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Fleming SA, Reyes SM, Donovan SM, Hernell O, Jiang R, Lönnerdal B, Neu J, Steinman L, Sørensen ES, West CE, Kleinman R, Wallingford JC. An expert panel on the adequacy of safety data and physiological roles of dietary bovine osteopontin in infancy. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1404303. [PMID: 38919388 PMCID: PMC11197938 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1404303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Human milk, due to its unique composition, is the optimal standard for infant nutrition. Osteopontin (OPN) is abundant in human milk but not bovine milk. The addition of bovine milk osteopontin (bmOPN) to formula may replicate OPN's concentration and function in human milk. To address safety concerns, we convened an expert panel to assess the adequacy of safety data and physiological roles of dietary bmOPN in infancy. The exposure of breastfed infants to human milk OPN (hmOPN) has been well-characterized and decreases markedly over the first 6 months of lactation. Dietary bmOPN is resistant to gastric and intestinal digestion, absorbed and cleared from circulation within 8-24 h, and represents a small portion (<5%) of total plasma OPN. Label studies on hmOPN suggest that after 3 h, intact or digested OPN is absorbed into carcass (62%), small intestine (23%), stomach (5%), and small intestinal perfusate (4%), with <2% each found in the cecum, liver, brain, heart, and spleen. Although the results are heterogenous with respect to bmOPN's physiologic impact, no adverse impacts have been reported across growth, gastrointestinal, immune, or brain-related outcomes. Recombinant bovine and human forms demonstrate similar absorption in plasma as bmOPN, as well as effects on cognition and immunity. The panel recommended prioritization of trials measuring a comprehensive set of clinically relevant outcomes on immunity and cognition to confirm the safety of bmOPN over that of further research on its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. This review offers expert consensus on the adequacy of data available to assess the safety of bmOPN for use in infant formula, aiding evidence-based decisions on the formulation of infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sharon M. Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Olle Hernell
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rulan Jiang
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Josef Neu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Departments of Pediatrics and of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Interdepartmental Program in Immunology, Beckman Center for Molecular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Esben S. Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christina E. West
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ronald Kleinman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Sadhukhan R, Verma SP, Mondal S, Das A, Banerjee R, Mandal A, Banerjee M, Goswami DK. Humidity-Induced Protein-Based Artificial Synaptic Devices for Neuroprosthetic Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307439. [PMID: 38213007 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Neuroprosthetics and brain-machine interfaces are immensely beneficial for people with neurological disabilities, and the future generation of neural repair systems will utilize neuromorphic devices for the advantages of energy efficiency and real-time performance abilities. Conventional synaptic devices are not compatible to work in such conditions. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the central part of the nervous system is composed of 99% water. Therefore, artificial synaptic devices, which are the fundamental component of neuromorphic devices, should resemble biological nerves while being biocompatible, and functional in high-humidity environments with higher functional stability for real-time applications in the human body. In this work, artificial synaptic devices are fabricated based on gelatin-PEDOT: PSS composite as an active material to work more effectively in a highly humid environment (≈90% relative humidity). These devices successfully mimic various synaptic properties by the continuous variation of conductance, like, excitatory/inhibitory post-synaptic current(EPSC/IPSC), paired-pulse facilitation/depression(PPF/PPD), spike-voltage dependent plasticity (SVDP), spike-duration dependent plasticity (SDDP), and spike-rate dependent plasticity (SRDP) in environments at a relative humidity levels of ≈90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Sadhukhan
- Organic Electronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Shiv Prakash Verma
- School of Nano Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Sovanlal Mondal
- School of Nano Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Abhirup Das
- Organic Electronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Rajdeep Banerjee
- Organic Electronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Ajoy Mandal
- Organic Electronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | | | - Dipak K Goswami
- Organic Electronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
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Li L, Chen J, Zheng Y, Lane J, Hu R, Zhu J, Fu X, Huang Q, Liu F, Zhang B. Gastro-Intestinal Digested Bovine Milk Osteopontin Modulates Gut Barrier Biomarkers In Vitro. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2200777. [PMID: 38193251 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional protein naturally present in mammals' milk, associated with immune homeostasis and intestinal maturation. This study aims to investigate the protein digestion pattern and the cellular bioactivity of bovine milk OPN digesta in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS A modified INFOGEST static in vitro infant digestion protocol and a Caco-2/HT-29 co-culture cell model are employed to evaluate the digestion properties and the anti-inflammatory effects of OPN. OPN is resistant to gastric hydrolysis but degraded into large peptides during intestinal digestion. Its 10 kDa digesta permeate with predicted extensive bioactivities protects the co-culture cell model from the inflammation-induced dysfunction by dose-dependently recovering the expression of occludin, claudin-3, and ZO-1. Low dosage of OPN significantly decreases the production of IL-8 and IL-6, and downregulates the mRNA and protein expression of MyD88, NF-κB p65, and IκB-α, whereas a high dose evokes a mild pro-inflammatory response. Interestingly, anti-inflammatory effect of OPN digesta is stronger than lactoferrin and whey protein concentrate counterparts. CONCLUSION The findings demonstrate that the bioactive peptides released from in vitro infant gastrointestinal digestion of bovine milk OPN alleviates intestinal epithelial cell inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB pathway activation and potentiates the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Juchun Chen
- H&H Group, H&H Research, China Research and Innovation Center, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Yuxing Zheng
- H&H Group, H&H Research, China Research and Innovation Center, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Jonathan Lane
- H&H Group, H&H Research, Global Research and Technology Centre, P61 K202 Co, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ruibiao Hu
- H&H Group, H&H Research, China Research and Innovation Center, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiong Fu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Feitong Liu
- H&H Group, H&H Research, China Research and Innovation Center, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Sino-Singapore International Research Institute, Guangzhou, 510555, China
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Golden RK, Sutkus LT, Donovan SM, Dilger RN. Dietary supplementation of 3'-sialyllactose or 6'-sialyllactose elicits minimal influence on cognitive and brain development in growing pigs. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 17:1337897. [PMID: 38268796 PMCID: PMC10806065 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1337897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Sialylated human milk oligosaccharides (HMO), such as 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL) and 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL), are abundant throughout lactation and at much higher concentrations than are present in bovine milk or infant formulas. Previous studies have suggested that sialylated HMO may have neurocognitive benefits in early life. Recent research has focused on infant formula supplementation with key nutrients and bioactives to narrow the developmental gap between formula-fed and breastfed infants. Herein, we investigated the impact of supplemental 3'-SL or 6'-SL on cognitive and brain development at two time-points [postnatal days (PND) 33 and 61]. Two-day-old piglets (N = 75) were randomly assigned to commercial milk replacer ad libitum without or with 3'-SL or 6'-SL (added in a powdered form at a rate of 0.2673% on an as-is weight basis). Cognitive development was assessed via novel object recognition and results were not significant at both time-points (p > 0.05). Magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess structural brain development. Results varied between scan type, diet, and time-point. A main effect of diet was observed for absolute volume of white matter and 9 other regions of interest (ROI), as well as for relative volume of the pons on PND 30 (p < 0.05). Similar effects were observed on PND 58. Diffusion tensor imaging indicated minimal differences on PND 30 (p > 0.05). However, several dietary differences across the diffusion outcomes were observed on PND 58 (p < 0.05) indicating dietary impacts on brain microstructure. Minimal dietary differences were observed from myelin water fraction imaging at either time-point. Overall, sialyllactose supplementation had no effects on learning and memory as assessed by novel object recognition, but may influence temporally-dependent aspects of brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K. Golden
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Loretta T. Sutkus
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Sharon M. Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ryan N. Dilger
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
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Sørensen ES, Christensen B. Milk Osteopontin and Human Health. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112423. [PMID: 37299387 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional protein found in all vertebrates. OPN is expressed in many different cell types, and is consequently found in most tissues and physiological secretions. OPN is involved in a multitude of biological processes, such as activation and regulation of the immune system; biomineralization; tissue-transformative processes, including growth and development of the gut and brain; interaction with bacteria; and many more. OPN is found in the highest concentrations in milk, where it is believed to initiate and regulate developmental, immunological and physiological processes in infants who consume milk. Processes for the isolation of bovine OPN for use in infant formula have been developed, and in recent years, many studies have investigated the effects of the intake of milk OPN. The purpose of this article is to review and compare existing knowledge about the structure and function of milk OPN, with a particular focus on the effects of milk OPN on human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben S Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Brian Christensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Zhao J, Lei H, Wang T, Xiong X. Liver-bone crosstalk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Clinical implications and underlying pathophysiology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1161402. [PMID: 36967758 PMCID: PMC10036806 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1161402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common complication of many types of chronic liver diseases (CLDs), such as cholestatic liver disease, viral hepatitis, and alcoholic liver disease. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent metabolic liver disease, affecting almost one third of adults around the world, and is emerging as the dominant cause of CLDs. Liver serves as a hub for nutrient and energy metabolism in the body, and its crosstalk with other tissues, such as adipose tissue, heart, and brain, has been well recognized. However, much less is known about the crosstalk that occurs between the liver and bone. Moreover, the mechanisms by which CLDs increase the risk for osteoporosis remain unclear. This review summarizes the latest research on the liver-bone axis and discusses the relationship between NAFLD and osteoporosis. We cover key signaling molecules secreted by liver, such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1), fetuin-A, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and osteopontin (OPN), and their relevance to the homeostasis of bone metabolism. Finally, we consider the disordered liver metabolism that occurs in patients with NAFLD and how this disrupts signaling to the bone, thereby perturbing the balance between osteoclasts and osteoblasts and leading to osteoporosis or hepatic osteodystrophy (HOD).
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Sutkus LT, Joung S, Hirvonen J, Jensen HM, Ouwehand AC, Mukherjea R, Donovan SM, Dilger RN. Influence of 2'-Fucosyllactose and Bifidobacterium longum Subspecies infantis Supplementation on Cognitive and Structural Brain Development in Young Pigs. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:860368. [PMID: 35546890 PMCID: PMC9081927 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.860368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the gut-brain axis during early-life is an important contributor of brain structural and functional development. Human milk oligosaccharides and gut microbiota have potential beneficial effects on various aspects of development; however, the effects of 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis Bi-26 (Bi-26) administration during infancy separately and combined are still not clear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of early administration of dietary 2′-FL and Bi-26 on brain structural and functional development in the young pig. From postnatal day (PND) 2–34 or 35, fifty-two intact male pigs were randomly assigned to treatment groups in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement and provided ad libitum access to a nutritionally adequate milk replacer without or with 1.0 g of 2′-FL/L of reconstituted liquid. Pigs within each diet group were further stratified to receive a daily oral dose of glycerol stock without or with Bi-26 (109 CFU). Pigs were subjected to the novel object recognition (NOR) task from PND 27–31 to assess recognition memory and subsequently underwent magnetic resonance imaging procedures at PND 32 or 33 to assess brain macrostructure and microstructure. Pigs that received Bi-26 had smaller absolute brain volumes for 9 of 27 brain regions of interest, and smaller relative volumes for 2 regions associated with kinesthesia (P < 0.05). Synbiotic administration of 2′-FL and Bi-26 elicited interactive effects (P < 0.05) on several microstructural brain components, where dual supplementation negated the effects of each test article alone. Behavioral outcomes indicated that pigs did not express novelty preference, regardless of treatment group, demonstrating no effects of 2′-FL and Bi-26 on recognition memory when supplemented alone or in combination. Interactive effects (P < 0.05) were observed for the number of all object visits, latency to the first object visit, and number of familiar object visits. Pigs that did not receive Bi-26 supplementation exhibited less time interacting with the familiar object in total (P = 0.002) and on average (P = 0.005). In conclusion, supplementation of 2′-FL and/or Bi-26 elicited some alterations in object exploratory behaviors and macro/micro-structures of the brain, but changes in recognition memory were not observed. Specifically in brain microstructure, synbiotic administration of 2′-FL and Bi-26 appeared to negate effects observed when each dietary article was supplemented separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta T Sutkus
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Sangyun Joung
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | | | - Henrik Max Jensen
- IFF R&D-Enabling Technologies, Advanced Analytical, Brabrand, Denmark
| | | | | | - Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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Kyaw HM, Sato H, Tagami T, Yanagawa Y, Nagano M, Katagiri S. Effects of milk osteopontin on the endometrial epidermal growth factor profile and restoration of fertility in repeat breeder dairy cows. Theriogenology 2022; 184:26-33. [PMID: 35255245 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial epidermal growth factor (EGF) shows a cyclic change with two peaks on Days 2-4 and 13-14 during the estrous cycle. An altered (i.e., loss of the two peaks) profile has been linked to reduced fertility in repeat breeder cows. We previously demonstrated that a form of osteopontin (OPN), with a molecular weight of 29 kDa and found in bull seminal plasma (SP), normalized the EGF profile and restored fertility in repeat breeder cows. OPN has many molecular forms due to post-translational modifications and is abundant in bovine milk. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether mOPN normalizes the endometrial EGF profile and restores fertility in repeat breeder dairy cows with an altered EGF profile. OPN was separated by one-step anion-exchange column chromatography from the whey of bovine milk. Purified mOPN was verified by Western blotting and peptide mass fingerprinting analyses. The OPN fraction showed three major protein bands of 61, 37 and 31 kDa (peptides I, II, and III, respectively) on SDS-PAGE. All three major bands were identified as OPNs by Western blotting and their tryptic peptide masses were matched at approximately 50, 40, and 10%, respectively, to the bovine OPN amino acid sequence by a peptide mass finger printing analysis. The three bands accounted for approximately 85% of the total protein content and 6-23 mg of OPN was obtained from 1 L of bovine milk. A lyophilized eluate containing 1.3 mg of mOPN (171 cows), 0.5 mL of frozen SP (62 cows), and PBS (84 cows) was infused at estrus into the vagina of repeat breeder cows with an altered EGF profile. Some of the cows treated with mOPN, SP, and PBS (46, 50, and 45 cows, respectively) were inseminated immediately before the infusion and then examined for pregnancy between Days 60 and 65. The rate at which mOPN to normalize the EGF profile (56.1%) was similar to that of SP (58.1%) and higher than that of PBS (23.8%) (P < 0.05). The conception rate after the infusion of mOPN (43.5%) was similar to that of SP (40.0%) and higher than that of PBS (22.2%) (P < 0.05). The present results indicate that the infusion of mOPN into the vagina is a treatment option for repeat breeder cows with an altered EGF profile. Further studies are needed to compare the capacity of the three OPN molecules in milk to normalize the EGF profile, together with their molecular characteristics due to post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hay Mar Kyaw
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hiroko Sato
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Tagami
- Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology, Division of Fundamental AgriScience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Yojiro Yanagawa
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Masashi Nagano
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Seiji Katagiri
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
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Belfort MB, Inder TE. Human Milk and Preterm Infant Brain Development: A Narrative Review. Clin Ther 2022; 44:612-621. [PMID: 35307209 PMCID: PMC9133155 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review and synthesize the literature on human milk and structural brain development and injury in preterm infants, focusing on the application of quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in this field. METHODS For this narrative review, we searched PubMed for articles published from 1990 to 2021 that reported observational or interventional studies of maternal milk or donor milk in relation to brain development and/or injury in preterm infants assessed with quantitative MRI at term equivalent age. Studies were characterized with respect to key aspects of study design, milk exposure definition, and MRI outcomes. FINDINGS We identified 7 relevant studies, all of which were observational in design and published between 2013 and 2021. Included preterm infants were born at or below 33 weeks' gestation. Sample sizes ranged from 22 to 377 infants. Exposure to human milk included both maternal and donor milk. No study included a full-term comparison group. Main MRI outcome domains were white matter integrity (assessed with diffusion tensor imaging, resting state functional connectivity, or semiautomated segmentation of white matter abnormality) and total and regional brain volumes. Studies revealed that greater exposure to human milk versus formula was associated with favorable outcomes, including more mature and connected cerebral white matter with less injury and larger regional brain volumes, notably in the deep nuclear gray matter, amygdala-hippocampus, and cerebellum. No consistent signature effect of human milk exposure was found; instead, the beneficial associations were regional and tissue-specific neuroprotective effects on the areas of known vulnerability in the preterm infant. IMPLICATIONS Evidence to date suggests that human milk may protect the preterm infant from the white matter injury and dysmaturation to which this population is vulnerable. Brain MRI at term equivalent age is emerging as a useful tool to investigate the effects of human milk on the preterm brain. When grounded in neurobiological knowledge about preterm brain injury and development, this approach holds promise for allowing further insight into the mechanisms and pathways underlying beneficial associations of human milk with neurodevelopmental outcomes in this population and in the investigation of specific milk bioactive components with neuroprotective or neurorestorative potential.
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Milk Osteopontin for Gut, Immunity and Brain Development in Preterm Pigs. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082675. [PMID: 34444835 PMCID: PMC8400468 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficient levels of milk osteopontin (OPN) in infant formula may partly account for developmental differences between infants fed formula or maternal milk. We hypothesized that a milk diet supplemented with bovine milk OPN improves gut, immunity and brain development and tested this in a preterm pig model. Preterm pigs delivered by cesarean section (90% gestation) were fed raw bovine milk (CON, n = 19) or the same diet supplemented with a physiologically relevant dose of OPN (46 mg/(kg·d), n = 16). Endpoints related to clinical outcomes, systemic immunity and neurocognitive development were assessed during the study and gut tissues were collected at Day 19. Growth pattern, early motor development and most systemic immune parameters were similar between OPN and CON pigs. The OPN pigs had higher villus-to-crypt ratios than CON pigs and higher monocyte and lymphocyte counts on Day 8. Gut digestive and absorptive functions and cognitive performance (T-maze test) were similar between OPN and CON pigs. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with OPN above basal bovine milk levels induced minor improvements in gut structure and systemic immunity without any effects on cognitive performance. The minimal levels of OPN in infant formula to secure optimal adaptation in the immediate neonatal period remain to be determined.
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Osteopontin Levels in Human Milk Are Related to Maternal Nutrition and Infant Health and Growth. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082670. [PMID: 34444830 PMCID: PMC8402120 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycosylated phosphoprotein found in human tissues and body fluids. OPN in breast milk is thought to play a major role in growth and immune system development in early infancy. Here, we investigated maternal factors that may affect concentrations of OPN in breast milk, and the possible associated consequences for the health of neonates. Methods: General characteristics, health status, dietary patterns, and anthropometric measurements of 85 mothers and their babies were recorded antenatally and during postnatal follow-up. Results: The mean concentration of OPN in breast milk was 137.1 ± 56.8 mg/L. Maternal factors including smoking, BMI, birth route, pregnancy weight gain, and energy intake during lactation were associated with OPN levels (p < 0.05). Significant correlations were determined between body weight, length, and head circumference, respectively, and OPN levels after one (r = 0.442, p = < 0.001; r = −0.284, p = < 0.001; r = −0.392, p = < 0.001) and three months (r = 0.501, p = < 0.001; r = −0.450, p = < 0.001; r = −0.498, p = < 0.001) of lactation. A negative relation between fever-related infant hospitalizations from 0–3 months and breast milk OPN levels (r = −0.599, p < 0.001) was identified. Conclusions: OPN concentrations in breast milk differ depending on maternal factors, and these differences can affect the growth and immune system functions of infants. OPN supplementation in infant formula feed may have benefits and should be further investigated.
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Influence of Dietary Polar Lipid Supplementation on Memory and Longitudinal Brain Development. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082486. [PMID: 34444644 PMCID: PMC8398977 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polar lipids, which are found in human milk, serve essential functions within biological membranes, hence their importance in brain development and cognition. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the longitudinal effects on brain macrostructural and microstructural development and recognition memory of early-life polar lipid supplementation using the translational pig model. Twenty-eight intact (i.e., not castrated) male pigs were provided either a control diet (n = 14) or the control diet supplemented with polar lipids (n = 14) from postnatal day 2 until postnatal week 4. After postnatal week 4, all animals were provided the same nutritionally-adequate diets until postnatal week 24. Pigs underwent magnetic resonance imaging at 8 longitudinal time-points to model brain macrostructural and microstructural developmental trajectories. The novel object recognition task was implemented at postnatal weeks 4 and 8 to evaluate recognition memory. Subtle differences were observed between groups in hippocampal absolute brain volumes and fractional anisotropy, and no differences in myelin water fraction developmental patterns were noted. Behavioral outcomes did not differ in recognition memory, and only minimal differences were observed in exploratory behaviors. Our findings suggest that early-life dietary supplementation of polar lipids has limited effect on brain developmental patterns, object recognition memory, and exploratory behaviors.
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Jia Q, Wang Y, Zhu J, Yu H, Tong X. A literature review on lactopontin and its roles in early life. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:1924-1931. [PMID: 34430441 PMCID: PMC8349962 DOI: 10.21037/tp-21-293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our study aims to review the functions and possible mechanisms of lactopontin (LPN) in early life. BACKGROUND Human milk proteins provide a variety of protection and health benefits in early life. One of these multifunctional proteins is LPN, which is osteopontin (OPN) derived from milk. METHODS Information used to write this paper was collected from Uniprot, PubMed, and Google Scholar, including in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. CONCLUSIONS LPN is a highly phosphorylated, O-glycosylated acidic protein and a unique type of OPN, as it presents at the highest concentration and a higher degree of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) in human milk than other tissues and excretions. LPN is present in milk and the intestinal tracts of infants after consumption as a mixture of intact protein and peptides, which can bind diverse integrin and receptors in the target cell and drive downstream signaling pathways. LPN is found to play important roles in developing the immune, intestinal and nervous systems in early life. Moreover, LPN has also shown to support preterm infants' health when they are especially vulnerable after delivery via animal studies. Additionally, LPN can form protein complex with another milk bioactive protein, lactoferrin (LF), to withstand proteolysis and perform more efficient biological activity. Therefore, LPN showed great potential for early life while more clinical trials and evidence are still emergying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- Department of Nutritional and Functional Assessment, Beijing Institute of Nutritional Resources, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Nutritional and Functional Assessment, Beijing Institute of Nutritional Resources, Beijing, China
| | - Huanling Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomei Tong
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Fil JE, Joung S, Hayes CA, Dilger RN. Influence of Rearing Environment on Longitudinal Brain Development, Object Recognition Memory, and Exploratory Behaviors in the Domestic Pig ( Sus scrofa). Front Neurosci 2021; 15:649536. [PMID: 33841090 PMCID: PMC8024486 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.649536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Over the last 40 years, the domestic pig has emerged as a prominent preclinical model as this species shares similarities with humans with regard to immunity, gastrointestinal physiology, and neurodevelopment. Artificial rearing of pigs provides a number of advantages over conventional rearing (i.e., true maternal care), including careful control of nutrient intake and environment conditions. Yet there remains a gap in knowledge when comparing brain development between sow-reared and artificially reared domestic pigs. Thus, our research sought to model brain development and assess recognition memory in a longitudinal manner by directly comparing rearing environments. Methods Forty-four intact (i.e., not castrated) male pigs were artificially reared or sow-reared from postnatal day 2 until postnatal week 4. After postnatal week 4, all pigs were housed in a group setting within the same environment until postnatal week 24. Magnetic resonance imaging was conducted on pigs at 8 longitudinal time-points to model developmental trajectories of brain macrostructural and microstructural outcomes. Additionally, pigs behavior were tested using the novel object recognition task at postnatal weeks 4 and 8. Results Throughout the 24-week study, no differences between rearing groups were noted in weekly body weights, average growth and feed intake patterns, or feed efficiency. Whole brain, gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid growth patterns also did not differ between pigs assigned to different early-life rearing environments. Moreover, minimal differences in regional absolute volumes and fractional anisotropy developmental trajectories were identified, though artificially reared pigs exhibited higher initial rates of myelination in multiple brain regions compared with sow-reared pigs. Furthermore, behavioral assessment at both PNW 4 and 8 suggested little influence of rearing environment on recognition memory, however, an age-dependent increase in object recognition memory was observed in the sow-reared group. Conclusion Our findings suggest that early-life rearing environment influences the rate of development in some brain regions but has little influence on overall brain growth and object recognition memory and exploratory behaviors in the domestic pig. Artificial rearing may promote maturation in certain brain areas but does not appear to elicit long-term effects in outcomes including brain structure or object recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E Fil
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Sangyun Joung
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Courtney A Hayes
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
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Sánchez C, Franco L, Regal P, Lamas A, Cepeda A, Fente C. Breast Milk: A Source of Functional Compounds with Potential Application in Nutrition and Therapy. Nutrients 2021; 13:1026. [PMID: 33810073 PMCID: PMC8005182 DOI: 10.3390/nu13031026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is an unbeatable food that covers all the nutritional requirements of an infant in its different stages of growth up to six months after birth. In addition, breastfeeding benefits both maternal and child health. Increasing knowledge has been acquired regarding the composition of breast milk. Epidemiological studies and epigenetics allow us to understand the possible lifelong effects of breastfeeding. In this review we have compiled some of the components with clear functional activity that are present in human milk and the processes through which they promote infant development and maturation as well as modulate immunity. Milk fat globule membrane, proteins, oligosaccharides, growth factors, milk exosomes, or microorganisms are functional components to use in infant formulas, any other food products, nutritional supplements, nutraceuticals, or even for the development of new clinical therapies. The clinical evaluation of these compounds and their commercial exploitation are limited by the difficulty of isolating and producing them on an adequate scale. In this work we focus on the compounds produced using milk components from other species such as bovine, transgenic cattle capable of expressing components of human breast milk or microbial culture engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sánchez
- Pharmacy Faculty, San Pablo-CEU University, 28003 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Luis Franco
- Medicine Faculty, Santiago de Compostela University, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Patricia Regal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (P.R.); (A.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Alexandre Lamas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (P.R.); (A.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Alberto Cepeda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (P.R.); (A.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Cristina Fente
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (P.R.); (A.L.); (A.C.)
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