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Zhou B, Hong M, Jin L, Ling K. Exploring the relationship between creatine supplementation and renal function: insights from Mendelian randomization analysis. Ren Fail 2024; 46:2364762. [PMID: 38874125 PMCID: PMC11232645 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2024.2364762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creatine supplementation is ubiquitously consumed by fitness enthusiasts due to its perceived advantages in enhancing athletic performance. Although there is an increasing concern within this demographic regarding its possible impact on renal function, there is still a lack of rigorous scientific investigations into this alleged association. METHODS Data were collected through an online survey on the participants' demographics, creatine usage and concerns related to renal function. The reliability and validity of the survey were assessed using SPSS software. A total of 1129 participants responded to the survey, and chi-square tests were utilized for data analysis. To explore the potential association between creatine levels (as the exposure) and renal function (as the outcome), we utilized open-access genetic databases, and Mendelian randomization (MR) techniques were used to confirm this correlation. RESULTS Chi-square analysis revealed no significant association between creatine usage and renal function among the participants. Our MR analysis further supported this finding, demonstrating no significant association between creatine levels and six indicators assessing renal function (IVW, all with p values exceeding 0.05). Similar p values were consistently observed across other MR methods, confirming the absence of a statistical correlation. CONCLUSIONS This MR study offers compelling evidence indicating that creatine levels are not statistically associated with renal function, suggesting the potential to alleviate concerns within the fitness community and emphasizing the significance of evidence-based decision-making when considering nutritional supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medical, Jiaxing, China
| | - Minping Hong
- Department of Radiology, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medical, Jiaxing, China
| | - Liqin Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Keng Ling
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital, Jiaxing, China
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Estrázulas JA, Pereira Dos Santos F, Taborda Machado AJ, Legnani E, Bertuzzi R, Lima-Silva AE. Effects of Acute Ingestion of Guarana ( Paullinia Cupana) on Soccer Player Performance: A Randomized, Cross-over, Placebo-Controlled Study. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38958672 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2024.2373189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the acute effects of ingesting a beverage containing guarana (Paullinia cupana) seed powder on performance during field tests related to physical capacities that are determinants of soccer performance, such as lower limb power, sprint, agility, and the capacity to carry out intermittent exercise. METHODS The study was conducted using a randomized, crossover, and counterbalanced design, with a beverage containing guarana or placebo administered in a double-blind manner. Twenty-seven under-17 soccer players of a professional soccer club performed a battery of tests 60 min after the ingestion of guarana (3 g of the fruit seed powder) or placebo. Trials were performed with a 7-day washout period. The battery of tests included a countermovement jump test, sprints of 10 and 20 m, an Illinois agility test, and a Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YYIR1). RESULTS Guarana ingestion did not improve countermovement jump, sprints, or agility (p > 0.05). However, guarana ingestion increased the distance covered in the YYIR1, compared with placebo ingestion (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Acute ingestion of guarana improves the capacity to perform intermittent exercise in soccer players but seems to be ineffective to improve lower limb power, sprint, and agility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaisson Agne Estrázulas
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Julia Taborda Machado
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Elto Legnani
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Technology, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Douligeris A, Methenitis S, Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Panayiotou G, Vogazianos P, Lazou A, Feidantsis K, Giaginis C, Papanikolaou K, Arnaoutis G, Manios Y, Jamurtas AZ, Papadopoulou SK. Effects of Four Weeks of In-Season Pre-Workout Supplementation on Performance, Body Composition, Muscle Damage, and Health-Related Markers in Basketball Players: A Randomized Controlled Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:85. [PMID: 38804451 PMCID: PMC11130865 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This randomized, double-blinded, experimental study investigated the effects of a four-week daily pre-workout supplementation (200 mg caffeine, 3.3 g creatine monohydrate, 3.2 g β-alanine, 6 g citrulline malate, and 5 g BCAA) vs. placebo (isocaloric maltodextrin) on anaerobic (jumping, sprinting, agility, and the running-based anaerobic sprint test: RAST) and aerobic (Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1) performance, as well as on body composition and selective muscle damage/health-related blood markers in well-trained basketball players during the in-season period. Eighteen basketball players (age: 24.4 ± 6.3 years, height: 185.7 ± 8.0 cm, weight: 85.7 ± 12.8 kg, body fat: 16.5 ± 4.2%) were randomly assigned into two groups: pre-workout supplement (PWS, n = 10) or placebo (PL, n = 8). PWS consumption increased aerobic performance (PWS: 8 ± 6%; PL: -2 ± 6%; p = 0.004) compared to PL. A significant decrease was observed in peak (F = 7.0; p = 0.017), average (F = 10.7; p = 0.005), and minimum power (F = 5.1; p = 0.039) following 4 weeks of supplementation in both groups. No other significant changes were observed between groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the consumption of the current PWS over a four-week period appears to positively influence the aerobic performance of well-trained basketball players during the in-season period. However, it does not appear to mitigate the observed decline in anaerobic power, nor does it affect performance in jumping, sprinting, and agility, or alter body composition or selective muscle damage/health-related blood markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Douligeris
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.D.); (S.M.); (K.F.)
| | - Spyridon Methenitis
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.D.); (S.M.); (K.F.)
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-15772 Athens, Greece
- Theseus, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, GR-17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou
- Carnegie School of Sports, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS1 3HE, UK;
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Thessaly, GR-42100 Trikala, Greece; (K.P.); (A.Z.J.)
| | - George Panayiotou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus;
| | - Paris Vogazianos
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Humanities, Social and Education Sciences, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus;
| | - Antonia Lazou
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Feidantsis
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.D.); (S.M.); (K.F.)
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Patras, GR-26504 Mesolonghi, Greece
| | - Constantinos Giaginis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, GR-81400 Myrina, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Papanikolaou
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Thessaly, GR-42100 Trikala, Greece; (K.P.); (A.Z.J.)
| | - Giannis Arnaoutis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, GR-17671 Athens, Greece; (G.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, GR-17671 Athens, Greece; (G.A.); (Y.M.)
- Institute of Agri-Food and Life Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre, GR-71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Athanasios Z. Jamurtas
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Thessaly, GR-42100 Trikala, Greece; (K.P.); (A.Z.J.)
| | - Sousana K. Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.D.); (S.M.); (K.F.)
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Staśkiewicz-Bartecka W, Kardas M, Zydek G, Zając A, Chycki J. Changes in Body Composition and Nutritional Periodization during the Training Macrocycle in Football-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:1332. [PMID: 38732581 PMCID: PMC11085159 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutrition periodization in football training is an important determinant of adaptation to cyclic training loads. Personalizing an athlete's diet is crucial to ensure optimal performance and body composition, depending on the phase of training. The purpose of this review is to answer the question of how the body composition of football players changes over the training macrocycle and how dietary recommendations should be tailored to specific training periods. The review of scientific evidence was conducted based on the available literature, typing in phrases related to training and nutrition periodization using the PubMed and Google Scholar database methodology tools. A literature search resulted in the selection of 346 sources directly related to the topic of the study, and then those with the highest scientific value were selected. There is a need to adjust energy and nutrient intake according to the different training phases in a football player's preparation cycle. During the preparatory phase, it is recommended to increase protein and energy intake to support anabolic processes and muscle mass development. During the competitive period, due to the intensity of matches and training, the importance of carbohydrates for glycogen replenishment and recovery is emphasized. The transition phase requires the regulation of caloric intake to prevent adverse changes in body composition. Hydration has been identified as a key element in each phase of training. Cooperation between coaches, nutritionists, and players is essential to optimize sports performance and rapid recovery, and the authors recommend continuous adaptation and nutritional optimization as an integral part of football training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Staśkiewicz-Bartecka
- Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Marek Kardas
- Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Zydek
- Department of Sport Nutrition, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Adam Zając
- Department of Sports Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Jakub Chycki
- Department of Sports Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.Z.); (J.C.)
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Huerta Ojeda Á, Jofré-Saldía E, Torres-Banduc M, Galdames Maliqueo S, Barahona-Fuentes G, Cofré Acevedo C, Lizana Romero G, de Villa Garduño R, Riquelme Vera G, Vera Paredes P, Ávalos BB, Serey TM, Yeomans-Cabrera MM, Jorquera-Aguilera C. Effects of a Low Dose of Orally Administered Creatine Monohydrate on Post-Fatigue Muscle Power in Young Soccer Players. Nutrients 2024; 16:1324. [PMID: 38732571 PMCID: PMC11085131 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of creatine monohydrate (Cr) in professional soccer is widely documented. However, the effect of low doses of Cr on the physical performance of young soccer players is unknown. This study determined the effect of a low dose of orally administered Cr on muscle power after acute intra-session fatigue in young soccer players. Twenty-eight young soccer players (mean age = 17.1 ± 0.9 years) were randomly assigned to either a Cr (n = 14, 0.3 g·kg-1·day-1 for 14 days) or placebo group (n = 14), using a two-group matched, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Before and after supplementation, participants performed 21 repetitions of 30 m (fatigue induction), and then, to measure muscle power, they performed four repetitions in half back squat (HBS) at 65% of 1RM. Statistical analysis included a two-factor ANOVA (p ˂ 0.05). Bar velocity at HBS, time: p = 0.0006, ŋp2 = 0.22; group: p = 0.0431, ŋp2 = 0.12, time × group p = 0.0744, ŋp2 = 0.02. Power at HBS, time: p = 0.0006, ŋp2 = 0.12; group: p = 0.16, ŋp2 = 0.06, time × group: p = 0.17, ŋp2 = 0.009. At the end of the study, it was found that, after the induction of acute intra-session fatigue, a low dose of Cr administered orally increases muscle power in young soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Huerta Ojeda
- Núcleo de Investigación en Salud, Actividad Física y Deporte ISAFYD, Universidad de Las Américas, Viña del Mar 2531098, Chile; (M.T.-B.); (G.B.-F.); (C.C.A.); (G.L.R.); (R.d.V.G.); (G.R.V.); (P.V.P.); (B.B.Á.); (T.M.S.)
| | - Emilio Jofré-Saldía
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile USACH, Santiago 7550000, Chile;
| | - Maximiliano Torres-Banduc
- Núcleo de Investigación en Salud, Actividad Física y Deporte ISAFYD, Universidad de Las Américas, Viña del Mar 2531098, Chile; (M.T.-B.); (G.B.-F.); (C.C.A.); (G.L.R.); (R.d.V.G.); (G.R.V.); (P.V.P.); (B.B.Á.); (T.M.S.)
| | - Sergio Galdames Maliqueo
- Facultad Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad de Playa Ancha de Ciencias de la Educación, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile;
| | - Guillermo Barahona-Fuentes
- Núcleo de Investigación en Salud, Actividad Física y Deporte ISAFYD, Universidad de Las Américas, Viña del Mar 2531098, Chile; (M.T.-B.); (G.B.-F.); (C.C.A.); (G.L.R.); (R.d.V.G.); (G.R.V.); (P.V.P.); (B.B.Á.); (T.M.S.)
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - Carlos Cofré Acevedo
- Núcleo de Investigación en Salud, Actividad Física y Deporte ISAFYD, Universidad de Las Américas, Viña del Mar 2531098, Chile; (M.T.-B.); (G.B.-F.); (C.C.A.); (G.L.R.); (R.d.V.G.); (G.R.V.); (P.V.P.); (B.B.Á.); (T.M.S.)
| | - Gabriela Lizana Romero
- Núcleo de Investigación en Salud, Actividad Física y Deporte ISAFYD, Universidad de Las Américas, Viña del Mar 2531098, Chile; (M.T.-B.); (G.B.-F.); (C.C.A.); (G.L.R.); (R.d.V.G.); (G.R.V.); (P.V.P.); (B.B.Á.); (T.M.S.)
| | - Regina de Villa Garduño
- Núcleo de Investigación en Salud, Actividad Física y Deporte ISAFYD, Universidad de Las Américas, Viña del Mar 2531098, Chile; (M.T.-B.); (G.B.-F.); (C.C.A.); (G.L.R.); (R.d.V.G.); (G.R.V.); (P.V.P.); (B.B.Á.); (T.M.S.)
| | - Gerardo Riquelme Vera
- Núcleo de Investigación en Salud, Actividad Física y Deporte ISAFYD, Universidad de Las Américas, Viña del Mar 2531098, Chile; (M.T.-B.); (G.B.-F.); (C.C.A.); (G.L.R.); (R.d.V.G.); (G.R.V.); (P.V.P.); (B.B.Á.); (T.M.S.)
| | - Pablo Vera Paredes
- Núcleo de Investigación en Salud, Actividad Física y Deporte ISAFYD, Universidad de Las Américas, Viña del Mar 2531098, Chile; (M.T.-B.); (G.B.-F.); (C.C.A.); (G.L.R.); (R.d.V.G.); (G.R.V.); (P.V.P.); (B.B.Á.); (T.M.S.)
| | - Benjamín Barrios Ávalos
- Núcleo de Investigación en Salud, Actividad Física y Deporte ISAFYD, Universidad de Las Américas, Viña del Mar 2531098, Chile; (M.T.-B.); (G.B.-F.); (C.C.A.); (G.L.R.); (R.d.V.G.); (G.R.V.); (P.V.P.); (B.B.Á.); (T.M.S.)
| | - Tatiane Morales Serey
- Núcleo de Investigación en Salud, Actividad Física y Deporte ISAFYD, Universidad de Las Américas, Viña del Mar 2531098, Chile; (M.T.-B.); (G.B.-F.); (C.C.A.); (G.L.R.); (R.d.V.G.); (G.R.V.); (P.V.P.); (B.B.Á.); (T.M.S.)
| | | | - Carlos Jorquera-Aguilera
- Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile;
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Moesgaard L, Jessen S, Christensen PM, Bangsbo J, Hostrup M. No additive effect of creatine, caffeine, and sodium bicarbonate on intense exercise performance in endurance-trained individuals. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14629. [PMID: 38646853 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athletes commonly use creatine, caffeine, and sodium bicarbonate for performance enhancement. While their isolated effects are well-described, less is known about their potential additive effects. METHODS Following a baseline trial, we randomized 12 endurance-trained males (age: 25 ± 5 years, VO2max: 56.7 ± 4.6 mL kg-1 min-1; mean ± SD) and 11 females (age: 25 ± 3 years, VO2max: 50.2 ± 3.4 mL kg-1 min-1) to 5 days of creatine monohydrate (0.3 g kg-1 per day) or placebo loading, followed by a daily maintenance dose (0.04 g kg-1) throughout the study. After the loading period, subjects completed four trials in randomized order where they ingested caffeine (3 mg kg-1), sodium bicarbonate (0.3 g kg-1), placebo, or both caffeine and sodium bicarbonate before a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), 15-s sprint, and 6-min time trial. RESULTS Compared to placebo, mean power output during 15-s sprint was higher following loading with creatine than placebo (+34 W, 95% CI: 10 to 58, p = 0.008), but with no additional effect of caffeine (+10 W, 95% CI: -7 to 24, p = 0.156) or sodium bicarbonate (+5 W, 95% CI: -4 to 13, p = 0.397). Mean power output during 6-min time trial was higher with caffeine (+12 W, 95% CI: 5 to 18, p = 0.001) and caffeine + sodium bicarbonate (+8 W, 95% CI: 0 to 15, p = 0.038), whereas sodium bicarbonate (-1 W, 95% CI: -7 to 6, p = 0.851) and creatine (-6 W, 95% CI: -15 to 4, p = 0.250) had no effects. CONCLUSION While creatine and caffeine can enhance sprint- and time trial performance, respectively, these effects do not seem additive. Therefore, supplementing with either creatine or caffeine appears sufficient to enhance sprint or short intense exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Moesgaard
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Jessen
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Bangsbo
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Hostrup
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Martinez Aguirre-Betolaza A, Cacicedo J, Castañeda-Babarro A. Creatine Supplementation and Resistance Training in Patients With Breast Cancer (CaRTiC Study): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Clin Oncol 2024; 47:161-168. [PMID: 38018533 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000001070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creatine supplementation is an effective ergogenic nutrient for athletes, as well as for people starting a health or fitness program. Resistance training has previously been identified as an important method of increasing muscle mass and strength, especially in people with cancer to avoid sarcopenia. The potential of creatine supplementation for adaptations produced by resistance training in patients with cancer is still unknown. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a supervised resistance training program intervention with and without creatine supplementation in patients with breast cancer. METHODS Is a multicentre, randomized, blind, placebo-controlled study. Patients will be randomly assigned to a control group and 2 experimental groups. The first training resistance group (RG) will perform resistance training, while the second experimental resistance-creatine group will perform the same resistance training as the RG and will also receive a 5 g/d creatine supplementation during the intervention. RG participants will follow the same daily dosing protocol, but in their case, with dextrose/maltodextrin. Resistance training will be a 16-week supervised workout that will consist of a series of resistance exercises (leg press, knee extension, knee bends, chest press, sit-ups, back extensions, pull-ups, and shoulder press) that involve the largest muscle groups, performed 3 times a week on nonconsecutive days. Both the RG and the resistance-creatine group will receive a supplement of soluble protein powder (20 to 30 g) daily. CONCLUSION This intervention will help to better understand the potential of nonpharmacological treatment for improving strength and well-being values in patients with breast cancer with and without creatine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jon Cacicedo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Group for Radiology and Physical Medicine in Oncology, Cruces University Hospital/Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Arkaitz Castañeda-Babarro
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
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Sebastiá-Rico J, Martínez-Sanz JM, Sanchis-Chordà J, Alonso-Calvar M, López-Mateu P, Romero-García D, Soriano JM. Supplement Consumption by Elite Soccer Players: Differences by Competitive Level, Playing Position, and Sex. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:496. [PMID: 38391871 PMCID: PMC10887827 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12040496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Soccer is a sport practiced all over the world and whose practice begins in young athletes. Currently, the consumption of nutritional supplements is essential to achieve the maximum performance of players. The aim of this study was to describe the consumption of sports supplements (CSS) by elite soccer players and its association with their competitive level, playing position, and sex. A comparative descriptive and non-experimental study was performed during the 2021-2022 competitive season. A total of 70 elite players completed one online questionnaire about their CSS. We found that sports drinks (55.7%), sports bars (50.0%), whey protein (48.6%), caffeine (47.1%), and creatine (60.0%) were the most consumed supplements by the total sample. Relative to the categories, the CSS was higher in the senior teams for both men and women. Regarding playing positions, caffeine was more consumed by midfielders and forwards (p = 0.013). Finally, in relation to sex, significant differences were found in the consumption of sports confectionery (p = 0.036), whey protein (p = 0.002), β-alanine (p = 0.013), and melatonin (p = 0.016). Soccer club SS questionnaires gather data to understand patterns, assess effectiveness and risks, and aid research. In conclusion, differences were found in the CSS according to competitive level, sex, and playing position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Sebastiá-Rico
- Area of Nutrition, University Clinic of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Physiotherapy (CUNAFF), Lluís Alcanyís Foundation-University of Valencia, 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | | | | | - Miguel Alonso-Calvar
- Area of High Conditional Performance, Academia Valencia CF SAD, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Pedro López-Mateu
- Area of Medical Services, Academia Valencia CF SAD, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | | | - Jose M Soriano
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
- Joint Research Unit of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Health Research Institute La Fe-University of Valencia, 46026 Valencia, Spain
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9
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Abreu R, Oliveira CB, Costa JA, Brito J, Teixeira VH. Effects of dietary supplements on athletic performance in elite soccer players: a systematic review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2236060. [PMID: 37462346 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2236060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplements are widely used among athletes, and soccer players are no exception. Nevertheless, evidence supporting the use of dietary supplements aiming to enhance performance in soccer is somewhat contradictory, scarce, or even nonexistent. Thus, the present study aimed to systematically review and synthesize the effects of dietary supplements on athletic performance (e.g. distance covered, sprinting, jump performance) in elite soccer players. Studies enrolling highly trained, elite, and world-class soccer players using dietary supplements were searched in MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCO databases in June 2022. In total, 1043 studies were identified, and 18 met the eligibility criteria. The studies evaluated the impacts on athletic performance of several dietary supplements, including caffeine, creatine, protein, beverages with carbohydrates and electrolytes, tart cherry juice, nitrate-rich beetroot juice, sodium bicarbonate with minerals, yohimbine, and a proprietary nutraceutical blend. Caffeine supplementation in doses between 3 and 6 mg/kg of body mass may improve jump height and sprint ability, particularly in female players, but individual response to caffeine must be considered. Creatine may improve sprint, agility, and in female players, jump performance. Protein supplementation can improve sprint and jump performance between matches, especially if protein ingested from food is not up to recommendations. Beverages containing carbohydrates and electrolytes can be used as part of the strategies to achieve carbohydrate intake during training and match-days but used alone do not benefit athletic performance. Tart cherry juice might be useful for maintaining athletic performance after matches that produce higher force loss and exercise-induced muscle damage, although polyphenols from the diet might attenuate the effects of tart cherry supplementation. Nitrate-rich beetroot concentrate can attenuate performance decrease in the days following matches. Further investigation with sodium bicarbonate alone is necessary, as supplementation protocols with elite players included other substances. Finally, the available data does not support yohimbine supplementation or the use of Resurgex Plus® to improve athletic performance in elite soccer players. Still, more well-designed research with elite soccer players is needed to improve support and advice regarding the use of dietary supplements for athletic performance enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Abreu
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, FPF, Oeiras, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science of the University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina B Oliveira
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, FPF, Oeiras, Portugal
- NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, CHRC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Júlio A Costa
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, FPF, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, FPF, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Vitor H Teixeira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science of the University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
- University of Porto, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, CIAFEL, Faculty of Sport, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- Futebol Clube Do Porto SAD, Porto, Portugal
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10
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Douligeris A, Methenitis S, Lazou A, Panayiotou G, Feidantsis K, Voulgaridou G, Manios Y, Jamurtas AZ, Giaginis C, Papadopoulou SK. The Effect of Acute Pre-Workout Supplement Ingestion on Basketball-Specific Performance of Well-Trained Athletes. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102304. [PMID: 37242187 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A pre-workout supplement's (PWS; 200 mg caffeine, 3.3 g creatine monohydrate, 3.2 g β-alanine, 6 g citrulline malate and 5 g branched chained amino acid (BCAA) per dose) acute effects on the alactic (jumping, sprinting, agility), lactic (Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test, RAST) and aerobic performance (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1, Yo-Yo IRL1 VO2max) of well-trained basketball players was investigated in this double-blind placebo-controlled study. Thirty players (age 18-31 years, height 166-195 cm, weight 70.2-116.7 kg, body fat 10.6-26.4%) were allocated to pre-workout (PWS, n = 15) or placebo (PL, n = 15) groups. Half of the participants in each group performed the evaluations without PWS or PL, while the rest consumed PWS or PL 30 min before the assessments (1st trial) and vice versa (2nd trial). Significant improvements in counter-movement jump (CMJ) (PWS: 4.3 ± 2.1%; PL: 1.2 ± 1.0%), agility (PWS: -2.9 ± 1.8%; PL: 1.8 ± 1.7%), RAST average (PWS: 18.3 ± 9.1%; PL: -2.2 ± 2.0%), minimum power (PWS: 13.7 ± 8.9%; PL: -7.5 ± 5.9%), and fatigue index (PWS: -25.0 ± 0.9%; PL: -4.6 ± 0.6%) were observed in the PWS group vs. the PL group (p < 0.05). No differences were found regarding sprinting, aerobic performance, and blood lactate concentrations. Thus, although players' alactic and lactic anaerobic performance could be improved, peak power, sprinting and aerobic performance are not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Douligeris
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyridon Methenitis
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
- Theseus, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Lazou
- Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL109AB, UK
| | - George Panayiotou
- Laboratory of Exercise, Health and Human Performance, Applied Sport Science Postgraduate Program, Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Konstantinos Feidantsis
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gavriela Voulgaridou
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
- Institute of Agri-food and Life Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Athanasios Z Jamurtas
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Constantinos Giaginis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece
| | - Sousana K Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
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11
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Bonilla DA, Boullosa D, Del Coso J. Advances in Nutrition, Dietary Supplements and Ergogenic Aids for Athletic Performance: Trends and Future Prospects. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102246. [PMID: 37242127 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sports nutrition is a scientific discipline that explores the relationship between nutrients and physical exercise performance [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Bonilla
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society-DBSS International SAS, Bogota 110311, Colombia
- Research Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, 24004 León, Spain
- Human Movement and Sports Performance Analysis (AMRED), Universidad de León, 24004 León, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain
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12
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Burke R, Piñero A, Coleman M, Mohan A, Sapuppo M, Augustin F, Aragon AA, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Swinton P, Schoenfeld BJ. The Effects of Creatine Supplementation Combined with Resistance Training on Regional Measures of Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 15:2116. [PMID: 37432300 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to carry out a systematic review with a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that examined the combined effects of resistance training (RT) and creatine supplementation on regional changes in muscle mass, with direct imaging measures of hypertrophy. Moreover, we performed regression analyses to determine the potential influence of covariates. We included trials that had a duration of at least 6 weeks and examined the combined effects of creatine supplementation and RT on site-specific direct measures of hypertrophy (magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), or ultrasound) in healthy adults. A total of 44 outcomes were analyzed across 10 studies that met the inclusion criteria. A univariate analysis of all the standardized outcomes showed a pooled mean estimate of 0.11 (95% Credible Interval (CrI): -0.02 to 0.25), providing evidence for a very small effect favoring creatine supplementation when combined with RT compared to RT and a placebo. Multivariate analyses found similar small benefits for the combination of creatine supplementation and RT on changes in the upper and lower body muscle thickness (0.10-0.16 cm). Analyses of the moderating effects indicated a small superior benefit for creatine supplementation in younger compared to older adults (0.17 (95%CrI: -0.09 to 0.45)). In conclusion, the results suggest that creatine supplementation combined with RT promotes a small increase in the direct measures of skeletal muscle hypertrophy in both the upper and lower body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Burke
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Alec Piñero
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Max Coleman
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Adam Mohan
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Max Sapuppo
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Francesca Augustin
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Alan A Aragon
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada
| | - Paul Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, UK
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
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13
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GÖBEL P. Nutrition knowledge levels and nutritional supplement beliefs of professional karate athletes. JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.32322/jhsm.1198884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim
The fact that sportspeople gain adequate, balanced and correct dietary habits improve their athletic performance and helps them prevent injuries by contributing to more appropriate body composition. Adequate and balanced nutrition is only possible if the sportsperson has sufficient nutrition knowledge.
Material and Methods
Professional karate athletes (1st Dan and above) attending various karate schools in the province of Ankara, Turkey, and volunteering to participate in the study were included in the study. A total of 106 sportspeople, 52 male and 54 female, with an age average of 24.08±6.54 years, participated in the study. The participants answered the Nutrition for Sports Knowledge Questionnaire and the Sports Supplements Belief Scale questions after the questionnaire in which their demographic and anthropometric characteristics were questioned.
Results
When the sportspeople’s average nutrition knowledge level was examined, it was determined that they are at a weak level of knowledge (34.18±13.84) and that they are less prone to using doping and similar banned nutritional supplements (17.79±9.01) in terms of their approach to sports nutritional supplements. No statistically significant difference was found in terms of the sports supplements belief scale and the nutrition for sports knowledge questionnaire based on the sportspeople’s sex, age, karate categories, training duration, and BMI (p>0.05).
Conclusion
Adequate and balanced nutrition habits are very important for sportspeople to have good physical performance as well as health. Clubs, coaches and sportspeople seeking success in national and international fields should cooperate with a nutrition expert.
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14
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Cardiorespiratory, Metabolic, and Performance Changes from the Effects of Creatine and Caffeine Supplementations in Glucose-Electrolyte-Based Sports Drinks: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Sports (Basel) 2022; 11:sports11010004. [PMID: 36668708 PMCID: PMC9862658 DOI: 10.3390/sports11010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the additive effects of creatine and caffeine on changes in the cardiorespiratory system, metabolism, and performance of soccer players. Seventeen male soccer players randomly ingested three sports drinks comprising the following: glucose−electrolyte-based (Drink 1, control; D1), glucose−electrolyte-based drink + 5 g creatine (Drink 2; D2), and glucose−electrolyte-based drink + 5 g creatine + 35 mg caffeine (Drink 3; D3) during a 15 min recovery period after the modified Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) on a standard outdoor soccer field. Then, a 20-m repeated intermittent sprinting activity was performed. The results showed no significant differences in cardiorespiratory and gas exchange variables. The non-significant levels of blood glucose concentrations among drinks with higher blood lactate concentrations were detected in parallel with increased heart rate during intermittent sprinting as a result of exercise intensities. Significantly longer sprinting time was found in D3 than D1 (p < 0.05), with no significant differences between D2 and D3. From this study, we conclude that the additive effect of caffeine−creatine supplements in a glucose−electrolyte drink during the 15 min recovery period enhances repeated 20-m high-intensity running in soccer players with no negative effect on cardiorespiratory functions.
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15
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Kaufman MW, Roche M, Fredericson M. The Impact of Supplements on Sports Performance for the Trained Athlete: A Critical Analysis. Curr Sports Med Rep 2022; 21:232-238. [PMID: 35801724 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Elite athletes often use nutritional supplements to improve performance and gain competitive advantage. The prevalence of nutrient supplementation ranges from 40% to 100% among trained athletes, yet few athletes have a trusted source of information for their supplement decisions and expected results. This critical analysis review evaluates systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized control trials, and crossover trials investigating commonly used supplements in sport: caffeine, creatine, beta-alanine (β-alanine), branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), and dietary nitrates. By reviewing these supplements' mechanisms, evidence relating directly to improving sports performance, and ideal dosing strategies, we provide a reference for athletes and medical staff to personalize supplementation strategies. Caffeine and creatine impact power and high-intensity athletes, β-alanine, and BCAA mitigate fatigue, and dietary nitrates improve endurance. With each athlete having different demands, goals to maximize their performance, athletes and medical staff should collaborate to personalize supplementation strategies based on scientific backing to set expectations and potentiate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Kaufman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Megan Roche
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA
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16
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Effects of Multi-Ingredient Pre-Workout Supplement and Caffeine on Bench Press Performance: A Single-Blind Cross-Over Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091750. [PMID: 35565718 PMCID: PMC9105861 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The problem addressed in this study is the appropriateness of using different pre-training supplementation strategies and their ability to improve training performance and psychological measures. The aim of the study is the evaluation of the effectiveness of a multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement (MIPS) containing beta-alanine, L-citrulline malate, arginine alpha-ketoglutarate, L-taurine, L-tyrosine and caffeine compared to an exact dosage of anhydrous caffeine in bench press strength endurance, feeling scale (FS), felt arousal scale (FAS) and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). A group of fifteen resistance-trained males, weighing 83.92 ± 8.95 kg and having an average of 5.6 ± 3.38 years of training experience, tested their bench press 10 repetition maximum (79.01 ± 12.13). In a cross-over manner, they participated in two sessions where they were blinded to the order of supplementation they were given: either a MIPS including caffeine or caffeine alone. They completed the bench press strength endurance test with pre- and post-training psychological assessments containing FS, FAS and sRPE. Bench press repetition volume was greater after anhydrous caffeine than MIPS supplementation with no difference in psychological measures. These results indicate that MIPS supplementation is less ergogenic and cost effective than caffeine alone.
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Escribano-Ott I, Calleja-González J, Mielgo-Ayuso J. Ergo-Nutritional Intervention in Basketball: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:638. [PMID: 35276997 PMCID: PMC8839588 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Using nutritional supplements is a widespread strategy among basketball players to ensure the appropriate provision of energy and nutrients to avoid certain complaints. Particularly in basketball, there is no consensus on the type, quantity or form of use in which these supplements should be administered. Therefore, the main aim of this systematic review is to highlight the ergo-nutritional aids that may be effective in basketball. A structured search was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA®) guidelines in the Medline/PubMed and Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases until 31 December 2021; no year restriction was applied to the search strategy. There were no filters applied to the basketball players' level, gender, race, or age to increase the power of the analysis. The results of this systematic review have shown that the effective dose of caffeine to enhance anaerobic performance and the feeling of vigorousness and energy ranges from 3 to 6 mg·kg-1, showing more positive effects when is supplemented 60-75 min before exercise in the morning and in test-based task. On the other hand, vitamin E (ranging from 200 to 268 mg), vitamin D (10,000 IU) and EPA (2 g) may have a potential role in recovery and wellness. The primary limitation of this study is the scarcity of studies related to nutritional supplementation in basketball players. However, a major strength is that this is the first systematic review describing what ergo-nutritional aids may be specifically helpful for basketball. Despite the need for future studies, certain nutritional supplements may have promising advantages for basketball (long-term supplementation of nitrates for recovery), whereas others (β-alanine, sodium bicarbonate, and acute nitrate supplementation) might theoretically be regarded as not interesting for basketball, or even not recommended by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) as bovine colostrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Escribano-Ott
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria, Spain;
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria, Spain;
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain;
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The use of Dietary and Protein Supplements by Women Attending Fitness Clubs on a Recreational Basis and an Analysis of the Factors Influencing their Consumption. CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.18276/cej.2022.3-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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19
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A Glimpse of the Sports Nutrition Awareness in Spanish Basketball Players. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010027. [PMID: 35010902 PMCID: PMC8746623 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Basketball is a team sport, with many fans and practitioners worldwide from all ages and levels. In all cases, players accumulate high levels of fatigue, and there is also limited time to recover between games or practices. In particular, nutrition plays a key role in optimizing performance and recovery. However, it is typical to observe erroneous nutritional behaviors among basketball players. It has been theorized that these behaviors are influenced by habits acquired based on the individual’s knowledge. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to conduct a descriptive research of the sports nutrition knowledge and practices in a sample of Spanish basketball players, from athletes under 18 years old (n = 69) to nonprofessional (n = 14) and professional adult players (n = 21). The sample was comprised of 49 men and 55 women. This was a transversal, cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study. All participants (n = 104) completed an anonymous online survey in order to analyze their sports nutrition knowledge and practices. In view of the obtained results, we can conclude that the knowledge of sport-specific nutrition in players under 18 years old, as well as non-professional and professional adult basketball players, is insufficient through all the categories and levels. The lack of professional support and time management difficulties were identified as some of the main barriers.
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20
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Marinho AH, Gonçalves JS, Araújo PK, Lima-Silva AE, Ataide-Silva T, de Araujo GG. Effects of creatine and caffeine ingestion in combination on exercise performance: A systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-14. [PMID: 34845944 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2007470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Creatine (CRE) and caffeine (CAF) have been used as ergogenic aids to improve exercise performance. The present study reviewed the current evidence supporting the additional use of CAF intake during or after the CRE loading on exercise performance. The search was carried out in eight databases, with the methodological quality of the studies assessed via the QualSyst tool. From ten studies that met the criteria for inclusion, six had strong, three moderate, and one weak methodological quality. CAF was ingested ∼1 h before the performance trial (5-7 mg.kg-1) after a CRE loading period (5-6 days with 0.3 g.kg-1.d-1) in five studies, with the combination CAF + CRE providing additional ergogenic effect compared to CRE alone in three of these studies. Furthermore, CAF was ingested daily during the CRE loading protocol in five studies, with CAF showing additive benefits compared to CRE alone only in one study (3 g.d-1 of CRE during 3 days + 6 mg.kg-1 of CAF for 3 days). The combination CAF + CRE seems to provide additional benefits to exercise performance when CAF is acutely ingested after a CRE loading. There is, however, no apparent benefit in ingesting CAF during a CRE loading period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisson H Marinho
- Post Graduate Nutrition Program, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.,Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | | | - Palloma K Araújo
- Post Graduate Nutrition Program, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.,Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Thays Ataide-Silva
- Post Graduate Nutrition Program, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.,Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Gustavo G de Araujo
- Post Graduate Nutrition Program, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.,Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
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21
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Burke LM. Nutritional approaches to counter performance constraints in high-level sports competition. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:2304-2323. [PMID: 34762329 PMCID: PMC9299184 DOI: 10.1113/ep088188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
New Findings What is the topic of this review? The nutritional strategies that athletes use during competition events to optimize performance and the reasons they use them. What advances does it highlight? A range of nutritional strategies can be used by competitive athletes, alone or in combination, to address various event‐specific factors that constrain event performance. Evidence for such practices is constantly evolving but must be combined with understanding of the complexities of real‐life sport for optimal implementation.
Abstract High‐performance athletes share a common goal despite the unique nature of their sport: to pace or manage their performance to achieve the highest sustainable outputs over the duration of the event. Periodic or sustained decline in the optimal performance of event tasks, involves an interplay between central and peripheral phenomena that can often be reduced or delayed in onset by nutritional strategies. Contemporary nutrition practices undertaken before, during or between events include strategies to ensure the availability of limited muscle fuel stores. This includes creatine supplementation to increase muscle phosphocreatine content and consideration of the type, amount and timing of dietary carbohydrate intake to optimize muscle and liver glycogen stores or to provide additional exogenous substrate. Although there is interest in ketogenic low‐carbohydrate high‐fat diets and exogenous ketone supplements to provide alternative fuels to spare muscle carbohydrate use, present evidence suggests a limited utility of these strategies. Mouth sensing of a range of food tastants (e.g., carbohydrate, quinine, menthol, caffeine, fluid, acetic acid) may provide a central nervous system derived boost to sports performance. Finally, despite decades of research on hypohydration and exercise capacity, there is still contention around their effect on sports performance and the best guidance around hydration for sporting events. A unifying model proposes that some scenarios require personalized fluid plans while others might be managed by an ad hoc approach (ad libitum or thirst‐driven drinking) to fluid intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Burke
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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22
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Abreu R, Figueiredo P, Beckert P, Marques JP, Amorim S, Caetano C, Carvalho P, Sá C, Cotovio R, Cruz J, Dias T, Fernandes G, Gonçalves E, Leão C, Leitão A, Lopes J, Machado E, Neves M, Oliveira A, Pereira AI, Pereira B, Ribeiro F, Silva LM, Sousa F, Tinoco T, Teixeira VH, Sousa M, Brito J. Portuguese Football Federation consensus statement 2020: nutrition and performance in football. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e001082. [PMID: 34527279 PMCID: PMC8395276 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition is an undeniable part of promoting health and performance among football (soccer) players. Nevertheless, nutritional strategies adopted in elite football can vary significantly depending on culture, habit and practical constraints and might not always be supported by scientific evidence. Therefore, a group of 28 Portuguese experts on sports nutrition, sports science and sports medicine sought to discuss current practices in the elite football landscape and review the existing evidence on nutritional strategies to be applied when supporting football players. Starting from understanding football's physical and physiological demands, five different moments were identified: preparing to play, match-day, recovery after matches, between matches and during injury or rehabilitation periods. When applicable, specificities of nutritional support to young athletes and female players were also addressed. The result is a set of practical recommendations that gathered consensus among involved experts, highlighting carbohydrates periodisation, hydration and conscious use of dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Abreu
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Paulo Beckert
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - José P Marques
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | | | | | - Pedro Carvalho
- Universidade Catolica Portuguesa Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Sá
- ISMAI, Castelo da Maia, Porto, Portugal.,Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Braganca, Portugal
| | | | - Joana Cruz
- Portimonense Futebol SAD, Portimao, Portugal
| | - Tiago Dias
- Clube Desportivo Santa Clara, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | | | | | - César Leão
- Instituto Politecnico de Viana do Castelo Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Melgaco, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,FC Paços de Ferreira, Paços de Ferreira, Portugal
| | | | - João Lopes
- Sporting Clube de Portugal, SAD, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Mónica Neves
- Vitória Futebol Clube, Setúbal, Portugal.,Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | | | - Bruno Pereira
- Sports Medicine Control Training Unit, Instituto Portugues do Desporto e Juventude, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ribeiro
- Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Porto, Portugal.,Moreirense FC, Moreira, Portugal
| | - Luis M Silva
- Centro de Medicina Desportiva do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Sousa
- Futebol Clube de Vizela, Vizela, Portugal.,Futbolniy Klub Shakhtar, Shakhtar, Ukraine
| | | | - Vitor H Teixeira
- Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Porto, Portugal.,Futebol Clube do Porto SAD, Porto, Portugal
| | - Monica Sousa
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,NOVA Medical School, CINTESIS, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
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23
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Zuckerman SL, Tang AR, Richard KE, Grisham CJ, Kuhn AW, Bonfield CM, Yengo-Kahn AM. The behavioral, psychological, and social impacts of team sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2021; 49:246-261. [PMID: 33196337 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2020.1850152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To assess the association between team sport participation and behavioral, psychological, and social health outcomes in young athletes.Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were undertaken to identify studies published between 01/01/1950-05/01/2020 investigating the association between team sport participation and health outcomes in young athletes (<25 years). Included studies compared team sport participants to controls or themselves, assessed health outcomes, and had a sample size >50. Prospective and retrospective studies were included; non-primary literature was excluded. Health outcomes were categorized as: 1) behavioral, 2) psychological, or 3) social. Data were extracted to form 2 × 2 tables for each study to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).Results: Of 371 queried articles, 34 studies from 10 countries across 4 continents were included, with 9 reporting homogenous outcomes for meta-analysis.Behavioral: Fifteen studies evaluated behavioral health outcomes of alcohol and/or drug use, fitness, and diet. Quantitatively, team sport participation was found to decrease rates of cigarette/tobacco use across 5 studies (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.69-0.76) and alcohol/drug use across 7 studies (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.69-0.77). Qualitatively, 12/15 (80%) of studies confirmed improved behavioral health outcomes with team sport participation.Psychological: Nineteen studies evaluated psychological health outcomes including anorexia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and suicidal ideation. Quantitatively, team sport participation was associated with decreased depression/anxiety rates across 5 studies (OR 0.59, 95%CI 0.54-0.64). Qualitatively, 14/19 (74%) of studies confirmed improved psychological health.Social: Ten studies evaluated social health outcomes including academic performance, commitment, psychosocial health, social behavior/identity, and delinquency/high-risk activity. Qualitatively, 7/10 (70%) of studies confirmed improved social health outcomes with team sport participation.Conclusion: Team sport participation was associated with decreased odds of smoking/tobacco use, alcohol/drug use, and depression/anxiety. Though few studies mentioned potential negative effects of team sport participation, the majority reported improved behavioral, psychological, and social health outcomes in youth athletes worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Zuckerman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alan R Tang
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew W Kuhn
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christopher M Bonfield
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Aaron M Yengo-Kahn
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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24
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Crawford C, Boyd C, Deuster PA. Dietary Supplement Ingredients for Optimizing Cognitive Performance Among Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review. J Altern Complement Med 2021; 27:940-958. [PMID: 34370563 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2021.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Dietary supplements promoted for brain health and enhanced cognitive performance are widely available. Claims made for these products are directed not only to the elderly wishing to prevent or mitigate cognitive decline, but also young healthy populations looking to boost their cognitive performance. It is unclear whether these claims made on product bottles and through advertising match the science. Objectives: To explore the evidence on the efficacy and safety of single dietary supplement ingredients frequently marketed with claims of enhanced cognitive performance among healthy adults. Design: A systematic review. Results: Nine of 54 dietary supplement ingredients identified through a scoping review met the eligibility criteria with at least 3 published studies identified per ingredient, yielding 69 unique publications. Ingredients evaluated included Bacopa monnieri, choline, creatine, omega-3 fatty acids, Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, Rhodiola rosea, tyrosine, and valerian root, all in supplement form and compared with a placebo, at various serving sizes and durations of use. Conclusions: The low level of certainty in the state of the science, coupled with not always knowing what is in a dietary supplement product, make weighing risks and benefits difficult; these data hinder the ability to develop recommendations about using such ingredients for consumers interested in boosting their cognitive performance. Whereas certain trends regarding promising serving sizes or duration for use, are pointed to in this synthesis, when combined, studies are inconsistent and imprecise, and many are methodologically flawed. Potential solutions to address research gaps are offered, for future research next steps, which is needed to strengthen the evidence and inform decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Crawford
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Courtney Boyd
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patricia A Deuster
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
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25
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Randell RK, Clifford T, Drust B, Moss SL, Unnithan VB, De Ste Croix MBA, Datson N, Martin D, Mayho H, Carter JM, Rollo I. Physiological Characteristics of Female Soccer Players and Health and Performance Considerations: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2021; 51:1377-1399. [PMID: 33844195 PMCID: PMC8222040 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Female soccer has seen a substantial rise in participation, as well as increased financial support from governing bodies over the last decade. Thus, there is an onus on researchers and medical departments to develop a better understanding of the physical characteristics and demands, and the health and performance needs of female soccer players. In this review, we discuss the current research, as well as the knowledge gaps, of six major topics: physical demands, talent identification, body composition, injury risk and prevention, health and nutrition. Data on female talent identification are scarce, and future studies need to elucidate the influence of relative age and maturation selection across age groups. Regarding the physical demands, more research is needed on the pattern of high-intensity sprinting during matches and the contribution of soccer-specific movements. Injuries are not uncommon in female soccer players, but targeting intrinsically modifiable factors with injury prevention programmes can reduce injury rates. The anthropometric and physical characteristics of female players are heterogeneous and setting specific targets should be discouraged in youth and sub-elite players. Menstrual cycle phase may influence performance and injury risk; however, there are few studies in soccer players. Nutrition plays a critical role in health and performance and ensuring adequate energy intake remains a priority. Despite recent progress, there is considerably less research in female than male soccer players. Many gaps in our understanding of how best to develop and manage the health and performance of female soccer players remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Randell
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK.
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | - Thomas Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samantha L Moss
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Viswanath B Unnithan
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, Division of Sport and Exercise, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Daniel Martin
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Hannah Mayho
- Sports Science Department, Manchester City Football Club, Manchester, UK
| | - James M Carter
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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26
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Effects of Combined Creatine and Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Soccer-Specific Performance in Elite Soccer Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136919. [PMID: 34203286 PMCID: PMC8297001 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Creatine and sodium bicarbonate are both ergogenic aids for athletic performance. However, research on the combined creatine and sodium bicarbonate (CSB) supplementation in soccer is limited. This study investigated the changes in soccer-specific performance in elite soccer players after supplementing with CSB. Twenty well-trained elite soccer players participated in the study (age: 20.70 ± 1.08 years; height: 173.95 ± 2.81 cm; body weight: 70.09 ± 3.96 kg; soccer experience: 8 years; average training hours per week: 20 h). The participants were randomly allocated into CSB groups (CSB, n = 10) and placebo groups (PLA, n = 10). The CSB group took creatine (20 g/day) and sodium bicarbonate (0.3 g/kg/day); these two supplements were taken four times a day (morning, afternoon, evening, and before sleep) for seven days. Soccer-specific performance was assessed via 10- and 30-m sprint, coordination, arrowhead agility, and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 tests. Compared to the PLA group, the CSB group performed better in the 30-m sprint (CSB: −3.6% vs. PLA: −0.6%, p = 0.007, effect size (ES): 2.3) and both right and left arrowhead agility (right: CSB: −7.3% vs. PLA: −0.7%, p < 0.001, ES: 2.8; left: CSB: −5.5% vs. PLA: −1.2%, p = 0.001, ES: 2.1) tests. However, there were no differences in 10 m sprints, coordination, and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 tests between the two groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, CSB supplementation improved sprint and agility in elite soccer players. However, it is still unclear whether such effect is synergistic effect of two supplements or the result of either one of them. Therefore, caution should be taken when interpreting the results, and the limitations should be examined further in future studies.
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Wax B, Kerksick CM, Jagim AR, Mayo JJ, Lyons BC, Kreider RB. Creatine for Exercise and Sports Performance, with Recovery Considerations for Healthy Populations. Nutrients 2021; 13:1915. [PMID: 34199588 PMCID: PMC8228369 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine is one of the most studied and popular ergogenic aids for athletes and recreational weightlifters seeking to improve sport and exercise performance, augment exercise training adaptations, and mitigate recovery time. Studies consistently reveal that creatine supplementation exerts positive ergogenic effects on single and multiple bouts of short-duration, high-intensity exercise activities, in addition to potentiating exercise training adaptations. In this respect, supplementation consistently demonstrates the ability to enlarge the pool of intracellular creatine, leading to an amplification of the cell's ability to resynthesize adenosine triphosphate. This intracellular expansion is associated with several performance outcomes, including increases in maximal strength (low-speed strength), maximal work output, power production (high-speed strength), sprint performance, and fat-free mass. Additionally, creatine supplementation may speed up recovery time between bouts of intense exercise by mitigating muscle damage and promoting the faster recovery of lost force-production potential. Conversely, contradictory findings exist in the literature regarding the potential ergogenic benefits of creatine during intermittent and continuous endurance-type exercise, as well as in those athletic tasks where an increase in body mass may hinder enhanced performance. The purpose of this review was to summarize the existing literature surrounding the efficacy of creatine supplementation on exercise and sports performance, along with recovery factors in healthy populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wax
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39759, USA
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Exercise & Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology, and Health, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA
| | - Andrew R. Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA;
| | - Jerry J. Mayo
- Department of Nutrition and Family Sciences, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR 72035, USA;
| | - Brian C. Lyons
- Health, Kinesiology, and Sport Management Department, University of Wisconsin—Parkside, Kenosha, WI 53141, USA;
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
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28
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Bonilla DA, Kreider RB, Stout JR, Forero DA, Kerksick CM, Roberts MD, Rawson ES. Metabolic Basis of Creatine in Health and Disease: A Bioinformatics-Assisted Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041238. [PMID: 33918657 PMCID: PMC8070484 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine (Cr) is a ubiquitous molecule that is synthesized mainly in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Most of the Cr pool is found in tissues with high-energy demands. Cr enters target cells through a specific symporter called Na+/Cl−-dependent Cr transporter (CRT). Once within cells, creatine kinase (CK) catalyzes the reversible transphosphorylation reaction between [Mg2+:ATP4−]2− and Cr to produce phosphocreatine (PCr) and [Mg2+:ADP3−]−. We aimed to perform a comprehensive and bioinformatics-assisted review of the most recent research findings regarding Cr metabolism. Specifically, several public databases, repositories, and bioinformatics tools were utilized for this endeavor. Topics of biological complexity ranging from structural biology to cellular dynamics were addressed herein. In this sense, we sought to address certain pre-specified questions including: (i) What happens when creatine is transported into cells? (ii) How is the CK/PCr system involved in cellular bioenergetics? (iii) How is the CK/PCr system compartmentalized throughout the cell? (iv) What is the role of creatine amongst different tissues? and (v) What is the basis of creatine transport? Under the cellular allostasis paradigm, the CK/PCr system is physiologically essential for life (cell survival, growth, proliferation, differentiation, and migration/motility) by providing an evolutionary advantage for rapid, local, and temporal support of energy- and mechanical-dependent processes. Thus, we suggest the CK/PCr system acts as a dynamic biosensor based on chemo-mechanical energy transduction, which might explain why dysregulation in Cr metabolism contributes to a wide range of diseases besides the mitigating effect that Cr supplementation may have in some of these disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Bonilla
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society–DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110861, Colombia
- Research Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
- kDNA Genomics, Joxe Mari Korta Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-320-335-2050
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Diego A. Forero
- Professional Program in Sport Training, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá 111221, Colombia;
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, Saint Charles, MO 63301, USA;
| | - Michael D. Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
- Edward via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Eric S. Rawson
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Exercise Science, Messiah University, Mechanicsburg, PA 17055, USA;
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29
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Molina Juan L, Sospedra I, Perales A, González-Díaz C, Gil-Izquierdo A, Martínez-Sanz JM. Analysis of health claims regarding creatine monohydrate present in commercial communications for a sample of European sports foods supplements. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:1-9. [PMID: 33468268 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020005121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the information on health claims present in the labelling of creatine monohydrate (CM) products. DESIGN A descriptive study of a selection of products marketed as CM, with health claims, and that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria, was conducted using the Amazon and Google Shopping websites. The adequacy and compliance of the health claims were evaluated with the European legislative requirements (European Food Safety Authority and European Commission). The results were discussed with scientific evidence criteria from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, International Olympic Committee, and International Society of Sports Nutrition, as well as the systematic review carried out by Mielgo-Ayuso in 2019. SETTING Health claims in the commercial communications of a sample of CM supplements, in relation to current legislation and scientific knowledge. PARTICIPANT A total of 554 CM products were obtained. RESULTS Of the total sample, only 167 met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Of these, 30·5 % recommended a CM dose of 5·0-5·9 g/d, while 29·9 % recommended 3·0 to 3·9 g/d. As for the health claims, 'Enhances physical performance' appeared in 73·1 % of the supplements, in most cases referring to a dosage of 3·0 to 3·9 g/d for these products. The rest of the declarations were not adequate or needed to be modified. CONCLUSION Only 25 % of the health claims complied with the criteria established by the scientific reference documents. Most of the declarations must be modified or eliminated, as they could be considered fraudulent and/or misleading for the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Sospedra
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, Campus de Sant Vicent Del Raspeig, Ap.99, E-03080 Alacant, Spain
| | - Alejandro Perales
- Communication Sciences and Sociology, Faculty of Communication Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina González-Díaz
- Psychology and Social Communication Department, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Alicante, Alacant, Spain
| | - Angel Gil-Izquierdo
- Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Miguel Martínez-Sanz
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, Campus de Sant Vicent Del Raspeig, Ap.99, E-03080 Alacant, Spain
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30
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Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Functional Capacity and Muscle Oxygen Saturation in Patients with Symptomatic Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Pilot Study of a Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010149. [PMID: 33466233 PMCID: PMC7824795 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to verify the effects of creatine (Cr) supplementation on functional capacity (walking capacity; primary outcome) and calf muscle oxygen saturation (StO2) (secondary outcome) in symptomatic peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patients. Twenty-nine patients, of both sexes, were randomized (1:1) in a double-blind manner for administration of placebo (PLA, n = 15) or creatine monohydrate (Cr, n = 14). The supplementation protocol consisted of 20 g/day for 1 week divided into four equal doses (loading phase), followed by single daily doses of 5 g in the subsequent 7 weeks (maintenance phase). Functional capacity (total walking distance) was assessed by the 6 min walk test, and calf muscle StO2 was assessed through near infrared spectroscopy. The measurements were collected before and after loading and after the maintenance phase. The level of significance was p < 0.05. No significant differences were found for function capacity (total walking distance (PLA: pre 389 ± 123 m vs. post loading 413 ± 131 m vs. post maintenance 382 ± 99 m; Cr: pre 373 ± 149 m vs. post loading 390 ± 115 m vs. post maintenance 369 ± 115 m, p = 0.170) and the calf muscle StO2 parameters (p > 0.05). Short- and long-term Cr supplementation does not influence functional capacity and calf muscle StO2 parameters in patients with symptomatic PAD.
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31
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Liu D, Zeng X, Li L, Ou ZL. Carnitine promotes recovery from oxidative stress and extends lifespan in C. elegans. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:813-830. [PMID: 33290254 PMCID: PMC7835055 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carnitine is required for transporting fatty acids into the mitochondria for β-oxidation. Carnitine has been used as an energy supplement but the roles in improving health and delaying aging remain unclear. Here we show in C. elegans that L-carnitine improves recovery from oxidative stress and extends lifespan. L-carnitine promotes recovery from oxidative stress induced by paraquat or juglone and improves mobility and survival in response to H2O2 and human amyloid (Aβ) toxicity. L-carnitine also alleviates the oxidative stress during aging, resulting in moderate but significant lifespan extension, which was dependent on SKN-1 and DAF-16. Long-lived worms with germline loss (glp-1) or reduced insulin receptor activity (daf-2) recover from aging-associated oxidative stress faster than wild-type controls and their long lifespans were not further increased by L-carnitine. A new gene, T08B1.1, aligned to a known carnitine transporter OCTN1 in humans, is required for L-carnitine uptake in C. elegans. T08B1.1 expression is elevated in daf-2 and glp-1 mutants and its knockdown prevents L-carnitine from improving oxidative stress recovery and prolonging lifespan. Together, our study suggests an important role of L-carnitine in oxidative stress recovery that might be important for healthy aging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xiaofang Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Le Li
- Hunan Yuantai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Zheng-Lin Ou
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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32
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LÓpez-Laval I, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Terrados N, Calleja-GonzÁlez J. Evidence-based post exercise recovery in combat sports: a narrative review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:386-400. [PMID: 33092328 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11341-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Some methods such as ergo nutritional aids, cooling or massage among others could improve recovery in combat sports (CS). The effects, doses, duration, and timing of these methods remains unknown. Nowadays, there is no clear consensus regarding the recovery strategies and it is necessary to understand the type of fatigue induced in CS and its underlying mechanisms. The main aim of this article is to review the update literature related to recovery strategies in CS. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A literature search was conducted following preferred reporting items for review statement on the topic of: "combat sports," "recovery," "nutrition," "fatigue," "ergogenic aids," "weight cutting" and "hydration." EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The initial search of the literature detected 369 articles about CS. Later, 307 were excluded after being determined unrelated to recovery or after failure to fulfill the inclusion criteria. Of the 80 included articles, 19 satisfied the final inclusion criteria. CONCLUSIONS To optimize CS performance, adequate recovery is required during training and competition processes. Traditional ergo nutritional supplementation of carbohydrates and proteins combined. Besides, the consumption of evidence supported supplementation (green tea, beetroot gels, creatine or alkaline water) improve recovery processes. Further methods of recovery including physical (cold water immersion, massage or photobiomodulation) and physiological (types of active recovery, sleep and rest) therapies have also been shown useful. This narrative review elucidates the important role of recovery techniques in CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac LÓpez-Laval
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain -
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Physical Therapy, University of Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | - Nicolás Terrados
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
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Zajac A, Golas A, Chycki J, Halz M, Michalczyk MM. The Effects of Long-Term Magnesium Creatine Chelate Supplementation on Repeated Sprint Ability (RAST) in Elite Soccer Players. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102961. [PMID: 32998206 PMCID: PMC7600931 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of 16 weeks of a low dose of magnesium creatine chelate supplementation on repeated sprint ability test (RAST) results in elite soccer players. Materials: Twenty well-trained soccer players participated in the study. The players were divided randomly into two groups: the supplemented group (SG = 10) and placebo group (PG = 10). Out of the 20 subjects selected for the study, 16 (SG = 8, PG = 8) completed the entire experiment. The SG ingested a single dose of 5500 mg of magnesium creatine chelate (MgCr-C), in 4 capsules per day, which was 0.07 g/kg/d. The PG received an identical 4 capsules containing corn starch. Before and after the study, the RAST was performed. In the RAST, total time (TT), first and sixth 35 m sprint length (s), average power (AP) and max power (MP) were measured. Additionally, before and after the test, lactate LA (mmol/L) and acid–base equilibrium pH (-log(H+)), bicarbonates HCO3− (mmol/L) were evaluated. Also, in serum at rest, creatinine (mg/dL) concentration was measured. Results: After the study, significantly better results in TT, AP and MP were observed in the SG. No significant changes in the RAST results were observed in the PG. After the study, significant changes in the first 35 m sprint, as well as the sixth 35 m sprint results were registered in the SG, while insignificant changes occurred in the PG. A significantly higher creatinine concentration was observed. Also, a higher post-RAST concentration of LA, HCO3− and lower values of pH were observed in April, May and June compared with baseline values. Conclusions: The long timeframe, i.e., 16 weeks, of the low dose of magnesium creatine chelate supplementation improved the RAST results in the SG. Despite the long period of MgCr-C supplementation, in the end of the study, the creatinine level in the SG reached higher but still reference values.
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Kaviani M, Shaw K, Chilibeck PD. Benefits of Creatine Supplementation for Vegetarians Compared to Omnivorous Athletes: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17093041. [PMID: 32349356 PMCID: PMC7246861 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Creatine monohydrate is a nutritional supplement often consumed by athletes in anaerobic sports. Creatine is naturally found in most meat products; therefore, vegetarians have reduced creatine stores and may benefit from supplementation. Objective: to determine the effects of creatine supplementation on vegetarians. Data sources: PubMed and SPORTDiscus. Eligibility criteria: Randomized controlled trials (parallel group, cross-over studies) or prospective studies. Participants: Vegetarians. Intervention: Creatine supplementation. Study appraisal and synthesis: A total of 64 records were identified, and eleven full-text articles (covering nine studies) were included in this systematic review. Results: Creatine supplementation in vegetarians increased total creatine, creatine, and phosphocreatine concentrations in vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius muscle, plasma, and red blood cells, often to levels greater than omnivores. Creatine supplementation had no effect on brain levels of phosphocreatine. Creatine supplementation increased lean tissue mass, type II fiber area, insulin-like growth factor-1, muscular strength, muscular endurance, Wingate mean power output, and brain function (memory and intelligence) in vegetarian participants. Studies were mixed on whether creatine supplementation improved exercise performance in vegetarians to a greater extent compared to omnivores. Limitations: Studies that were reviewed had moderate–high risk of bias. Conclusions: Overall, it appears vegetarian athletes are likely to benefit from creatine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Kaviani
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pure & Applied Science, Acadia University, Wolfville, NB B4P 2R6, Canada
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (P.D.C.); Tel.: +1-902-585-1884 (M.K.); +1-306-966-1072 (P.D.C.)
| | - Keely Shaw
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, 87 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada;
| | - Philip D. Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, 87 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada;
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (P.D.C.); Tel.: +1-902-585-1884 (M.K.); +1-306-966-1072 (P.D.C.)
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Lee S, Hong G, Park W, Lee J, Kim N, Park H, Park J. The effect of short-term creatine intake on blood lactic acid and muscle fatigue measured by accelerometer-based tremor response to acute resistance exercise. Phys Act Nutr 2020; 24:29-36. [PMID: 32408412 PMCID: PMC7451837 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2020.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term creatine intake on muscle fatigue induced by resistance exercise in healthy adolescent men, i.e., lactic acid concentration and wrist and head tremor measured by an accelerometer. METHODS Twelve healthy adolescent men who had no experience with creatine intake were included. The subjects were randomly assigned to the creatine group and the placebo group, followed by 5 days of creatine and placebo intake, and 5 times of 5 sets of leg press, leg extension, bench press, and arm curl exercises at 70% repetition maximum (RM). The lactic acid concentration before and after exercising, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and accelerometer-based wrist tremor and head tremor during exercise were measured. Subsequently, after 7 days to allow for creatine washout, the same exercise treatment and measurement were performed in each group after switching drug and placebo between the groups. RESULTS The level of lactic acid before and after the acute resistance exercise trial was significantly lower in the creatine group than in the placebo group (P <0.05). The mean RPE during the resistance exercise was significantly lower in the creatine group than in the placebo group (P <0.05). There was no difference between the two groups in the mean wrist tremor during resistance exercise, but the mean head tremor values were significantly lower in the creatine group than in the placebo group in the arm curl, the last event of the exercise trials (P <0.05). CONCLUSION Short-term creatine intake reduces the blood fatigue factor increased by resistance exercise, and is thought to suppress fatigue, especially in the latter half of resistance exercise. Therefore, these findings indicate that short-term creatine intake can have an improved effect on anaerobic exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinwook Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Gyuseog Hong
- Convergence Center, LG Electronics, SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Wonil Park
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jaeseong Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Nahyun Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyejoon Park
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Park
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
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Fernández-Landa J, Fernández-Lázaro D, Calleja-González J, Caballero-García A, Córdova Martínez A, León-Guereño P, Mielgo-Ayuso J. Effect of Ten Weeks of Creatine Monohydrate Plus HMB Supplementation on Athletic Performance Tests in Elite Male Endurance Athletes. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010193. [PMID: 31936727 PMCID: PMC7019716 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine monohydrate (CrM) and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) are common ergogenic aids in the field of sports and are frequently used in an isolated way. However, there are a few studies that have investigated the effect of combining both supplements on different variables related to performance, with controversial results. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and the degree of potentiation of 10 weeks of CrM plus HMB supplementation on sports performance, which was measured by an incremental test to exhaustion in elite male traditional rowers. In this placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, 10-week study, participants (n = 28) were randomized to a placebo group (PLG; n = 7), CrM group (0.04 g/kg/day of CrM; n = 7), HMB group (3 g/day of HMB; n = 7) and CrM-HMB group (0.04 g/kg/day of CrM plus 3 g/day of HMB; n = 7). Before and after 10 weeks of different treatments, an incremental test was performed on a rowing ergometer to calculate the power that each rower obtained at the anaerobic threshold (WAT), and at 4 mmol (W4) and 8 mmol (W8) of blood lactate concentration. There were no significant differences in WAT and W4 among groups or in body composition. However, it was observed that the aerobic power achieved at W8 was significantly higher in the CrM-HMB group than in the PLG, CrM and HMB groups (p < 0.001; η2p = 0.766). Likewise, a synergistic effect of combined supplementation was found for the sum of the two supplements separately at WAT (CrM-HMBG = 403.19% vs. CrMG+HMBG = 337.52%), W4 (CrM-HMBG = 2736.17% vs. CrMG+HMBG = 1705.32%) and W8 (CrM-HMBG = 1293.4% vs. CrMG+HMBG = 877.56%). In summary, CrM plus HMB supplementation over 10 weeks showed a synergistic effect on aerobic power (measured as WAT, W4, and W8) during an incremental test but had no influence muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julen Fernández-Landa
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, Sport Section, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria, Spain; (J.F.-L.); (J.C.-G.)
| | - Diego Fernández-Lázaro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus de Soria, 42003 Soria, Spain;
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, Sport Section, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria, Spain; (J.F.-L.); (J.C.-G.)
| | - Alberto Caballero-García
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus de Soria, 42003 Soria, Spain;
| | - Alfredo Córdova Martínez
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus de Soria, 42003 Soria, Spain;
| | - Patxi León-Guereño
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Campus of Donostia-San Sebastián, 20012 San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain;
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus de Soria, 42003 Soria, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-975-129-187
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