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van Brakel L, Mensink RP, Lütjohann D, Plat J. Plant stanol consumption increases anti-COVID-19 antibody responses, independent of changes in serum cholesterol concentrations: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:969-980. [PMID: 38278364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with overweight/obesity generally have impaired immune responses, resulting among others in increased risk of severe complaints and hospitalization after infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19), as well as decreased antibody production after vaccinations. Plant stanol ester previously increased the combined IgM/IgG antibody titers toward a hepatitis A vaccination in patients with allergic asthma, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. OBJECTIVES We evaluated whether plant stanol ester consumption improved the immune response in subjects with overweight/obesity after a COVID-19 vaccination. METHODS A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was performed. Thirty-two subjects with overweight/obesity consumed products with added plant stanols (4 g/d; provided as plant stanol ester) or control ≥2 wk before receiving their COVID-19 vaccination until 4 wk after vaccination. Antibody titers were analyzed weekly and statistically analyzed using mixed models. Serum metabolic markers and cytokine profiles were also analyzed. RESULTS IgM concentrations against the COVID-19 Spike protein were increased in the plant stanol ester group compared with the control group, with the largest difference observed 2 wk after vaccination [31.2 (0.43, 62.1) BAU/mL, or +139%; Group × Time: P = 0.031]. Subjects that produced very low IgM antibodies produced, as expected, hardly any IgG antibodies. In those with IgG seroconversion, IgG Spike concentrations were also increased in the plant stanol ester group compared with the control group [71.3 (2.51, 140.1) BAU/mL; Group P = 0.043]. Stimulated cytokine concentrations decreased in the plant stanol ester group compared with the control group in all 3 cytokine domains (that is, proinflammatory, T helper [Th1]/Th17, and Th2/regulatory T cells). Between-group differences in serum LDL cholesterol or other metabolic markers were not observed. CONCLUSIONS Consuming plant stanols (4 g/d) affects immune responses to COVID-19 vaccinations, translating into increased serum anti-COVID-19 IgM concentrations in subjects with overweight/obesity. Only in IgG seroconverted subjects, serum anti-COVID-19 IgG concentrations also increase. These effects are independent of reductions in LDL cholesterol. These results suggest that this high-risk group for COVID-19 complications could benefit from plant stanol consumption. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04844346.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieve van Brakel
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Sriamornsak P, Dass CR. Chitosan Nanoparticles in Atherosclerosis—Development to Preclinical Testing. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050935. [PMID: 35631521 PMCID: PMC9145436 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a natural biopolymer that is present in an abundant supply in sources such as crustacean shells, mushrooms, and insect exoskeletons. It can be used to make a variety of types of drug formulations and is generally safe to use in vivo; plus, it has inherent cholesterol-reducing properties. While an abundance of papers has tested this biopolymer in nanoparticles in cancer and diabetes research, there is a lag of usage, and hence the paucity of information, in the area of cardiovascular research, specifically in atherosclerosis, the topic of this review. This review highlights some of the deficiencies in this niche area of research, examines the range of chitosan nanoparticles that have been researched to date, and proposes several ways forward to advance this field. Nanoparticles used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes are reviewed, with a discussion on how these nanoparticles could be better researched in future and what lays ahead as the field potentially moves towards clinical trials in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornsak Sriamornsak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand;
- Pharmaceutical Biopolymer Group (PBiG), Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Crispin R. Dass
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Naturopathic practitioners' approach to caring for people with cardiovascular disease risk factors: A cross-cultural cross-sectional study reporting the providers perspective. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2021; 46:101511. [PMID: 34768132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND and purpose: Naturopathic practitioners (NPs) in the United States (US) and Australia are consulted for the prevention and management of a range of health conditions, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite this, little is known about how NPs approach the management of CVD risk factors. The aim of this study was to explore NPs approach to the care of people with CVD risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 2018, Australian and US NPs were recruited via professional representative organisations. A survey was developed containing four domains; naturopathic approaches to the clinical management of CVD risk factors, communication and sharing of information; professional-client relationship factors; and demographic information. The data analysis was conducted using the appropriate statistical tests. RESULTS A total of 151 NPs completed the survey (Australia n = 75, US n = 76). NPs reported employing dietary, and multiple behavioural and natural product interventions to treat CVD risk factors. The most frequently recommended products by US and Australian NPs were fish oils (87%), magnesium (83%) and coenzyme Q10 (87%). Differences in what US and Australian NPs recommended were identified. NPs reported limited communication with medical doctors about their clients. NPs placed high importance on the relationship quality with their clients. CONCLUSION US and Australian NPs represent an aspect of primary care and disease prevention that warrants further research that evaluates the potential risks and benefits of NP care, and challenges and opportunities associated with NPs integration into the healthcare systems, for populations with CVD risk factors.
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Liu H, Liu J, Liu Z, Wang Q, Liu J, Feng D, Zou J. Lycopene Reduces Cholesterol Absorption and Prevents Atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- Mice by Downregulating HNF-1α and NPC1L1 Expression. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10114-10120. [PMID: 34428895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that lycopene reduced the absorption of cholesterol in Caco-2 cells through inhibiting Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) expression. Herein, we aimed to explore whether lycopene supplementation can decrease cholesterol absorption in the intestine and prevent atherosclerosis progression in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice. Male ApoE-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet with or without lycopene for 19 weeks. Supplementation of lycopene markedly lowered serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Additionally, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were increased after lycopene administration. Lycopene also downregulated the expression of NPC1L1 and hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α (HNF-1α) in the small intestine. Furthermore, the Oil Red O staining of the aorta and aortic sinus showed that lycopene supplementation remarkably reduced atherosclerotic lesions. These results indicated that lycopene inhibited intestinal cholesterol absorption and protected against HFD-induced atherosclerosis through inhibiting HNF-1α and NPC1L1 expression. Lycopene exhibits a potential antiatherosclerotic effect through suppressing intestinal cholesterol absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Zhenhao Liu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Foshan 528200, China
| | - Junqiang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Foshan 528200, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jun Zou
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Foshan 528200, China
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Poli A, Marangoni F, Corsini A, Manzato E, Marrocco W, Martini D, Medea G, Visioli F. Phytosterols, Cholesterol Control, and Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082810. [PMID: 34444970 PMCID: PMC8399210 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of phytosterols (or plant sterols) for the control of plasma cholesterol concentrations has recently gained traction because their efficacy is acknowledged by scientific authorities and leading guidelines. Phytosterols, marketed as supplements or functional foods, are formally classified as food in the European Union, are freely available for purchase, and are frequently used without any health professional advice; therefore, they are often self-prescribed, either inappropriately or in situations in which no significant advantage can be obtained. For this reason, a panel of experts with diverse medical and scientific backgrounds was convened by NFI—Nutrition Foundation of Italy—to critically evaluate and summarize the literature available on the topic, with the goal of providing medical doctors and all health professionals useful information to actively govern the use of phytosterols in the context of plasma cholesterol control. Some practical indications to help professionals identify subjects who will most likely benefit from the use of these products, optimizing the therapeutic outcomes, are also provided. The panel concluded that the use of phytosterols as supplements or functional foods to control Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels should be preceded by the assessment of some relevant individual characteristics: cardiovascular risk, lipid profile, correct understanding of how to use these products, and willingness to pay for the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Poli
- Nutrition Foundation of Italy, 20124 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-7600-6271
| | | | - Alberto Corsini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- IRCCS MultiMedica, 20099 Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
| | - Enzo Manzato
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Walter Marrocco
- FIMMG—Italian Federation of General Medicine Doctors and SIMPeSV–Italian Society of Preventive and Lifestyle Medicine, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Daniela Martini
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Gerardo Medea
- SIMG—Italian Society of General Medicine, 50142 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Francesco Visioli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- IMDEA-Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Tomlinson B, Patil NG, Fok M, Lam CWK. Managing dyslipidemia in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:2221-2234. [PMID: 33823719 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1912734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) which is partly related to atherogenic dyslipidemia with raised triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and accompanying lipid changes. Treatment of this dyslipidemia is regarded as a priority to reduce the ASCVD risk in T2DM. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the relevant studies and guidelines from the publications related to this area. EXPERT OPINION Lifestyle modification should always be encouraged, and statin treatment is indicated in most patients with T2DM based on the outcome of randomized controlled trials. If LDL-C goals are not achieved, first, ezetimibe and subsequently proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors should be added. Patients with T2DM derive greater benefits from ezetimibe and PCSK9 inhibitors due to their higher absolute ASCVD risk compared to patients without T2DM. If triglyceride levels remain elevated, a high dose of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester should be added. Fibrates should be used for severe hypertriglyceridemia to prevent acute pancreatitis. Novel treatments including pemafibrate and inclisiran are undergoing cardiovascular outcome trials, and RNA-based therapies may help to target residual hypertriglyceridemia and high lipoprotein(a) with the long acting treatments offering potential improved adherence to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Tomlinson
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau China
| | | | - Manson Fok
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau China
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Lee K, Kim H, Rebholz CM, Kim J. Association between Different Types of Plant-Based Diets and Risk of Dyslipidemia: A Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010220. [PMID: 33466664 PMCID: PMC7828805 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the associations among different types of plant-based diet indices, risk of dyslipidemia, and individual lipid disorders in Asian populations with different dietary patterns from Western populations. Participants included 4507 Korean adults aged ≥40 years without dyslipidemia and related chronic diseases at baseline (2001–2002). Dietary intakes were assessed using an average of validated food frequency questionnaires measured twice. We calculated three plant-based diet indices: overall plant-based diet index (PDI), healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI), and unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI). During a follow-up of 14 years, 2995 incident dyslipidemia cases occurred. Comparing the highest with lowest quintiles, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for incident dyslipidemia were 0.78 (95% CI, 0.69–0.88) for PDI, 0.63 (95% CI, 0.56–0.70) for hPDI, and 1.48 (95% CI, 1.30–1.69) for uPDI (P-trend < 0.0001 for all). Associations between PDI and individual lipid disorders differed by sex. The PDI was inversely associated with risk of developing hypertriglyceridemia in men and with risk of developing low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in women. The hPDI was inversely associated with risk of all lipid disorders, whereas the uPDI was positively associated with individual lipid disorders. The quality of plant foods is important for prevention of dyslipidemia in a population that consumes diets high in plant foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyueun Lee
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea;
| | - Hyunju Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (H.K.); (C.M.R.)
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Casey M. Rebholz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (H.K.); (C.M.R.)
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-201-3497
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