition of a Maternal Diet and Erythrocyte Phospholipid Status in Latvian Pregnant Women

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Dietary fats are essential for maternal and fetal health. Fatty acids (FAs) in erythrocytes characterize the FA profile, which is influenced by diet and other factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the main FAs in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids and their influencing factors-dietary fat and supplement intake and lifestyle factors-in Latvian pregnant women.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This cross-sectional study included 236 pregnant and postpartum women. The data were collected from medical documentation, a food frequency questionnaire, and a questionnaire on demographic, lifestyle, health status, and nutritional habits in outpatient clinics and maternity departments. FAs in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids were determined using gas chromatography.

RESULTS

Correlations were found between dietary SFAs and erythrocyte SFAs (r = -0.140, p = 0.032) and PUFAs (r = 0.167, p = 0.01) and between dietary PUFAs and erythrocyte MUFAs (r = -0.143, p = 0.028). Dietary SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs positively correlated with the studied n-3 and n-6 FAs in erythrocytes. Vitamin D correlated positively with MUFA and negatively with total PUFA and AA in erythrocytes. There was a negative correlation between dietary vitamin A and linoleic acid in erythrocytes. Physical activity negatively correlated with erythrocyte MUFAs and positively with erythrocyte PUFAs. Alcohol consumption positively correlated with erythrocyte SFAs and negatively with erythrocyte PUFAs.

CONCLUSIONS

There are indications that some dietary FAs may be correlated with erythrocyte FAs. Possible influencing factors for this association are alcohol, physical activity, vitamin D, and vitamin A.

Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and Lesser Mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) Proteins Slowed Weight Gain and Improved Metabolism of Diet-Induced Obesity Mice

BACKGROUND

High-protein diets not only meet amino acid needs but also modulate satiety and energy metabolism. Insect-based proteins are sustainable, high-quality proteins. Mealworms have been studied, but limited information is known about their ability to impact metabolism and obesity.

OBJECTIVE

We determined the effects of defatted yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor)- and whole lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus)-based proteins on the body weight (BW), serum metabolites, and liver and adipose tissue (AT) histology and gene expression of diet-induced obesity mice.

METHODS

Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD; 46% kcal) to induce obesity and metabolic syndrome. Obese mice were then assigned to treatments (n = 10/group) and fed for 8 wk: HFD: HFD with casein protein; B50: HFD with 50% protein from whole lesser mealworm; B100: HFD with 100% protein from whole lesser mealworm; Y50: HFD with 50% protein from defatted yellow mealworm; Y100: HFD with 100% protein from defatted yellow mealworm. Lean mice (n = 10) fed a low-fat-diet (LFD; 10% kcal) were included. Longitudinal food intake, BW, body composition, and glucose response were measured. At time of killing, serum metabolites, tissue histopathology and gene expression, and hepatic triglycerides were analyzed.

RESULTS

After 8 wk, HFD, B50, and B100 had greater (P < 0.05) weight gain than LFD, whereas Y50 and Y100 did not. Y50, B100, and Y100 had a lower (P < 0.05) BW change rate than HFD. Mealworm-based diets led to increased (P < 0.05) serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and reduced (P < 0.05) serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations and reduced (P<0.05) LDL/HDL ratio. Mealworm-based diets led to increased (P < 0.05) hepatic expression of genes related to energy balance, immune response, and antioxidants and reduced (P < 0.05) AT expression of genes associated with inflammation and apoptosis. Mealworm-based diets altered (P < 0.05) hepatic and AT expression of glucose and lipid metabolism genes.

CONCLUSIONS

In addition to serving as an alternative protein source, mealworms may confer health benefits to obese patients.

Theoretical exploration and experimental regulation of the degradation of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in hemp seed oil by density functional theory

Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC) in hemp seed oil is a psychoactive cannabinoid, and the content of Δ⁹-THC can be reduced. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to simulate the degradation path of Δ⁹-THC, and the ultrasonic treatment was used to degrade the Δ⁹-THC in hemp seed oil. Results found that the reaction of Δ⁹-THC degradation to cannabinol (CBN) was a spontaneous exothermic reaction, which required a certain amount of external energy to initiate reaction process. Through the surface electrostatic potential analysis, the minimum value of electrostatic potential of Δ⁹-THC was -37.68 kcal/mol, and the maximum value was 40.98 kcal/mol. The frontier molecular orbitals analysis found that the energy level difference of Δ⁹-THC was lower than that of CBN, indicating that the reactivity of Δ⁹-THC was stronger. The degradation process of Δ⁹-THC could be divided into two stages, which needed to cross the reaction energy barriers of 3197.40 and 3087.24 kJ/mol, respectively. Ultrasonic treatment was used to degrade Δ⁹-THC standard solution, it was found that Δ⁹-THC can be effectively degraded into CBN through intermediate. Subsequently, ultrasonic technology was applied to hemp seed oil, under the conditions of ultrasonic power 150 W and ultrasonic time 21 min, the Δ⁹-THC was degraded to 10.00 mg/kg.

GC-MS comparison of fatty acids profile of oils extracted from viscera of Tainha (Mugil liza) and Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum)

The commercial activity of the grey mullet (known as Tainha: TAI) and Tambaqui (TAM) generates tons of waste that can be turned into valuable resources. Therefore, this work aimed to chemically characterize and quantify the fatty acids profiles of the two fishes. GCMS quantification was performed by using calibration curves built from a standard that contains 19 FAME. The analysis revealed that visceral wastes from both fishes contain 16 fatty acids (FA) consisting of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA). However, their compositions were different as FA side chains in TAI and TAM contain 12 to 20 and 13 to 22 carbon atoms, respectively. Also, the SFA amount in TAI was greater than in TAM. On the other hand, TAM is richer in MUFA and PUFA compared to TAI. Both have similar chemical compositions of ω-3 and ω-6 in PUFA and ω-5, ω-7, and ω-9 in MUFA.

Disturbed lipid profile in common variable immunodeficiency - a pathogenic loop of inflammation and metabolic disturbances

The relationship between metabolic and inflammatory pathways play a pathogenic role in various cardiometabolic disorders and is potentially also involved in the pathogenesis of other disorders such as cancer, autoimmunity and infectious diseases. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common primary immunodeficiency in adults, characterized by increased frequency of airway infections with capsulated bacteria. In addition, a large proportion of CVID patients have autoimmune and inflammatory complications associated with systemic inflammation. We summarize the evidence that support a role of a bidirectional pathogenic interaction between inflammation and metabolic disturbances in CVID. This include low levels and function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), high levels of triglycerides (TG) and its major lipoprotein very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and an unfavorable fatty acid (FA) profile. The dysregulation of TG, VLDL and FA were linked to disturbed gut microbiota profile, and TG and VLDL levels were strongly associated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a marker of gut leakage in blood. Of note, the disturbed lipid profile in CVID did not include total cholesterol levels or high low-density lipoprotein levels. Furthermore, increased VLDL and TG levels in blood were not associated with diet, high body mass index and liver steatosis, suggesting a different phenotype than in patients with traditional cardiovascular risk such as metabolic syndrome. We hypothesize that these metabolic disturbances are linked to inflammation in a bidirectional manner with disturbed gut microbiota as a potential contributing factor.

Nutraceuticals as Modulators of Immune Function: A Review of Potential Therapeutic Effects

Dietary supplementation with nutraceuticals can promote optimal immune system activation, modulating different pathways that enhance immune defenses. Therefore, the immunity-boosting effects of nutraceuticals encompass not only immunomodulatory but also antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties, with therapeutic effects against diverse pathological conditions. However, the complexity of the pathways that regulate the immune system, numerous mechanisms of action, and heterogeneity of the immunodeficiencies, and subjects treated make their application in the clinical field difficult. Some nutraceuticals appear to safely improve immune system function, particularly by preventing viral and bacterial infections in specific groups, such as children, the elderly, and athletes, as well as in frail patients, such as those affected by autoimmune diseases, chronic diseases, or cancer. Several nutraceuticals, such as vitamins, mineral salts, polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, many types of phytocompounds, and probiotic strains, have the most consolidated evidence in humans. In most cases, further large and long-term randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm the available preliminary positive data.

Diet and lifestyle impact the development and progression of Alzheimer's dementia

Dementia is a growing public health concern, with an estimated prevalence of 57 million adults worldwide. Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for 60-80% of the cases. Clinical trials testing potential drugs and neuroprotective agents have proven futile, and currently approved drugs only provide symptomatic benefits. Emerging epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that lifestyle changes, including diet and physical activity, offer an alternative therapeutic route for slowing and preventing cognitive decline and dementia. Age is the single most common risk factor for dementia, and it is associated with slowing cellular bioenergetics and metabolic processes. Therefore, a nutrient-rich diet is critical for optimal brain health. Furthermore, type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a risk factor for AD, and diets that reduce the risk of T2D may confer neuroprotection. Foods predominant in Mediterranean, MIND, and DASH diets, including fruits, leafy green vegetables, fish, nuts, and olive oil, may prevent or slow cognitive decline. The mechanisms by which these nutrients promote brain health, however, are not yet completely understood. Other dietary approaches and eating regimes, including ketogenic and intermittent fasting, are also emerging as beneficial for brain health. This review summarizes the pathophysiology, associated risk factors, and the potential neuroprotective pathways activated by several diets and eating regimes that have shown promising results in promoting brain health and preventing dementia.

Biochemical Changes Induced by the Administration of Cannabis sativa Seeds in Diabetic Wistar Rats

The present pilot study investigates the blood biochemical changes induced by hemp seeds in rats with diabetes. The composition of industrial hemp seeds, antioxidant activity, identification and quantification of phenols and fatty acids from hemp oil were determined. The Wistar adult rats used in the experiment were divided into three groups (n = 6) and kept under standard conditions. Group one, the control group (individuals without diabetes), and group two (diabetic individuals) received water and normal food ad libitum, while the third group, also including diabetic individuals, received specific food (hemp seeds) and water ad libitum. Subsequent blood biochemical parameters were determined. Hemp seeds had higher phenol (14 compounds), flavonoids and PUFA contents compared to other plants seeds. In addition, the antioxidant activity in Cannabis sativa was also increased. Moreover, the ratio between n-6 and n-3 was 4.41, ideal for different diseases. Additionally, all biochemical parameters showed significant changes following the treatment. It was shown that high doses of hemp seeds decreased diabetes-induced biochemical damage in rats most probably due to the high content of active compounds. In order to use these seeds in humans, it is essential to find out which hemp compounds are particularly responsible for these effects. Moreover, for the objective investigation of their effects, longer-term studies are needed.

Potential roles of polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diets in modulating social stress-like features

Fish oil or its major constituents, namely omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acid (n3-PUFA), are popular supplements to improve neurogenesis, neuroprotection, and overall brain functions. Our objective was to probe the implications of fat enriched diet with variable PUFAs supplements in ameliorating social stress (SS). We fed mice on either of the three diet types, namely the n-3 PUFA-enriched diet (ERD, n3:n6= 7:1), a balanced diet (BLD, n3:n6= 1:1) or a standard lab diet (STD, n3:n6= 1:6). With respect to the gross fat contents, the customized special diets, namely ERD and BLD were extreme diet, not reflecting the typical human dietary composition. Aggressor-exposed SS (Agg-E SS) model triggered behavioral deficiencies that lingered for 6 weeks (6w) post-stress in mice on STD. ERD and BLD elevated bodyweights but potentially helped in building the behavioral resilience to SS. STD adversely affected the gene networks of brain transcriptomics associated with the cell mortality, energy homeostasis and neurodevelopment disorder. Diverging from the ERD's influences on these networks, BLD showed potential long-term benefits in combatting Agg-E SS. The gene networks linked to cell mortality and energy homeostasis, and their subfamilies, such as cerebral disorder and obesity remained at the baseline level of Agg-E SS mice on BLD 6w post-stress. Moreover, neurodevelopment disorder network and its subfamilies like behavioral deficits remained inhibited in the cohort fed on BLD 6w post Agg-E SS.

Hydroalcoholic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra root combined with Linum usitatissimum oil as an alternative for hormone replacement therapy in ovariectomized rats

Objective

Plant-derived estrogens (phytoestrogens) with structural similarity to primary female sex hormones could be suitable replacements for sex hormones. Therefore, the effects of the licorice root extract and Linum usitatissimum oil on biochemical and hormonal indices in the serum and uterine stereological changes in ovariectomized rats were evaluated.

Design

In this study, 70 adult female rats were randomly divided into seven groups including 1) control group, 2) sham-operated group, 3) ovariectomized (OVX) group, 4) OVX rats that received 1 mg/kg estradiol for 8 weeks at the day of post-operation, 5) OVX rats which received 2.0 mg/kg body wt Linum usitatissimum oil for 8 weeks at the day of post-operation, 6) OVX rats which received 2.0 mg/kg body wt licorice extract for 8 weeks at the day of post-operation, and 7) OVX rats which received 2.0 mg/kg body wt Linum usitatissimum oil + 2.0 mg/kg body wt licorice extract for 8 weeks at the day of post-operation. After eight weeks, alkaline phosphatase activity, as well as calcium, estradiol, and progesterone concentrations were assessed and tissue samples of the uterus were serologically examined.

Results

The results indicated that after 8 weeks of OVX the alkaline phosphatase activity (Mean = 637.7 IU/L) increased and the calcium (Mean = 7.09 mg/dl), estradiol (5.30 pmol/L), and progesterone (Mean = 3.53 nmol/L) reduced compared to other groups. Moreover, stereological changes in the uterus in ovariectomy groups were seen compared to the other groups. The treatment with Linum usitatissimum oil and licorice extract had a significant therapeutic effect on biochemical factors and stereological changes compared to the ovariectomized group.

Conclusion

The results of this study showed that the combination of Linum usitatissimum oil with licorice extract showed the high potential of hormone replacement therapy in the reduction of OVX complications.

Untargeted Metabolomics Combined with Sensory Analysis to Evaluate the Chemical Changes in Coppa Piacentina PDO during Different Ripening Times

Ripening time is known to drive the chemical and sensory profiles of dry meat products, thus potentially affecting the final quality of the product. Starting from these background conditions, the aim of this work was to shed light, for the first time, on the chemical modifications of a typical Italian PDO meat product-namely, Coppa Piacentina-during ripening, to find correlations between its sensory quality and the biomarker compounds related to the progress of ripening. The ripening time (from 60 to 240 days) was found to deeply modify the chemical composition of this typical meat product, providing potential biomarkers of both oxidative reactions and sensory attributes. The chemical analyses revealed that there is typically a significant decrease in the moisture content during ripening, likely due to increased dehydration. In addition, the fatty acid profile showed that the distribution of polyunsaturated fatty acids significantly (p < 0.05) decreased during ripening, because of their high susceptibility to oxidation and conversion to intermediate and secondary molecules. An untargeted metabolomics approach, coupled with unsupervised and supervised multivariate statistics, highlighted a significant impact (prediction scores > 1) of lipid oxidation during ripening time, with some metabolites (such as γ -glutamyl-peptides, hydroperoxy-fatty acids, and glutathione) being particularly discriminant in predicting the changes observed. The discriminant metabolites were coherent with the progressive increase of peroxide values determined during the entire ripening period. Finally, the sensory analysis outlined that the highest degree of ripening provided greater color intensity of the lean part, slice firmness, and chewing consistency, with glutathione and γ-glutamyl-glutamic acid establishing the highest number of significant correlations with the sensory attributes evaluated. Taken together, this work highlights the importance and validity of untargeted metabolomics coupled with sensory analysis to investigate the comprehensive chemical and sensory changes to dry meat during ripening.

An Insight into Wheat Germ Oil Nutrition, Identification of Its Bioactive Constituents and Computer-Aided Multidimensional Data Analysis of Its Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effect via Molecular Connections

Wheat germ oil (WGO) is the richest source of unexplored antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds. In this study, we identified the constituents of WGO by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic behaviors were evaluated for the top 12 constituents with the common target FABP4. Three fatty acids with significant anti-inflammatory activity were evaluated for their interaction with FABP4 by molecular docking. The molecular mechanisms involved in anti-inflammatory responses were analyzed by various in-silico analytical tools and multidimensional data analysis. WGO showed anti-inflammatory activities via FABP4 interacting physically with target genes (77.84%) and by co-expressing with 8.01% genes. Primary targets for inflammatory pathways were PPARα, PPARγ, LPL, LEP, and ADIPOQ, as depicted by gene network enrichment analysis. The key pathways implicated were the metabolism of lipids, PPAR signaling, cellular response to alcohol, oxygen and nitrogen pathway, inflammatory response pathway, and regulation of the inflammatory pathway. The common transcription factors implicated were HNF1, AP2α, CEBP, FOX, STATS, MYC, Zic, etc. In this study, we found that WGO possesses anti-inflammatory potential via FABP4 binding to PPARα, PPARγ, LPL, LEP, and ADIPOQ gene expression by regulatory transcription factors HNF, AP2α, and CEPB.

Gut microbiome lipid metabolism and its impact on host physiology

Metabolites produced by commensal gut microbes impact host health through their recognition by the immune system and their influence on numerous metabolic pathways. Notably, the gut microbiota can both transform and synthesize lipids as well as break down dietary lipids to generate secondary metabolites with host modulatory properties. Although lipids have largely been consigned to structural roles, particularly in cell membranes, recent research has led to an increased appreciation of their signaling activities, with potential impacts on host health and physiology. This review focuses on studies that highlight the functions of bioactive lipids in mammalian physiology, with a special emphasis on immunity and metabolism.

Evaluation of the Amazonian fruit Ambelania acida: Chemical and nutritional studies

Ambelania acida is native to the Amazon region, with few published studies of its fruits. We examined the proximate composition of its fruits, including minerals, fatty acids, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as well as its antioxidant capacity. The protein contents (2.61%) of the pulp and seeds (13.6%) were higher than observed in other taxa of the family or in other tropical fruits. Peel and pulp showed high contents of potassium, calcium, and magnesium, and the potassium content in the pulp was 1125 mg/100 g. The peel had higher contents of total phenolics, tannins, and ortho-diphenols than the pulp, as well as better antioxidant activity as evidenced by 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), and Fe²⁺ chelating activity assays. GC-MS analyses identified 42 VOCs in the peel and pulp, with more than 90% being classified as terpenes. Eleven types of fatty acids were identified in the lipid fractions of the peel, pulp, and seeds. Linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid for humans, was the principal fatty acid in the edible portion of the fruit, therefore, evidencing its nutritionally significant profile for the fruits when considering the relationship among polyunsaturated, saturated, and monounsaturated fatty acids. The information gathered here indicates that this native fruit is a healthy food source and its cultivation and consumption should be stimulated.

Potential of Insect Life Stages as Functional Ingredients for Improved Nutrition and Health

This study aimed to provide information on the nutrients of the edible larval stage of Gonimbrasia cocaulti (GC) for the first time, while exploring the potential nutrient content of the pupal life stages of the domestic silkworm (Bombyx mori; BM) and the Eri silkworm (Samia Cynthia ricini; SC). The three insects were analyzed for fatty acids, minerals, proximate composition and vitamins. Among the fatty acids, linoleic, a polyunsaturated fatty acid, was approximately threefold higher in GC than in the silkworms. The Ca, Fe and K contents were highest in GC. However, the Zn and Na contents were highest in BM, while Mg content was predominant in SC. The crude protein content of the various developmental life stages of the edible caterpillars and pupae ranged between 50 and 62%. Further, the fiber content of GC was substantially higher compared to the pupal stages of the two silkworm species. The vitamin (B₆, B₉, B₁₂ and α-tocopherol) levels of the two insect life stages were considerably high. These insects are comparably rich in nutrients with potential suitability to be utilized in food fortification and thus ease pressure on the over-reliance on animal and plant-based sources, which are becoming unsustainable.

Expression of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase increases non-polar lipid accumulation in Nannochloropsis oceanica

Microalgae are considered a suitable production platform for high-value lipids and oleochemicals. Several species including Nannochloropsis oceanica produce large amounts of essential [Formula: see text]-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) which are integral components of food and feed and have been associated with health-promoting effects. N. oceanica can further accumulate high contents of non-polar lipids with chemical properties that render them a potential replacement for plant oils such as palm oil. However, biomass and lipid productivities obtained with microalgae need to be improved to reach commercial feasibility. Genetic engineering can improve biomass and lipid productivities, for instance by increasing carbon flux to lipids. Here, we report the overexpression of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) in N. oceanica during favorable growth conditions as a strategy to increase non-polar lipid content. Transformants overproducing either an endogenous (NoGPAT) or a heterologous (Acutodesmus obliquus GPAT) GPAT enzyme targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum had up to 42% and 51% increased non-polar lipid contents, respectively, compared to the wild type. Biomass productivities of transformant strains were not substantially impaired, resulting in lipid productivities that were increased by up to 37% and 42% for NoGPAT and AoGPAT transformants, respectively. When exposed to nutrient stress, transformants and wild type had similar lipid contents, suggesting that GPAT enzyme exerts strong flux control on lipid synthesis in N. oceanica under favorable growth conditions. NoGPAT transformants further accumulated PUFAs in non-polar lipids, reaching a total of 6.8% PUFAs per biomass, an increase of 24% relative to the wild type. Overall, our results indicate that GPAT is an interesting target for engineering of lipid metabolism in microalgae, in order to improve non-polar lipid and PUFAs accumulation in microalgae.

Hemp seeds: Nutritional value, associated bioactivities and the potential food applications in the Colombian context

For many years, Colombia was one of the countries with the largest illegal cultivation of cannabis around the world. Currently, it is going through a period of transition with a new government law that recently allows the cultivation, transformation, and commercialization of such plant species. In this sense, the identification of strategies for the valorization of products or by-products from Cannabis sativa represent a great opportunity to improve the value chain of this crop. One of these products is hemp seeds, which are exceptionally nutritious and rich in healthy lipids (with high content of three polyunsaturated fatty acids: linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, and gamma-linolenic acid), good quality protein, and several minerals. In addition, hemp seeds contain THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) or CBD (cannabidiol) in traces, molecules that are responsible for the psychoactive and therapeutic properties of cannabis. These low terpenophenolic contents make it more attractive for food applications. This fact, together with the constant search for proteins of vegetable origin and natural food ingredients, have aroused an important interest in the study of this biomass. Some bioactivities of phytochemical compounds (polyphenols and terpenoids, mainly) present in hemp seeds have provided antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. This review summarizes and discusses the context of hemp use in Latin-American and the new opportunities for hemp seeds culture in Colombia considering the valuable nutritional value, main functional bioactivities, and recent advances in food market applications of hemp seeds.

Can Bioactive Food Substances Contribute to Cystic Fibrosis-Related Cardiovascular Disease Prevention?

Advances in cystic fibrosis (CF) care have significantly improved the quality of life and life expectancy of patients. Nutritional therapy based on a high-calorie, high-fat diet, antibiotics, as well as new therapies focused on CFTR modulators change the natural course of the disease. They do so by improving pulmonary function and growing BMI. However, the increased weight of such patients can lead to unwanted long-term cardiovascular effects. People with CF (pwCF) experience several cardiovascular risk factors. Such factors include a high-fat diet and increased dietary intake, altered lipid metabolism, a decrease in the level of fat-soluble antioxidants, heightened systemic inflammation, therapeutic interventions, and diabetes mellitus. PwCF must pay special attention to food and eating habits in order to maintain a nutritional status that is as close as possible to the proper physiological one. They also have to benefit from appropriate nutritional counseling, which is essential in the evolution and prognosis of the disease. Growing evidence collected in the last years shows that many bioactive food components, such as phytochemicals, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and antioxidants have favorable effects in the management of CF. An important positive effect is cardiovascular prevention. The possibility of preventing/reducing cardiovascular risk in CF patients enhances both quality of life and life expectancy in the long run.

Physicochemical and Nutritional Characteristics of Cookies Prepared with Untapped Seaweed Ulva intestinalis: An Approach to Value Addition as a Functional Food

The present study was investigated to know the sensory, physicochemical, nutritional and fatty acid properties of seaweed-based cookies prepared with untapped seaweed Ulva intestinalis (UI) from Bangladesh coast. The cookies were formulated with different percentages of UI inclusions both in powdered (PUI) and fragmented (FUI) forms, in order to evaluate different quality attributes in prepared value-added cookies. In sensory analysis, seaweed inclusion levels of 1% PUI, 2.5% PUI, 1% FUI, 2.5% FUI and 5% FUI to cookies were acceptable by panelists. Considering the maximum percentage of seaweed inclusions, 2.5% PUI and 5% FUI were selected for further analysis. The results of physicochemical properties such as moisture content, spread factor, baking loss, pH, cookie density, color, texture properties, volatile basic nitrogen and thiobarbituric acid reactive species were within acceptable limits. In nutritional analysis, 2.5% PUI and 5% FUI cookies showed a remarkable and significant increase in lipid and ash contents, compared to untreated controls. Being the first report on fatty acids profile by UI from Bangladesh, among 24 fatty acids identified, the amount of total saturated, mono-unsaturated, omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids were reported to be 641.9 (36.2%), 563.7 (31.8%), 133.8 (7.6%) and 436.3 (24.6%) μg/g DW, respectively. The results suggest that cookies with 2.5% PUI and 5% FUI can be marketed as healthy foods for consumers.

Inulin and Chinese Gallotannin Affect Meat Quality and Lipid Metabolism on Hu Sheep

The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of inulin and Chinese gallotannin on the meat fatty acids and urinary metabolites in sheep. Twenty-four healthy (25.80 ± 3.85 kg) weaned Hu lambs of approximately 4.5 months old were equally divided into four groups: control group (basal diet), treatment group I (basal diet + 0.1% inulin), treatment group II (basal diet + 0.1% inulin + 2% Chinese gallotannin), and treatment group III (basal diet + 0.1% inulin + 2% Chinese gallotannin + 4% PEG). The contents of myristic acid (C14:0) and palmitic acid (C16:0) were found to be lower in treatment group II than in the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the palmitoleic acid (C16:1) content in treatment group II was notably higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05), while the elaidic acid (C18:1n9t) content in treatment group II was higher than that in other groups (p < 0.05). Besides, the linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) content was higher in the treatment II and control groups than in the treatment I and III groups. Furthermore, compared with the control group, both 4-pyridoxic acid and creatinine in treatment groups I and II were upregulated (p < 0.05), while other metabolites, such as nicotinuric acid, l-threonine, palmitic acid, and oleic acid, were drastically downregulated (p < 0.05). These differential metabolites were found to be mainly involved in nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism (ko00760), vitamin B6 metabolism (ko00750), and the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway (ko00061). It is concluded that the combination of inulin and Chinese gallotannin in the diet could improve the energy and lipid metabolism of sheep, which may improve both mutton quality and production performance.

Effect of Linoleic Acid on Cholesterol Levels in a High-Fat Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia Rat Model

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for almost one-third of all deaths. The risk factors for developing this disease include high levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), alongside low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Dietary linoleic acid has been suggested to reduce these risk factors. This study aims to determine the effects of linoleic acid on cholesterol levels, liver function tests, and structural changes in liver tissue in comparison with fenofibrate in a hypercholesterolemic rat model. Thirty-six male Sprague Dawley rats (150-180 g) were divided into non-hypercholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic groups. Hypercholesterolemia was induced in the rats by feeding them with a high-fat diet for two weeks. After two weeks, the non-hypercholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic rats were equally divided into six groups (n = 6): control non-hypercholesterolemic rats, non-hypercholesterolemic rats treated with fenofibrate (60 mg/kg), non-hypercholesterolemic rats treated with linoleic acid (5 mg/kg), control hypercholesterolemic rats, hypercholesterolemic rats treated with fenofibrate (60 mg/kg), and hypercholesterolemic rats treated with linoleic acid (5 mg/kg). The changes in the rats' body weight, serum lipid profiles, atherogenic indices, and liver function test results were obtained. The rats' liver tissues were stained for histopathological analysis. The linoleic acid-treated hypercholesterolemic rats exhibited significantly reduced serum TC, TG, LDL, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels, as well as increased HDL levels compared with the control hypercholesterolemic rats. These linoleic acid effects were comparable to those in the fenofibrate-treated hypercholesterolemic rats. In conclusion, linoleic acid possesses early anti-hypercholesterolemic properties, which may be due to the reductions in serum cholesterol levels and mild early structural changes in the liver tissues of hypercholesterolemic rats. Therefore, continued studies on linoleic acid in atherosclerotic and/or obese animal models are suggested.

Resolvins Lipid Mediators: Potential Therapeutic Targets in Alzheimer and Parkinson Disease

Inflammation and resolution are highly programmed processes involving a plethora of immune cells. Lipid mediators synthesized from arachidonic acid metabolism play a pivotal role in orchestrating the signaling cascades in the game of inflammation. The majority of the studies carried out so far on inflammation were aimed at inhibiting the generation of inflammatory molecules, whereas recent research has shifted more towards understanding the resolution of inflammation. Owing to chronic inflammation as evident in neuropathophysiology, the resolution of inflammation together with the class of lipid mediators actively involved in its regulation has attracted the attention of the scientific community as therapeutic targets. Both omega-three polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, orchestrate a vital regulatory role in inflammation development. Resolvins derived from these fatty acids comprise the D-and E-series resolvins. A growing body of evidence using in vitro and in vivo models has revealed the pro-resolving and anti-inflammatory potential of resolvins. This systematic review sheds light on the synthesis, specialized receptors, and resolution of inflammation mediated by resolvins in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

The relationship between nutrition and the immune system

Nutrition plays an essential role in the regulation of optimal immunological response, by providing adequate nutrients in sufficient concentrations to immune cells. There are a large number of micronutrients, such as minerals, and vitamins, as well as some macronutrients such as some amino acids, cholesterol and fatty acids demonstrated to exert a very important and specific impact on appropriate immune activity. This review aims to summarize at some extent the large amount of data accrued to date related to the modulation of immune function by certain micro and macronutrients and to emphasize their importance in maintaining human health. Thus, among many, some relevant case in point examples are brought and discussed: (1) The role of vitamin A/all-trans-retinoic-acids (ATRA) in acute promyelocytic leukemia, being this vitamin utilized as a very efficient therapeutic agent via effective modulation of the immune function (2) The involvement of vitamin C in the fight against tumor cells via the increase of the number of active NK cells. (3) The stimulation of apoptosis, the suppression of cancer cell proliferation, and delayed tumor development mediated by calcitriol/vitamin D by means of immunity regulation (4) The use of selenium as a cofactor to reach more effective immune response to COVID vaccination (5). The crucial role of cholesterol to regulate the immune function, which is demonstrated to be very sensitive to the variations of this macronutrient concentration. Other important examples are reviewed as well.