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Dong WR, Gao X, Li CX, Song Y, Chai JH, Liang J. Detection and Characterization of the Metabolites of Ciwujianoside B in Rats Based on UPLC-Fusion Lumos Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2024; 2024:3187511. [PMID: 38813478 PMCID: PMC11136543 DOI: 10.1155/2024/3187511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
We previously conducted a systematic study on the metabolic process and products of hederasaponin B in rats. We hypothesized that the sugar chain structures play a key role in the metabolism of triterpenoid saponins. To verify this hypothesis, we conducted metabolic research on ciwujianoside B ascribed to the same sugar chains and a distinct aglycone and compared it with hederasaponin B. Specifically, we collected feces, urine, and plasma of rats after gavage with ciwujianoside B and identified 42 metabolites by UPLC-Fusion Lumos Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Finally, ciwujianoside B metabolism and hederasaponin B metabolism were compared, reaching the following conclusions: (i) more than 40 metabolites were identified in both, with the majority of metabolites identified in feces; (ii) the corresponding metabolic pathways in vivo were basically similar, including deglycosylation, acetylation, hydroxylation, glucuronidation, oxidation, and glycosylation; and (iii) deglycosylation was considered the main metabolic reaction, and its metabolites accounted for approximately 50% of all metabolites. Overall, this study provides a foundation for further research on the metabolism of triterpenoid saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ru Dong
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chen-Xue Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yan Song
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jun-Hong Chai
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, China
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Shi C, Liang Z, Li T, Hao Q, Xiang H, Xie Q. Metabolome and microbiome analyses of the anti-fatigue mechanism of Acanthopanax senticosus leaves. Food Funct 2024; 15:3791-3809. [PMID: 38511300 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05311c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Acanthopanax senticosus leaves, widely used as a vegetable and tea, are reported to be beneficial in treating neurological disorders. At present, their anti-fatigue effect remains to be established. In this study, we analyzed the composition of the extracts from A. senticosus leaves and confirmed their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties at the cellular level. In mice subjected to exhaustive running on a treadmill, supplementation with A. senticosus leaf extracts enhanced exercise performance and alleviated fatigue via the reversal of exercise-induced 5-HT elevation, metabolic waste accumulation, organ damage, and glucose metabolism-related gene expression. The collective findings from microbiome and metabolomic analyses indicate that A. senticosus leaf extracts increase α-diversity, regulate microbial composition, and reverse exercise-mediated disruption of carbohydrate, creatine, amino acid, and trimethylamine metabolism. This study provides preliminary evidence for the utility of A. senticosus leaves as a promising anti-fatigue food and offers insights into the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China.
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Zehua Liang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China.
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Ting Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China.
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Qi Hao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China.
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Xiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China.
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
- Institute of Changbai Mountain Resource and Health, Jilin University, Fusong 134504, P.R. China
| | - Qiuhong Xie
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China.
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
- Institute of Changbai Mountain Resource and Health, Jilin University, Fusong 134504, P.R. China
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Zhang Z, Wu Y, Shi D, Jiang C, Cao H, Jiang F, Bao X, Shen Y, Shi X. Acanthopanax senticosus improves cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease by promoting the phosphorylation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1383464. [PMID: 38545117 PMCID: PMC10965608 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1383464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Acanthopanax senticosus (AS) can improve sleep, enhance memory, and reduce fatigue and is considered as an effective drug for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The therapeutic effect and mechanism need to be further investigated. Methods To confirm the AS play efficacy in alleviating memory impairment in mice, 5×FAD transgenic mice were subjected to an open-field experiment and a novelty recognition experiment. Network pharmacology technique was used to analyze the information of key compounds and potential key targets of AS for the treatment of AD, molecular docking technique was applied to predict the binding ability of targets and compounds, and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were also performed on the targets to derive the possible metabolic processes and pathway mechanisms of AS in treating AD. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot technique were carried out to validate the candidate genes and pathways. Results In the open-field experiment, compared with the wild-type (WT) group, the number of times the mice in the AD group crossed the central zone was significantly reduced (P< 0.01). Compared with the AD group, the number of times the mice in the AS group crossed the central zone was significantly increased (P< 0.001). In the new object recognition experiment, compared with the WT group, the percentage of times the AD group explored new objects was significantly reduced (P< 0.05). Compared with the AD group, the AS group had an increase in the percentage of time spent exploring new things and the number of times it was explored (P< 0.05). At the same time, the donepezil group had a significantly higher percentage of times exploring new things (P< 0.01). By using network pharmacology technology, 395 common targets of AS and AD were retrieved. The Cytoscape software was used to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of common targets. Using the algorithm, nine key targets were retrieved: APP, NTRK1, ESR1, CFTR, CSNK2A1, EGFR, ESR2, GSK3B, and PAK1. The results of molecular docking indicate that 11 pairs of compounds and their corresponding targets have a significant binding ability, as the molecular binding energies were less than -7.0. In comparison to the AD group, the mRNA expression of the key target genes was significantly decreased in the AS treatment group (P< 0.001). The KEGG analysis showed that the MAPK signaling pathway was significantly enriched, and Western blot confirmed that the TRAF6 protein decreased significantly (P< 0.0001). Meanwhile, the levels of MAP3K7 and P38 phosphorylation increased, and there was also an increase in the expression of HSP27 proteins. Conclusion Our study indicates that the multi-component and multi-target properties of AS play an important role in the alleviation of anxiety and memory impairment caused by AD, and the mechanism is involved in the phosphorylation and activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. The results of this study could provide a novel perspective for the clinical treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichun Zhang
- Department of Gerontology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghui Wu
- Graduate School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Shi
- Department of Gerontology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chanyu Jiang
- Graduate School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengyan Cao
- Department of Gerontology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengyi Jiang
- Department of Gerontology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomin Bao
- Department of Gerontology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Gerontology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Shi
- Department of Gerontology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Kuboyama T, Hotta K, Asanuma M, Ge YW, Toume K, Yamazaki T, Komatsu K. Quality assessment of Rheum species cultivated in Japan by focusing on M2 polarization of microglia. J Nat Med 2023; 77:699-711. [PMID: 37347410 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
In traditional Japanese medicine, Rhei Rhizoma is used as a purgative, blood stasis-resolving and antipsychotic drug. The latter two properties are possibly related to anti-inflammatory effects. Microglia regulate inflammation in the central nervous system. M1 microglia induce inflammation, while M2 microglia inhibit inflammation and show neurotrophic effects. This study investigated the effects from water extracts of roots of cultivated Rheum species in Nagano Prefecture, Japan (strain C, a related strain to a Japanese cultivar, 'Shinshu-Daio'; and strain 29, a Chinese strain) and 3 kinds of Rhei Rhizoma available in the Japanese market, and also examined their constituents on the polarization of cultured microglia. All extracts significantly decreased M1 microglia, and strains C and 29 significantly increased M2 microglia. Furthermore, the extracts of both strains significantly increased the M2/M1 ratio. Among the constituents of Rhei Rhizoma, ( +)-catechin (2), resveratrol 4'-O-β-D-(6″-O-galloyl) glucopyranoside (5), isolindleyin (8), and physcion (15) significantly increased the M2/M1 ratio. The contents of the constituents in water extract of each strain were quantified using HPLC. The extracts of strains C and 29 contained relatively large amounts of 2 and 5; and 2, 8, and 15, respectively. This study showed the water extracts of roots of cultivated Rheum strains in Japan had the effects of M2 polarization of microglia, suggesting that these strains become the candidate to develop anti-inflammatory Rhei Rhizoma. Moreover, the suitable chemical composition to possess anti-inflammatory activity in the brain was clarified for the future development of new type of Rhei Rhizoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoharu Kuboyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-Cho, Minami-Ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan.
| | - Kenichiro Hotta
- Section of Pharmacognosy, Division of Medicinal Resources, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Mai Asanuma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kodo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan
| | - Yue-Wei Ge
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 280 Wai Huan Dong Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kazufumi Toume
- Section of Pharmacognosy, Division of Medicinal Resources, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takuma Yamazaki
- Pharmaceutical Affairs Division, Health and Welfare, Department of Nagano Prefecture, 692-2 Habashita, Minami-Nagano, Nagano, 380-8570, Japan
| | - Katsuko Komatsu
- Section of Pharmacognosy, Division of Medicinal Resources, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
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Malík M, Tlustoš P. Nootropic Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees as Potential Cognitive Enhancers. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12061364. [PMID: 36987052 PMCID: PMC10056569 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based nootropics are a diverse group of natural drugs that can improve cognitive abilities through various physiological mechanisms, especially in cases where these functions are weakened or impaired. In many cases, the nootropics enhance erythrocyte plasticity and inhibit aggregation, which improves the blood's rheological properties and increases its flow to the brain. Many of these formulations possess antioxidant activity that protects brain tissue from neurotoxicity and improves the brain's oxygen supply. They can induce the synthesis of neuronal proteins, nucleic acids, and phospholipids for constructing and repairing neurohormonal membranes. These natural compounds can potentially be present in a great variety of herbs, shrubs, and even some trees and vines. The plant species reviewed here were selected based on the availability of verifiable experimental data and clinical trials investigating potential nootropic effects. Original research articles, relevant animal studies, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and clinical trials were included in this review. Selected representatives of this heterogeneous group included Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst., Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim., Ginkgo biloba L., Lepidium meyenii Walp., Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Paullinia cupana Kunth, Rhodiola rosea L., Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., and Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. The species are depicted and described, together with their active components and nootropic effects, and evidence of their efficacy is presented. The study provides brief descriptions of the representative species, their occurrence, history, and the chemical composition of the principle medicinal compounds, with uses, indications, experimental treatments, dosages, possible side effects, and contraindications. Most plant nootropics must be taken at optimal doses for extended periods before measurable improvement occurs, but they are generally very well tolerated. Their psychoactive properties are not produced by a single molecule but by a synergistic combination of several compounds. The available data suggest that including extracts from these plants in medicinal products to treat cognitive disorders can have substantial potential therapeutic benefits.
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Zhou Y, Ren YS, Li XT, Cai MT, Li HL, Ding WL, Wu YH, Guo HB, Tang ZH, Sun F, Chen AL, Piao XH, Wang SM, Ge YW. MS/MS molecular networking-guided in-depth profiling of triterpenoid saponins from the fruit of Eleutherococcus senticosus and their neuroprotectivity evaluation. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2023; 34:209-224. [PMID: 36529143 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Eleutherococcus senticosus fruit (ESF) is a natural health supplement resource that has been extensively applied as a tonic for the nervous system. The structures and neural bioactivities of triterpenoid saponins (TS), which are the major constituents of ESF, have not been comprehensively analyzed thus far. OBJECTIVE We conducted a complete in-depth MS/MS molecular networking (MN)-based targeted analysis of TS from the crude extract of ESF and investigated its neuroprotective value. METHODS An MS/MS MN-guided strategy was used to rapidly present a series of precursor ions (PIs) of TS in a compound cluster as TS-targeted information used in the discovery and characterization of TS. In addition, a prepared TS-rich fraction of ESF was assayed for its restraining effects on β-amyloid-induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth. RESULTS A total of 87 TS were discovered using a PI tracking strategy, 28 of which were characterized as potentially undescribed structures according to their high-resolution MS values. Furthermore, the TS-rich fraction can significantly reduce β-amyloid-induced damage to neural networks by promoting the outgrowth of neurites and axons. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal the richness of TS in ESF and will accelerate their application in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of National Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Shan Ren
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of National Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Tao Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of National Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Ting Cai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of National Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Lin Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of National Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Luan Ding
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of National Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hang Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of National Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Biao Guo
- Hutchison Whampoa Guangzhou Baiyunshan Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Fei Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of National Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - A-Li Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of National Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Hong Piao
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Mei Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of National Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Wei Ge
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of National Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Malík M, Tlustoš P. Nootropics as Cognitive Enhancers: Types, Dosage and Side Effects of Smart Drugs. Nutrients 2022; 14:3367. [PMID: 36014874 PMCID: PMC9415189 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nootropics, also known as "smart drugs" are a diverse group of medicinal substances whose action improves human thinking, learning, and memory, especially in cases where these functions are impaired. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the potential effectiveness and importance of nootropics. Based on their nature and their effects, this heterogeneous group of drugs has been divided into four subgroups: classical nootropic compounds, substances increasing brain metabolism, cholinergic, and plants and their extracts with nootropic effects. Each subgroup of nootropics contains several main representatives, and for each one, its uses, indications, experimental treatments, dosage, and possible side effects and contraindications are discussed. For the nootropic plant extracts, there is also a brief description of each plant representative, its occurrence, history, and chemical composition of the medicinal part. Lastly, specific recommendations regarding the use of nootropics by both ill and healthy individuals are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavel Tlustoš
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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Li XT, Zhou JC, Zhou Y, Ren YS, Huang YH, Wang SM, Tan L, Yang ZY, Ge YW. Pharmacological effects of Eleutherococcus senticosus on the neurological disorders. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3490-3504. [PMID: 35844057 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Eleutherococcus senticosus is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine and edible remedies with effects on anti-fatigue, sleep improvement, and memory enhancement. Recently, the application of E. senticosus to neurological disorders has been a focus. However, its overall pharmacological effect on neural diseases and relevant mechanisms are needed in an in-depth summary. In this review, the traditional uses and the therapeutic effect of E. senticosus on the treatment of fatigue, depression, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cerebral ischemia were summarized. In addition, the underlying mechanisms involved in the anti-oxidative damage, anti-inflammation, neurotransmitter modulation, improvement of neuronal growth, and anti-apoptosis were discussed. This review will accelerate the understanding of the neuroprotective effects brought from the E. senticosus, and impetus its development as a phytotherapy agent against neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Tao Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Chun Zhou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Shan Ren
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hong Huang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Mei Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-You Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Institute of Nutrition and Marine Drugs, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yue-Wei Ge
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Yang X, Liu T, Qi S, Gu H, Li J, Yang L. Tea saponin additive to extract eleutheroside B and E from Eleutherococcus senticosus by ultrasonic mediation and its application in a semi-pilot scale. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 86:106039. [PMID: 35598514 PMCID: PMC9127216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The safety of ethanol in operations and its effects on human health are gradually being questioned. Under this premise, we attempted to use the natural surfactant tea saponin, which originates from the processing residues of camellia oil, as the additive of the extraction solvent and to extract eleutheroside B and eleutheroside E in the roots and rhizomes of E. senticosus by ultrasonic mediation. After a single-factor experiment, extraction kinetics at different powers and reaction temperatures, and Box-Behnken design optimization, the optimal conditions obtained were 0.3% tea saponin solution as the extraction solvent, 20 mL/g liquid-solid ratio, 250 W ultrasonic irradiation power (43.4 mW/g ultrasonic power density) and 40 min ultrasonic irradiation time. Under optimal conditions, satisfactory yields of eleutheroside B (1.06 ± 0.04 mg/g) and eleutheroside E (2.65 ± 0.12 mg/g) were obtained with semi pilot scale ultrasonic extraction equipment. The experiments showed that compared with the traditional thermal extraction process, the extraction time is significantly reduced at lower operating temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Shuwen Qi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Huiyan Gu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Jialei Li
- Food Processing Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, Harbin 150040, China.
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Huang YH, Ding WL, Li XT, Cai MT, Li HL, Yang ZY, Piao XH, Zhu S, Tohda C, Komatsu K, Wang S, Ge YW. Memory enhancement effect of saponins from Eleutherococcus senticosus leaves and blood-brain barrier-permeated saponins profiling using a pseudotargeted monitoring strategy. Food Funct 2022; 13:3603-3620. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03078g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dried Eleutherococcus senticosus leaves (ESL), also known as Siberian ginseng tea, are beneficial for human neural disorders. Our previous studies showed that the aqueous extract of ESL enhanced memory in...
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Todorova V, Ivanov K, Ivanova S. Comparison between the Biological Active Compounds in Plants with Adaptogenic Properties ( Rhaponticum carthamoides, Lepidium meyenii, Eleutherococcus senticosus and Panax ginseng). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:64. [PMID: 35009068 PMCID: PMC8747685 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the 1960s, research into plant adaptogens began. Plants with adaptogenic properties have rich phytochemical compositions and have been used by humanity since ancient times. However, it is not still clear whether the adaptogenic properties are because of specific compounds or because of the whole plant extracts. The aim of this review is to compare the bioactive compounds in the different parts of these plants. METHODS The search strategy was based on studies related to the isolation of bioactive compounds from Rhaponticum carthamoides, Lepidium meyenii, Eleutherococcus senticosus, and Panax ginseng. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. RESULTS This review includes data from 259 articles. The phytochemicals isolated from Rhaponticum carthamoides, Lepidium meyenii, Eleutherococcus senticosus, and Panax ginseng were described and classified in several categories. CONCLUSIONS Plant species have always played an important role in drug discovery because their effectiveness is based on the hundreds of years of experience with folk medicine in different nations. In our view, there is great potential in the near future for some of the phytochemicals found in these plants species to become pharmaceutical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velislava Todorova
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (K.I.); (S.I.)
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12
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Yang Z, Zhang C, Li X, Ma Z, Ge Y, Qian Z, Song C. Heterophyllin B, a cyclopeptide from Pseudostellaria heterophylla, enhances cognitive function via neurite outgrowth and synaptic plasticity. Phytother Res 2021; 35:5318-5329. [PMID: 34328653 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurite outgrowth-induced construction of neural circuits and networks is responsible for memory generalization, consolidation, and retrieval. In this study, we found that the traditional Chinese medicine Pseudostellaria heterophylla promoted neurite regrowth and enhanced cognitive function in normal mice. Further, we orally administered Pseudostellaria heterophylla water extracts (PHE) to ICR mice, and detected heterophyllin B (HET-B), an important cyclopeptide, in the plasma and cerebral cortex. We demonstrated that neurites were significantly elongated after coculturing with HET-B for 4 days. Next, the intraperitoneal injection of HET-B on seven consecutive days in 3-month-old ICR mice significantly enhanced the object recognition memory and object location memory than that in control. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated significantly increased β3-tubulin-positive neurite density, synaptophysin, and postsynaptic density 95 in the perirhinal cortex and hippocampus after administering HET-B. Furthermore, the concentration of neurotransmitters was measured using HPLC analysis; HET-B significantly increased five-levels of HT in the hippocampus, and decreased metabolites of dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and homovanillic acid, in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Taken together, HET-B induces neurite elongation and neurotransmitter regulation and possibly enhances cognitive memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Institute of Nutrition and Marine Drugs, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Institute of Nutrition and Marine Drugs, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Institute of Nutrition and Marine Drugs, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhihui Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Institute of Nutrition and Marine Drugs, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuewei Ge
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongji Qian
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Cai Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Institute of Nutrition and Marine Drugs, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
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13
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Liu M, Xiong Y, Shan S, Zhu Y, Zeng D, Shi Y, Zhang Y, Lu W. Eleutheroside E Enhances the Long-Term Memory of Radiation-Damaged C. elegans through G-Protein-Coupled Receptor and Neuropeptide Signaling Pathways. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:3315-3323. [PMID: 33196193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Eleutheroside E (EE), a principal active compound of Acanthopanax senticosus, has been shown to have a certain neuromodulation effect. Our previous study indicates that EE protects nerve damage caused by radiation. However, its specific function and underlying mechanism remain unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study is to apply the C. elegans model to illuminate the property and mechanism of EE protecting against nerve damage caused by radiation. Here, we found that EE significantly improved the long-term memory of radiation-damaged C. elegans. Through transcriptome sequencing, the results showed that EE protected radiation-damaged C. elegans mainly through G-protein-coupled receptor and neuropeptide signaling pathways. Further research indicated that EE affected the activity of CREB by cAMP-PKA, Gqα-PLC, and neuropeptide signaling pathways to ultimately improve the long-term memory of radiation-damaged C. elegans. In addition, the activity of Gqα and neuropeptides in AWC neurons and the activity of CREB in AIM neurons might be crucial for EE to function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Liu
- Institute of Extreme Environment Nutrition and Protection, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Yi Xiong
- Institute of Extreme Environment Nutrition and Protection, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Shan Shan
- Institute of Extreme Environment Nutrition and Protection, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Yuanbing Zhu
- Institute of Extreme Environment Nutrition and Protection, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Deyong Zeng
- Institute of Extreme Environment Nutrition and Protection, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Yudong Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy Co., Ltd., Inner Mongolia 011500, China
| | - Yingchun Zhang
- Institute of Extreme Environment Nutrition and Protection, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Weihong Lu
- Institute of Extreme Environment Nutrition and Protection, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
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Siddiqui AJ, Danciu C, Ashraf SA, Moin A, Singh R, Alreshidi M, Patel M, Jahan S, Kumar S, Alkhinjar MIM, Badraoui R, Snoussi M, Adnan M. Plants-Derived Biomolecules as Potent Antiviral Phytomedicines: New Insights on Ethnobotanical Evidences against Coronaviruses. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091244. [PMID: 32967179 PMCID: PMC7570315 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) is in focus over all known human diseases, because it is destroying the world economy and social life, with increased mortality rate each day. To date, there is no specific medicine or vaccine available against this pandemic disease. However, the presence of medicinal plants and their bioactive molecules with antiviral properties might also be a successful strategy in order to develop therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, this review will summarize the available literature and other information/data sources related to antiviral medicinal plants, with possible ethnobotanical evidence in correlation with coronaviruses. The identification of novel antiviral compounds is of critical significance, and medicinal plant based natural compounds are a good source for such discoveries. In depth search and analysis revealed several medicinal plants with excellent efficacy against SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV, which are well-known to act on ACE-2 receptor, 3CLpro and other viral protein targets. In this review, we have consolidated the data of several medicinal plants and their natural bioactive metabolites, which have promising antiviral activities against coronaviruses with detailed modes of action/mechanism. It is concluded that this review will be useful for researchers worldwide and highly recommended for the development of naturally safe and effective therapeutic drugs/agents against SARS-CoV-2 infection, which might be used in therapeutic protocols alone or in combination with chemically synthetized drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Jamal Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail PO Box 2440, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (R.B.); (M.S.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.J.S.); (C.D.); Tel.: +40-744-648-855 (C.D.)
| | - Corina Danciu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.J.S.); (C.D.); Tel.: +40-744-648-855 (C.D.)
| | - Syed Amir Ashraf
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail PO Box 2440, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Afrasim Moin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail PO Box 2440, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ritu Singh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India;
| | - Mousa Alreshidi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail PO Box 2440, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (R.B.); (M.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Mitesh Patel
- Bapalal Vaidya Botanical Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat 395007, India;
| | - Sadaf Jahan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma’ah 15341, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi 835205, India;
| | - Mulfi I. M. Alkhinjar
- Saudi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Al Aarid, King Abdulaziz Rd, Riyadh 13354, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Riadh Badraoui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail PO Box 2440, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (R.B.); (M.S.); (M.A.)
- Section of Histology-Cytology, Medicine College of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, La Rabta-Tunis 1007, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Histo-Embryology and Cytogenetic, Medicine College of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
| | - Mejdi Snoussi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail PO Box 2440, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (R.B.); (M.S.); (M.A.)
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bio-Resources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail PO Box 2440, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (R.B.); (M.S.); (M.A.)
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Kuboyama T, Yang X, Tohda C. Natural Medicines and Their Underlying Mechanisms of Prevention and Recovery from Amyloid Β-Induced Axonal Degeneration in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4665. [PMID: 32630004 PMCID: PMC7369795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyloid β (Aβ) induces axonal degeneration, neuronal network disruption, and memory impairment. Although many candidate drugs to reduce Aβ have been clinically investigated, they failed to recover the memory function in AD patients. Reportedly, Aβ deposition occurred before the onset of AD. Once neuronal networks were disrupted by Aβ, they could hardly be recovered. Therefore, we speculated that only removal of Aβ was not enough for AD therapy, and prevention and recovery from neuronal network disruption were also needed. This review describes the challenges related to the condition of axons for AD therapy. We established novel in vitro models of Aβ-induced axonal degeneration. Using these models, we found that several traditional medicines and their constituents prevented or helped recover from Aβ-induced axonal degeneration. These drugs also prevented or helped recover from memory impairment in in vivo models of AD. One of these drugs ameliorated memory decline in AD patients in a clinical study. These results indicate that prevention and recovery from axonal degeneration are possible strategies for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoharu Kuboyama
- Section of Neuromedical Science, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (T.K.); (X.Y.)
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Ximeng Yang
- Section of Neuromedical Science, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (T.K.); (X.Y.)
| | - Chihiro Tohda
- Section of Neuromedical Science, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (T.K.); (X.Y.)
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Tohda C, Matsui M, Inada Y, Yang X, Kuboyama T, Kimbara Y, Watari H. Combined Treatment with Two Water Extracts of Eleutherococcus senticosus Leaf and Rhizome of Drynaria fortunei Enhances Cognitive Function: A Placebo-Controlled, Randomized, Double-Blind Study in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020303. [PMID: 31979283 PMCID: PMC7070741 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously found that the water extract of Eleutherococcus senticosus leaves (ES extract) enhanced cognitive function in normal mice. Our study also revealed that the water extract of rhizomes of Drynaria fortunei (DR extract) enhanced memory function in Alzheimer’s disease model mice. In addition, our previous experiments suggested that a combined treatment of ES and DR extracts synergistically improved memory and anti-stress response in mice. Although those two botanical extracts are expected to be beneficial for neuropsychological function, no clinical data has ever been reported. Therefore, we performed a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study to evaluate cognitive enhancement and anti-stress effects by the intake of a combined extract in healthy volunteers. The intake period was 12 weeks. The Japanese version of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) test was used for neurocognitive assessment. The combined treatment of ES and DR extracts significantly increased the figure recall subscore of RBANS (p = 0.045) in an intergroup comparison. Potentiation of language domain ((p = 0.040), semantic fluency (p = 0.021) and figure recall (p = 0.052) was shown by the extracts (in intragroup comparison). In anti-stress response, the anxiety/uncertainly score was improved by the extract in an intragroup comparison (p = 0.022). No adverse effects were observed. The combined treatment of ES and DR extracts appear to safely enhance a part of cognitive function in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Tohda
- Division of Neuromedical Science, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (X.Y.); (T.K.)
- Resilio Company Limited, Tokyo 107-0052, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-76-434-7646
| | - Mie Matsui
- Laboratory of Clinical Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Liberal Arts and Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (M.M.); (Y.I.)
| | - Yuna Inada
- Laboratory of Clinical Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Liberal Arts and Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (M.M.); (Y.I.)
| | - Ximeng Yang
- Division of Neuromedical Science, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (X.Y.); (T.K.)
| | - Tomoharu Kuboyama
- Division of Neuromedical Science, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (X.Y.); (T.K.)
| | - Yoshiyuki Kimbara
- Department of Japanese Oriental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (Y.K.); (H.W.)
| | - Hidetoshi Watari
- Department of Japanese Oriental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (Y.K.); (H.W.)
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Zhao Z, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Zheng C, Tian H, Lei J, Liu Y, Zhao R, Tang Q. Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Therapeutic Intervention With Yi-nao-jie-yu Decoction in a Rat Model of Post-stroke Depression. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:557423. [PMID: 33329096 PMCID: PMC7672154 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.557423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke depression (PSD) is the most common neuropsychiatric complication after a stroke, though its neuropathological characteristics have not been fully elucidated. Comprehensive and non-invasive magnetic resonance (MR) assessment techniques are urgently needed for current research, as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), arterial spin labeling (ASL), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can allow for a comprehensive assessment of neuropathological changes in the brain. These techniques can provide information about microscopic tissue integrity, cerebral perfusion, and cerebral metabolism, and can serve as powerful tools for investigating neurophysiological changes associated with PSD. Yi-nao-jie-yu decoction (YNJYD) is a Chinese herbal formulation based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, with demonstrated clinical efficacy in the treatment of PSD. The aim of this study was to use these MR techniques to evaluate changes in PSD and YNJYD-treated rats. This is the first experimental study in animals to investigate neuropathological changes associated with PSD using a combination of multiple MR techniques, including DTI, ASL, and MRS. In addition, we investigated the effect of YNJYD in a rat model of PSD by assessing changes in brain tissue microstructure, brain metabolism, and cerebral perfusion. First, depressive-like behaviors of PSD rats were assessed by the open field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), and Morris water maze (MWM) test, and then the integrity of the rats' microstructure was assessed by DTI, the levels of regional cerebral perfusion were assessed by ASL, and changes in the relative concentrations of brain metabolites were determined by MRS. The results showed that OFT and SPT scores were significantly reduced in PSD rats, as was performance in the MWM; these PSD-associated changes were attenuated in rats administered YNJYD, with improved depressive-like behaviors evidenced by increased OFT and SPT scores and improved performance in the MWM task. Furthermore, we found that PSD rats had lower perfusion levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HP), microstructural damage, and abnormal changes in the concentrations of brain metabolites; YNJYD exerted therapeutic effects on PSD rats by improving microcirculation in the PFC and HP, regulating glutamatergic systems and membrane phospholipid metabolism, and repairing microstructural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Zhao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shunyi Branch, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiang Zheng
- Department of Encephalopathy, Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huiling Tian
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Lei
- Center for Medical Experiments and Testing, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ruizhen Zhao
- Center of Treating Potential Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qisheng Tang
- Department of Encephalopathy, Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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