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Tiemeier L, Nikolaidis PT, Chlíbková D, Wilhelm M, Thuany M, Weiss K, Knechtle B. Ultra-Cycling- Past, Present, Future: A Narrative Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:48. [PMID: 38679655 PMCID: PMC11056358 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultra-endurance events are gaining popularity in multiple exercise disciplines, including cycling. With increasing numbers of ultra-cycling events, aspects influencing participation and performance are of interest to the cycling community. MAIN BODY The aim of this narrative review was, therefore, to assess the types of races offered, the characteristics of the cyclists, the fluid and energy balance during the race, the body mass changes after the race, and the parameters that may enhance performance based on existing literature. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using the search terms 'ultracycling', 'ultra cycling', 'ultra-cycling', 'ultra-endurance biking', 'ultra-bikers' and 'prolonged cycling'. The search yielded 948 results, of which 111 were relevant for this review. The studies were classified according to their research focus and the results were summarized. The results demonstrated changes in physiological parameters, immunological and oxidative processes, as well as in fluid and energy balance. While the individual race with the most published studies was the Race Across America, most races were conducted in Europe, and a trend for an increase in European participants in international races was observed. Performance seems to be affected by characteristics such as age and sex but not by anthropometric parameters such as skin fold thickness. The optimum age for the top performance was around 40 years. Most participants in ultra-cycling events were male, but the number of female athletes has been increasing over the past years. Female athletes are understudied due to their later entry and less prominent participation in ultra-cycling races. A post-race energy deficit after ultra-cycling events was observed. CONCLUSION Future studies need to investigate the causes for the observed optimum race age around 40 years of age as well as the optimum nutritional supply to close the observed energy gap under consideration of the individual race lengths and conditions. Another research gap to be filled by future studies is the development of strategies to tackle inflammatory processes during the race that may persist in the post-race period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Tiemeier
- Centre for Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniela Chlíbková
- Centre of Sports Activities, Brno University of Technology, 61669, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Wilhelm
- Centre for Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Jiménez-Alfageme R, Campodónico ME, Sospedra I, Giménez-Monzo D, García-Jaén M, Juliá-Sanchís R, Ausó E, Martínez-Sanz JM. Development of an Instrument to Evaluate the Intake of Liquids, Food and Supplements in Endurance Competitions: Nutritional Intake Questionnaire for Endurance Competitions-NIQEC. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081969. [PMID: 37111186 PMCID: PMC10143029 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last few years endurance sports have experienced a great increase in the number of competitions and participants. Dietary-nutritional planning is key for performing well during such competitions. To date, there is no questionnaire expressly developed to be able to analyze the consumption of liquids, foods, and supplements, as well as gastrointestinal problems in these events. This study describes the development of the Nutritional Intake Questionnaire for Endurance Competitions (NIQEC). METHODS The study was composed in the following phases: (1) Bibliographic search for the most important nutrients, (2) focus groups (17 dietitian-nutritionists and 15 experienced athletes) and generation of items, (3) Delphi surveys, and (4) cognitive interviews. RESULTS After an initial shaping of the questionnaire with the items that emerged in the focus groups, their relevance was evaluated by means of the Delphi survey, which showed more than 80% approval for most items. Finally, the cognitive interviews indicated that the questionnaire was simple and complete for its purpose. The final NIQEC (n = 50 items) was divided in 5 sections: Demographic data; sports data; consumption of liquids, food and supplements before, during, and after the competition; gastrointestinal complaints, and dietary-nutritional planning for the competition. CONCLUSIONS The NICEQ is a useful tool that allows collecting information from participants on sociodemographic factors and gastrointestinal complaints, and estimating the intake of liquid, food, and supplements, for endurance competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Jiménez-Alfageme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Food and Nutrition Research Group (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, European University of Gasteiz-EUNEIZ, 01013 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Sospedra
- Food and Nutrition Research Group (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Daniel Giménez-Monzo
- Food and Nutrition Research Group (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science Health, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Miguel García-Jaén
- Area of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Rocío Juliá-Sanchís
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Eva Ausó
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - José Miguel Martínez-Sanz
- Food and Nutrition Research Group (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
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3
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Martinez IG, Mika AS, Biesiekierski JR, Costa RJS. The Effect of Gut-Training and Feeding-Challenge on Markers of Gastrointestinal Status in Response to Endurance Exercise: A Systematic Literature Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:1175-1200. [PMID: 37061651 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01841-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition during exercise is vital in sustaining prolonged activity and enhancing athletic performance; however, exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS) and exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms (Ex-GIS) are common issues among endurance athletes. Despite this, there has been no systematic assessment of existing trials that examine the impact of repetitive exposure of the gastrointestinal tract to nutrients before and/or during exercise on gastrointestinal integrity, function, and/or symptoms. OBJECTIVE This systematic literature review aimed to identify and synthesize research that has investigated the impact of 'gut-training' or 'feeding-challenge' before and/or during exercise on markers of gastrointestinal integrity, function, and symptoms. METHODS Five databases (Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science Core Collection, and SPORTDiscus) were searched for literature that focused on gut-training or feeding-challenge before and/or during exercise that included EIGS and Ex-GIS variables. Quality assessment was conducted in duplicate and independently using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk-of-bias (RoB 2) tool. RESULTS Overall, 304 studies were identified, and eight studies were included after screening. Gut-training or feeding-challenge interventions included provision of carbohydrates only (n = 7) in various forms (e.g., gels or liquid solutions) during cycling or running, or carbohydrate with protein (n = 1) during intermittent exercise, over a varied duration (4-28 days). Gut discomfort decreased by an average of 47% and 26% with a 2-week repetitive carbohydrate feeding protocol (n = 2) and through repeated fluid ingestion over five trials (n = 1), respectively. Repetitive carbohydrate feeding during exercise for 2 weeks resulted in the reduction of carbohydrate malabsorption by 45-54% (n = 2), but also led to no significant change (n = 1). The effect of gut-training and feeding-challenges on the incidence and severity of Ex-GIS were assessed using different tools (n = 6). Significant improvements in total, upper, and lower gastrointestinal symptoms were observed (n = 2), as well as unclear results (n = 4). No significant changes in gastric emptying rate (n = 2), or markers of intestinal injury and permeability were found (n = 3). Inconclusive results were found in studies that investigated plasma inflammatory cytokine concentration in response to exercise with increased carbohydrate feeding (n = 2). CONCLUSIONS Overall, gut-training or feeding-challenge around exercise may provide advantages in reducing gut discomfort, and potentially improve carbohydrate malabsorption and Ex-GIS, which may have exercise performance implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel G Martinez
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Alice S Mika
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Jessica R Biesiekierski
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Ricardo J S Costa
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, 3168, Australia.
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Zhang J, Chen J, Sui X, Drenowatz C, Wang Q. Association between Different Types of Exercise and Intake of Nutrients including Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein, and B Vitamins in Young Adults. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040806. [PMID: 36839164 PMCID: PMC9966440 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between different types of exercise and nutrient intake to provide a basis for promoting the overall health of young adults. METHODS A total of 427 young adults (217 women) aged 21 to 35 were recruited. Participants self-reported time spent (min/week) in endurance exercise, resistance exercise, sports, walking, and other structured physical activity (PA). Nutrient intake was determined via telephone-administered 24 h recalls. RESULTS Resistance exercise was positively associated with intake of protein, vitamins B2, B3, B5, B6, and B12 and the percentage of total calories from protein (PCT-PRO), and negatively associated with the percentage of total calories from carbohydrate (PCT-CHO) (p < 0.05). Time spent in aerobic exercise was positively associated with fiber, pectin, and vitamin B6 intake, and negatively associated with PCT-PRO (p < 0.05). Time spent exercising was negatively associated with fiber and pectin intake (p < 0.05). Time spent performing other structured PA was positively associated with pectin intake (p < 0.05). Participants' total exercise time was positively associated with intake of vitamins B2, B5, B12, and PCT-Fat, PCT-PRO, and negatively associated with PCT-CHO (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The results showed an association between various exercise types and specific nutrients. It may be worthwhile to point out the negative association of exercise with CHO intake, which may need to be examined more closely in active young adults. In addition, the supplementation of B vitamins and pectin may be beneficial for their exercise performance and post-exercise recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-139-9119-2058
| | - Jiangang Chen
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xuemei Sui
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29202, USA
| | - Clemens Drenowatz
- Division of Sport, Physical Activity and Health University of Education Upper Austria, Kaplanhofstraße 40, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Qirong Wang
- Sports Nutrition Center, National Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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Peres FP, Levada-Pires AC, Vieira M, Hatanaka E, Cury-Boaventura MF, Folador A, Gorjão R, Hirabara SM, Santos-Silva PR, Deuster PA, Curi R, Pithon-Curi TC. Hydrolyzed whey protein enriched with glutamine dipeptide attenuates skeletal muscle damage and improves physical exhaustion test performance in triathletes. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 4:1011240. [PMID: 36685057 PMCID: PMC9853540 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1011240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effects of hydrolyzed whey protein enriched with glutamine dipeptide on the percentage of oxygen consumption, second ventilatory threshold, duration and total distance covered, and skeletal muscle damage during an exhaustion test in elite triathletes. Methods The study was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Nine male triathletes performed a progressive incremental test on a treadmill ergometer (1.4 km h-1·3 min-1) 30 min after ingesting either 50 g of maltodextrin plus four tablets of 700 mg hydrolyzed whey protein enriched with 175 mg of glutamine dipeptide diluted in 250 ml of water (MGln) or four tablets of 700 mg maltodextrin plus 50 g maltodextrin diluted in 250 ml of water (M). Each athlete was submitted to the two dietary treatments and two corresponding exhaustive physical tests with an interval of one week between the interventions. The effects of the two treatments were then compared within the same athlete. Maximal oxygen consumption, percentage of maximal oxygen consumption, second ventilatory threshold, and duration and total distance covered were measured during the exhaustion test. Blood was collected before and immediately after the test for the determination of plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities and lactate concentration (also measured 6, 10, and 15 min after the test). Plasma cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-1ra) and C-reactive protein levels were also measured. Results A single dose of MGln increased the percentage of maximal oxygen consumption, second ventilatory threshold duration, and total distance covered during the exhaustion test and augmented plasma lactate levels 6 and 15 min after the test. MGln also decreased plasma LDH and CK activities indicating muscle damage protection. Plasma cytokine and C-reactive protein levels did not change across the study periods. Conclusion Conditions including overnight fasting and a single dose of MGln supplementation resulted in exercising at a higher percentage of maximal oxygen consumption, a higher second ventilatory threshold, blood lactate levels, and reductions in plasma markers of muscle damage during an exhaustion test in elite triathletes. These findings support oral glutamine supplementation's efficacy in triathletes, but further studies require.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Pinheiro Peres
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Cristina Levada-Pires
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil,Correspondence: Adriana Cristina Levada-Pires
| | - Marcelo Vieira
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine Hatanaka
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Cury-Boaventura
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Folador
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Gorjão
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Massao Hirabara
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Santos-Silva
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia A. Deuster
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Consortium for Health and Military Performance, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rui Curi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil,Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Consortium for Health and Military Performance, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tania Cristina Pithon-Curi
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil,Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Consortium for Health and Military Performance, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Salagaras BS, Mackenzie-Shalders KL, Slater GJ, McLellan C, Coffey VG. Increased carbohydrate availability effects energy and nutrient periodisation of professional male athletes from the Australian Football League. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:1510-1516. [PMID: 34314619 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This research aimed to explore the effect of increased carbohydrate availability intervention on energy intake and distribution in professional Australian Football athletes. Six 24-h energy and macronutrient intakes were quantified (n = 19 males; age 24 ± 4 y, stature 187 ± 8 cm, mass 87 ± 9 kg) using photographic food diaries and Foodworks analyses. Energy expenditure was estimated for the same period using GeneActiv accelerometers. During 3 control days, athletes had ad libitum access to food, while the 3 intervention days increased carbohydrate availability, through greater prompting and access to carbohydrate foods. Daily energy intake was higher during intervention (185 ± 40 kJ/kg/d) compared with control (172 ± 31 kJ/kg/d; p < 0.05) but remained below estimated expenditure, and carbohydrate intake was also greater with intervention (5.0 ± 0.2 g/kg/d) than control (4.0 ± 0.2 g/kg/d; p < 0.05). Expenditure was highest during the morning, which coincided with lowest intake on all days, while the intervention was associated with greater carbohydrate intake in the morning (0.6 g/kg, p < 0.05) compared with control. Increasing availability of carbohydrate during high-load training generated a modest increase in carbohydrate and energy intake, and the intervention was most effective in improving carbohydrate intake during mornings. Novelty: Increased access and provision of carbohydrate foods increased carbohydrate consumption and energy intake on high training load days. Daily distribution of energy intake can be modified through actively promoting carbohydrate consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brie S Salagaras
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Gary J Slater
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Chris McLellan
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Vernon G Coffey
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, QLD, Australia
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Assessment of Body Composition in Athletes: A Narrative Review of Available Methods with Special Reference to Quantitative and Qualitative Bioimpedance Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051620. [PMID: 34065984 PMCID: PMC8150618 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Body composition is acknowledged as a determinant of athletic health and performance. Its assessment is crucial in evaluating the efficiency of a diet or aspects related to the nutritional status of the athlete. Despite the methods traditionally used to assess body composition, bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) and bioelectric impedance vector analysis (BIVA) have recently gained attention in sports, as well as in a research context. Only until recently have specific regression equations and reference tolerance ellipses for athletes become available, while specific recommendations for measurement procedures still remain scarce. Therefore, the present narrative review summarizes the current literature regarding body composition analysis, with a special focus on BIA and BIVA. The use of specific technologies and sampling frequencies is described, and recommendations for the assessment of body composition in athletes are provided. Additionally, the estimation of body composition parameters (i.e., quantitative analysis) and the interpretation of the raw bioelectrical data (i.e., qualitative analysis) are examined, highlighting the innovations now available in athletes. Lastly, it should be noted that, up until 2020, the use of BIA and BIVA in athletes failed to provide accurate results due to unspecific equations and references; however, new perspectives are now unfolding for researchers and practitioners. In light of this, BIA and especially BIVA can be utilized to monitor the nutritional status and the seasonal changes in body composition in athletes, as well as provide accurate within- and between-athlete comparisons.
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Carey RA, Montag D. Exploring the relationship between gut microbiota and exercise: short-chain fatty acids and their role in metabolism. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e000930. [PMID: 33981447 PMCID: PMC8061837 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body is host to a multitude of bacteria, fungi, viruses and other species in the intestine, collectively known as the microbiota. Dietary carbohydrates which bypass digestion and absorption are broken down and fermented by the microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Previous research has established the role of SCFAs in the control of human metabolic pathways. In this review, we evaluate SCFAs as a metabolic regulator and how they might improve endurance performance in athletes. By looking at research conducted in animal models, we identify several pathways downstream of SCFAs, either directly modulating metabolic pathways through second messenger pathways or through neuronal pathways, that contribute to energy utilisation. These pathways contribute to efficient energy metabolism and are thus key to maximising substrate utilisation in endurance exercise. Future research may prove the usefulness of targeted dietary interventions allowing athletes to maximise their performance in competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Carey
- Global Public Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Doreen Montag
- Global Public Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Zhang J, Zhang N, Du S, Liu S, Ma G. Effects of Water Restriction and Water Replenishment on the Content of Body Water with Bioelectrical Impedance among Young Adults in Baoding, China: A Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). Nutrients 2021; 13:553. [PMID: 33567589 PMCID: PMC7915432 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insufficient water intake may affect body composition. The purpose of this research was to explore the effects of water restriction and replenishment on body composition and to evaluate the optimum amount of water that improves body composition. A total of 76 young adults aged 18-23 years old (40 males and 36 females) in Baoding, China, were recruited in this randomized controlled trial, with a 100% completion rate. After fasting overnight for 12 h, at 8:00 a.m. of day 2, a baseline test, including anthropometric indices and collection of urine and blood samples, was explored. Participants were then subjected to water restriction for 24 h, and three meals with ≤75% water content were provided. At 8:00 AM of day 3, the same indices were determined as a dehydration test. Then, participants were randomly assigned into four groups: three water replenishment groups (WR groups 1, 2, and 3 given 1000, 500, and 200 mL of purified water, respectively) and one non-replenishment group (NR group, with no water). After 90 min, the same measurements were performed as a rehydration test. Compared with the baseline test, during the dehydration test, the intracellular water to total body water ratio (ICW/TBW) increased; and extracellular water (ECW), ECW/TBW (extracellular water to total body water ratio), and TBW decreased (all p < 0.05). For males, significant differences were found in ECW, ECW/ICW (extracellular water to intracellular water ratio), ICW/TBW, and ECW/TBW (all p < 0.05); for females, significant reductions were found in ICW, ECW, TBW, ECW/ICW, ICW/TBW, and ECW/TBW (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, significant differences were found in ICW, ECW, ICW/TBW, ECW/TBW, ECW/ICW, TBW, and TBW/BW between males and females during the baseline and dehydration test (all p < 0.05). Comparing the dehydration test with the rehydration test, there were significant interactions between time × volume in ICW and TBW (F = 3.002, p = 0.036; F = 2.907, p = 0.040); in males, these were only found in ICW (F = 3.061, p = 0.040); in females, they were found in ICW and TBW (F = 3.002, p = 0.036; F = 2.907, p = 0.040). The ICW levels in WR groups 1 and 2 were all higher than in the NR group (all p < 0.05); the TBW was higher in WR group 1 than in the NR group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between WR groups 1 and 2, either in males or in females (all p > 0.05). In the rehydration test, significant differences in body composition were found between males and females among the four groups (all p < 0.05). Water restriction had adverse effects on body composition, and females were more susceptible to water restriction than males. Water replenishment improved the water content of body composition, alleviating the adverse effects of water restriction on ICW and TBW. After water restriction for 36 h, the optimum volume of water to improve body composition among young male adults was 1000 mL, but this was not the case for females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfen Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; (J.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; (J.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Songming Du
- Chinese Nutrition Society, Room 1405, Beijing Broadcasting Building, No. 14 Jianguomenrai Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Shufang Liu
- School of Public Health, Hebei University Health Science Center, 342 Yuhua Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071000, China;
| | - Guansheng Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; (J.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
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10
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The First Lactate Threshold Is a Limit for Heavy Occupational Work. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:jfmk5030066. [PMID: 33467281 PMCID: PMC7739369 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5030066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term heavy physical work often leads to early retirement and disability pension due to chronic overload, with a need to define upper limits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of the first lactate threshold (LTP1) as a physiological marker for heavy occupational work. A total of 188 male and 52 female workers performed an incremental cycle ergometer test to determine maximal exercise performance and the first and second lactate (LTP1; LTP2) and ventilatory thresholds (VT1; VT2). Heart rate (HR) recordings were obtained during one eight-hour shift (HR8h) and oxygen uptake was measured during 20 minutes of a representative work phase. Energy expenditure (EE) was calculated from gas-exchange measures. Maximal power output (Pmax), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) and power output at LTP1 and LTP2 were significantly different between male and female workers. HR8h was not significantly different between male and female workers. A significant relationship was found between Pmax and power output at LTP1. HR8h as a percentage of maximum HR significantly declined with increasing performance (Pmax:r = −0.56; p < 0.01; PLTP1:r = −0.49; p < 0.01). Despite different cardio-respiratory fitness-levels; 95.4% of all workers performed their usual work below LTP1. It is therefore suggested that LTP1 represents the upper limit for sustained heavy occupational work; which supports its use to determine work capability and assessing the limits of heavy occupational work.
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11
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Oliveira-Rosado J, Duarte JP, Sousa-E-Silva P, Costa DC, Martinho DV, Sarmento H, Valente-Dos-Santos J, Rama LM, Tavares ÓM, Conde J, Castanheira J, Soles-Gonçalves R, Agostinete RR, Coelho-E-Silva MJ. Physiological profile of adult male long-distance trail runners: variations according to competitive level (national or regional). EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2020; 18:eAO5256. [PMID: 32267367 PMCID: PMC7108817 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2020ao5256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe and identify the importance of different indicators of the aerobic and anaerobic fitness of male ultra-trail runners according to their level of participation (regional or national). Methods Forty-four male ultra-trail runners were assessed (36.5±7.2 years). They were classified as regional (n=25) and national (n=19). Wingate test was used to assess the anaerobic pathway. A progressive incremental running test was performed and ventilatory thresholds registered, in parallel to heart rate and lactate concentration at the end of the protocol. Comparison between groups was performed using independent samples t-test. Results No significant differences were found between outputs derived from Wingate test. For aerobic fitness, while examining absolute values, differences were uniquely significant for the second ventilatory threshold (ultra-trail regional runners: 3.78±0.32L.min-1; ultra-trail national runners: 4.03±0.40L.min-1 p<0.05). Meantime, when aerobic fitness was expressed per unit of body mass, differences were significant for the second ventilatory threshold (ultra-trail regional runners: 50.75±6.23mL.kg-1.min-1; ultra-trail national runners: 57.88±4.64mL.kg-1.min-1 p<0.05) and also maximum volume of oxygen (ultra-trail regional runners: 57.33±7.66mL.kg-1.min-1; ultra-trail national runners: 63.39±4.26mL.kg-1.min-1 p<0.05). Conclusion This study emphasized the importance of expressing physiological variables derived from running protocols per unit of body mass. Also, the second ventilatory threshold appears to be the best and the only aerobic fitness variable to distinguish between trail runners according to competitive level. Maximal oxygen uptake seems of relative interest to distinguish between long distance runners according to competitive level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Oliveira-Rosado
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Coimbra, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculdade de Desporto, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João P Duarte
- Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação do Desporto e da Atividade Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Sousa-E-Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação do Desporto e da Atividade Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniela C Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação do Desporto e da Atividade Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diogo V Martinho
- Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação do Desporto e da Atividade Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação do Desporto e da Atividade Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Valente-Dos-Santos
- Centro de Investigação do Desporto e da Atividade Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculdade de Educação Física e Desporto, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologia, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís M Rama
- Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação do Desporto e da Atividade Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Óscar M Tavares
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Coimbra, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Conde
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Coimbra, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joaquim Castanheira
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Coimbra, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação do Desporto e da Atividade Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Soles-Gonçalves
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Coimbra, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo R Agostinete
- Laboratório de Investigação em Exercício, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Motricidade, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Manuel J Coelho-E-Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação do Desporto e da Atividade Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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12
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Self-Selected Pacing During a World Record Attempt in 40 Ironman-Distance Triathlons in 40 Days. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072390. [PMID: 32244582 PMCID: PMC7177248 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present case study analyzed performance, pacing, and potential predictors in a self-paced world record attempt of a professional triathlete to finish 40 Ironman-distance triathlons within 40 days. Split times (i.e., swimming, cycling, running) and overall times, body weight, daily highest temperature, wind speed, energy expenditure, mean heart rate, and sleeping time were recorded. Non-linear regressions were applied to investigate changes in split and overall times across days. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to test which variables showed the greatest influence on the dependent variables cycling, running and overall time. The athlete completed the 40×Ironman distances in a total time of 444:22 h:min. He spent 50:26 h:min in swimming, 245:37 h:min in cycling, 137:17 h:min in running and 11:02 h:min in transition times. Swimming and cycling times became slower across days, whereas running times got faster until the 20th day and, thereafter, became slower until the 40th day. Overall times got slower until the 15th day, became faster to 31st, and started then to get slower until the end. Wind speed, previous day’s race time and average heart race during cycling were significant independent variables influencing cycling time. Body weight and average heart rate during running were significant independent variables influencing running performance. Cycling performance, running performance, and body weight were significant independent variables influencing overall time. In summary, running time was influenced by body weight, cycling by wind speed, and overall time by both running and cycling performances.
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13
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Oliveira-Rosado J, Duarte JP, Sousa-e-Silva P, Costa DC, Martinho DV, Sarmento H, Valente-dos-Santos J, Rama LM, Tavares ÓM, Conde J, Castanheira J, Soles-Gonçalves R, Agostinete RR, Coelho-e-Silva MJ. Physiological profile of adult male long-distance trail runners: variations according to competitive level (national or regional). EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2020; 18:eAO5263. [PMID: 32267368 PMCID: PMC7108816 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2020ao5263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the health profile of community-dwelling older adults, according to sex, assisted by the Elderly Caregiver Program of the City of São Paulo. Methods Secondary data of 535 older adults, assisted by ten Elderly Caregiver Program teams from the southern region of São Paulo, were collected from medical records and the Multidimensional Evaluation of Older People in Primary Care, after verifying the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study and obtaining subjects’ consent. Results Older adults assisted by this program were predominantly female (77.6%), mean age of 76.2±8.0 years. They had negative self-rated health (67.8%), difficulties in instrumental activities of daily living (68.4%) and signs of mood changes (60.3%). A high prevalence of older adults with vision problems (58.8%), polypharmacy (58.1%), memory-related complaints (55.8%) and multiple morbidities (50.6%) were observed. The prevalence of multiple morbidities, polypharmacy, cognitive impairment and signs of mood changes were higher in women. On the other hand, men reported more hearing problems than women. Conclusion The poorer health conditions of the older adults in this study, evidenced by a high prevalence of subjects with negative self-rated health, difficulties in instrumental activities of daily living, multiple morbidities, polypharmacy and other complaints (sensorial changes, depressive and cognitive symptoms), reinforce the importance of this program as a long-term care policy and as a way to ensure these older adults can continue living in their communities.
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14
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Sato T, Nemoto T, Hasegawa K, Ida T, Kojima M. A new action of peptide hormones for survival in a low-nutrient environment. Endocr J 2019; 66:943-952. [PMID: 31564683 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej19-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition occurs when nutrient intake is too low for any reason and occurs regardless of gender or age. Therefore, besides loss of eating or digestive functionality due to illness, malnutrition can occur when a healthy individual undergoes an extreme diet and biases their nutrition, or when athletes exerts more energy than they can replenish through food. It has recently been reported that in Japan, the mortality rate of leaner individuals is equal to or higher than that of obese people. It is important to understand what homeostatic maintenance mechanism is behind this when the body is under hypotrophic conditions. Such mechanisms are generally endocranially controlled. We address this fundamental concern in this paper by focusing on peptide hormones. We introduce a mechanism for survival in a malnourished state via the regulation of food intake and temperature. Additionally, we will discuss the latest findings and future prospects for research on changes in the endocrine environment associated with malnutrition associated with exercise. We also review changes in next-generation endocrine environments when caused by malnutrition brought on by dieting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sato
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nemoto
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Kazuya Hasegawa
- Faculty of Nutritional Science, The University of Morioka, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0694, Japan
| | - Takanori Ida
- Division for Searching and Identification of Bioactive Peptides, Department of Bioactive Peptides, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Masayasu Kojima
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
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15
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Validity of a Food and Fluid Exercise Questionnaire for Macronutrient Intake during Exercise against Observations. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102391. [PMID: 31591334 PMCID: PMC6835803 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Information about the accuracy of self-reported food and fluid intake during competitions is scarce. The objective of this study was to validate a previously developed food and fluid exercise questionnaire (FFEQ) against direct observations made during competitions in athletes. Fifty-eight recreational endurance athletes participating in four different running events and one cross duathlon in the Netherlands between 2015 and 2017 were recruited. The FFEQ overestimated the median energy and carbohydrate intake by 27.6 kcal/h (20.6%) and 9.25 g/h (30.8%) (p < 0.001), respectively, compared to direct observation. Reporting bias (i.e., correlation between the difference between methods and average of both methods) increased with a higher energy (r: 0.41, p < 0.01) and carbohydrate intake (r: 0.44, p < 0.01). No statistically significant difference was found between FFEQ-reported fluid intake per hour and observations (median difference: −2.93 mL, −1.1%; p = 0.48) and no fluid reporting bias was identified (r: 0.23, p = 0.08). FFEQ-reported energy (r: 0.74), carbohydrate (r: 0.74), and fluid (r: 0.85) intake was strongly correlated with the observed intake (all p-values < 0.001). In conclusion, the FFEQ accurately estimates the fluid intake on a group level during competitions in recreational athletes. Even though FFEQ overestimates the energy and carbohydrate intake, it is still a useful tool for ranking individuals based on their intake.
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16
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Nikolaidis PT, Veniamakis E, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Nutrition in Ultra-Endurance: State of the Art. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121995. [PMID: 30558350 PMCID: PMC6315825 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes competing in ultra-endurance sports should manage nutritional issues, especially with regards to energy and fluid balance. An ultra-endurance race, considered a duration of at least 6 h, might induce the energy balance (i.e., energy deficit) in levels that could reach up to ~7000 kcal per day. Such a negative energy balance is a major health and performance concern as it leads to a decrease of both fat and skeletal muscle mass in events such as 24-h swimming, 6-day cycling or 17-day running. Sport anemia caused by heavy exercise and gastrointestinal discomfort, under hot or cold environmental conditions also needs to be considered as a major factor for health and performance in ultra-endurance sports. In addition, fluid losses from sweat can reach up to 2 L/h due to increased metabolic work during prolonged exercise and exercise under hot environments that might result in hypohydration. Athletes are at an increased risk for exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) and limb swelling when intake of fluids is greater than the volume lost. Optimal pre-race nutritional strategies should aim to increase fat utilization during exercise, and the consumption of fat-rich foods may be considered during the race, as well as carbohydrates, electrolytes, and fluid. Moreover, to reduce the risk of EAH, fluid intake should include sodium in the amounts of 10–25 mmol to reduce the risk of EAH and should be limited to 300–600 mL per hour of the race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis T Nikolaidis
- Laboratory of Exercise Testing, Hellenic Air Force Academy, 13671 Dekelia, Greece.
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, 18450 Nikaia, Greece.
| | - Eleftherios Veniamakis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Technological Educational Institute, 72300 Sitia, Greece.
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of General Practice and for Health Services Research, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of General Practice and for Health Services Research, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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17
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Głąbska D, Cackowska K, Guzek D. Comparison of the Body Composition of Caucasian Young Normal Body Mass Women, Measured in the Follicular Phase, Depending on the Carbohydrate Diet Level. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 54:medicina54060104. [PMID: 30563184 PMCID: PMC6306892 DOI: 10.3390/medicina54060104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Some publications indicate the possibility of the influence of meal nutritional value on results of bioelectrical impedance, and of the relation between the long-term carbohydrate intake and body composition. The aim of the presented study was to evaluate the influence of long-term intake of carbohydrates on body composition results assessed using the bioelectrical impedance of Caucasian young women with normal body mass, who were in the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle. Materials and Methods: Body composition was assessed in 100 women (18–30 years), according to strict rules, to minimize the influence of disturbing factors and by using two types of bioelectrical impedance device of the same operator to eliminate the influence of measurement (BIA 101/SC and BIA 101/ASE by Akern Srl, Firenze, Italy with the Bodygram 1.31 software and its equations by Akern Srl, Firenze, Italy). The analysis included validation of reproducibility of body composition assessment (fat, fat-free, body cell and muscle mass, water, extracellular water, and intracellular water content), and comparison of body composition for groups characterized by carbohydrate content <50% (n = 55) and >50% of the energy value of the diet (n = 45). Results: Analysis conducted using Bland–Altman method, analysis of correlation, analysis of quartile distribution, and weighted κ statistic revealed a positively validated reproducibility, but extracellular water associations were the weakest. Depending on the device, participants characterized by higher carbohydrate intake had significantly higher intracellular water content (p = 0.0448), or close to significantly higher (p = 0.0851) than those characterized by lower carbohydrate intake, whose extracellular water content was close to significantly lower (p = 0.0638) or did not differ. Conclusions: The long-term, moderately reduced, carbohydrate intake may cause the shift of intracellular water to the extracellular space and, as a result, influence the body composition results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Głąbska
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159c Nowoursynowska Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Karolina Cackowska
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159c Nowoursynowska Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dominika Guzek
- Department of Organization and Consumption Economics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159c Nowoursynowska Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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18
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Castizo-Olier J, Carrasco-Marginet M, Roy A, Chaverri D, Iglesias X, Pérez-Chirinos C, Rodríguez F, Irurtia A. Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) and Body Mass Changes in an Ultra-Endurance Triathlon Event. J Sports Sci Med 2018; 17:571-579. [PMID: 30479525 PMCID: PMC6243631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to provide the first description of the whole-body bioimpedance vector of nine non-professional triathletes, and to assess body mass (BM) and vector variations evoked by an ultra-endurance triathlon event. Anthropometric and bioelectrical assessments were performed before (PRE), after (POST), and 48 hours following the race (POST48h). Bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) showed triathletes' vectors placed to the left of the major axis and mostly outside the 50% tolerance ellipse of the reference population. Vector migration in POST indicated dehydration, paralleled by a decrease in BM (p = 0.0001). Increased hydration status from POST to POST48h was suggested by a reversed vector migration and increased BM (p = 0.0001). Compared to PRE, POST48h values reflected fluid retention by changes in BIVA, while BM was still lower (p = 0.0001). Racing time was positively related to basal resistance -R/h- (r = 0.68; p = 0.04) and bioimpedance -Z/h- (r = 0.68; p = 0.045). Besides, basal R/h and Z/h were positively related to PRE-to-POST changes of R/h and Z/h (r = 0.80; p = 0.009). PRE-to-POST changes of R/h and Z/h were positively related to racing time (r = 0.80, p = 0.01) and internal workload (r = 0.80, p ≤ 0.02). Notwithstanding the lack of significant correlation between BM and bioelectrical parameters, the vector's behavior was explained from a multifactorial perspective (including BM variations) by using multiple regression analysis. On the other hand, BM changes were not related to racing time, internal workload or energy deficit (ranges: r = - 0.46 to 0.65; p = 0.06 to 0.98). In conclusion, these triathletes exhibit a specific bioelectrical distribution. Furthermore, vector migration was consistent with fluid loss induced by the event. Finally, vector analysis seems to provide additional information about hydration changes 48h after the event in comparison with BM alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Castizo-Olier
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Carrasco-Marginet
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Roy
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Chaverri
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Iglesias
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Pérez-Chirinos
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Rodríguez
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Irurtia
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Blennerhassett C, McNaughton L, Sparks S. Factors influencing ultra-endurance athletes food choices: an adapted food choice questionnaire. Res Sports Med 2018; 27:257-271. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1530999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Blennerhassett
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - L.R. McNaughton
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
- Department of Sport and Movement Studies, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S.A Sparks
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
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20
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Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, Jäger R, Collins R, Cooke M, Davis JN, Galvan E, Greenwood M, Lowery LM, Wildman R, Antonio J, Kreider RB. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:38. [PMID: 30068354 PMCID: PMC6090881 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. In the year 2017 alone, 2082 articles were published under the key words ‘sport nutrition’. Consequently, staying current with the relevant literature is often difficult. Methods This paper is an ongoing update of the sports nutrition review article originally published as the lead paper to launch the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition in 2004 and updated in 2010. It presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to optimization of training and performance enhancement through exercise training and nutrition. Notably, due to the accelerated pace and size at which the literature base in this research area grows, the topics discussed will focus on muscle hypertrophy and performance enhancement. As such, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) How ergogenic aids and dietary supplements are defined in terms of governmental regulation and oversight; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated in the United States; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of nutritional approaches to augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy and the potential ergogenic value of various dietary and supplemental approaches. Conclusions This updated review is to provide ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition with information that can be implemented in educational, research or practical settings and serve as a foundational basis for determining the efficacy and safety of many common sport nutrition products and their ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA.
| | - Colin D Wilborn
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Mary-Hardin Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | | | - Abbie Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Rick Collins
- Collins Gann McCloskey and Barry PLLC, Mineola, NY, USA
| | - Mathew Cooke
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaci N Davis
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Mary-Hardin Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Elfego Galvan
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mike Greenwood
- Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lonnie M Lowery
- Department of Human Performance & Sport Business, University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH, USA
| | | | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Papadopoulou SK, Xyla EE, Methenitis S, Feidantsis KG, Kotsis Y, Pagkalos IG, Hassapidou MN. Nutrition strategies before and during ultra-endurance event: A significant gap between science and practice. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:881-892. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. K. Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics; Technological Institute of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - E. E. Xyla
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics; Technological Institute of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - S. Methenitis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics; Technological Institute of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
- Athletics Laboratory; School of Physical Education and Sport Science; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - K. G. Feidantsis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics; Technological Institute of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
- Department of Biology; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Y. Kotsis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics; Faculty of Health Sciences and Education; Harokopio University; Athens Greece
| | - I. G. Pagkalos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics; Technological Institute of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - M. N. Hassapidou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics; Technological Institute of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
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22
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Baur DA, Bach CW, Hyder WJ, Ormsbee MJ. Fluid retention, muscle damage, and altered body composition at the Ultraman triathlon. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 116:447-58. [PMID: 26560107 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of participation in a 3-day multistage ultraendurance triathlon (stage 1 = 10 km swim, 144.8 km bike; stage 2 = 275.4 km bike; stage 3 = 84.4 km run) on body mass and composition, hydration status, hormones, muscle damage, and blood glucose. METHODS Eighteen triathletes (mean ± SD; age 41 ± 7.5 years; height 175 ± 9 cm; weight 73.5 ± 9.8 kg; male n = 14, female n = 4) were assessed before and after each stage of the race. Body mass and composition were measured via bioelectrical impedance, hydration status via urine specific gravity, hormones and muscle damage via venous blood draw, and blood glucose via fingerstick. RESULTS Following the race, significant changes included reductions in body mass (qualified effect size: trivial), fat mass (moderate), and percent body fat (small); increases in percent total body water (moderate) and urine specific gravity (large); and unchanged absolute total body water and fat-free mass. There were also extremely large increases in creatine kinase, C-reactive protein, aldosterone and cortisol combined with reductions in testosterone (small) and the testosterone:cortisol ratio (moderate). There were associations between post-race aldosterone and total body water (r = -0.504) and changes in cortisol and fat-free mass (r = -0.536). Finally, blood glucose increased in a stepwise manner prior to each stage. CONCLUSIONS Participation in Ultraman Florida leads to fluid retention and dramatic alterations in body composition, muscle health, hormones, and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Baur
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, 1104 Spirit Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Christopher W Bach
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, 1104 Spirit Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - William J Hyder
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, 1104 Spirit Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, 1104 Spirit Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA. .,Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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23
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Rüst CA, Bragazzi NL, Signori A, Stiefel M, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Nation related participation and performance trends in 'Norseman Xtreme Triathlon' from 2006 to 2014. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:469. [PMID: 26357600 PMCID: PMC4556721 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the nation related participation and performance trends in triathletes competing in ‘Norseman Xtreme Triathlon’ between 2006 and 2014 using mixed models, one-way analysis of variance and multi-variate regression analyses. A total of 1594 athletes (139 women and 1455 men) originating from 34 different countries finished the race. Most of the athletes originated from Norway, Germany, Great Britain, Sweden, USA and France. In the mixed model analysis considering all finishers (n = 1594), with calendar year, sex and country as independent and overall race time as dependent variable, calendar year (p < 0.0001), sex (p < 0.0001), country (p < 0.0001) and the interaction sex × calendar year (p = 0.012) were significant. In the model where overall race time was separated in the three disciplines, we found interactions such as country × discipline (p < 0.0001), year × discipline (p < 0.0001), sex × discipline (p < 0.0001), calendar year × sex (p = 0.044), calendar year × sex × discipline (p = 0.031). Overall race time decreased every year, above all in the year 2012. Women were slower than men, but women reduced this gender gap year after year and above all in the year 2007 (p = 0.001). Athletes from Norway and Germany were faster than those from Great Britain and other countries. Split times of the discipline decreased throughout the years. In particular, the discipline having more impact on overall race time was cycling. Most of the podiums were achieved by Norwegian women and men. For women, the fastest split and transition times were achieved by Norwegian women with exception of the run where German women were faster. Norwegian men were the fastest in split and transition times although French athletes were the fastest in swimming. Across years, the annual three fastest Norwegian women improved in cycling, running, overall race time and transition times but not Norwegian and German men. British men, however, improved running split times and transition times. To summarize, most of the finishers in ‘Norseman Xtreme Triathlon’ originated from Norway and the fastest race times were achieved by Norwegian women and men. Norwegian women improved race times across years but not Norwegian men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Rüst
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy ; Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Section of Biostatistics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy ; Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy ; Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Neurosurgery, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessio Signori
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Section of Biostatistics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michael Stiefel
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ; Facharzt FMH für Allgemeinmedizin, Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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24
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Gomes M, Freitas MJ, Fardilha M. Physical Activity, Exercise, and Mammalian Testis Function: Emerging Preclinical Protein Biomarker and Integrative Biology Insights. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2015; 19:499-511. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Gomes
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Institute for Research in Biomedicine—iBiMED, Health Sciences Program, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria João Freitas
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Institute for Research in Biomedicine—iBiMED, Health Sciences Program, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Institute for Research in Biomedicine—iBiMED, Health Sciences Program, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Knechtle B, Knechtle R, Stiefel M, Zingg MA, Rosemann T, Rüst CA. Variables that influence Ironman triathlon performance - what changed in the last 35 years? Open Access J Sports Med 2015; 6:277-90. [PMID: 26346992 PMCID: PMC4556299 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s85310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This narrative review summarizes findings for Ironman triathlon performance and intends to determine potential predictor variables for Ironman race performance in female and male triathletes. METHODS A literature search was performed in PubMed using the terms "Ironman", "triathlon", and "performance". All resulting articles were searched for related citations. RESULTS Age, previous experience, sex, training, origin, anthropometric and physiological characteristics, pacing, and performance in split disciplines were predictive. Differences exist between the sexes for anthropometric characteristics. The most important predictive variables for a fast Ironman race time were age of 30-35 years (women and men), a fast personal best time in Olympic distance triathlon (women and men), a fast personal best time in marathon (women and men), high volume and high speed in training where high volume was more important than high speed (women and men), low body fat, low skin-fold thicknesses and low circumference of upper arm (only men), and origin from the United States of America (women and men). CONCLUSION These findings may help athletes and coaches to plan an Ironman triathlon career. Age and previous experience are important to find the right point in the life of a triathlete to switch from the shorter triathlon distances to the Ironman distance. Future studies need to correlate physiological characteristics such as maximum oxygen uptake with Ironman race time to investigate their potential predictive value and to investigate socio-economic aspects in Ironman triathlon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Gesundheitszentrum St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland ; Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Stiefel
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Knechtle B, Zingg MA, Rosemann T, Stiefel M, Rüst CA. What predicts performance in ultra-triathlon races? - a comparison between Ironman distance triathlon and ultra-triathlon. Open Access J Sports Med 2015; 6:149-59. [PMID: 26056498 PMCID: PMC4445872 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s79273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This narrative review summarizes recent intentions to find potential predictor variables for ultra-triathlon race performance (ie, triathlon races longer than the Ironman distance covering 3.8 km swimming, 180 km cycling, and 42.195 km running). Results from studies on ultra-triathletes were compared to results on studies on Ironman triathletes. Methods A literature search was performed in PubMed using the terms “ultra”, “triathlon”, and “performance” for the aspects of “ultra-triathlon”, and “Ironman”, “triathlon”, and “performance” for the aspects of “Ironman triathlon”. All resulting papers were searched for related citations. Results for ultra-triathlons were compared to results for Ironman-distance triathlons to find potential differences. Results Athletes competing in Ironman and ultra-triathlon differed in anthropometric and training characteristics, where both Ironmen and ultra-triathletes profited from low body fat, but ultra-triathletes relied more on training volume, whereas speed during training was related to Ironman race time. The most important predictive variables for a fast race time in an ultra-triathlon from Double Iron (ie, 7.6 km swimming, 360 km cycling, and 84.4 km running) and longer were male sex, low body fat, age of 35–40 years, extensive previous experience, a fast time in cycling and running but not in swimming, and origins in Central Europe. Conclusion Any athlete intending to compete in an ultra-triathlon should be aware that low body fat and high training volumes are highly predictive for overall race time. Little is known about the physiological characteristics of these athletes and about female ultra-triathletes. Future studies need to investigate anthropometric and training characteristics of female ultra-triathletes and what motivates women to compete in these races. Future studies need to correlate physiological characteristics such as maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) with ultra-triathlon race performance in order to investigate whether these characteristics are also predictive for ultra-triathlon race performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ; Gesundheitszentrum St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Stiefel
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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