Content Validation through Expert Judgement of an Instrument on the Nutritional Knowledge, Beliefs, and Habits of Pregnant Women

Perme ICU Physical Therapy Competency: Development of an ICU Knowledge and Skills Assessment Tool

BACKGROUND

Physical therapy for patients in the ICU is advanced practice demanding specialized knowledge and skills. However, ICU physical therapy competency standards lack uniformity or defined processes.

OBJECTIVES

To describe the development process of the Perme ICU Physical Therapy Competency and to assess its face and content validity.

METHODS

Quantitative research study for the content validation of the Perme ICU Physical Therapy Competency using a panel of experts. The face validity assessment consisted of two informal surveys and discussions with clinicians representing various disciplines in ICU.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

A content validation survey included analysis of sufficiency, clarity, coherence, and relevance for items in the Perme ICU Physical Therapy Competency. For the quantitative analysis of content validity, the item-level content validity index (I-CVI) was used. Scale-level content validity index based on the universal agreement method (S-CVI/UA) was calculated as the proportion of items on the scale that achieve a relevance scale of 3 or 4 by all experts. Scale-level content validity index was calculated based on the average method (S-CVI/Ave).

RESULTS

The sufficiency, clarity, coherence, and relevance of the Perme ICU Physical Therapy Competency items presented S-CVI/Ave greater than 80 % (97 %, 97 %, 99 %, 95 %, respectively).

CONCLUSION

This study establishes that the Perme ICU Physical Therapy Competency has a satisfactory level of face and content validity.

IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE

The Perme ICU Physical Therapy Competency, with its solid framework, is a valuable assessment tool applicable for integration in any ICU competency program. It can be utilized as a self-assessment tool by individual therapists or in collaboration with mentors and evaluators to evaluate knowledge and skills effectively. This innovative tool not only enhances clinical practice but also presents an opportunity for advancing the physical therapy profession within the ICU setting.

Development of an epilepsy self-management mobile health app framework: Content validity study results

BACKGROUND

Mobile health (mHealth) applications (apps) show promise in supporting epilepsy self-management (eSM). To delve deeper into this potential, we conducted a systematic review of epilepsy mHealth apps available on both iOS and Android platforms, examining articles related to eSM. This review allowed us to identify important domains related to eSM. Furthermore, based on the findings, we developed an epilepsy mHealth app framework that aims to improve self-management for the local population. This study aims to assess the practicality and usability of the proposed mHealth app framework designed to improve eSM. We will conduct an expert panel review to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of the framework.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Content validity was assessed by an expert panel comprising epileptologists and pharmacists. The validation process involved scoring the items within each domain of the framework to evaluate their practicality and usability (quantitative component). In addition, a panel discussion was conducted to further explore and discuss the qualitative aspects of the items.

RESULTS

A total of 4 domains with 15 items were highly rated for their practicality and usefulness in eSM.

CONCLUSIONS

The locally validated framework will be useful for developing eSM mobile apps. Seizure Tracking, Medication Adherence, Treatment Management, and Healthcare Communication emerged as the most crucial domains for enhancing eSM.

Terminology subset for the International Classification of Nursing Practice in Diabetes Mellitus

OBJECTIVE

to describe the process of developing a terminological subset for the International Classification of Nursing Practice in Diabetes Mellitus, based on Horta's Basic Human Needs Theory and Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory.

METHOD

a methodological study based on the identification in the literature of 313 statements of nursing diagnoses pertinent to diabetes care, selected and validated by a consensus of nurses from different states of Brazil, specialists in diabetes, using the nominal group technique.

RESULTS

156 nursing diagnosis/result statements were selected, of which 111 (71.15%) related to psychobiological needs, 42 (26.92%) to psychosocial needs and three (1.92%) to psychospiritual needs. A total of 433 nursing interventions were developed. The diagnostic statements were validated on the basis of a consensus among the experts, with an average content validity index of 0.89: 0.87 for psychobiological needs, 0.93 for psychosocial needs, and 0.77 for psychospiritual needs.

CONCLUSION

the study validated the terminological subset for the International Classification of Nursing Practice in Diabetes, favoring clinical reasoning, the qualification of the Nursing Process, and the improvement of self-care practices in diabetes. It has made it possible to use nursing's own language based on a globally recognized classification. (1) Provision of the guiding document for nursing practice in diabetes. (2) Methodological innovation in the development of ICNP® subsets. (3) Advances in knowledge of the basic human needs of people with diabetes. (4) The potential of standardized language for coding and monitoring data. (5) Improving clinical reasoning during nursing consultations.

Development of a core outcome set for breast cancer-related lymphedema: a Delphi study

PURPOSE

For breast cancer survivors (BCS) living with breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL), what outcome domains (OD) should be measured to assess the burden of the disease and efficacy of interventions? A Core Outcome Set (COS) that promotes standardized measurement of outcomes within the constraints of time influenced by work environments is essential for patients and the multidisciplinary professionals that manage and research BCRL.

METHODS

Using Delphi methodology, a multidisciplinary group of BCRL experts (physical and occupational therapists, physicians, researchers, physical therapist assistants, nurses, and massage therapist) completed two waves of online surveys. BCRL expert respondents that completed the first survey (n = 78) had an average of 26.5 years in practice, whereas, respondents who completed the second survey (n = 33) had an average of 24.9 years. ODs were included in the COS when consensus thresholds, ranging from 70% to 80%, were met.

RESULTS

A total of 12 ODs made up the COS. Reaching a minimum consensus of 70%; volume, tissue consistency, pain, patient-reported upper quadrant function, patient-reported health-related quality of life, and upper extremity activity and motor control were recommended at different phases of the BCRL continuum in a time-constrained environment. Joint function, flexibility, strength, sensation, mobility and balance, and fatigue met an 80% consensus to be added when time and resources were not constrained.

CONCLUSION

The COS developed in this study thoroughly captures the burden of BCRL. Using this COS may reduce selective reporting, inconsistency in clinical use, and variability of reporting across interdisciplinary healthcare fields, which manage or research BCRL.

Development of a core set of outcome measures to be applied toward breast cancer-related lymphedema core outcome domains

PURPOSE

For breast cancer survivors (BCS) living with breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL), what outcome measures (OMs) are recommended to be used to measure standardized outcome domains to fully assess the burden of the disease and efficacy of interventions? An integral component of a standardized core outcome set (COS) are the OMs used to measure the COS.

METHODS

A supplemental online survey was linked to a Delphi study investigating a COS for BCRL. OMs were limited to a maximum of 10 options for each outcome domain (OD). There were 14 ODs corresponding to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) framework and respondents rated the OMs with a Likert level of recommendation. The feasibility of the listed OMs was also investigated for most outpatient, inpatient, and research settings.

RESULTS

This study identified 27 standardized OMs with a few ODs having 2-3 highly recommended OMs for proper measurement. A few of the recommended OMs have limitations with reliability due to being semi-quantitative measures requiring the interpretation of the rater.

CONCLUSION

Narrowing the choices of OMs to 27 highly recommended by BCRL experts may reduce selective reporting, inconsistency in clinical use, and variability of reporting across interdisciplinary healthcare fields which manage or research BCRL. There is a need for valid, reliable, and feasible OMs that measure tissue consistency. Measures of upper extremity activity and motor control need further research in the BCS with BCRL population.

Preimplementation of Critical Care Early Mobility Clinical Decision Support: A Content Validation Study

Early mobility is a form of critical care rehabilitation ranging from in-bed exercise to ambulation and is known to limit post-intensive-care functional decline. Multiple barriers prevent widespread early mobility implementation. Clinical decision support systems can optimize the decision-making process and overcome barriers to care. However, critical care early mobility clinical decision support does not exist. Our objective was to develop and establish the content validation of the operational definitions for a novel critical care early mobility assessment instrument. Content validation was conducted in two steps: (1) development of operational definitions by the research team and (2) content validation with 10 nurse experts. Quality assessment and suitability of the operational definitions for 30 items, across four safety domains, were assessed using a 7 point-Likert scale. Item content validity index scores ranged from 0.6 to 0.1 after the first validation round. Domains containing items with item content validity index scores less than the lower limit of 0.78 were modified for clarity of language. Item content validity index scores ranged from 0.8 to 1.0, and the scale-level content validity index was 0.93 after the second content validation round. Excellent content validity of the operational definitions was achieved. This is the first methodological step in a larger project to develop clinical decision support for critical care early mobility.

Digital food behaviours, motivations, and delivery application usage among saudis during COVID-19: A mixed-methods study

Food delivery apps (FDAs) and smartphones in Saudi Arabia have become ubiquitous and increasingly popular methods for food ordering and consumption. Such app use during the COVID-19 pandemic has become a convenient and popular response to pandemic restrictions. However, the motivations and preferences behind FDA use are complex, as are the perceptions of FDA users regarding nutrition and healthy foods. To explore FDA usage, motivations, perceptions, and food behaviours in the unique cultural context of Saudi Arabia at the intersection of two epidemics, COVID-19 and obesity, a convergent parallel mixed-methods study design was used with 566 Saudis in the quantitative phase and 17 continuing to the qualitative phase. Of the respondents, 71.9 % reported using FDA typically once a week. Frequent FDA usage was reported by 33.3 % of the participants aged 30-40 years (P = .049). Nearly two-thirds of the sample (62 %) reported that time and convenience were the driving factors in using FDAs. Qualitatively, six main themes were identified: 'Perceived benefits and drawbacks', 'Effects of Promotions and Food Preferences', 'Nutritional information and dietary guidelines', 'Concepts of healthy food', 'Obstacles to healthy food consumption', and 'Maintaining Customs and Traditions'. Although convenience and taste were the primary drivers of FDA usage, the roles of tradition and culture in Saudi Arabia were also important FDA usage factors. Overall, understanding the determinants of how Saudis engage with FDAs, in concert with a deeper understanding of food preferences, perceptions, and nutritional knowledge, should help guide future efforts in nutrition education, app development, and public health policy.

Development of the Canadian Eating Practices Screener to assess eating practices based on 2019 Canada's Food Guide recommendations

In 2019, Health Canada released a new iteration of Canada's Food Guide (2019-CFG), which, for the first time, highlighted recommendations regarding eating practices, i.e., guidance on where, when, why, and how to eat. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-administered screener to assess eating practices recommended in the 2019-CFG among adults aged 18-65 years. Development of the screener items was informed by a review of existing tools and mapping of items onto 2019-CFG recommendations. Face and content validity were assessed with experts in public health nutrition and/or dietary assessment (n = 16) and individuals from Government of Canada (n = 14). Cognitive interviews were conducted with English-speaking (n = 16) and French-speaking (n = 16) adults living in Canada to assess face validity and understanding of the screener items. While some modifications were identified to improve relevance or clarity, overall, the screener items were found to be relevant, well-constructed, and clearly worded. This comprehensive process resulted in the Canadian Eating Practices Screener/Questionnaire court canadien sur les pratiques alimentaires, which includes 21 items that assess eating practices recommended in the 2019-CFG. This screener can facilitate monitoring and surveillance efforts of the 2019-CFG eating practices as well as research exploring how these practices are associated with various health outcomes.

The APISS Questionnaire: A New Tool to Assess the Epidemiology of Systemic Allergic Reactions to Bee Venom in Beekeepers

Aim

To develop and validate a comprehensive questionnaire to be used as an instrument in cross-sectional studies among beekeepers.

Methods

A comprehensive questionnaire in Slovenian was validated by an expert panel (n=13) for content relevance and a rater panel (n=14) for clarity and comprehensibility. The content validity indices (an item-level content validity index and scale-level content validity index based on the average and universal agreement method) and item-level face validity index were calculated in accordance with the recommended number of both the review panels with their implications on the acceptable cut-off scores. Piloting was performed in a sample (n=50) of the target population (N=1.080) using telephone interviews.

Results

The item-level content validity index and scale-level content validity index based on the average method exhibited excellent content validity (0.97), while the scale-level content validity index based on the universal agreement method reached a value of 0.72. The item-level face validity index of 1.00 indicated that all items were clear and comprehensive.

Conclusions

The new instrument may be considered valid and feasible for use in nationwide population-based studies among Slovenian beekeepers and eventually in other populations.

Investigating the measurement properties of livability: a scoping review

Connecting evidence-based public health recommendations to livability, a popular and relatable construct, can increase the policy relevance of research to improve community design. However, there are many different definitions and conceptualizations of livability and little consensus about its measurement. Improved measurement, including standardization, is needed to increase understanding of livability's influence on health and to facilitate comparisons across contexts. This study sought to review existing livability measures, how they were created, and evidence regarding their reliability and validity. A scoping review of three databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) identified 744 eligible studies. After screening, 24 studies, 15 from the original search and 9 through backward citation searches, were included in the review. Most studies were carried out in an urban context. There was minimal consensus across studies on the conceptualization of livability. However, measure domains and indicators overlapped significantly. While the process used to validate the measures varied, most studies reported high levels of reliability and found that livability was correlated with similar measures (e.g. place satisfaction, neighborhood safety, and sense of place) and self-reported health and wellbeing. Further research is needed to develop parsimonious, standardized measures of livability in order to create and sustain livable communities worldwide.

Perceived readiness for diabetes and cardiovascular care delivery in Mangochi, Malawi: multicentre study from healthcare providers' perspectives

BACKGROUND

Despite the expected prevalence rise of 98.1% for diabetes between 2010 and 2030 in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and the anticipated rise of both diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in Malawi from their current figures ( 5.6 and 8.9%; respectively), data on the readiness of health facilities to provide diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in Mangochi district is not available. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the readiness of health facilities to provide services for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

METHODS

An exploratory study was conducted from July to early September 2021 in 34 health facilities in Mangochi, Malawi. Forty-two participants were purposefully selected. They included medical officers, clinical officers, medical assistants, and registered nurses. The study used semi-structured interviews (for qualitative data) with a checklist (for quantitative data) to provide information about the readiness of services (such as guidelines and trained staff, drugs, diagnosis capacity and equipment, essential medicines, community services, and education/counseling).The thematic content analysis and basic descriptive statistics were carried out.

RESULTS

The following main theme emerged from the qualitative part: low use of diabetes-cardiovascular disease (CVD) services. This was due to: health facility factors (shortage of drugs and supplies, poor knowledge, few numbers and lack of training of providers, and absent copies of guidelines), patients factors (poor health-seeking behaviour, lack of education and counseling for many), and community factors (very limited community services for diabetes and CVDs, lack of transport policy and high transportation costs). Data from the checklists revealed low readiness scores across domains (below the 75% target) in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: trained staff and guidelines (26.5% vs. 32.4%); diagnosis capacity and equipment (63.7% vs. 66.2%); essential medicines (33.5% vs. 41.9%), and community services, and education and counseling (37.5% vs. 42.5%).

CONCLUSION

There were several noticeable shortfalls identified in the readiness of health facilities to provide diabetes and cardiovascular disease services in Mangochi health facilities. Any future intervention in diabetes-cardiovascular disease care in these areas must include these elements in its basic package.

Use of situational judgment tests for assessing non-cognitive attributes of final year dental students

OBJECTIVE

Situational judgment tests (SJT) have been previously used in the admission process of medical and dental undergraduate programs, but their utilization as an assessment tool is fairly new. The objective of this study was to explore essential non-cognitive attributes of dental graduates. We also aimed to assess the attributes of final year dental students utilizing SJT and later collected participants' reactions on the test.

METHODS

A mixed-method exploratory sequential study was conducted. One-on-one and group discussions were done with subject matter experts (SMEs) to explore the essential attributes of fresh dental graduates. Based on the thematic analysis, 10 SJT items per domain were constructed by one group of SMEs and expert validated by a different group of SMEs and vice versa. The final dental-SJT was piloted online on final year dental students and their perceptions were collected using a five-point Likert scale questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and Cronbach's alpha were calculated for the test.

RESULTS

The consultation with SMEs generated three main themes, namely, Conventional skills, Tribal skills, and Occupational skills. The 70-item dental-SJT piloted on 150 final year dental students revealed data were normally distributed. The internal reliability of test was good (0.738). Students scored highest in "management skills" (>70%) and lowest in "professional ethics" (56%) and "diverse experiences" (58%). The overall student perception about the test was good.

CONCLUSION

SJT is an effective tool to assess non-cognitive attributes of dental students. It has an overall positive perception about perceived predictive validity, perceived fairness, face and content validity.

Violence against Emergency Nurses in Kermanshah-Iran: Prevalence and Associated Factors

Background

Violence against emergency nurses is a global concern with undesirable physical and psychological consequences. This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of physical and verbal violence against emergency nurses in Iran.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, 150 nurses working in seven hospitals affiliated to Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences were included in the study using the stratified random sampling method. The data collection tools included a personal information form and a researcher-made questionnaire. Violence-related characteristics were assessed using descriptive statistics. Logistic regression was used to identify factors related to physical and verbal violence.

Results

The frequency rates of physical and verbal violence during the past 12 months were equal to 62% (n = 93) and 94.7% (n = 142), respectively. In both types of physical violence (49.5%, n = 46) and verbal violence (40.4%, n = 57), the nursing station was the most common place of violence. In both physical (n = 40, 43.0%) and verbal violence (n = 101, 71.1%), the most common perpetrator was the patient's family. Most physical violence (57.0%, n = 53) and verbal violence (35.2%, n = 50) occurred in the night shifts. No statistically significant relationship was found between physical and verbal violence and gender, age, marital status, type of employment, and work experience. Discussion. The results indicate the seriousness of workplace violence against nurses. It is necessary to adopt a global approach along with providing sufficient manpower and psychological empowerment of nurses. Further studies with a forward-looking approach are suggested.

Mães adolescentes, autocuidado e cuidado infantil: validação de conteúdo de um calendário histórico de eventos

RESUMO Objetivo: Validar o conteúdo da ferramenta Event History Calendar Mãe Adolescente: fortalecendo o autocuidado e o cuidado da criança. Método: Estudo metodológico com a técnica Delphi, realizado em duas rodadas, envolvendo 37 especialistas de enfermagem. Na coleta de dados, de dezembro/2019 a agosto/2020, foi utilizado um questionário semiestruturado composto por 47 itens relacionados às duas dimensões da ferramenta: Autocuidado e Cuidado da criança. O Índice de Validade de Conteúdo ≥ 0,80 foi utilizado para avaliar a concordância entre os especialistas. Elementos qualitativos foram analisados quanto à clareza e abrangência do conteúdo. Resultados: Na primeira rodada, 46 itens apresentaram Índice de Validade de Conteúdo ≥ 0,80. Os elementos qualitativos apontaram necessidade de maior clareza para o público adolescente. Após as alterações, a ferramenta apresentou 30 itens. Na segunda rodada, os 30 itens avaliados alcançaram Índice de Validade de Conteúdo ≥ 0,80. As considerações qualitativas foram traduzidas em modificações no conteúdo e sequência na versão final da ferramenta. Conclusão: A ferramenta validada obteve avaliação adequada dos itens de cada dimensão, relacionados ao autocuidado da mãe adolescente e cuidado da criança, com alto grau de compreensibilidade.

Adolescent mothers, self-care and childcare: content validation of an Event History Calendar

OBJECTIVE

To validate the content of the tool Event History Calendar Adolescent Mother: strengthening self-care and child care.

METHOD

Methodological study using the Delphi technique, conducted in two rounds, involving 37 nursing specialists. In data collection, from December/2019 to August/2020, a semi-structured questionnaire composed of 47 items related to the two dimensions of the tool: Self-care and Child Care was used. The Content Validity Index ≥ 0.80 was used to assess agreement among the experts. Qualitative elements were analyzed for clarity and comprehensiveness of content.

RESULTS

In the first round, 46 items showed Content Validity Index ≥ 0.80. The qualitative elements pointed out more clarity for the adolescent audience. After the changes, the tool presented 30 items. In the second round, the 30 items evaluated achieved Content Validity Index ≥ 0.80. The qualitative considerations were translated into modifications in the content and sequence in the final version of the tool.

CONCLUSION

The validated tool obtained adequate evaluation of the items of each dimension, related to adolescent mother self-care and child care, with a high degree of comprehensibility.

Factors Associated with COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Among Muslim High School Students in Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia

Purpose

This study aims to identify the factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination uptake and the intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine among Muslim high school students in Jakarta, Indonesia.

Patients and Methods

A cross-sectional study using an online survey was conducted for high school students. The population in this study were Muslim students grade 11 and 12 at secondary high school living and studying in Jakarta Metropolitan area. A total of 440 samples have been selected using non-probability sampling. In this study, the independent variables were factors associated with vaccination behaviors that were derived from the HBM and TPB theories, while the dependent variables were vaccination uptake and vaccination intention. Factors associated with the dependent variables have been identified using chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests.

Results

About 65% respondents had received COVID-19 vaccine and 72% of those who had not received COVID-19 vaccine had the intention to receive the vaccine. Some of the behavioral model variables such as the perceived susceptibility score, perceived severity score, perceived benefits score, perceived barriers score, self-efficacy score, attitude score, and social norms score were significantly associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake among high school students. Furthermore, all of the behavioral model variables, ie, perceived susceptibility score, perceived severity score, perceived benefits score, perceived barriers score, cues to action score, self-efficacy score, attitude score, social norms score, and perceived behavioral control score were significantly associated with an intention of being vaccinated.

Conclusion

The vaccination for students can be set in more affordable locationsfor example, in schools. In addition, efforts to increase student knowledge regarding the effectiveness and safety of vaccines and the dangers of COVID-19 should be sustained.

Yoga Module Development and Validation: A Systematic Review with Methodological Guidelines

In the past decades, more than fifty different yoga styles have been implemented in the therapeutic context to manage various diseases. Yet, not all of these yoga styles have been validated or standardized as a program. The aim of this article is to review the different methodologies used for yoga module development and to assess their quality. Three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) were searched using the following keywords and Boolean operators: (validation OR development OR design) AND (yoga OR mind-body) AND (module OR protocol OR program). Three thousand six hundred and seventy-one articles were enlisted, and based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 37 articles were narrowed down for review. Since no checklist exists to assess the quality of yoga modules, the authors designed a 23-item checklist to categorize each having low, medium, or high quality. As per the yoga module quality checklist, only 21.6% of the studies had high quality, while 75.3% of the articles had medium quality and 8.11% had low quality. A commonly used development method was literature review, while for validation, experts' scoring of the Likert scale was the preferred means. The feasibility of the module was carried out only by half of the studies. Few diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, Parkinson's disease, and obesity had more than one yoga module developed. The findings of this systematic review have shed some light on the growing need for standardized methods of yoga module development. The 23-item checklist can guide researchers in the homogeneous development strategies when designing yoga interventions in the future.

Fostering Advocacy Behavior of Employees: A Corporate Social Responsibility Perspective From the Hospitality Sector

Considering the stiff competitiveness situation in every sector, promoting the advocacy behavior of employees is of seminal importance for an organization. With this regard, the hospitality sector has no exceptions, however, a review of the prior literature uncovers that most of the prior studies on advocacy behavior were conducted from the standpoint of consumers, and the role of employees’ advocacy behavior, especially in the context of the hospitality sector, remained an understudied area. Research also shows that the corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts of an organization can significantly influence employees’ behavior but the relationship of CSR to spur employees’ advocacy behavior was not discussed earlier. Against this knowledge gap, the current work aims to investigate the relationship between CSR and employees’ advocacy behavior in the hotel sector of a developing economy with the mediating effect of employees’ engagement. A hypothesized model was developed, which was validated by collecting data from different hotel employees through a self-administered questionnaire. The findings offer different theoretical and practical implications. Theoretically, one important implication was that the CSR perceptions of hotel employees can drive their advocacy behavior. Practically, the study implicates that hotels can improve their reputation significantly by converting their employees into advocates, as the personal information source is preferred over company-generated information sources. Moreover, the CSR commitment of a hotel can lead the employees to a higher level of engagement, which then motivates them to act as advocates.

Fostering the Environmental Performance of Hotels in Pakistan: A Moderated Mediation Approach From the Perspective of Corporate Social Responsibility

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan has been a mere victim of climate change in recent years. The country needs emergency measures at every level to mitigate environmental dilapidation. The role of enterprises in the country's environmental efforts is critical. In this regard, the hotel sector is known for its outsized carbon footprint. Knowing this, the current study aims to improve a hotel enterprise's environmental performance (ENP) as an outcome of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The study also considers the mediating role of pro-environmental behavior (PEB) of employees and the moderating role of altruistic values (ALT). A hypothesized model was developed, which was validated by employing the structural equation modeling technique. The empirical results confirmed that CSR, directly and indirectly (through PEB), positively induces the ENP of a hotel enterprise. Whereas the conditional indirect role of ALT was also found significant. The study offers different implications for theory and practice, among which one important takeaway for the hotel sector is to realize the importance of employees to spur ENP of a hotel enterprise through their eco-friendly behavior. At the same time, the current work also advances the theory by highlighting the moderating role of ALT between the indirect relationship of CSR and ENP.

Content Validity through Expert Judgment for the Depression Clinical Evaluation Test

Background/Objective

The evaluation of depression requires valid and reliable measuring instruments, which collect a wide spectrum of symptoms that this disorder displays, in order to carry out an accurate and differential diagnosis. The objective of this work is the construction of the Depression Clinical Evaluation Test (DCET), where affective, somatic, cognitive, behavioral and interpersonal symptoms are considered and also analyze its content validity through an expert judgment.

Method

Based on different diagnostic and manual classifications, a specification table for a depression test was established. In its evaluation, 16 experts in Psychological Assessment, Psychometry and/or Psychopathology participated. A total of 300 items were created. The experts had to assess the items according to the criteria of Content, Relevance, Clarity, Comprehension, Sensitivity, and Offensiveness. In addition, 50 adults, evaluated the compression of the items.

Results

The degree of understanding for all the items was high and the expert judgment favoured the suppression of 104 items, thus obtaining a shorter measuring instrument with a total of 196 items for ease of application.

Conclusions

The content validity of the test is adequate and fits the agreed definition of depression.

Proposing Employee Level CSR as an Enabler for Economic Performance: The Role of Work Engagement and Quality of Work-Life

The aim of the current research is to foster the economic performance of a hotel enterprise through employee-level corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities with the mediating effect of work engagement (W.E) and quality of work-life (QWL). A hypothesized model was developed for this purpose. The data were collected from the hotel employees of a developing economy (n = 396). The hypothesized relations were tested by employing the structural equation modeling technique. The current work’s statistical outcomes validated CSR’s seminal role to influence W.E and QWL perceptions of hotel employees, which eventually contribute to the economic performance of a hotel enterprise. The findings of the current analysis have different theoretical and practical implications. To the extent of theory, the current work advances the fields of enterprise management and employee wellbeing from an individual-level perspective of CSR. Practically, the current study helps the hotel management to realize that a carefully planned CSR strategy not only improves the economic performance of a hotel enterprise through employees but also helps to fulfill its social responsibility, hence leading a hotel enterprise towards a win-win situation.

Unleashing the Potential Role of CSR and Altruistic Values to Foster Pro-Environmental Behavior by Hotel Employees

The hotel sector, around the globe, has a bad reputation due to its oversized carbon footprint. Therefore, this sector requires different approaches to improve its environmental management efforts. In this regard, the importance of employees' pro-environmental behavior (PEB) has been recently discussed to reduce an enterprise's carbon footprint. Reflecting this, the current work aims to improve PEB of employees as an outcome of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and altruistic values (ALV) in the hotel enterprises of an emerging economy. A total of 489 valid responses was collected from hotel employees, which were then analyzed through structural equation modeling (SEM). Different hypotheses were validated by employing SEM, and the results confirmed that CSR, directly and indirectly, via ALV as a mediator, improves PEB. The current work offers insights into the hotel industry for improving its environmental footprint through CSR and ALV. Moreover, academically, the current work advances the literature on CSR and environmental management from the perspective of hotel enterprises and by highlighting the role of individual values, especially ALV.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Pro-Environmental Behavior of the Individuals from the Perspective of Protection Motivation Theory

Several research studies have investigated the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and pro-environmental behavior of individuals in the industrial context (considering the employees as individuals) while ignoring the non-industrial context. Climate change and related issues associated with the interaction of humans with the environment are of great importance in today’s context, hence, it is equally important to test such a relationship in a non-industrial context. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the relationship between CSR and pro-environmental behavior of students (SPEB) in the higher education sector of Pakistan. Given that university students are more inclined to act pro-environmentally, as they partake in different climate change activities and are part of the debate on the global environmental crisis, considering this sector to promote SPEB is of the utmost importance. The current study also proposes emotional affinity towards students (EATN) as a mediator between the proposed relationship. The current study data were collected from university students (n = 656) studying in different universities of Pakistan. The results were validated by employing the structural equation modeling technique (SEM). The results confirmed that there exists a positive association between CSR perception of a university and SPEB, and EATN partially mediates this relationship. The findings of the current study will be helpful to the higher education policymakers in Pakistan to mitigate the country’s environmental footprint by promoting the sustainable behavior of students as an outcome of CSR. Moreover, these findings will also be helpful to the academia for policymaking pertinent to educational governance.

Construction and Validity of an Instrument to Evaluate Renewable Energies and Energy Sustainability Perceptions for Social Consciousness

The construction and content validity of an instrument to evaluate the perception and social consciousness on renewable resources and energy sustainability was done. First, a review and analysis of the existing instruments in the literature was carried out. The instrument was constructed, then reviewed by three experts, and submitted to the judgment of nine experts. Finally, it was applied to a group of twenty people to evaluate instruction and question accuracy. The instrument is integrated with four dimensions: knowledge on renewable energy; the perception of benefits obtained from it; willingness to acquire renewable energy equipment and evaluation of the use of wind and solar energies importance; the degree of personal and social awareness on environmental care as well as information on specific habits on how important it is to promote and practice energy-saving and environmental sustainability. The experts’ revision process resulted in the approval of the instrument. Content validity (Aiken’s V > 0.75; VI > 0.50) was confirmed. The results of the pilot sample showed a favorable opinion, the understanding of the instructions and items, and the attainment of an optimal value in reliability (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.8553). It was concluded that the instrument is valid to evaluate the perception and degree of consciousness on renewable energies and energy sustainability constructs.

Content Validation of an Instrument for the Assessment of School Teachers' Levels of Knowledge of Diabetes through Expert Judgment

The objective of this study was to describe the content validation, through expert judgment, of a questionnaire for determining the level of knowledge that school teachers have of diabetes in order to design relevant educational interventions to improve the health of school-aged children. This psychometric study involved 15 experts who assessed each of the items in the instrument. The results revealed that the strength of agreement shown by the questionnaire ranged from substantial to almost perfect in its four dimensions, with the characteristics of “sufficiency” and “relevance” having the highest scores (0.982 and 0.903, respectively) based on the judgments made by the participating experts. Regarding statistical significance, the characteristics “sufficiency”, with p < 0.001, and “relevance”, with p = 0.001, were particularly relevant. The overall degree of understandability for the new version of the instrument was high (91.54%). The psychometric results obtained from validation of the “grado de conocimientos sobre diabetes en docentes del ámbito escolar” (Spanish for “level of knowledge of diabetes in school teachers”)—GCDDaE questionnaire through expert judgment and the pre-test indicate that it is recommended for use as it is both relevant and quick and easy to administer.

Development and Validation of a Rating Scale of Pain Expression during Childbirth (ESVADOPA)

One of the most representative symptoms during childbirth is pain, which is one of the most prominent concerns of pregnant women. There are different instruments to assess pain, all of which require interrupting the woman, thus interfering with the intimacy of childbirth. This study seeks to develop and validate a rating scale of the expression of childbirth pain that does not require the mother’s attention and respects her privacy during labor. The study was conducted at a regional hospital in a border town in southern Spain between November 2018 and September 2019. Scale items were developed following a review of the scientific literature, and experts judged the content validity. After a pilot test, the scale was psychometrically evaluated. The psychometric tests consisted of internal consistency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and determination of the content, construct, and convergent validity. The scale was evaluated by 36 experts in the field and was then applied to 55 women during the active phase of childbirth. The final version of the Rating Scale of Pain Expression during Childbirth (in Spanish, Escala de Valoración de la Expresión del Dolor durante el Trabajo de Parto—ESVADOPA) consists of six items in two dimensions. The scale had a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.78, and the content validity measured by Aiken’s V co-efficient was also 0.78. The exploratory factor analysis yielded two dimensions that explained 68.08% of the total variance. For convergent validity, a comparison was made with the visual analogue scale, yielding a medium–high value of 0.641. As indicated by the internal consistency and by the content and construct validity outcomes, the ESVADOPA successfully measures pain expression during childbirth and represents a suitable tool for pain expression during birth without the need for intervention or the need for the mother to speak the same language as the midwife.