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Wang J, Wang Y, Li Z, Wang J, Zhao H, Zhang X. Gut microbiota, a key to understanding the knowledge gaps on micro-nanoplastics-related biological effects and biodegradation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 944:173799. [PMID: 38852863 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Micro-nanoplastics (MNPs) pollution as a global environmental issue has received increasing interest in recent years. MNPs can enter and accumulate in the organisms including human beings mainly via ingestion and inhalation, and large amounts of foodborne MNPs have been frequently detected in human intestinal tracts and fecal samples. MNPs regulate the structure composition and metabolic functions of gut microbiota, which may cause the imbalance of intestinal ecosystems of the hosts and further mediate the occurrence and development of various diseases. In addition, a growing number of MNPs-degrading strains have been isolated from organismal feces. MNPs-degraders colonize the plastic surfaces and form the biofilms, and the long-chain polymers of MNPs can be biologically depolymerized into short chains. In general, MNPs are gradually degraded into small molecule substances (e.g., N2, CH4, H2O, and CO2) via a series of enzymatic catalyses, mainly including biodeterioration, fragmentation, assimilation, and mineralization. In this review, we outline the current progress of MNPs effects on gut microbiota and MNPs degradation by gut microbiota, which provide a certain theoretical basis for fully understanding the knowledge gaps on MNPs-related biological effect and biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Beer JH, Allemann M. Xylitol: bitter cardiovascular data for a successful sweetener. Eur Heart J 2024; 45:2453-2455. [PMID: 38842099 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juerg H Beer
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Laboratory for Platelet Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thrombosis/Haemostasis Unit, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, CH-5404, Switzerland
| | - Meret Allemann
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Laboratory for Platelet Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Cannon M, Dempsey E, Cosantino A, Chandel N, Ghoreishi-Haack N. Cancer Cell Line Inhibition by Osmotic Pump-administered Xylitol in a Syngeneic Mouse Model. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3977059. [PMID: 38645111 PMCID: PMC11030531 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3977059/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Background This study aimed to evaluate the effects of continuous administration of xylitol (a commonly used dental prebiotic) via a subcutaneous osmotic minipump in a B16F10 syngeneic mouse model. Methods The B16F10 syngeneic model consisted of 6-8-week-old C57BL/6 male mice subcutaneously injected with five × 105 B16F10 cells suspended in 100 μl PBS in the right flank. The mice were randomly assigned to two groups: Group 1 was the treatment group with 10% xylitol-loaded pumps (n=10), while Group 2 was the control group with saline-loaded pumps (n=10). Alzet minipumps were implanted subcutaneously in the left flank of B16F10-injected mice once more than 50% of all mice developed palpable tumors. After pump implantation surgery, the mice were monitored daily and weighed 2-3x/week. Tumor sizes were measured with calipers 2-3x/week, and all mice were euthanized when their tumors became too large (20 mm on any axis or 2,000 mm3). The excised tumors were weighed and cut in half, with one half sent for histology and the other for metabolomic analysis. Results The xylitol-treated group survived substantially longer than the control group. The tumor size was reduced by approximately 35% by volume. Histological sections of xylitol treat mice suggested reduced infiltration and angiogenesis, which is consistent with previous studies. The metabolomic analysis demonstrates that xylitol reduces the tumor production of histamine, NADP+, ATP, and glutathione from the tumor, thereby improving the host immune response with ROS reactive oxygen species. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that xylitol has potential as an adjunct to oncological treatment and is being further investigated in comparison to monoclonal antibody therapy (Opdualag).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Cannon
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center -Northwestern University
| | | | | | - Navdeep Chandel
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center -Northwestern University
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Jain V, Ghosh S. Xylitol biosynthesis enhancement by Candida tropicalis via medium, process parameter optimization, and co-substrate supplementation. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:207-217. [PMID: 37184497 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2209897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study examines the impact of nitrogen sources (yeast extract, ammonium sulfate peptone, ammonium nitrate, urea, and sodium nitrate), salt solution (0.5 g/L MgSO4, 0.5 g/L KH2PO4, 0.3 g/L CaCl2), trace elements solution (0.1 g/L CuSO4, 0.1 g/L FeSO4, 0.02 g/L MnCl2, 0.02 g/L ZnSO4), operational parameters (temperature, aeration, agitation, initial pH and xylose concentration) and co- substrate supplementation (glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose, and glycerol) on xylitol biosynthesis by Candida tropicalis ATCC 13803 using synthetic xylose. The significant medium components were identified using the Plackett Burman design followed by central composite designs to obtain the optimal concentration for the critical medium components in shaker flasks. Subsequently, the effect of operational parameters was examined using the One Factor At a Time method, followed by the impact of five co-substrates on xylitol biosynthesis in a 1 L bioreactor. The optimal media components and process parameters are as follows: peptone: 12.68 g/L, yeast extract: 6.62 g/L, salt solution (0.5 g/L MgSO4, 0.5 g/L KH2PO4, and 0.3 g/L CaCl2): 1.23 X (0.62 g/L, 0.62 g/L, and 0.37 g/L respectively), temperature: 30 °C, pH: 6, agitation: 400 rpm, aeration: 1 vvm, and xylose: 50 g/L. Optimization studies resulted in xylitol yield and productivity of 0.71 ± 0.004 g/g and 1.48 ± 0.018 g/L/h, respectively. Glycerol supplementation (2 g/L) further improved xylitol yield (0.83 ± 0.009 g/g) and productivity (1.87 ± 0.020 g/L/h) by 1.66 and 3.12 folds, respectively, higher than the unoptimized conditions thus exhibiting the potential of C. tropicalis ATCC 13803 being used for commercial xylitol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasundhara Jain
- Biochemical Engineering Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Sanjoy Ghosh
- Biochemical Engineering Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, India
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Posta E, Fekete I, Gyarmati E, Stündl L, Zold E, Barta Z. The Effects of Artificial Sweeteners on Intestinal Nutrient-Sensing Receptors: Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde? Life (Basel) 2023; 14:10. [PMID: 38276259 PMCID: PMC10817473 DOI: 10.3390/life14010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The consumption of artificial and low-calorie sweeteners (ASs, LCSs) is an important component of the Western diet. ASs play a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, dysbiosis, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), and various inflammatory conditions. Intestinal nutrient-sensing receptors act as a crosstalk between dietary components, the gut microbiota, and the regulation of immune, endocrinological, and neurological responses. This narrative review aimed to summarize the possible effects of ASs and LCSs on intestinal nutrient-sensing receptors and their related functions. Based on the findings of various studies, long-term AS consumption has effects on the gut microbiota and intestinal nutrient-sensing receptors in modulating incretin hormones, antimicrobial peptides, and cytokine secretion. These effects contribute to the regulation of glucose metabolism, ion transport, gut permeability, and inflammation and modulate the gut-brain, and gut-kidney axes. Based on the conflicting findings of several in vitro, in vivo, and randomized and controlled studies, artificial sweeteners may have a role in the pathogenesis of IBDs, functional bowel diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancers via the modulation of nutrient-sensing receptors. Further studies are needed to explore the exact mechanisms underlying their effects to decide the risk/benefit ratio of sugar intake reduction via AS and LCS consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Posta
- GI Unit, Department of Infectology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Bartok Bela Street 2-26, 4031 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.G.); (Z.B.)
| | - Istvan Fekete
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi út 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (I.F.); (L.S.)
| | - Eva Gyarmati
- GI Unit, Department of Infectology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Bartok Bela Street 2-26, 4031 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.G.); (Z.B.)
- Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Blvd. 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Stündl
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi út 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (I.F.); (L.S.)
| | - Eva Zold
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Móricz Zsigmond Str. 22, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Zsolt Barta
- GI Unit, Department of Infectology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Bartok Bela Street 2-26, 4031 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.G.); (Z.B.)
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Rutkowska J, Baranowski D, Antoniewska-Krzeska A, Kostyra E. Comparison of Storage-Related Volatile Profiles and Sensory Properties of Cookies Containing Xylitol or Sucrose. Foods 2023; 12:4270. [PMID: 38231744 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive consumption of simple sugars is responsible for non-communicable diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. Xylitol has anticarcinogenic, prebiotic-like characteristics and a lower glycaemic index and caloric value than sugars, which makes it a valuable alternative sweetener. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of storage of volatile compounds and sensory profiles of cookies containing xylitol as a sucrose alternative or sucrose by applying solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and quantitative descriptive analysis. The volatile compound profiles of both kinds of cookies were similar, especially regarding markers of Maillard reactions (Strecker aldehydes, pyrazines) and unfavourable compounds (aldehydes, hydrocarbons, and organic acids). Throughout the period of storage lasting 0-9 months, the total content of hydrocarbons was stable and averaged 10.2% in xylitol cookies and 12.8% in sucrose cookies; their storage for 12 months significantly (p < 0.05) increased the contents to 58.2% and 60.35%, respectively. Unlike sucrose, xylitol improved the stability of the pH and water activity of cookies and sensory attributes such as buttery aroma and texture characteristics during 12 months of storage. The results indicated that 9 months of cookie storage was the maximum recommended period. The inclusion of xylitol in cookies might replace sucrose and high-fructose-corn syrup and synthetic additives commonly used in industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslawa Rutkowska
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska St. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Damian Baranowski
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska St. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Antoniewska-Krzeska
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska St. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eliza Kostyra
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska St. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Lachmansingh DA, Lavelle A, Cryan JF, Clarke G. Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and Antidepressant Treatment. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37962812 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2023_449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In the treatment of depressive disorders, conventional antidepressant therapy has been the mainstay of clinical management, along with well-established nonpharmacological interventions such as various kinds of psychotherapy. Over the last 2 decades, there has been considerable interest in the role of the gastrointestinal system and its microbiota on brain function, behavior, and mental health. Components of what is referred to as the microbiota-gut-brain axis have been uncovered, and further research has elicited functional capabilities such as "gut-brain modules." Some studies have found associations with compositional alterations of gut microbiota in patients with depressive disorders and individuals experiencing symptoms of depression. Regarding the pathogenesis and neurobiology of depression itself, there appears to be a multifactorial contribution, in addition to the theories involving deficits in catecholaminergic and monoamine neurotransmission. Interestingly, there is evidence to suggest that antidepressants may play a role in modulating the gut microbiota, thereby possibly having an impact on the microbiota-gut-brain axis in this manner. The development of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics has led to studies investigating not only their impact on the microbiota but also their therapeutic value in mental health. These psychobiotics have the potential to be used as therapeutic adjuncts in the treatment of depression. Regarding future directions, and in an attempt to further understand the role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in depression, more studies such as those involving fecal microbiota transplantation will be required. In addition to recent findings, it is also suggested that more research will have to be undertaken to elicit whether specific strains of gut organisms are linked to depression. In terms of further investigation of the therapeutic potential of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics as adjuncts to antidepressant treatment, we also expect there to be more research targeting specific microorganisms, as well as a strong focus on the effects of specific prebiotic fibers from an individualized (personalized) point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Antoine Lachmansingh
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aonghus Lavelle
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Nakazeko T, Shobako N, Shioya N, Iwama Y, Hirano Y, Fujii S, Nakamura F, Honda K. Frailty-Preventing Effect of an Intervention Program Using a Novel Complete Nutritional "COMB-FP Meal": A Pilot Randomized Control Trial. Nutrients 2023; 15:4317. [PMID: 37892393 PMCID: PMC10609752 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Frailty is a huge concern for the aging population, and dietary nutrition is considered a key factor in the prevention of aging. To solve the problem of frailty in the aging population, we developed a novel dietary intervention program using a novel COMpletely Balanced for Frailty Prevention (COMB-FP) meal, based on the Dietary Reference Intake for Japanese; in addition, we conducted a pilot randomized control trial comparing an exercise program only (control group) with exercise plus the COMB-FP meal program (test group). We included 110 male and female healthy volunteers with pre-frailty or frailty; the trial lasted for 12 weeks. Two daily meals were replaced with the COMB-FP meals during the trial in the test group. Walking speed and cognitive function were significantly improved in the test group compared with the control group. We observed a similar pattern in other frailty-related outcomes, such as occupancy of the microbiome, World Health Organization well-being index (WHO-5), and oxidative stress. Our study might indicate the importance of a well-balanced intake of nutrients for frailty prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Nakazeko
- Future Food Research & Development Division, Nissin Foods Holdings Co., Ltd., Tokyo 192-0001, Japan (Y.H.)
| | - Naohisa Shobako
- Future Food Research & Development Division, Nissin Foods Holdings Co., Ltd., Tokyo 192-0001, Japan (Y.H.)
| | | | | | - Yukio Hirano
- Future Food Research & Development Division, Nissin Foods Holdings Co., Ltd., Tokyo 192-0001, Japan (Y.H.)
| | - Shintaro Fujii
- Future Food Research & Development Division, Nissin Foods Holdings Co., Ltd., Tokyo 192-0001, Japan (Y.H.)
| | - Futoshi Nakamura
- Future Food Research & Development Division, Nissin Foods Holdings Co., Ltd., Tokyo 192-0001, Japan (Y.H.)
| | - Keiko Honda
- Laboratory of Medicine Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, Saitama 350-0214, Japan
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Gong SG, El-Shennawy S, Choudhary P, Dufour D, Lévesque CM. Antimicrobial activity of probiotic Streptococcus salivarius LAB813 on in vitro cariogenic biofilms. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 154:105760. [PMID: 37421828 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the antimicrobial activity of a novel commensal strain of Streptococcus salivarius, LAB813, against Streptococcus mutans biofilms. METHODS The inhibitory activity of LAB813 towards S. mutans was tested using mono-, dual-, and multi-species cariogenic biofilms formed on three types of orthodontic appliances (metal, ceramic, aligner). The activity of the commercially available probiotic, BLIS M18™ was used as control. RESULTS LAB813 significantly inhibited S. mutans biofilms with cell killing approximating 99% for all materials. LAB813 showed effectiveness at inhibiting S. mutans in more complex multi-species biofilms with cell killing approximating 90% for all three materials. When comparing the killing kinetics of the probiotics, LAB813 had a faster rate of killing biofilms than M18. Experiments conducted with cell-free culture supernatant confirmed the presence of an inhibitory substance of proteinaceous nature. The addition of xylitol, a common sugar substitute used for human consumption, potentiated the inhibitory effects of LAB813 against S. mutans embedded in a more complex fungal-bacterial biofilm. CONCLUSIONS LAB813 possesses strong antimicrobial activity, potent anti-biofilm properties, and enhanced antimicrobial activity in the presence of xylitol. The identification and characterization of strain LAB813 exhibiting antimicrobial activity towards S. mutans hold exciting promise for this novel strain to be developed as an oral probiotic for use in the prevention of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew-Ging Gong
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sally El-Shennawy
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Delphine Dufour
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Céline M Lévesque
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Balbino S, Cvitković D, Skendrović H, Dragović-Uzelac V. Optimisation of Almond-Based Dairy-Free Milk Alternative Formulation Fortified with Myrtle, Bay Leaf and Fennel Extracts §. Food Technol Biotechnol 2023; 61:378-388. [PMID: 38022885 PMCID: PMC10666954 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.61.03.23.8002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Research background Herbs and spices used in traditional medicine are nowadays increasingly used in combinations to create functional food formulations aimed at treating specific symptoms and disorders. Among herbs originating from the Mediterranean region, extracts of myrtle (Myrtus communis L.), bay leaf (Laurel nobilis L.) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) are traditionally used for gastrointestinal disorders. When considering how to incorporate these extracts into products, dairy-free milk alternatives provide an excellent base with almond-based drinks being among the most popular within this group. Experimental approach The aim of this study is therefore to optimise the formulation of an almond drink fortified with a 25 % (on dry mass basis) aqueous herbal extract containing myrtle, bay leaf (25 % each) and fennel seed (50 %) extracts. A central composite design with 20 formulations varied the content of φ(aqueous herbal extract)=2-6 %, lecithin as emulsifier 0.15-0.45 and xylitol as sweetener 2-5 % (m/V), while antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and sensory properties were determined as dependent variables. Results and conclusions The antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of the prepared almond drink formulations increased with the amount of added concentrated aqueous herbal extracts, as did the colour, herbal odour and flavour, bitterness and aftertaste. The addition of lecithin resulted in a darker colour and the sweetness was increased by the xylitol content. All formulations had good overall attractiveness, which increased with higher xylitol content. Novelty and scientific contribution The current work offers new insights into the optimisation of fortified dairy-free alternatives. The addition of myrtle, bay leaf and fennel seed extracts to almond drink-based formulations resulted in a 12-fold increase in antioxidant activity. Xylitol masks the potential bitterness of the phenolic compounds so that higher amounts of extracts can be added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Balbino
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniela Cvitković
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hanna Skendrović
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Verica Dragović-Uzelac
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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De Caro V, Angellotti G, D’Agostino F, Di Prima G. Buccal Thin Films as Potent Permeation Enhancers for Cytisine Transbuccal Delivery. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1169. [PMID: 36422161 PMCID: PMC9694529 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cytisine (CYT) is a powerful anti-smoking compound which could greatly benefit from transbuccal delivery because of both its unfavorable pharmacokinetics after oral administration and its intrinsic ability to permeate the buccal mucosa. This work aims to design CYT-loaded buccal thin films suitable for transbuccal drug delivery due to its capability of promoting the interaction between CYT and the buccal membrane. The solvent casting method was employed to prepare several thin films combining various excipients such as matrixing polymers, mucoadhesion agents, plasticizers and other compounds as humectants and sweeteners, component ratios and solvents. A total of 36 compositions was prepared and four of them emerged as the most promising in terms of aspect and flexibility. They all demonstrated homogeneity, thinness, low swelling degree, and controlled drug release according to the Power Law and Peppas-Sahlin mathematical models. Mainly, they proved able to interact with the ex vivo porcine buccal mucosa producing mucoadhesive effects, and act as potent permeation enhancers. In particular, Film B emerged as suitable as it produced a 10.6-fold Kp enhancement and a great Js value (52.33 μg/cm2·h-1), even when compared to highly concentrated CYT solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana De Caro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Angellotti
- Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Stomatologiche (DICHIRONS), University of Palermo, Via L. Giuffrè 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio D’Agostino
- Istituto per lo Studio degli Impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità dell’Ambiente Marino, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IAS—CNR), Campobello di Mazara, 91021 Trapani, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Prima
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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Katkova KV, Plieva KT, Denisova EV, Zhukova OV, Korsunskaya IM. Itchy scalp. CONSILIUM MEDICUM 2022. [DOI: 10.26442/20751753.2022.8.201809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Itchy scalp troubles many people. The causes of itching can be systemic, psychogenic, neurological, and dermatological diseases. The most common dermatological diseases associated with scalp itching are seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis. The pathogenesis of these diseases is very different, but in both cases, skin microbiota changes may present, supporting the inflammation. Also, in both conditions, flaking and other similar clinical presentations occur. In addition to adequate therapy, the choice of care product is important. For a patient with scalp disease, the specialist should recommend shampoo and other products that can complement the basic therapy. Such products should have some features: they should help to normalize the microbiota and pH, relieve inflammation, and eliminate unpleasant symptoms, including itching. One such product is LE SANTI shampoo, which shows good clinical efficacy for several dermatological diseases.
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Wang Y, An M, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Kulyar MFEA, Iqbal M, He Y, Li F, An T, Li H, Luo X, Yang S, Li J. Effects of Milk Replacer-Based Lactobacillus on Growth and Gut Development of Yaks' Calves: a Gut Microbiome and Metabolic Study. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0115522. [PMID: 35771011 PMCID: PMC9431445 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01155-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota and its metabolic activities are crucial for maintaining host homoeostasis and health, of which the role of probiotics has indeed been emphasized. The current study delves into the performance of probiotics as a beneficial managemental strategy, which further highlights their impact on growth performance, serologic investigation, gut microbiota, and metabolic profiling in yaks' calves. A field experiment was employed consisting of 2 by 3 factorial controls, including two development stages, namely, 21 and 42 days (about one and a half month), with three different feeding treatments. Results showed a positive impact of probiotic supplements on growth performance by approximately 3.16 kg (P < 0.01) compared with the blank control. Moreover, they had the potential to improve serum antioxidants and biochemical properties. We found that microorganisms that threaten health were enriched in the gut of the blank control with the depletion of beneficial bacteria, although all yaks were healthy. Additionally, the gut was colonized by a microbial succession that assembled into a more mature microbiome, driven by the probiotics strategy. The gut metabolic profiling was also changed significantly after the probiotic strategy, i.e., the concentrations of metabolites and the metabolic pattern, including enrichments in protein digestion and absorption, vitamin digestion and absorption, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. In summary, probiotics promoted gut microbiota/metabolites, developing precise interventions and achieving physiological benefits based on intestinal microecology. Hence, it is important to understand probiotic dietary changes to the gut microbiome, metabolome, and the host phenotype. IMPORTANCE The host microbiome is a composite of the trillion microorganisms colonizing host bodies. It can be impacted by various factors, including diet, environmental conditions, and physical activities. The yaks' calves have a pre-existing imbalance in the intestinal microbiota with an inadequate feeding strategy, resulting in poor growth performance, diarrhea, and other intestinal diseases. Hence, targeting gut microbiota might provide a new effective feeding strategy for enhancing performance and maintaining a healthy intestinal environment. Based on the current findings, milk replacer-based Lactobacillus feeding may improve growth performance and health in yaks' calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao An
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Mudassar Iqbal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Yuanyuan He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feiran Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianwu An
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huade Li
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Luo
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan Yang
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Animals Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, Tibet, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Lei P, Chen H, Ma J, Fang Y, Qu L, Yang Q, Peng B, Zhang X, Jin L, Sun D. Research progress on extraction technology and biomedical function of natural sugar substitutes. Front Nutr 2022; 9:952147. [PMID: 36034890 PMCID: PMC9414081 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.952147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved human material living standards have resulted in a continuous increase in the rate of obesity caused by excessive sugar intake. Consequently, the number of diabetic patients has skyrocketed, not only resulting in a global health problem but also causing huge medical pressure on the government. Limiting sugar intake is a serious problem in many countries worldwide. To this end, the market for sugar substitute products, such as artificial sweeteners and natural sugar substitutes (NSS), has begun to rapidly grow. In contrast to controversial artificial sweeteners, NSS, which are linked to health concepts, have received particular attention. This review focuses on the extraction technology and biomedical function of NSS, with a view of generating insights to improve extraction for its large-scale application. Further, we highlight research progress in the use of NSS as food for special medical purpose (FSMP) for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Lei
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haojie Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Ma
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yimen Fang
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Linkai Qu
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qinsi Yang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Libo Jin
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Da Sun
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
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15
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Soler E, de Mendoza A, Cuello VI, Silva-Vetri MG, Núñez ZH, Ortega RG, Rizvi SA, Sanchez-Gonzalez M, Ferrer G. Intranasal Xylitol for the Treatment of COVID-19 in the Outpatient Setting: A Pilot Study. Cureus 2022; 14:e27182. [PMID: 36039203 PMCID: PMC9395150 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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16
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Partial Substitution of Glucose with Xylitol Prolongs Survival and Suppresses Cell Proliferation and Glycolysis of Mice Bearing Orthotopic Xenograft of Oral Cancer. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102023. [PMID: 35631164 PMCID: PMC9148106 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many types of cancer have metabolic alterations with increased glycolysis. Identification of alternative sweeteners that do not fuel cancer is a novel approach to cancer control. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of xylitol on tumor growth and survival of mice bearing orthotopic xenograft of tongue cancers. The results showed that partial substitution of glucose with xylitol (glucose 0.35 g plus xylitol 2.06 g/kg body weight) non-significantly reduced tumor volume, and significantly prolonged the median survival time from 19 days in the control to 30.5 days in the xylitol group. Immunohistochemical data of the tongue tissue shows significantly lower intense-to-mild staining ratios of the proliferation marker Ki-67 in the xylitol than those of the control group (p = 0.04). Furthermore, the xylitol substitution significantly reduced the expression of the rate-limiting glycolytic enzyme, phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) (p = 0.03), and showed a non-significant inhibition of PFK activity. In summary, partial substitution of glucose with xylitol at the equivalent dose to human household use of 10 g/day slows down tumor proliferation and prolongs survival of mice bearing an orthotopic oral cancer xenograft, possibly through glycolytic inhibition, with minimal adverse events. The insight warrants clinical studies to confirm xylitol as a candidate sweetener in food products for cancer survivors.
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Kumar K, Singh E, Shrivastava S. Microbial xylitol production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:971-979. [PMID: 35089402 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Xylitol is pentahydroxy sugar alcohol, existing in very trace amount in fruits and vegetables, and finds varied application in industries like food, pharmaceuticals, confectionaries, etc. and is of prime importance to health. Owing to its trace occurrence in nature and considerable increase in market demand that exceeds availability, alternate production through biotechnological and chemical approach is in process. Biochemical production involves substrates like lignocellulosic biomasses and industrial effluents and is an eco-friendly process with high dependency on physico-chemical parameters. Although the chemical processes are faster, high yielding and economical, they have a great limitation as usage of toxic chemicals and thus need to be regulated and replaced by an environment friendly approach. Microbes play a major role in xylitol production through a biotechnological process towards the development of a sustainable system. Major microbes working on assimilation of xylose for production of xylitol include Candida tropicalis, Candida maltose, Bacillus subtilis, Debaromyces hansenii, etc. The present review reports all probable microbial xylitol production biochemical pathways encompassing diverse bioprocesses involved in uptake and conversion of xylose sugars from agricultural residues and industrial effluents. A comprehensive report on xylitol occurrence and biotechnological production processes with varied substrates has been encompassed. KEY POINTS: • Xylitol from agro-industrial waste • Microbial xylose assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, India
| | - Ekta Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, India
| | - Smriti Shrivastava
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, India.
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18
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Konstantinou C, Gaengler S, Oikonomou S, Delplancke T, Charisiadis P, Makris KC. Use of metabolomics in refining the effect of an organic food intervention on biomarkers of exposure to pesticides and biomarkers of oxidative damage in primary school children in Cyprus: A cluster-randomized cross-over trial. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:107008. [PMID: 34991267 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to pesticides has been associated with oxidative stress in animals and humans. Previously, we showed that an organic food intervention reduced pesticide exposure and oxidative damage (OD) biomarkers over time; however associated metabolic changes are not fully understood yet. OBJECTIVES We assessed perturbations of the urine metabolome in response to an organic food intervention for children and its association with pesticides biomarkers [3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) and 6-chloronicotinic acid (6-CN)]. We also evaluated the molecular signatures of metabolites associated with biomarkers of OD (8-iso-PGF2a and 8-OHdG) and related biological pathways. METHODS We used data from the ORGANIKO LIFE + trial (NCT02998203), a cluster-randomized cross-over trial conducted among primary school children in Cyprus. Participants (n = 149) were asked to follow an organic food intervention for 40 days and their usual food habits for another 40 days, providing up to six first morning urine samples (>850 samples in total). Untargeted GC-MS metabolomics analysis was performed. Metabolites with RSD ≤ 20% and D-ratio ≤ 50% were retained for analysis. Associations were examined using mixed-effect regression models and corrected for false-discovery rate of 0.05. Pathway analysis followed. RESULTS Following strict quality checks, 156 features remained out of a total of 610. D-glucose was associated with the organic food intervention (β = -0.23, 95% CI: -0.37,-0.10), aminomalonic acid showed a time-dependent increase during the intervention period (βint = 0.012; 95% CI:0.002, 0.022) and was associated with the two OD biomarkers (β = -0.27, 95% CI:-0.34,-0.20 for 8-iso-PGF2a and β = 0.19, 95% CI:0.11,0.28 for 8-OHdG) and uric acid with 8-OHdG (β = 0.19, 95% CI:0.11,0.26). Metabolites were involved in pathways such as the starch and sucrose metabolism and pentose and glucuronate interconversions. DISCUSSION This is the first metabolomics study providing evidence of differential expression of metabolites by an organic food intervention, corroborating the reduction in biomarkers of OD. Further mechanistic evidence is warranted to better understand the biological plausibility of an organic food treatment on children's health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Konstantinou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus
| | - Stephanie Gaengler
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus
| | - Stavros Oikonomou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus
| | - Thibaut Delplancke
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus
| | - Pantelis Charisiadis
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus
| | - Konstantinos C Makris
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus.
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Guo Q, Ullah I, Zheng LJ, Gao XQ, Liu CY, Zheng HD, Fan LH, Deng L. Intelligent self-control of carbon metabolic flux in SecY-engineered Escherichia coli for xylitol biosynthesis from xylose-glucose mixtures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:388-398. [PMID: 34837379 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Xylitol is a salutary sugar substitute that has been widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Co-fermentation of xylose and glucose by metabolically engineered cell factories is a promising alternative to chemical hydrogenation of xylose for commercial production of xylitol. Here, we engineered a mutant of SecY protein-translocation channel (SecY [ΔP]) in xylitol-producing Escherichia coli JM109 (DE3) as a passageway for xylose uptake. It was found that SecY (ΔP) channel could rapidly transport xylose without being interfered by XylB-catalyzed synthesis of xylitol-phosphate, which is impossible for native XylFGH and XylE transporters. More importantly, with the coaction of SecY (ΔP) channel and carbon catabolite repression (CCR), the flux of xylose to the pentose phosphate (PP) pathway and the xylitol synthesis pathway in E. coli could be automatically controlled in response to glucose, thereby ensuring that the mutant cells were able to fully utilize sugars with high xylitol yields. The E. coli cell factory developed in this study has been proven to be applicable to a broad range of xylose-glucose mixtures, which is conducive to simplifying the mixed-sugar fermentation process for efficient and economical production of xylitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Irfan Ullah
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Jie Zheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Quan Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Yang Liu
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Fuzhou University, Quanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Dong Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Fuzhou University, Quanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Hai Fan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Fuzhou University, Quanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Deng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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20
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Bansal S, Jonsson CB, Taylor SL, Figueroa JM, Dugour AV, Palacios C, Vega JC. Iota-carrageenan and xylitol inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cell culture. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259943. [PMID: 34797868 PMCID: PMC8604354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Last year observed a global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2) infection affecting millions of individuals worldwide. There is an urgent unmet need to provide an easily producible and affordable medicine to prevent transmission and provide early treatment for this disease. Since the nasal cavity and the rhinopharynx are the sites of initial replication of SARS-CoV-2, a nasal spray may be an effective option to target SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, we tested the antiviral action of three candidate nasal spray formulations against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. We determined that iota-carrageenan in concentrations as low as 6 μg/mL inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. The concentrations of iota-carrageenan with activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro may be easily achieved through the application of nasal sprays as commonly used in several countries. Recently a double-blind, placebo-controlled study showed that iota-carrageenan in isotonic sodium chloride reduces ca. five times the risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2 in health care personnel. Further, xylitol at a concentration of 50 mg/mL (ca. 329 mM) was found to exert some antiviral action, though this preliminary finding needs further confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Bansal
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Colleen B. Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Juan Manuel Figueroa
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein—(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CONICET- Fundación Pablo Cassará), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Vanesa Dugour
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein—(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CONICET- Fundación Pablo Cassará), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Palacios
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein—(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CONICET- Fundación Pablo Cassará), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julio César Vega
- Department of Research and Development, Amcyte Pharma Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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21
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Söderling E, Pienihäkkinen K. Effects of xylitol chewing gum and candies on the accumulation of dental plaque: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:119-129. [PMID: 34677696 PMCID: PMC8791908 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives A systematic review of published data was conducted with the aim of assessing the effects of xylitol consumption on the amount of dental plaque. Materials and methods Electronic and hand searches were performed to find clinical studies concerning the effects of xylitol chewing gum or candies on dental plaque. Prospective randomized controlled clinical trials published between 1971 and 2020 conducted in healthy subjects were included in the review. Results The initial search identified 424 xylitol articles. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, altogether 14 articles (16 studies) were reviewed. The review identified 12 of the total of 14 xylitol chewing gum studies as having fair or high quality. In 13 of the 14 chewing gum studies, xylitol gum decreased plaque accumulation. In six studies, xylitol gum chewing decreased plaque compared to sorbitol gum, and in three studies compared to gum base/no gum. In three fair-quality studies conducted with xylitol candies, plaque accumulation did not change. Conclusions Habitual xylitol gum chewing appears to show plaque-reducing effects that differ from those of sorbitol gum. This suggests specific effects for xylitol on plaque accumulation. Xylitol candies appear not to decrease plaque. The heterogeneity of the studies warrants further research. Clinical relevance Habitual xylitol gum chewing is likely to decrease plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Söderling
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Kaisu Pienihäkkinen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland
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22
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Zuo QL, Cai X, Zheng XY, Chen DS, Li M, Liu ZQ, Chen KQ, Han FF, Zhu X. Influences of Xylitol Consumption at Different Dosages on Intestinal Tissues and Gut Microbiota in Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12002-12011. [PMID: 34590865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Xylitol is a widely used natural sweetener for the reduction of excessive sugar consumption. However, concerns of xylitol consumption existed as it is a highly permeable substance in the colon that could cause diarrhea and other adverse symptoms. To assess the relationship between xylitol dosage and diarrhea, especially the influences of diarrhea on physiological characteristics, the immune system, and gut microbiota in rats, the control, low-dose (L), medium-dose (M), and high-dose (H) groups were fed with 0, 1, 3, and 10% of xylitol, respectively, correspondingly for 15 days, followed by a 7-day recovery. Only medium- and high-dose xylitol would cause diarrhea in rats. Quantitative imaging of colonic tissue and the expression levels of proinflammatory factors revealed a higher degree of immune responses in the rats from H groups but statistically stable in M groups, despite that light diarrhea was observed. A shift of the gut microbiota composition was observed in the rats from H groups, including significant decreases of genera Ruminococcaceae and Prevotella and a notable increase and colonization of Bacteroides, accompanied with changes of short-chain fatty acid production. Tolerance and adaptation to xylitol consumption were observed in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings demonstrate that diarrhea caused by the high dosage of xylitol can exert distinctive changes on gut microbiota and lay the foundation to explore the mechanism underlying the shift in gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Le Zuo
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 18, Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua County, Zhejiang 324302, Quzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xue Cai
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yang Zheng
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 18, Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua County, Zhejiang 324302, Quzhou, P. R. China
| | - De-Shui Chen
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 18, Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua County, Zhejiang 324302, Quzhou, P. R. China
| | - Mian Li
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 18, Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua County, Zhejiang 324302, Quzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Qian Chen
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 18, Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua County, Zhejiang 324302, Quzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fei-Fei Han
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
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Minh NTH, Hai L, Lien TTN, Binh TC. Effect of Xylitol Chewing Gum on Presence of Streptococcus mutans in Saliva. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Oral disease ranks third among the most serious diseases in the world, after cancer and cardiovascular disease. Vietnamese population has suffered from various dental and oral diseases, of which the most common have been identified to be cavities and inflammation around the teeth.
AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using xylitol gum on the status of Strepptococus mutans bacteria in saliva.
METHODS: The study design was an uncontrolled clinical study conducted at the Hanvinco Texture Factory (Hanoi). Two hundred and fifty-four subjects between the ages of 18 and 63 were included in the clinical trial. These subjects brushed their teeth for 2 weeks before providing a saliva sample for S. mutans. The 80 subjects with the highest number of salivary S. mutans were recruited for the further analysis (at least 104 CFU/ml). After each clinical intervention, participant chewed Lotte xylitol gum after each meal, two capsules each time and 1 time in the evening (total 4 times/day), continuously for 4 weeks. Saliva samples were quantified for S. mutans by real-time PCR method.
RESULTS: Quantitative analysis of S. mutans bacteria in saliva of 254 subjects showed that 19.7% had S. mutans detected within 105 CFU/ml of saliva. These result shows that nearly 20% of the subjects examined have a high risk of tooth decay. After continuous use of xylitol chewing gum 4 times a day for 4 weeks by 80 subjects, it showed a decrease in the number of S. mutans in the saliva of participants, and the difference was statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS: The use of xylitol chewing gum taken 4 times/day is effective in reducing the number of S. mutans bacteria in saliva when combined with brushing your teeth.
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Pilicheva B, Boyuklieva R. Can the Nasal Cavity Help Tackle COVID-19? Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1612. [PMID: 34683904 PMCID: PMC8537957 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the progress made in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, it still poses dramatic challenges for scientists around the world. Various approaches are applied, including repurposed medications and alternative routes for administration. Several vaccines have been approved, and many more are under clinical and preclinical investigation. This review aims to systemize the available information and to outline the key therapeutic strategies for COVID-19, based on the nasal route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bissera Pilicheva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
- Research Institute at Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Radka Boyuklieva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
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Guo D, Zhao M, Xu W, He H, Li B, Hou T. Dietary interventions for better management of osteoporosis: An overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:125-144. [PMID: 34251926 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1944975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a public health concern and a cause of bone loss, increased risk of skeletal fracture, and a heavy economic burden. It is common in postmenopausal women and the elderly and is impacted by dietary factors, lifestyle and some secondary factors. Although many drugs are available for the treatment of osteoporosis, these therapies are accompanied by subsequent side effects. Hence, dietary interventions are highly important to prevent osteoporosis. This review was aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the roles of dietary nutrients derived from natural foods and of common dietary patterns in the regulation of osteoporosis. Nutrients from daily diets, such as unsaturated fatty acids, proteins, minerals, peptides, phytoestrogens, and prebiotics, can regulate bone metabolism and reverse bone loss. Meanwhile, these nutrients generally existed in food groups and certain dietary patterns also play critical roles in skeletal health. Appropriate dietary interventions (nutrients and dietary patterns) could be primary and effective strategies to prevent and treat osteoporosis across the lifespan for the consumers and food enterprises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danjun Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengge Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui He
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Effects of Colonic Fermentation Products of Polydextrose, Lactitol and Xylitol on Intestinal Barrier Repair In Vitro. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11094174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many functional food ingredients improve intestinal barrier function through their colonic fermentation products short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Effects of individual SCFAs have been well studied, but the effects of SCFA mixtures–colonic fermentation products have been rarely investigated. Therefore, this study used an EnteroMix semi-continuous model to simulate the colonic fermentation of three widely used food ingredients, polydextrose, lactitol and xylitol in vitro, and investigated the effects of their fermentation products on impaired colonic epithelial barrier function through a mucus-secreting human HT29-MTX-E12 cell model. Fermentation of polydextrose and lactitol produced mainly acetate, while fermentation of xylitol produced mainly butyrate and resulted in a much higher butyrate proportion. All fermentation products significantly improved intestinal barrier repairing as measured by increased transepithelial electrical resistance and decreased paracellular permeability. Among these, xylitol fermentation products exhibited better repairing effects than that of polydextrose and lactitol. Correlation analysis showed that the repairing effects were attribute to butyrate but not acetate or propionate, implying that in the fermentation products butyrate may play a major role in improving intestinal barrier function. Our results suggest that functional food ingredients that mainly produce butyrate during fermentation may be of more value for improving gut health related to chronic diseases.
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Louie TM, Louie K, DenHartog S, Gopishetty S, Subramanian M, Arnold M, Das S. Production of bio-xylitol from D-xylose by an engineered Pichia pastoris expressing a recombinant xylose reductase did not require any auxiliary substrate as electron donor. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:50. [PMID: 33618706 PMCID: PMC7898734 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xylitol is a five-carbon sugar alcohol that has numerous beneficial health properties. It has almost the same sweetness as sucrose but has lower energy value compared to the sucrose. Metabolism of xylitol is insulin independent and thus it is an ideal sweetener for diabetics. It is widely used in food products, oral and personal care, and animal nutrition as well. Here we present a two-stage strategy to produce bio-xylitol from D-xylose using a recombinant Pichia pastoris expressing a heterologous xylose reductase gene. The recombinant P. pastoris cells were first generated by a low-cost, standard procedure. The cells were then used as a catalyst to make the bio-xylitol from D-xylose. RESULTS Pichia pastoris expressing XYL1 from P. stipitis and gdh from B. subtilis demonstrated that the biotransformation was very efficient with as high as 80% (w/w) conversion within two hours. The whole cells could be re-used for multiple rounds of catalysis without loss of activity. Also, the cells could directly transform D-xylose in a non-detoxified hemicelluloses hydrolysate to xylitol at 70% (w/w) yield. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated here that the recombinant P. pastoris expressing xylose reductase could transform D-xylose, either in pure form or in crude hemicelluloses hydrolysate, to bio-xylitol very efficiently. This biocatalytic reaction happened without the external addition of any NAD(P)H, NAD(P)+, and auxiliary substrate as an electron donor. Our experimental design & findings reported here are not limited to the conversion of D-xylose to xylitol only but can be used with other many oxidoreductase reactions also, such as ketone reductases/alcohol dehydrogenases and amino acid dehydrogenases, which are widely used for the synthesis of high-value chemicals and pharmaceutical intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Man Louie
- Center for Biocatalysis & Bioprocessing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Kailin Louie
- Center for Biocatalysis & Bioprocessing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Samuel DenHartog
- Center for Biocatalysis & Bioprocessing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Sridhar Gopishetty
- Center for Biocatalysis & Bioprocessing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Mani Subramanian
- Center for Biocatalysis & Bioprocessing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Mark Arnold
- Center for Biocatalysis & Bioprocessing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52241, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Shuvendu Das
- Center for Biocatalysis & Bioprocessing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52241, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52241, USA.
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Lambert PA, Gill AL, Gill SR, Allen PD, Man L. Microbiomics of irrigation with xylitol or Lactococcus lactis in chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2021; 6:64-70. [PMID: 33614931 PMCID: PMC7883620 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Topical sinonasal rinse therapies may alter the local microbiome and improve disease control in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The objective of this study was to examine microbiome changes in post-surgical CRS patients when rinsing with commercially available products containing xylitol or Lactococcus lactis. METHODS A crossover-type protocol with a washout period was designed. Swab samples from anterior ethmoid cavities of CRS patients were collected prospectively at baseline. Subjects were provided packets containing either L. lactis W136 or xylitol in non-blinded fashion and instructed to add it to their rinse bottles daily for 28 days, after which another swab was taken. A saline wash-out period was completed and a third swab taken. A final 28-day regimen of the opposite product was followed by a final swab. DNA extraction and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene allowed for global microbiome analysis. RESULTS We enrolled 25 subjects with CRS and 10 controls resulting in 70 adequate samples. Increased detection of Lactococcus was observed after use of L. lactis. No significant trends in alpha or beta diversity as a result of treatment were observed. SNOT-22 score did not change significantly following treatment with xylitol, L. lactis, or saline. CONCLUSION We did not detect any major clinical or microbiome-level effect due to treatment with two topical rinse products. Further research is needed to elucidate their clinical utility and possible probiotic effect. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Lambert
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - Ann L. Gill
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - Steven R. Gill
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - Paul D. Allen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - Li‐Xing Man
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNew YorkUSA
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Baptista SL, Costa CE, Cunha JT, Soares PO, Domingues L. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of top value chemicals from biorefinery carbohydrates. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 47:107697. [PMID: 33508428 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of biorefineries for a cost-effective and sustainable production of energy and chemicals from renewable carbon sources plays a fundamental role in the transition to a circular economy. The US Department of Energy identified a group of key target compounds that can be produced from biorefinery carbohydrates. In 2010, this list was revised and included organic acids (lactic, succinic, levulinic and 3-hydroxypropionic acids), sugar alcohols (xylitol and sorbitol), furans and derivatives (hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural and furandicarboxylic acid), biohydrocarbons (isoprene), and glycerol and its derivatives. The use of substrates like lignocellulosic biomass that impose harsh culture conditions drives the quest for the selection of suitable robust microorganisms. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, widely utilized in industrial processes, has been extensively engineered to produce high-value chemicals. For its robustness, ease of handling, genetic toolbox and fitness in an industrial context, S. cerevisiae is an ideal platform for the founding of sustainable bioprocesses. Taking these into account, this review focuses on metabolic engineering strategies that have been applied to S. cerevisiae for converting renewable resources into the previously identified chemical targets. The heterogeneity of each chemical and its manufacturing process leads to inevitable differences between the development stages of each process. Currently, 8 of 11 of these top value chemicals have been already reported to be produced by recombinant S. cerevisiae. While some of them are still in an early proof-of-concept stage, others, like xylitol or lactic acid, are already being produced from lignocellulosic biomass. Furthermore, the constant advances in genome-editing tools, e.g. CRISPR/Cas9, coupled with the application of innovative process concepts such as consolidated bioprocessing, will contribute for the establishment of S. cerevisiae-based biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Baptista
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carlos E Costa
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana T Cunha
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro O Soares
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Lucília Domingues
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
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Prebiotic Combinations Effects on the Colonization of Staphylococcal Skin Strains. Microorganisms 2020; 9:microorganisms9010037. [PMID: 33374268 PMCID: PMC7824076 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: An unbalanced skin microbiota due to an increase in pathogenic vs. commensal bacteria can be efficiently tackled by using prebiotics. The aim of this work was to identify novel prebiotic combinations by exerting species-specific action between S. aureus and S. epidermidis strains. Methods: First, the antimicrobial/antibiofilm effect of Xylitol-XYL and Galacto-OligoSaccharides–GOS combined with each other at different concentrations (1, 2.5, 5%) against S. aureus and S. epidermidis clinical strains was evaluated in time. Second, the most species-specific concentration was used to combine XYL with Fructo-OligoSaccharides–FOS, IsoMalto-Oligosaccharides–IMO, ArabinoGaLactan–LAG, inulin, dextran. Experiments were performed by OD600 detection, biomass quantification and LIVE/DEAD staining. Results: 1% XYL + 1% GOS showed the best species-specific action with an immediate antibacterial/antibiofilm action against S. aureus strains (up to 34.54% ± 5.35/64.68% ± 4.77) without a relevant effect on S. epidermidis. Among the other prebiotic formulations, 1% XYL plus 1% FOS (up to 49.17% ± 21.46/37.59% ± 6.34) or 1% IMO (up to 41.28% ± 4.88/36.70% ± 10.03) or 1% LAG (up to 38.21% ± 5.31/83.06% ± 5.11) showed antimicrobial/antibiofilm effects similar to 1% XYL+1% GOS. For all tested formulations, a prevalent bacteriostatic effect in the planktonic phase and a general reduction of S. aureus biofilm formation without loss of viability were recorded. Conclusion: The combinations of 1% XYL with 1% GOS or 1% FOS or 1% IMO or 1% LAG may help to control the balance of skin microbiota, representing good candidates for topic formulations.
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Ahuja V, Macho M, Ewe D, Singh M, Saha S, Saurav K. Biological and Pharmacological Potential of Xylitol: A Molecular Insight of Unique Metabolism. Foods 2020; 9:E1592. [PMID: 33147854 PMCID: PMC7693686 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylitol is a white crystalline, amorphous sugar alcohol and low-calorie sweetener. Xylitol prevents demineralization of teeth and bones, otitis media infection, respiratory tract infections, inflammation and cancer progression. NADPH generated in xylitol metabolism aid in the treatment of glucose-6-phosphate deficiency-associated hemolytic anemia. Moreover, it has a negligible effect on blood glucose and plasma insulin levels due to its unique metabolism. Its diverse applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food and polymer industries fueled its market growth and made it one of the top 12 bio-products. Recently, xylitol has also been used as a drug carrier due to its high permeability and non-toxic nature. However, it become a challenge to fulfil the rapidly increasing market demand of xylitol. Xylitol is present in fruit and vegetables, but at very low concentrations, which is not adequate to satisfy the consumer demand. With the passage of time, other methods including chemical catalysis, microbial and enzymatic biotransformation, have also been developed for its large-scale production. Nevertheless, large scale production still suffers from high cost of production. In this review, we summarize some alternative approaches and recent advancements that significantly improve the yield and lower the cost of production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Ahuja
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171005, India;
| | - Markéta Macho
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology—Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic; (M.M.); (D.E.); (S.S.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Ewe
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology—Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic; (M.M.); (D.E.); (S.S.)
| | - Manoj Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana 133207, India;
| | - Subhasish Saha
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology—Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic; (M.M.); (D.E.); (S.S.)
| | - Kumar Saurav
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology—Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic; (M.M.); (D.E.); (S.S.)
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Salli K, Söderling E, Hirvonen J, Gürsoy UK, Ouwehand AC. Influence of 2'-fucosyllactose and galacto-oligosaccharides on the growth and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans. Br J Nutr 2020; 124:824-831. [PMID: 32498722 PMCID: PMC7525117 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520001956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides, such as 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), a prebiotic carbohydrate mixture, are being increasingly added to infant formulas, necessitating the understanding of their impact on the oral microbiota. Here, for the first time, the effects of 2'-FL and GOS on the planktonic growth and adhesion characteristics of the caries-associated oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans were assessed, and the results were compared against the effects of xylitol, lactose and glucose. There were differences in S. mutans growth between 2'-FL and GOS. None of the three S. mutans strains grew with 2'-FL, while they all grew with GOS as well as lactose and glucose. Xylitol inhibited S. mutans growth. The adhesion of S. mutans CI 2366 to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite was reduced by 2'-FL and GOS. Exopolysaccharide-mediated adhesion of S. mutans DSM 20523 to a glass surface was decreased with 2'-FL, GOS and lactose, and the adhesion of strain CI 2366 strain was reduced only by GOS. Unlike GOS, 2'-FL did not support the growth of any S. mutans strain. Neither 2'-FL nor GOS enhanced the adhesive properties of the S. mutans strains, but they inhibited some of the tested strains. Thus, the cariogenic tendency may vary between infant formulas containing different types of oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Salli
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Kantvik, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - E. Söderling
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - J. Hirvonen
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Kantvik, Finland
| | - U. K. Gürsoy
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Xylitol Production from Exhausted Olive Pomace by Candida boidinii. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10196966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the production of xylitol from a hemicellulosic hydrolysate of exhausted olive pomace (EOP), a residue originated in the olive oil production process by Candida boidinii, was assessed. The hydrolysate was obtained by dilute acid pretreatment of EOP at 170 °C and 2% H2SO4 (w/v). A previous detoxification step of the hydrolysate was necessary, and its treatment with activated charcoal and ion-exchange resin was evaluated. Prior to fermentation of the hydrolysate, fermentation tests in synthetic media were performed to determine the maximum xylitol yield and productivity that could be obtained if inhibitory compounds were not present in the medium. In addition, the glucose existing in the media exerted a negative influence on xylitol production. A maximum xylitol yield of 0.52 g/g could be achieved in absence of inhibitor compounds. Fermentation of the hemicellulosic hydrolysate from EOP after detoxification with ion-exchange resin resulted in a xylitol yield of 0.43 g/g.
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Health benefits of xylitol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7225-7237. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10708-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Nutrition, Microbiota and Noncommunicable Diseases. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071971. [PMID: 32630712 PMCID: PMC7399920 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of new sequencing technologies has inspired the foundation of novel research to ascertain the connections between the microbial communities that reside in our gut and some physiological and pathological conditions [...].
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Takayasu S, Kamba A, Yoshida K, Terui K, Watanuki Y, Ishigame N, Mizushiri S, Tomita T, Nakamura K, Yasui-Furukori N, Daimon M. Secondary oxalosis induced by xylitol concurrent with lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: a case report. BMC Nephrol 2020; 21:157. [PMID: 32357847 PMCID: PMC7195762 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-01814-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xylitol is an approved food additive that is widely used as a sweetener in many manufactured products. It is also used in pharmaceuticals. Secondary oxalosis resulting from high dietary oxalate has been reported. However, reported cases of oxalosis following xylitol infusion are rare. Case presentation A 39-year-old man with a 16-year history of organic psychiatric disorder was hospitalized for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy because of cholecystolithiasis. He had been treated with several antipsychotics and mood stabilizers, including lithium. The patient had polyuria (> 4000 mL/day) and his serum sodium levels ranged from 150 to 160 mmol/L. Urine osmolality was 141 mOsm/L, while serum arginine vasopressin level was 6.4 pg/mL. The patient was diagnosed with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), and lithium was gradually discontinued. Postoperative urine volumes increased further to a maximum of 10,000 mL/day, and up to 10,000 mL/day of 5% xylitol was administered. The patient’s consciousness level declined and serum creatinine increased to 4.74 mg/dL. This was followed by coma and metabolic acidosis. After continuous venous hemodiafiltration, serum sodium improved to the upper 140 mmol/L range and serum creatinine decreased to 1.25 mg/dL at discharge. However, polyuria and polydipsia of approximately 4000 mL/day persisted. Renal biopsy showed oxalate crystals and decreased expression of aquaporin-2 (AQP2) in the renal tubules. Urinary AQP2 was undetected. The patient was discharged on day 82 after admission. Conclusions Our patient was diagnosed with lithium-induced NDI and secondary oxalosis induced by excess xylitol infusion. NDI became apparent perioperatively because of fasting, and an overdose of xylitol infusion led to cerebrorenal oxalosis. Our patient received a maximum xylitol dose of 500 g/day and a total dose of 2925 g. Patients receiving lithium therapy must be closely monitored during the perioperative period, and rehydration therapy using xylitol infusion should be avoided in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Takayasu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine and Hospital, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Aya Kamba
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine and Hospital, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Yoshida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine and Hospital, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Ken Terui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine and Hospital, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yutaka Watanuki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine and Hospital, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Noriko Ishigame
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine and Hospital, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Satoru Mizushiri
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine and Hospital, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tetsu Tomita
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine and Hospital, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakamura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine and Hospital, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Norio Yasui-Furukori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Shimotsuga, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Makoto Daimon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine and Hospital, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
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