1
|
Giannaki CD, Sakkas GK, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Manconi M, Bargiotas P. Unfolding the role of exercise in the management of sleep disorders. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:2547-2560. [PMID: 39031176 PMCID: PMC11365864 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Sleep disorders are prevalent among the general population and even more in individuals suffering from chronic diseases. Recent data reveal promising effects of physical exercise as a non-pharmacological approach for improving sleep and managing various sleep disorders. However, more studies with proper design and methodology should be conducted in the future to obtain a clearer understanding of the subject. The role of exercise in preventing and improving sleep disorders is probably much higher than what is currently exploited. To fully exploit the potential benefit of physical activity on sleep disorders in the future, it is necessary to identify the relevant tools to assess sleep-wake disorders and establish specific exercise protocols tailored to different sleep disorders. The present manuscript aims to review the literature on the use of exercise in managing selected sleep disorders. Regular exercise, including short-term aerobic activity, resistance training, and mind-body exercises, can effectively improve sleep quality, particularly in cases of insomnia and sleep-disordered breathing. Additionally, increasing evidence supports the effectiveness of aerobic and strength training, and body-mind exercises such as yoga in managing sleep-related movement disorders. Exercise can be a safe, affordable, and efficient tool in enhancing sleep quality and improving sleep disorders. Per se, regular exercise could play an adjuvant role alongside with established therapies, or a valid alternative when the pharmacological approach is limited by side effects, interactions, or inefficacy. More research is needed to define how exercise affects the physiology of sleep, and consequently how to use exercise in patients with sleep disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoforos D Giannaki
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitisas Avenue, 1700, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Giorgos K Sakkas
- School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | | | - Mauro Manconi
- Sleep Medicine Unit, Regional Hospital of Lugano, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Panagiotis Bargiotas
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Sleep and Motion Laboratory, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kheirouri S, Alizadeh M. The Association Between Diets With High Inflammatory Potential and Sleep Quality and Its Parameters: A Systematic Review. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae051. [PMID: 38849315 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Dietary components or its overall properties can influence an individual's sleep status. OBJECTIVE The aim for this study was to critically search, appraise, and synthesize research evidence on the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and sleep quality and its parameters. DATA SOURCES Original published studies on adults were obtained from the PubMed, SCOPUS, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases. DATA EXTRACTION The search was conducted without date limitation until April 2023. Duplicated and irrelevant investigations were screened out, and the results of the remaining articles were descriptively summarized, then critically appraised and analyzed. Possible mechanistic pathways regarding diet, systemic inflammation, and sleep status were discussed. DATA ANALYSIS Of the 102 studies searched, 23 articles (n = 4 cohort studies, 18 cross-sectional studies, and 1 intervention study) were included in the final review. The association between DII and sleep status was investigated subjectively in 21 studies and objectively in 6 studies. The main studied sleep outcomes were sleep quality, duration, latency, efficiency, apnea, disturbances, the use of sleeping medications, daytime dysfunctions, wakefulness after sleep onset, and rapid eye movement. CONCLUSIONS According to most of the evidence, DII may not be related to overall sleep quality, sleep duration, latency, efficiency, and the use of sleeping medications. The evidence of positive association was greater between a high DII score (pro-inflammatory diet) with daytime dysfunctions, wakefulness after sleep onset, and sleep apnea. There is insufficient evidence to make any conclusion regarding sleep disturbances and rapid eye movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sorayya Kheirouri
- Department of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166614711 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Alizadeh
- Department of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166614711 Tabriz, Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166614711 Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vlahoyiannis A, Andreou E, Bargiotas P, Aphamis G, Sakkas GK, Giannaki CD. Reply- letter to the editor: From diet to sleep and psychological state: Insights and future perspectives. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:1676-1677. [PMID: 38670910 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Vlahoyiannis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Research Centre for Exercise and Nutrition (RECEN), University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Eleni Andreou
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Research Centre for Exercise and Nutrition (RECEN), University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - George Aphamis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Research Centre for Exercise and Nutrition (RECEN), University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Giorgos K Sakkas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Christoforos D Giannaki
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Research Centre for Exercise and Nutrition (RECEN), University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vlahoyiannis A, Andreou E, Bargiotas P, Aphamis G, Sakkas GK, Giannaki CD. The effect of chrono-nutritional manipulation of carbohydrate intake on sleep macrostructure: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:858-868. [PMID: 38367595 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Over the years, there is a rapid increase in the prevalence of inadequate sleep and its detrimental consequences. Yet, the impact of prolonged nutritional interventions on sleep optimization remains unexplored. To examine the effect of carbohydrate manipulation combined with exercise training on sleep macro-structure. METHODS Forty-two healthy, trained male volunteers were recruited for this study. The 4-week intervention consisted of three groups: i) Sleep Low-No Carbohydrates (SL-NCHO): participants consumed all their carbohydrate intake at regular intervals prior to evening training, ii) Sleep High-Low Glycemic Index (SH-LGI) and iii) Sleep High-High Glycemic Index (SH-HGI): Carbohydrate intake was spread throughout the day, both prior (60% of total CHO intake) and after evening training (40% of total CHO intake). The SH-LGI and SH-HGI groups differentiated by consuming either LGI or HGI foods in the evening, respectively. Alongside, participants performed a standardized exercise program combining resistance exercise and high-intensity interval training. Participants' sleep macro-structure was assessed with polysomnography, actigraphy, sleep diary, and sleep-wake questionnaires. RESULTS Objective assessments revealed a substantial time-effect on sleep initiation, duration, and continuity. After the intervention, sleep onset latency decreased (p < 0.001), sleep duration was prolonged (p = 0.006), sleep efficiency increased (p < 0.001), and wake after sleep onset decreased (p = 0.035). Sleep macroarchitecture did not significantly change, while the percentage of REM sleep stage to the total sleep time increased over time (p < 0.01). Consistent with the objective findings, subjects reported improved subjective sleep quality (p = 0.043) and reduced daytime sleepiness (p = 0.047). CONCLUSION The combination of a personalized dietary plan with exercise training enhances sleep initiation, sleep continuity, sleep duration, REM and N1 sleep stages, independently of carbohydrate type or timing. Lifestyle interventions should be investigated further to promote sleep quality and recovery. REGISTRATION The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05464342.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Vlahoyiannis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Research Centre for Exercise and Nutrition (RECEN), University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Eleni Andreou
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Research Centre for Exercise and Nutrition (RECEN), University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - George Aphamis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Research Centre for Exercise and Nutrition (RECEN), University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Giorgos K Sakkas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Christoforos D Giannaki
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Research Centre for Exercise and Nutrition (RECEN), University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhong L, Han X, Li M, Gao S. Modifiable dietary factors in adolescent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med 2024; 115:100-108. [PMID: 38350307 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sleep problems are prevalent during adolescence, and modifying dietary factors may contribute to better sleep outcomes in adolescents. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of modifiable dietary factors on sleep health among adolescents. METHODS A systematic search of records from six databases including MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, and the CENTRAL from inception up to November 2023, identified 33 peer-reviewed publications that assessed the relationship between modifiable dietary factors and sleep outcomes in adolescents aged 12-18 years. The NIH Quality Assessment Tools were used to assess the quality of the included studies. Meta-analysis was performed on a sub-group of studies (n = 6) to ascertain the effect of dietary factors on sleep health. RESULTS Although the included studies were predominantly cross-sectional and exhibited heterogeneity, relying mainly on self-reported measures, it was observed that consumption of healthy foods was consistently linked with improved sleep outcomes among adolescents, whereas higher intake of fat-rich or sugar-rich foods and red meats or processed food was associated with poorer sleep features. The meta-analysis further substantiated that adolescents with higher caffeine intake faced increased odds of sleep problems (OR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.28-2.17), while alcohol consumption was significantly associated with insomnia (OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.07-1.27). CONCLUSION Overall, despite high heterogeneity among studies, this systematic review underscores the promising role of healthy dietary factors in enhancing both the quality and quantity of sleep in adolescents. The meta-analysis results also highlight that reducing caffeine and alcohol intake holds potential for supporting better sleep in this population. However, further validation through intervention studies is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xuan Han
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thomas C, Kingshott RN, Allott KM, Tang JCY, Dunn R, Fraser WD, Thorley J, Virgilio N, Prawitt J, Hogervorst E, Škarabot J, Clifford T. Collagen peptide supplementation before bedtime reduces sleep fragmentation and improves cognitive function in physically active males with sleep complaints. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:323-335. [PMID: 37874350 PMCID: PMC10799148 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03267-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary aim of this study was to examine whether a glycine-rich collagen peptides (CP) supplement could enhance sleep quality in physically active men with self-reported sleep complaints. METHODS In a randomized, crossover design, 13 athletic males (age: 24 ± 4 years; training volume; 7 ± 3 h·wk1) with sleep complaints (Athens Insomnia Scale, 9 ± 2) consumed CP (15 g·day1) or a placebo control (CON) 1 h before bedtime for 7 nights. Sleep quality was measured with subjective sleep diaries and actigraphy for 7 nights; polysomnographic sleep and core temperature were recorded on night 7. Cognition, inflammation, and endocrine function were measured on night 7 and the following morning. Subjective sleepiness and fatigue were measured on all 7 nights. The intervention trials were separated by ≥ 7 days and preceded by a 7-night familiarisation trial. RESULTS Polysomnography showed less awakenings with CP than CON (21.3 ± 9.7 vs. 29.3 ± 13.8 counts, respectively; P = 0.028). The 7-day average for subjective awakenings were less with CP vs. CON (1.3 ± 1.5 vs. 1.9 ± 0.6 counts, respectively; P = 0.023). The proportion of correct responses on the baseline Stroop cognitive test were higher with CP than CON (1.00 ± 0.00 vs. 0.97 ± 0.05 AU, respectively; P = 0.009) the morning after night 7. There were no trial differences in core temperature, endocrine function, inflammation, subjective sleepiness, fatigue and sleep quality, or other measures of cognitive function or sleep (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION CP supplementation did not influence sleep quantity, latency, or efficiency, but reduced awakenings and improved cognitive function in physically active males with sleep complaints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Thomas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Ruth N Kingshott
- Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, The Sleep House, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kirsty M Allott
- Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, The Sleep House, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jonathan C Y Tang
- Bioanalytical Facility, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital Norfolk, Norwich, UK
- Clinical Biochemistry, Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Departments of Diabetes and Endocrinology Norfolk, Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Rachel Dunn
- Bioanalytical Facility, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital Norfolk, Norwich, UK
- Clinical Biochemistry, Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Departments of Diabetes and Endocrinology Norfolk, Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - William D Fraser
- Bioanalytical Facility, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital Norfolk, Norwich, UK
- Clinical Biochemistry, Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Departments of Diabetes and Endocrinology Norfolk, Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Josh Thorley
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | | | | | - Eef Hogervorst
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Jakob Škarabot
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Carbohydrates and Endurance Exercise: A Narrative Review of a Food First Approach. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061367. [PMID: 36986096 PMCID: PMC10054587 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate (CHO) supplements such as bars, gels, drinks and powders have become ubiquitous as effective evidence-based CHO sources that improve endurance exercise performance. However, athletes are increasingly turning to more cost-effective ‘food-first’ approaches for CHO ingestion to improve exercise performance. Mixed CHO foods including cooked lentils, oats, honey, raisins, rice, and potatoes are all effective pre-exercise CHO food sources. Caution is advised when selecting some of these foods as a primary CHO source, as some athletes may be prone to gastrointestinal discomfort—especially regarding those foods where the quantities required for recommended CHO intake may be voluminous (e.g., potatoes). Palatability may be another barrier to the ingestion of some of these CHO-rich foods. Although most of these CHO-rich foods appear effective for exercise performance or recovery when consumed pre- and post-exercise, not all are viable to ingest during exercise due to difficulties in the quantities required, transport, and/or gastrointestinal discomfort. Raisins, bananas and honey may be particularly useful CHO foods for consumption during exercise, as they are easily transportable. Athletes should trial CHO food sources before, during and/or following training before implementation during competition.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wirth J, Hillesheim E, Brennan L. Protein intake and its effect on sleep outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:333-345. [PMID: 36083207 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Poor sleep is increasingly seen as an issue of public health concern. In recent years, there has been growing interest in protein as a route to improve sleep outcomes; however, the evidence is limited and inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To examine, using a systematic review and meta-analysis, the effect of increased protein intake (≥1 g/kg//d, ≥25% of total energy intake, or protein supplementation of ≥10 g/d/) on sleep outcomes in adults. METHODS On November 30, 2021, 5 electronic databases were searched to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, and CINAHL Plus). Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool, version 2.0. DATA EXTRACTION Five sleep outcomes were included in this systematic review (sleep quality [SQ], sleep latency [SL], sleep efficiency [SEff], sleep time [ST], wake episodes, and other sleep outcomes) and 4 in the meta-analysis (SQ, SL, SEff, and ST). The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. DATA ANALYSIS Twelve intervention studies reported on in 10 articles were included. The qualitative analyses showed that increased protein consumption has little influence on sleep outcomes. Only subjective SQ was positively associated with protein consumption in a few studies. Meta-analyses also showed no significant effect of increased protein intake on sleep outcomes (number of studies for SQ, ST, SL, and SEff: 8, 8, 7, and 6, respectively), with very low certainty of evidence. However, results from sensitivity analyses, excluding high-risk studies, suggest a small effect on SQ in favor of high protein intake (mean difference, -4.28; 95%CI, -7.77, -0.79; on a scale from 0 to 100). CONCLUSION This systematic review and meta-analysis indicate there is no clear relationship between increased protein intake and sleep. However, the strength of the evidence is low and more randomized controlled trials that focus on this specific research question are warranted. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020196021.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine Wirth
- are with the UCD Institute of Food and Health, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- are with the UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- is with the Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elaine Hillesheim
- are with the UCD Institute of Food and Health, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- are with the UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Lorraine Brennan
- are with the UCD Institute of Food and Health, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- are with the UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Langan-Evans C, Hearris MA, Gallagher C, Long S, Thomas C, Moss AD, Cheung W, Howatson G, Morton JP. Nutritional Modulation of Sleep Latency, Duration, and Efficiency: A Randomized, Repeated-Measures, Double-Blind Deception Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:289-300. [PMID: 36094342 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to test the hypothesis that a novel nutritional blend composed of tryptophan, glycine, magnesium, tart cherry powder, and l -theanine enhances subjective and objective measures of sleep during free living conditions. METHODS In a randomized, repeated-measures crossover and double-blind deception design, participants ( n = 9 males and 7 females, age = 24 ± 3 yr, body mass = 69.8 ± 11.6 kg, stature = 170.8 ± 9.1 cm) completed a 3-d familiarization period, followed by 3-d intervention and placebo trials. Subjective Pittsburgh Quality Sleep Index, Core Consensus Sleep Diary, and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale survey tools, alongside objective actigraphy measures of sleep, were assessed, with daily nutritional intake, activity, and light exposure standardized between trials. Participants provided daily urine samples for assessment of targeted and untargeted metabolomes. RESULTS The intervention trial reduced sleep onset latency (-24 ± 25 min; P = 0.002), increased total sleep time (22 ± 32 min; P = 0.01), and increased sleep efficiency (2.4% ± 3.9%; P = 0.03), while also reducing morning sleepiness ( P = 0.02). Throughout the study, 75% of participants remained blinded to sleep assessment as a primary outcome measure, with 56% subjectively indicating improved sleep during the intervention trial. Metabolomic analysis highlighted several significantly altered metabolomes related to sleep regulation between trials, inclusive of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, d -serine, and l -glutamic acid. CONCLUSIONS Data demonstrate that using the proposed blend of novel nutritional ingredients during free living conditions reduced sleep onset latency, increased total sleep duration, and increased sleep efficiency, leading to reduced perceptions of morning sleepiness. These effects may be mediated by the upregulation of key metabolites involved in the neurophysiological modulation of the sleep/wake cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Langan-Evans
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Mark A Hearris
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Chloe Gallagher
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Stephen Long
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Craig Thomas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences (SSEHS) Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Andrew D Moss
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - William Cheung
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation and Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Amiri-Ardekani E, Kazemi A, Sasani N, Fanfulla F, Clark CC. The association of meal glycemic index/load with quantitative and qualitative indicators of sleep: a systematic review. Minerva Med 2022; 113:1008-1016. [PMID: 33949181 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.21.07444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We sought to systematically review the association between meal glycemic index or glycemic load and sleep indicators. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase were searched up to March 2021. Both observational and clinical trials studies, with both male and female participants of all ages, were included. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS A total of 10 studies were included in this review; six with clinical trial and four with cross-sectional design. Among the six clinical trial, three studies indicated a significant effect of high glycemic index on sleep (two in young male athletes [N.=8 and N.=9] and one in adults [N.=8]), while three others failed to detect any significant effect (young males [N.=12], children [N.=8], toddlers [N.=56]). Among the cross-sectional studies, high glycemic index meals were associated with improved sleep duration or quality in two studies (594 toddlers and 1848 adults), however, contrastingly, were also associated with sleep disturbances (108 students and 53,069 postmenopausal women). CONCLUSIONS High glycemic index meals likely improve sleep onset latency in young males. For other indicators of sleep quality and other population groups, the results are equivocal. Most of the available studies were conducted in special population groups and were inadequately designed; whilst clinical trials were of short duration and small sample sizes. Therefore, further well-designed clinical trials are required before further definitive conclusions can be made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Amiri-Ardekani
- Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Association of Indigenous Knowledge, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Asma Kazemi
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran -
| | - Najmeh Sasani
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Francesco Fanfulla
- Respiratory Function and Sleep Unit, Scientific Institute of Pavia and Montescano, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cain C Clark
- Center for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Verde L, Barrea L, Vetrani C, Frias-Toral E, Chapela SP, Jayawardena R, de Alteriis G, Docimo A, Savastano S, Colao A, Muscogiuri G. Chronotype and Sleep Quality in Obesity: How Do They Change After Menopause? Curr Obes Rep 2022; 11:254-262. [PMID: 36053414 PMCID: PMC9729134 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-022-00479-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review primarily provides an overview of the current evidence on chronotype (which reflects an individual's preference for the timing of sleeping, eating, and activity in a 24-h period) and sleep quality changes in obesity in postmenopausal women. It also explores possible nutritional strategies to manage these changes in this phase of a woman's life. RECENT FINDINGS Menopause is a life stage frequently associated with sleep disturbances and changes in circadian rhythms. Sleep disturbances are one of the main symptoms of menopause and are caused by several factors such as hormonal changes, obesity, and melatonin reduction. In addition, the chronotype also changes following menopause. Nutritional strategies are essential because they could help manage menopausal sleep disturbances and circadian misalignment, particularly by tackling obesity and overweight. In the management of postmenopausal women, especially those experiencing obesity, careful assessment of sleep disturbances and chronotype and subsequent development of the most appropriate treatment, including nutritional management, should be part of the treatment routine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Verde
- Centro Italiano Per La Cura E Il Benessere del Paziente Con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Barrea
- Centro Italiano Per La Cura E Il Benessere del Paziente Con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, Via Porzio, Centro Direzionale, isola F2, 80143, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Vetrani
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Evelyn Frias-Toral
- School of Medicine, Universidad Católica Santiago de Guayaquil, Av. Pdte. Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola, Guayaquil, 090615, Ecuador
| | - Sebastián Pablo Chapela
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Equipo de Soporte Nutricional, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ranil Jayawardena
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Giulia de Alteriis
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Docimo
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Centro Italiano Per La Cura E Il Benessere del Paziente Con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Centro Italiano Per La Cura E Il Benessere del Paziente Con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Cattedra Unesco "Educazione Alla Salute E Allo Sviluppo Sostenibile", University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Centro Italiano Per La Cura E Il Benessere del Paziente Con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- Cattedra Unesco "Educazione Alla Salute E Allo Sviluppo Sostenibile", University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kose J, Duquenne P, Srour B, Debras C, Léger D, Péneau S, Galan P, Hercberg S, Touvier M, Andreeva VA. Synthèse narrative sur le lien entre les apports en glucides et la santé mentale : focus sur l’anxiété et l’insomnie chez les adultes. CAHIERS DE NUTRITION ET DE DIÉTÉTIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnd.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
13
|
Cheon J, Kim M. Comprehensive effects of various nutrients on sleep. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2022; 20:449-458. [PMID: 38468613 PMCID: PMC10899959 DOI: 10.1007/s41105-022-00408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Sleep problems have become common among people today. Sleep disorders are closely associated with physiological and psychological diseases. Among the ways of improving objective or subjective sleep quality, controlling elements associated with food intake can be more efficient than other methods in terms of time and cost. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand the effects of nutrients and natural products on sleep. An extensive literature search was conducted, and related articles were identified through online databases, such as Elsevier, Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer, and Web of Science. Expert opinion, conference abstracts, unpublished studies, and studies published in languages other than English were excluded from this review. The effects of macronutrients and diet adjustment on sleep differed. Although not all nutrients independently affect sleep, they comprehensively affect it through tryptophan metabolism. Furthermore, natural foods related to GABA have an effect on sleep similar to that of sleeping pills. Taken together, our results suggest that humans can control both their objective and subjective sleep quality based on their lifestyle and food consumption. However, until now, direct studies on the relationship between human sleep and nutrition, such as clinical trials, have been insufficient. As both objective and subjective sleep quality are the factors determining the quality of life of individuals, further studies on those are needed to improve it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaehwan Cheon
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, BioScience Research Institute, Sahmyook University, Hwarangro 815, Nowongu, 01795 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mikyung Kim
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, BioScience Research Institute, Sahmyook University, Hwarangro 815, Nowongu, 01795 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacy, Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Hwarangro 815, Nowongu, Seoul, 01795 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Sleep habits are directly related to risk of obesity, and this relationship may be partly mediated through food choices and eating behaviour. Short sleep duration, impaired sleep quality and suboptimal sleep timing are all implicated in weight gain and adverse cardiometabolic health, at least partly mediated through their associations with diet quality. Short-term sleep restriction leads to increased energy intake, and habitually short sleepers report dietary intakes that indicate a less healthy diet compared with adequate sleepers. Evidence is emerging that sleep extension interventions in short sleepers may reduce intake of sugars and overall energy intake. Poor sleep quality, night shift work patterns and social jetlag are also associated with lower diet quality and consumption of energy-dense foods. Incorporating sleep advice into weight management interventions may be more effective than energy-restricted diets and exercise advice alone. However, there are a lack of intervention studies that aim to lengthen sleep, improve sleep quality or adjust irregular sleep timing to investigate the impact on dietary intakes and eating behaviour in participants aiming to lose weight or maintain weight loss. Finally, future research should take account of individual characteristics such as age, sex, life stage and changing working practices when designing combined lifestyle interventions including sleep behaviour change for health and well-being.
Collapse
|
15
|
The Impact of Dietary Factors on the Sleep of Athletically Trained Populations: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163271. [PMID: 36014779 PMCID: PMC9414564 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many athletic populations report poor sleep, especially during intensive training and competition periods. Recently, diet has been shown to significantly affect sleep in general populations; however, little is known about the effect diet has on the sleep of athletically trained populations. With sleep critical for optimal recovery and sports performance, this systematic review aimed to evaluate the evidence demonstrating that dietary factors influence the sleep of athletically trained populations. Four electronic databases were searched from inception to May 2022, with primary research articles included if they contained a dietary factor(s), an outcome measure of sleep or sleepiness, and participants could be identified as ‘athletically trained’. Thirty-five studies were included, with 21 studies assessed as positive quality, 13 as neutral, and one as negative. Sleep or sleepiness was measured objectively in 46% of studies (n = 16). The review showed that evening (≥5 p.m.) caffeine intakes >2 mg·kg−1 body mass decreased sleep duration and sleep efficiency, and increased sleep latency and wake after sleep onset. Evening consumption of high glycaemic index carbohydrates and protein high in tryptophan may reduce sleep latency. Although promising, more research is required before the impact of probiotics, cherry juice, and beetroot juice on the sleep of athletes can be resolved. Athletic populations experiencing sleep difficulties should be screened for caffeine use and trial dietary strategies (e.g., evening consumption of high GI carbohydrates) to improve sleep.
Collapse
|
16
|
Condo D, Lastella M, Aisbett B, Stevens A, Roberts S. Sleep duration and quality are associated with nutrient intake in elite female athletes. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:345-350. [PMID: 34952801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sleep is important for athlete health and performance; however, the relationship between diet and sleep in elite female athletes is not well understood. This study examined associations between energy, macronutrient and micronutrient intakes, and sleep in elite female Australian footballers. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Thirty-two players had their diet and sleep monitored for 10 consecutive days during pre-season. Sleep was monitored using activity monitors and sleep diaries. Sleep outcomes included sleep duration, sleep onset latency (SOL), wake time after sleep onset (WASO), and sleep efficiency (SE). Dietary intake was monitored using the smartphone applications Easy Diet Diary and FoodWorks. Relationships between nutrient intake and sleep were assessed using Generalised Estimating Equations. RESULTS For each 1-g·kg-1 increase in carbohydrate intake, WASO increased by 3.6 min (p = 0.007) and SE decreased by 0.6% (p = 0.007). For each 1-g increase in daily saturated fat intake, SOL decreased by 0.27 min (p = 0.030). For each 1-mg increase in iron intake, sleep duration increased by 0.55 min (p < 0.001). For each 1-mg increase in zinc intake, SE increased by 0.23% (p = 0.006). For each 1-μg increase in vitamin B12 intake, WASO decreased by 1.72 min (p < 0.02) and SE increased by 0.40% (p = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS Nutrient intake in elite female athletes is associated with sleep and may contribute to sleep problems. Research should explore causal relationships between nutrient intake and sleep, and the efficacy of dietary interventions for improving sleep in female athletes with nutrient deficiencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Condo
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia
| | - Michele Lastella
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Australia
| | - Brad Aisbett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia
| | - Alysha Stevens
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia
| | - Spencer Roberts
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Two factors intrinsic to health are diet and sleep. These two behaviors may well influence one another. Indeed, that insufficient sleep adversely impacts dietary intakes is well documented. On the other hand, diet may influence sleep via melatonin and its biosynthesis from tryptophan. Experimental data exist indicating that provision of specific foods rich in tryptophan or melatonin can improve sleep quality. Whole diets rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, and other sources of dietary tryptophan and melatonin have been shown to predict favorable sleep outcomes. Although clinical trials are needed to confirm a causal impact of dietary patterns on sleep and elucidate underlying mechanisms, available data illustrate a cyclical relation between these lifestyle factors. We recommend adopting a healthful diet to improve sleep, which may further promote sustained favorable dietary practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faris M Zuraikat
- Sleep Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; , ,
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Rebecca A Wood
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Rocío Barragán
- Sleep Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; , ,
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marie-Pierre St-Onge
- Sleep Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; , ,
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vlahoyiannis A, Aphamis G, Bogdanis GC, Sakkas GK, Andreou E, Giannaki CD. Deconstructing athletes' sleep: A systematic review of the influence of age, sex, athletic expertise, sport type, and season on sleep characteristics. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 10:387-402. [PMID: 32325024 PMCID: PMC8343120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review aimed to describe objective sleep parameters for athletes under different conditions and address potential sleep issues in this specific population. METHODS PubMed and Scopus were searched from inception to April 2019. Included studies measured sleep only via objective evaluation tools such as polysomnography or actigraphy. The modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for the quality assessment of the studies. RESULTS Eighty-one studies were included, of which 56 were classified as medium quality, 5 studies as low quality, and 20 studies as high quality. A total of 1830 athletes were monitored over 18,958 nights. Average values for sleep-related parameters were calculated for all athletes according to sex, age, athletic expertise level, training season, and type of sport. Athletes slept on average 7.2 ± 1.1 h/night (mean ± SD), with 86.3% ± 6.8% sleep efficiency (SE). In all datasets, the athletes' mean total sleep time was <8 h. SE was low for young athletes (80.3% ± 8.8%). Reduced SE was attributed to high wake after sleep onset rather than sleep onset latency. During heavy training periods, sleep duration and SE were on average 36 min and 0.8% less compared to pre-season and 42 min and 3.0% less compared to in-season training periods, respectively. CONCLUSION Athletes' sleep duration was found to be short with low SE, in comparison to the general consensus for non-athlete healthy adults. Notable sleep issues were revealed in young athletes. Sleep quality and architecture tend to change across different training periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Vlahoyiannis
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 1700, Cyprus
| | - George Aphamis
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 1700, Cyprus
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 17237, Greece
| | - Giorgos K Sakkas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala 42100, Greece; School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK
| | - Eleni Andreou
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 1700, Cyprus
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nutritional Interventions to Improve Sleep in Team-Sport Athletes: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051586. [PMID: 34068512 PMCID: PMC8150598 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes often experience sleep disturbances and poor sleep as a consequence of extended travel, the timing of training and competition (i.e., early morning or evening), and muscle soreness. Nutrition plays a vital role in sports performance and recovery, and a variety of foods, beverages, and supplements purportedly have the capacity to improve sleep quality and quantity. Here, we review and discuss relevant studies regarding nutrition, foods, supplements, and beverages that may improve sleep quality and quantity. Our narrative review was supported by a semi-systematic approach to article searching, and specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, such that articles reviewed were relevant to athletes and sporting environments. Six databases—PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar—were searched for initial studies of interest from inception to November 2020. Given the paucity of sleep nutrition research in the athlete population, we expanded our inclusion criteria to include studies that reported the outcomes of nutritional interventions to improve sleep in otherwise healthy adults. Carbohydrate ingestion to improve sleep parameters is inconclusive, although high glycemic index foods appear to have small benefits. Tart cherry juice can promote sleep quantity, herbal supplements can enhance sleep quality, while kiwifruit and protein interventions have been shown to improve both sleep quality and quantity. Nutritional interventions are an effective way to improve sleep quality and quantity, although further research is needed to determine the appropriate dose, source, and timing in relation to training, travel, and competition requirements.
Collapse
|
20
|
Vlahoyiannis A, Giannaki CD, Sakkas GK, Aphamis G, Andreou E. A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression on the Effects of Carbohydrates on Sleep. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041283. [PMID: 33919698 PMCID: PMC8069918 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effects of quantity, quality and periodization of carbohydrates consumption on sleep. PubMed, SCOPUS and Cochrane Library were searched through October 2020. Data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Eleven articles were included in the meta-analysis which consisted of 27 separate nutrition trials, resulting in 16 comparison data sets (sleep quantity n = 11; sleep quality n = 5). Compared to high carbohydrate (HCI), low carbohydrate intake (LCI) moderately increased duration and proportion of N3 sleep stage (ES = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.18, 0.56; p < 0.001 and ES = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.33, 0.69; p < 0.001, respectively). HCI prolonged rapid eye movement (REM) stage duration (ES = −0.38; 95% CI = 0.05, −8.05; p < 0.001) and proportion (ES = −0.46; 95% CI = −0.83, −0.01; p < 0.001), compared to LCI. The quality of carbohydrate intake did not affect sleep stages. Meta-regression showed that the effectiveness of carbohydrate quantity and quality in sleep onset latency was significantly explained by alterations of carbohydrate intake as a percentage of daily energy intake (R2 = 25.87, p = 0.018) and alterations in the glycemic load (R2 = 50.8, p = 0.048), respectively. Alterations in glycemic load partially explained the variance of the effectiveness of carbohydrate quality in sleep efficiency (R2 = 89.2, p < 0.001) and wake after sleep onset (R2 = 64.9, p = 0.018). Carbohydrate quantity was shown to affect sleep architecture, and especially N3 and REM sleep stages. Alterations in both quantity and quality of carbohydrate intake showed a significant effect on sleep initiation. Variations in carbohydrate quality significantly affected measures of sleep continuation. Further studies are needed to assess the effect of long-term carbohydrate interventions on sleep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Vlahoyiannis
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitisas Avenue, Nicosia CY1700, Cyprus; (A.V.); (C.D.G.); (G.A.)
| | - Christoforos D. Giannaki
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitisas Avenue, Nicosia CY1700, Cyprus; (A.V.); (C.D.G.); (G.A.)
| | - Giorgos K. Sakkas
- Department of PE and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece;
- School of Sports and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Llandaff Campus, Western Avenue, Cardiff CF5 2YB, Wales, UK
| | - George Aphamis
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitisas Avenue, Nicosia CY1700, Cyprus; (A.V.); (C.D.G.); (G.A.)
| | - Eleni Andreou
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitisas Avenue, Nicosia CY1700, Cyprus; (A.V.); (C.D.G.); (G.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +357-22452288; Fax: +357-22452292
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ho LL, Chan YM, Daud Z'AM. Dietary Factors and Sleep Quality Among Hemodialysis Patients in Malaysia. J Ren Nutr 2021; 32:251-260. [PMID: 33838975 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Poor sleep quality is a commonly seen problem in hemodialysis patients. This study investigated the associations between dietary factors and sleep quality among hemodialysis patients. DESIGN AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional study conducted among 184 eligible hemodialysis patients at four dialysis units in Malaysia. Three days dietary recall were used in the analysis of dietary intake and behavior. Sleep quality was assessed through Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. RESULTS More than half of the patients were poor sleepers. Among the sleep components, sleep latency affected patients the most, with the use of sleep medications was relatively low. A majority of the patients had inadequate dietary intake of energy (88%) and protein (75%). Dietary protein, potassium adjusted for body weight, and sodium intake were significantly increased in poor sleepers. Lower percentage of energy from carbohydrates; higher percentage of energy from fats; higher intakes of dietary protein, fat, phosphorus, and sodium were correlated with poorer sleep quality and its components. Skipping dinner on non-dialysis days and having supper on dialysis days were associated with poor sleep quality. CONCLUSION Poor sleep is prevalent among hemodialysis patients. Sleep quality of hemodialysis patients was highly associated with certain dietary factors. Periodical assessment of sleep quality and dietary intake is necessary to identify poor sleepers with inappropriate dietary intake to allow effective clinical and nutritional interventions to improve the sleep quality and nutritional status of these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ling Ho
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Mun Chan
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia; Research Centre of Excellence, Nutrition and Non-communicable Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Zulfitri 'Azuan Mat Daud
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia; Research Centre of Excellence, Nutrition and Non-communicable Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Papadakis Z, Forsse JS, Stamatis A. High-Intensity Interval Exercise Performance and Short-Term Metabolic Responses to Overnight-Fasted Acute-Partial Sleep Deprivation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3655. [PMID: 33915744 PMCID: PMC8037712 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
People practicing high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) fasted during the morning hours under a lack of sleep. Such a habit may jeopardize the health benefits related to HIIE and adequate sleep. Fifteen habitually good sleeper males (age 31.1 ± 5.3 SD year) completed on a treadmill two isocaloric (500 kcal) HIIE sessions (3:2 min work:rest) averaged at 70% VO2reserve after 9-9.5 h of reference sleep exercise (RSE) and after 3-3.5 h of acute-partial sleep deprivation exercise (SSE). Diet and sleep patterns were controlled both 1 week prior and 2 days leading up to RSE and SSE. HIIE related performance and substrate utilization data were obtained from the continuous analysis of respiratory gases. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with the baseline maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and body fat percentage (BF%) as covariates at p < 0.05. No difference was observed in VO2max, time to complete the HIIE, VE, RER, CHO%, and FAT% utilization during the experimental conditions. Whether attaining an adequate amount of sleep or not, the fasted HIIE performance and metabolism were not affected. We propose to practice the fasted HIIE under adequate sleep to receive the pleiotropic beneficial effects of sleep to the human body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey S. Forsse
- Baylor Laboratories for Exercise Science and Technologies, Baylor University, Waco, TX 40385, USA;
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Vlahoyiannis A, Sakkas GK, Manconi M, Aphamis G, Giannaki CD. Athletes' sleep assessment: from lifestyle to pharmacological interventions and vice versa. Sleep Med 2020; 78:49-50. [PMID: 33385778 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgos K Sakkas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece; School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mauro Manconi
- Sleep and Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital (EOC) of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - George Aphamis
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vlahoyiannis A, Aphamis G, Eddin DA, Giannaki CD. The effect of evening cycling at different intensities on sleep in healthy young adults with intermediate chronobiological phenotype: A randomized, cross-over trial. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:192-199. [PMID: 32844703 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1812194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of various cycling intensities on sleep-related parameters in healthy young adults with intermediate chronobiological phenotype. Ten recreationally trained male volunteers underwent an evening i) moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT; 45 min at 70% Wmax), ii) high-intensity interval training (HIIT; 10 × 1 min at 90% Wmax), iii) sprint interval training (SIT; 6 × 20 sec at 140% Wmax) or iv) a non-exercise (CON) trial in randomized, counter-balanced and crossover order. At baseline, somatometric data, maximum oxygen uptake and chronotype were evaluated. Sleep-related indices and daily activity were recorded by a multi-sensor activity monitor. Total sleep time was longer after SIT compared to CON and MICT (p < 0.05). Sleep efficiency was higher in SIT than in CON (p < 0.05). Sleep onset latency did not differ among trials. Wake after sleep onset was decreased after SIT compared to CON (p= 0.049). No differences were found for bedtime among trials. Wake time was earlier in the MICT trial compared to CON (p = 0.026). Evening cycling exercise -independently of intensity- did not impair sleep of individuals with intermediate chronobiological phenotype. Furthermore, a single SIT session improved sleep quantity and continuation of individuals with this specific chronotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - George Aphamis
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia , Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Daniel Ala Eddin
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia , Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vlahoyiannis A, Sakkas GK, Manconi M, Aphamis G, Giannaki CD. A critical review on sleep assessment methodologies in athletic populations: factors to be considered. Sleep Med 2020; 74:211-223. [PMID: 32861013 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research focus on athletes' sleep in order to investigate the effects of sleep in sports performance and recovery or the prevalence of sleep disorders in athletes. At the same time, several sleep monitoring tools have been developed and used in athletic populations for fulfilling these purposes. This review aimed to provide critical assessment to the most used by athletes' methodological approaches and compared them with the gold standard approach. Advantages and disadvantages of the various sleep monitoring tools were critically discussed. Literature related to aspects of athletes' sleep was reviewed. From the shortlisted studies, several factors that seem to affect sleep in athletes were identified using objective methods such as polysomnography/electroencephalography and actigraphy. These factors were associated to sleep (eg such as sleep environment, familiarization procedures and napping) and daily habits (eg nutrition, fluid consumption, alcohol and caffeine intake, tobacco use). The selected studies that evaluated sleep objectively were screened according the reporting rates of these variables. The majority of the screened studies were found to underreport these variables. Practical issues were addressed and recommendations about reporting sleep-related factors were made in order to improve studies' quality assessment and allow for more robust comparisons between studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgos K Sakkas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece; School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mauro Manconi
- Sleep and Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital (EOC) of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - George Aphamis
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Paoli A. Advances in Sport and Performance Nutrition. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030538. [PMID: 30832303 PMCID: PMC6471132 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, UCAM, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain.
- European Sport Nutrition Society, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|