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Wu S, Jiang H. Examining the impact of differing caffeine dosages in conjunction with plyometric training on physiological adaptations in basketball players. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15571. [PMID: 38971848 PMCID: PMC11227551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of ingesting different dosages of caffeine (CAF) prior to plyometric jump training (PJT) on sport-related performance and physiological parameters in male basketball players. Twenty-four young athletes were randomly divided into 3 groups and performed 6 weeks of PJT while consuming 3 mg·kg-1 of body mass caffeine (CAF3, n = 8), 6 mg·kg-1 body mass caffeine (CAF6, n = 8) or placebo (PL; n = 8) one hour prior to each training session. Before and after the 6-week PJT, the players were evaluated for field-based basketball-specific performance measures (vertical jump, 20-m sprint, Illinois change of direction speed [CODS], and maximal strength) and lab-based physiological (aerobic capacity and anaerobic power) parameters. CAF3, CAF6, and PL groups demonstrated significant improvements in vertical jump (ES = 1.07, 1.45, and 1.1, respectively), 20-m sprint (ES = - 0.50, - 0.61, and - 0.36), change of direction performance (ES = - 1.22, - 1.26, and - 1.09), maximal strength (ES = 1.68, 2.29, and 1.17), maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) (ES = 1.09, 1.59, and 0.92), and peak (ES = 1.82, 1.85, and 0.82) and average power output (ES = 1.39, 1.32, and 1.07) after 6 weeks of training. Comparative analysis of individual adaptive responses to training indicated that the CAF6 led to insignificantly greater effects in vertical jump (ES = 1.45), maximal strength (ES = 2.29), and V̇O2max (ES = 1.59) with lower residuals in individual changes and lower coefficient of variations (CV) in mean group changes. Regarding sprint and CODS performance, both experimental groups indicated similar changes, residuals in individual changes, and CVs in mean group changes. Overall, consuming 6 mg·kg-1 body mass caffeine induces superior adaptations in aerobic fitness, anaerobic power, and sport-specific performance measures, with lower inter-individual variability in the adaptations and more homogenized changes over the training period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Wu
- School of Physical Education, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Han Jiang
- School of Physical Education, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China.
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Yang TJ, Shiu YJ, Chen CH, Yu SY, Hsu YY, Chiu CH. Carbohydrate Mouth Rinses before Exercise Improve Performance of Romanian Deadlift Exercise: A Randomized Crossover Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:1248. [PMID: 38674938 PMCID: PMC11053948 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: This study compared the effects of mouth rinsing with a carbohydrate trial (CMR) and a placebo trial (PL) on concentric and eccentric contraction strength in multi-joint resistance exercise performance. (2) Methods: Twenty healthy adult men (age: 22.4 ± 3.7 years, body mass index: 26 ± 3.8, peak power: 378.3 ± 138.7 W) were recruited in this study. Participants were employed in a double-blind, randomized crossover design to divide participants into carbohydrate mouth rinsing trial (CMR) and placebo trial (PL). After warming up, participants used 6.6% maltodextrin (CMR) or mineral water (PL) to rinse their mouth for 20 s. Next, the participants underwent tests of maximum inertial Romanian deadlift resistance exercise comprising five sets of six reps, with 3 min rests between sets. After deducting the first repetition of each set, the mean values from the five sets were analyzed. (3) Results: The concentric peak power of the CMR trial was significantly higher than that of the PL trial (p = 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.46), the eccentric peak power of the CMR trial was significantly higher than that of the PL trial (p = 0.008, Cohen's d = 0.56), and the total work of the CMR trial was significantly higher than that of PL trial (p = 0.002, Cohen's d = 0.51). (4) Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that mouth rinsing with carbohydrates before exercise can improve concentric and eccentric contraction strength in multi-joint resistance exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Jen Yang
- Physical Education Center, Feng Chia University, Taichung City 407, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Jie Shiu
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
| | - Che-Hsiu Chen
- Department of Sport Performance, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Sheng-Yan Yu
- Graduate Program in Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Ying Hsu
- Jaunan Elementary School, Miaoli 350, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Hui Chiu
- Graduate Program in Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
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Petri C, Pengue L, Bartolini A, Pistolesi D, Arrones LS. Body Composition Changes in Male and Female Elite Soccer Players: Effects of a Nutritional Program Led by a Sport Nutritionist. Nutrients 2024; 16:334. [PMID: 38337619 PMCID: PMC10857312 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soccer is a game in constant evolution and the intensity of play is increasing. Nutrition can play a role in the physical performance of elite players, maintaining their health and facilitating recovery. It is important to cover players' energy demands, and low energy availability may therefore result in impaired performance. This study aimed to evaluate alterations in body composition to determine the effects of a nutritional program led by a sport nutritionist. METHODS A group of 88 elite soccer players from a Serie A club in Italy (44 males aged 26.5 ± 3.0 years and 44 females aged 27.1 ± 5.2 years) were enrolled. To evaluate changes in body composition, bioimpedance and anthropometric measurements were obtained following the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). RESULTS Compared with females, males had more muscle mass and less fat mass in both seasons evaluated. Comparing the first and last seasons, the male soccer players showed increased muscle mass and decreased fat mass while the female soccer players only showed decreased fat mass. CONCLUSIONS The presence of a specialist sport nutritionist on the staff of professional soccer clubs could be important to ensure energy availability and evaluate body composition during the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Petri
- Department of Sport and Informatics, Section of Physical Education and Sport, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
- A.C.F. Fiorentina S.r.l., 50137 Florence, Italy; (L.P.); (A.B.); (D.P.)
| | - Luca Pengue
- A.C.F. Fiorentina S.r.l., 50137 Florence, Italy; (L.P.); (A.B.); (D.P.)
| | - Alice Bartolini
- A.C.F. Fiorentina S.r.l., 50137 Florence, Italy; (L.P.); (A.B.); (D.P.)
| | - Duccio Pistolesi
- A.C.F. Fiorentina S.r.l., 50137 Florence, Italy; (L.P.); (A.B.); (D.P.)
| | - Luis Suarez Arrones
- Department of Sport and Informatics, Section of Physical Education and Sport, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
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Chen CH, Wu SH, Shiu YJ, Yu SY, Chiu CH. Acute enhancement of Romanian deadlift performance after consumption of caffeinated chewing gum. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22016. [PMID: 38086915 PMCID: PMC10716112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of the consumption of caffeinated chewing gum on the performance of Romanian deadlift on the flywheel training device. A total of 19 participants completed a randomized, cross-over, single-blind experiment with food-grade caffeinated chewing gum trial (CAF) or placebo trail (PL). Gum were chewed for 10 min and rest for 15 min prior to the Romanian deadlift test using the inertial resistance training machine. 5 sets of 6 Romanian deadlifts were performed, with a 3-min rest between sets, followed by a 7-day washout period before the next set of trials. The average power, average force, total peak power, peak concentric power, peak eccentric power, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) for each trials were analyzed using paired-T test. Compared to placebo, caffeinated chewing gum trial enhanced peak concentric power (P = 0.016, Cohen's d = 0.44), peak eccentric power (P = 0.005, Cohen's d = 0.55), average power (P = 0.013, Cohen's d = 0.43), and total work (P = 0.026, Cohen's d = 0.28). However, in average force (P = 0.063, Cohen's d = 0.50), RPE (P = 0.266), and heart rate (P = 0.143), were no significant differences between trials. Caffeinated chewing gum with a dose of caffeine of 200 mg for 10 min may acutely enhance Romanian deadlift performance on the flywheel machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hung Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- Division of Toxicology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hao Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jie Shiu
- Graduate Program in Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, No. 16, Sec. 1, Shuang-Shih Rd., Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yan Yu
- Graduate Program in Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, No. 16, Sec. 1, Shuang-Shih Rd., Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hui Chiu
- Graduate Program in Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, No. 16, Sec. 1, Shuang-Shih Rd., Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
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Jurado-Castro JM, Campos-Perez J, Ranchal-Sanchez A, Durán-López N, Domínguez R. Acute Effects of Beetroot Juice Supplements on Lower-Body Strength in Female Athletes: Double-Blind Crossover Randomized Trial. Sports Health 2022; 14:812-821. [PMID: 35603411 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221083590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beetroot juice (BRJ) is used as an ergogenic aid, but no previous study has analyzed the effect this supplement has on the production of explosive force and muscular endurance in physically active women. HYPOTHESIS BRJ improves explosive force and muscular endurance in the lower limbs of physically active women. STUDY DESIGN Randomized double-blind crossover study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS Fourteen physically active women performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) test, a back squat test for assessing velocity and power at 50% and 75% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), and the number of repetitions on a muscular endurance test consisting of 3 sets at 75% of 1RM in a resistance training protocol comprising 3 exercises (back squat, leg press, and leg extension). The participants performed the test in 2 sessions, 150 minutes after ingesting 70 mL of either BRJ (400 mg of nitrate) or a placebo (PLA). RESULTS A greater maximum height was achieved in the CMJ after consuming BRJ compared with a PLA (P = 0.04; effect size (ES) = 0.34). After a BRJ supplement at 50% 1RM, a higher mean velocity [+6.7%; P = 0.03; (ES) = 0.39 (-0.40 to 1.17)], peak velocity (+6%; P = 0.04; ES = 0.39 [-0.40 to 1.17]), mean power (+7.3%; P = 0.02; ES = 0.30 [-0.48 to 1.08]) and peak power (+6%; P = 0.04; ES = 0.20 [-0.59 to 0.98]) were attained in the back squat test. In the muscular endurance test, BRJ increased performance compared with the PLA (P < 0.00; ηp2 = 0.651). CONCLUSION BRJ supplements exert an ergogenic effect on the ability to produce explosive force and muscular endurance in the lower limbs in physically active women. CLINICAL RELEVANCE If physically active women took a BRJ supplement 120 minutes before resistance training their performance could be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Jurado-Castro
- Metabolism and Investigation Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Escuela Universitaria de Osuna (Centro Adscrito a la Universidad de Sevilla), Osuna, Spain
| | - Julian Campos-Perez
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Rabanales University Campus, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Ranchal-Sanchez
- Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, University of Cordoba, Spain
| | - Natalia Durán-López
- Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Studies Research Group in Neuromuscular Responses (GEPREN), University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
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The use of real-time monitoring during flywheel resistance training programmes: how can we measure eccentric overload? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Sport 2021; 38:639-652. [PMID: 34937974 PMCID: PMC8670814 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.101602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to analyse the technologies and main training variables used in the literature to monitor flywheel training devices in real time. In addition, as the main research question, we investigated how eccentric overload can be effectively monitored in relation to the training variable, flywheel shaft type device and the moment of inertia selected. The initial search resulted in 11,621 articles that were filtered to twenty-eight and seventeen articles that met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. The main technologies used included force sensors and rotary/linear encoders, mainly to monitor peak or mean force, power or speed. An eccentric overload was not always achieved using flywheel devices. The eccentric overload measurement was related to the main outcome selected. While mean force (p = 0.011, ES = -0.84) and mean power (p < 0.001, ES = -0.30) favoured the concentric phase, peak power (p < 0.001, ES = 0.78) and peak speed (p < 0.001, ES = 0.37) favoured the eccentric phase. In addition, the lower moments of inertia (i.e., from 0.01 to 0.2 kg·m2) and a cylindrical shaft type (i.e., vs conical pulley) showed higher possibilities to achieve eccentric overload. A wide variety of technologies can be used to monitor flywheel devices, but to achieve eccentric overload, a flywheel cylindrical shaft type with low moments of inertia is advised to be used.
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Contreras-Barraza N, Madrid-Casaca H, Salazar-Sepúlveda G, Garcia-Gordillo MÁ, Adsuar JC, Vega-Muñoz A. Bibliometric Analysis of Studies on Coffee/Caffeine and Sport. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093234. [PMID: 34579111 PMCID: PMC8466917 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides an empirical overview of coffee/caffeine studies in relation to sport worldwide, an incipient but growing relationship that has existed since 1938, although systematized over time since 1999. The extracted articles were examined using a bibliometric approach based on data from 160 records stored in the Web of Science (JCR) between 1938 and August 2021, applying traditional bibliometric laws and using VOSviewer for data and metadata processing. Among the results, these articles highlight an exponential increase in scientific production in the last two decades, with a concentration in only 12 specific journals, the hegemony of the USA among the co-authorship networks of worldwide relevance, and the thematic and temporal segregation of the concepts under study. This article concludes a high fragmentation of the authors with the highest level of scientific production and an evolution of almost 20 years in relevant thematic topics, and a concurrent concentration in three large blocks: (1) coffee consumption and risk factors, (2) health and coffee consumption, and (3) metabolism and sport correlated with the intake of coffee, which are distanced in time, providing evidence of an evolution that gives way to the irruption of alternative visions in the relationship of coffee and caffeine with sport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Héctor Madrid-Casaca
- Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Administrativas y Contables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras;
| | - Guido Salazar-Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción 4090541, Chile;
| | | | - José C. Adsuar
- Promoting a Healthy Society Research Group (PHeSO), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - Alejandro Vega-Muñoz
- Public Policy Observatory, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 7500912, Chile;
- Correspondence:
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Effects of Caffeine on Resistance Exercise: A Review of Recent Research. Sports Med 2021; 51:2281-2298. [PMID: 34291426 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years, a plethora of studies have explored the effects of caffeine on resistance exercise, demonstrating that this field of research is growing fast. This review evaluates and summarizes the most recent findings. Given that toxic doses of caffeine are needed to increase skeletal muscle contractility, the binding of caffeine to adenosine receptors is likely the primary mechanism for caffeine's ergogenic effects on resistance exercise. There is convincing evidence that caffeine ingestion is ergogenic for (i) one-repetition maximum, isometric, and isokinetic strength; and (ii) muscular endurance, velocity, and power in different resistance exercises, loads, and set protocols. Furthermore, there is some evidence that caffeine supplementation also may enhance adaptations to resistance training, such as gains in strength and power. Caffeine ingestion is ergogenic for resistance exercise performance in females, and the magnitude of these effects seems to be similar to that observed in men. Habitual caffeine intake and polymorphisms within CYP1A2 and ADORA2A do not seem to modulate caffeine's ergogenic effects on resistance exercise. Consuming lower doses of caffeine (e.g., 2-3 mg/kg) appears to be comparably ergogenic to consuming high doses of caffeine (e.g., 6 mg/kg). Minimal effective doses of caffeine seem to be around 1.5 mg/kg. Alternate caffeine sources such as caffeinated chewing gum, gel, and coffee are also ergogenic for resistance exercise performance. With caffeine capsules, the optimal timing of ingestion seems to be 30-60 min before exercise. Caffeinated chewing gums and gels may enhance resistance exercise performance even when consumed 10 min before exercise. It appears that caffeine improves performance in resistance exercise primarily due to its physiological effects. Nevertheless, a small portion of the ergogenic effect of caffeine seems to be placebo-driven.
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Real-time mechanical responses to overload and fatigue using a flywheel training device. J Biomech 2021; 121:110429. [PMID: 33873106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to analyze mechanical performance and mechanical losses across different sets and repetitions of unilateral leg extensions under flywheel loading conditions. METHODS In a cross-over design, 23 physically active participants executed 3 sets of 30 repetitions using two different loads. Angular speed, angular acceleration and power were monitored, and mean and peak values of these variables were calculated for each set of repetitions. We analyzed time-course differences every five repetitions (described as 'clusters'). Differences in the mechanical profile for Load by Set and in the mechanical losses for Load by Set by Cluster repetitions were analyzed using an ANOVA repeated measures test. A Principal Components (PC) analysis was also conducted. RESULTS Only peak acceleration showed a significant Set by Load interaction (p = 0.006) in mechanical performance. At the intra-set level, all consecutive clusters showed a significant decrement in all variables, but with different magnitudes (speed < acceleration < power). Although all variables showed significant Set by Cluster and Load by Cluster interactions, only the acceleration variables showed a significant Set by Load interaction (p < 0.05). All the variables showed a single PC. Higher fatigue was found around the concentric peak for each variable. CONCLUSIONS The most sensitive variable for detecting fatigue using real-time feedback seems to be the angular acceleration of the flywheel. Peak acceleration can be used to monitor training workload and training volume in real time in leg extension exercises using flywheel training devices.
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Raya-González J, Clemente FM, Castillo D. Analyzing the Magnitude of Interlimb Asymmetries in Young Female Soccer Players: A Preliminary Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:E475. [PMID: 33435559 PMCID: PMC7826579 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although asymmetries in lower limbs have been linked with players' performance in male soccer players, literature that has been published addressing female soccer is scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was twofold: (i) describe the asymmetries of women soccer players during jumping, change-of-direction and range-of-motion tests; and (ii) test possible relationships between asymmetries and injury risk in female soccer players. Sixteen female players (15.5 ± 1.5 years) performed a battery of fitness tests (i.e., jump ability, change-of-direction ability and passive range-of-motion) and muscle mass analysis via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, through which the specific asymmetry index and the related injury risk were calculated. Significant (p < 0.05) lower asymmetries in the change-of-direction test were observed in comparison to those observed in jumping and range-of-motion tests; significant (p < 0.05) lower asymmetries in muscle mass were also reported compared to those found in the change-of-direction and countermovement jump tests. Additionally, increased injury risk for countermovement jump and hip flexion with extended knee range-of-motion (relating to asymmetry values) and for ankle flexion with flexed knee range-of-motion in both legs (relating to reference range-of-motion values), as well as increased individual injury risk values, were observed across all tests. These findings suggest the necessity to implement individual approaches for asymmetry and injury risk analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Raya-González
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (J.R.-G.); (D.C.)
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Sports Sciences Department, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Melgaço, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (J.R.-G.); (D.C.)
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Caffeine Ingestion Improves Performance During Fitness Tests but Does Not Alter Activity During Simulated Games in Professional Basketball Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:387-394. [PMID: 33401238 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effects of acute caffeine supplementation on physical performance during fitness testing and activity during simulated games in basketball players. METHODS A double-blind, counterbalanced, randomized, crossover study design was followed. A total of 14 professional male basketball players ingested a placebo (sucrose) and caffeine (6 mg·kg-1 of body mass) in liquid form prior to completing 2 separate testing sessions. Each testing session involved completion of a standardized 15-minute warm-up followed by various fitness tests including 20-m sprints, countermovement jumps, Lane Agility Drill trials, and a repeated-sprint-ability test. Following a 20-minute recovery, players completed 3 × 7-minute 5-vs-5 simulated periods of full-court basketball games, each separated by 2 minutes of recovery. Local positioning system technology was used to measure player activity during games. Players completed a side-effects questionnaire 12 to 14 hours after testing. RESULTS Players experienced significant (P < .05), moderate-very large (effect size = -2.19 to 0.89) improvements in 20-m sprint, countermovement jump, Lane Agility Drill, and repeated-sprint-ability performance with caffeine supplementation. However, external workloads completed during simulated games demonstrated nonsignificant, trivial-small (effect size = -0.23 to 0.12) changes between conditions. In addition, players reported greater (P < .05) insomnia and urine output after caffeine ingestion. CONCLUSIONS Acute caffeine supplementation could be effective to improve physical performance during tests stressing fitness elements important in basketball. However, acute caffeine supplementation appears to exert no meaningful effects on the activity completed during simulated basketball games and may promote sleep disturbances and exert a diuretic effect when taken at 6 mg·kg-1 of body mass in professional players.
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Sánchez-Díaz S, Yanci J, Castillo D, Scanlan AT, Raya-González J. Effects of Nutrition Education Interventions in Team Sport Players. A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3664. [PMID: 33260504 PMCID: PMC7760400 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering nutrition education interventions have been frequently implemented in team sport athletes and have shown promising results, this study aimed to summarize the effects of nutrition education interventions on eating habits, nutrition knowledge, body composition, and physical performance in team sport athletes. A systematic review was conducted using the following databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus. A total of 14 studies met the inclusion criteria for the review. The methodological quality of included studies was evaluated, and each study was assessed according to the analyzed variables (i.e., eating habits, nutrition knowledge, body composition, and physical performance). Most studies showed improvements in or maintenance of variables used to indicate eating habits, nutrition knowledge, and body composition. However, limited studies examined the effect of nutrition education interventions on physical performance, with existing studies demonstrating disparate results. These findings suggest implementation of nutrition education interventions in team sport athletes could be an effective strategy to improve their eating habits, nutrition knowledge, and body composition. Due to the heterogeneity across the included studies regarding sport modality, competition level, age, and sex of the athletes investigated, as well as the intervention type adopted (i.e., online or face-to-face), it is difficult to establish optimal nutrition education interventions for each analyzed variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sánchez-Díaz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain; (S.S.-D.); (J.R.-G.)
| | - Javier Yanci
- Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain; (S.S.-D.); (J.R.-G.)
| | - Aaron T. Scanlan
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, Central Queensland University, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Rockhampton 4702, Australia;
| | - Javier Raya-González
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain; (S.S.-D.); (J.R.-G.)
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Spudić D, Smajla D, Šarabon N. Validity and reliability of force-velocity outcome parameters in flywheel squats. J Biomech 2020; 107:109824. [PMID: 32517866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Our study was designed to check the reliability of force-velocity (F-v) relationship outcome measures using flywheel (FW) squats. The main objectives at the primary level were to test intra-session reliability of mechanical parameters for ten equidistant FW loads, and at the secondary level, to test reliability and validity of the F-v relationship outcome measures in case any possible reduction in used loads and number of loads - compared to the 10-load method as a reference - is administered. Twenty-six subjects performed two sets of five squats with FW loads in the range 0.025-0.25 kg∙m2. Averaging six consecutive repetitions obtained ICC2.k > 0.9 for mean force and mean velocity results. Consecutively averaged parameters at the primary level showed excellent inter-set reliability (ICC2.1 > 0.9). The inverse F-v relationship was strong (R2 = 0.96). At the secondary level, Bland-Altman statistics showed decreasing bias and limits of agreement in combination with more loads. Theoretical maximal force and power showed smaller bias as F-v slope and theoretical maximal velocity for three loads or more. Four loads (0.025, 0.075, 0.225 and 0.25 kg∙m2) lowered bias to a 5% in relation to the reference F-v slope. In conclusion, six repetitions are required to obtain trustworthy force and velocity results. The results will contribute to standardising the methodology for assessing the mechanical capacities of leg muscles using FW resistance. Moreover, assessing individual F-v profile with reduced protocol may be a less fatiguing tool for prescribing exercise intensity and for assessing training adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darjan Smajla
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Slovenia; InnoRenew CoE, Livade 6, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Slovenia; InnoRenew CoE, Livade 6, 6310 Izola, Slovenia; S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Learning, Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute, Koper, Slovenia.
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14
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Rodríguez-Fernández A, Castillo D, Raya-González J, Domínguez R, Bailey SJ. Beetroot juice supplementation increases concentric and eccentric muscle power output. Original investigation. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 24:80-84. [PMID: 32507624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Beetroot juice (BJ) supplementation has been reported to enhance skeletal muscle contractile function; however, it is currently unclear whether BJ supplementation elicits comparable improvements in power output during different types of skeletal muscle contractions. The purpose of the current study was to assess the effect of BJ supplementation on power output during concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) muscle contractions during a half-squat. DESIGN In a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design, eighteen adult males (age: 22.8±4.9y) completed two experimental testing sessions 2.5h following the acute ingestion of 140mL nitrate-rich BJ concentrate or a placebo. METHODS Each experimental session comprised four sets of eight all-out half-squat repetitions with each set completed with a different moment intertia (0.025, 0.050, 0.075 and 0.100kg·m-2). RESULTS Compared to placebo, BJ supplementation increased mean power output (MP) during the CON (ES: 0.61-1.01) and ECC (ES: 0.54-0.89; all p<0.05) movement phases to a similar extent. Moreover, comparable increases in peak power output (PP) during the CON (ES: 0.86-1.24) and ECC (ES: 0.6-1.08; all p<0.05) movement phases were observed following BJ supplementation. CONCLUSION Acute BJ supplementation increased mean and peak lower limb power output in the concentric and eccentric movement phases of a half-squat. These findings improve understanding of the effects of BJ supplementation on skeletal muscle contractile function and might have implications for enhancing sports performance in events where muscle power output is a key performance determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, United Kingdom
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15
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Raya-González J, Castillo D, Domínguez-Díez M, Hernández-Davó JL. Eccentric-Overload Production During the Flywheel Squat Exercise in Young Soccer Players: Implications for Injury Prevention. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3671. [PMID: 32456098 PMCID: PMC7277616 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the differences in power production between movement phases (i.e., concentric and eccentric) during the execution of resistance exercises with a flywheel device, differentiating between execution regimes (i.e., bilateral, unilateral dominant leg and unilateral non-dominant leg). Twenty young elite soccer players (U-17) performed two sets of six repetitions of the bilateral half-squat (inertia 0.025 kg·m-2) and the lateral-squat exercise (inertia 0.010 kg·m-2) on a flywheel device. During the testing sessions, mean and peak power in concentric (MPcon) and eccentric (MPecc) phases were recorded. The non-dominant leg showed higher values in all power variables measured, although substantial differences were only found in MPecc (ES = 0.40, likely) and PPcon (ES = 0.36, possibly). On the other hand, for both exercises, MPcon was higher than MPecc (ES = -0.57 to -0.31, possibly/likely greater), while only PPecc was higher than PPcon in the dominant lateral-squat (ES = 0.44, likely). These findings suggest that young soccer players have difficulty in reaching eccentric-overload during flywheel exercises, achieving it only with the dominant leg. Therefore, coaches should propose precise preventive programs based on flywheel devices, attending to the specific characteristics of each limb, as well as managing other variables to elicit eccentric-overload.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Isabel I, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (J.R.-G.); (M.D.-D.); (J.L.H.-D.)
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Raya-González J, Castillo D, Beato M. The Flywheel Paradigm in Team Sports: A Soccer Approach. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Raya-González J, Bishop C, Gómez-Piqueras P, Veiga S, Viejo-Romero D, Navandar A. Strength, Jumping, and Change of Direction Speed Asymmetries Are Not Associated With Athletic Performance in Elite Academy Soccer Players. Front Psychol 2020; 11:175. [PMID: 32194469 PMCID: PMC7063114 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study were 2-fold: (1) to measure interlimb asymmetries from a battery of fitness tests in youth soccer players and (2) to determine the association between asymmetry and measures of athletic performance. Sixteen elite youth soccer players (14.7 ± 0.2 years) performed a single-leg Abalakov test (ABK), change of direction (COD) test over 10 m (5 + 5) and 20 m (10 + 10), and an iso-inertial power test. Subjects also performed 10-, 20-, and 30-m sprints and a bilateral countermovement jump, which were correlated with all ABK, COD, and iso-inertial asymmetry scores. A one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance showed significant differences between interlimb asymmetry scores across multiple tests (p < 0.05), with the iso-inertial power test presenting the greatest magnitude of asymmetry, whereas individual data highlighted substantially greater interindividual differences in each test. Pearson r correlations showed no significant relationships (p > 0.05) between the different interlimb asymmetry scores, and between asymmetry scores and athletic performance. These findings show the test-specific nature of asymmetries in youth soccer players, with the iso-inertial power test being the most sensitive in detecting asymmetry. Moreover, the results obtained suggest that inherent asymmetry in young soccer players did not negatively impact their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Gómez-Piqueras
- Faculty of Physical Education, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
| | - Santiago Veiga
- Health and Human Performance Department, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Archit Navandar
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Fogaça LJ, Santos SL, Soares RC, Gentil P, Naves JP, dos Santos WD, Pimentel GD, Bottaro M, Mota JF. Effect of caffeine supplementation on exercise performance, power, markers of muscle damage, and perceived exertion in trained CrossFit men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:181-188. [DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.10043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Fisher JP, Ravalli S, Carlson L, Bridgeman LA, Roggio F, Scuderi S, Maniaci M, Cortis C, Fusco A, Musumeci G. The " Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology" Journal Club Series: Utility and Advantages of the Eccentric Training through the Isoinertial System. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:E6. [PMID: 33467222 PMCID: PMC7739338 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We are glad to introduce the first Journal Club of volume five, the first issue. This edition is focused on relevant studies published in the last years in the field of eccentric training, chosen by our editorial board members and their colleagues. We hope to stimulate your curiosity in this field and to share with you the passion for the sport, seen also from a scientific point of view. The editorial board members wish you an inspiring lecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Fisher
- School of Sport, Health and Social Science, Solent University, Southampton SO14 0YN, UK
| | - Silvia Ravalli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Luke Carlson
- Discover Strength, 10160 6th Avenue North, Suite A, Plymouth, MN 55441, USA
| | - Lee A. Bridgeman
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Solent University, East Park Terrace, Southampton SO14 0YN, UK
| | - Federico Roggio
- Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Simone Scuderi
- Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Maniaci
- Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Cortis
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino e Lazio Meridionale, 03043 Cassino, Italy
| | - Andrea Fusco
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino e Lazio Meridionale, 03043 Cassino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Sánchez-Oliver AJ, Grimaldi-Puyana M, Domínguez R. Evaluation and Behavior of Spanish Bodybuilders: Doping and Sports Supplements. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9040122. [PMID: 30925786 PMCID: PMC6523090 DOI: 10.3390/biom9040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of doping agents has these days become a public health problem, as it also affects young and non-competitive amateurs in different sports. To prepare for competition, bodybuilders perform aggressive dietary protocols, so, bodybuilders frequently consume nutritional supplements (NS) and banned substances in large dosages. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of banned substances consumption and NS intake in competitive level bodybuilders. A total of 48 bodybuilders (44 males and 4 females) completed a validated online questionnaire on NS consumption. The quantitative data was presented as a mean (M) ± standard deviation (SD), as well as having minimum and maximum values. The categorical variables were expressed using frequencies and percentages. 83.3% of the participants declared that they had consumed or would consume banned substances, the most consumed being anabolic steroids (72.9%). One hundred percent of those sampled use NS. Whey protein (96%), branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) (94%), creatine (85%) and vitamin complexes (83%) were the most consumed, however, there is a low consumption of certain NS which could also increase athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moisés Grimaldi-Puyana
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Faculty of Health Sciences of Universidad Isabel I, Universidad Isabel I, 09004 Burgos, Spain.
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