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Kuo YR, Lin CH, Lin WS, Pan MH. L-Glutamine Substantially Improves 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Intestinal Mucositis by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Maintaining the Integrity of the Gut Barrier in Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300704. [PMID: 38656560 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE This study investigates the potential of glutamine to mitigate intestinal mucositis and dysbiosis caused by the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). METHODS AND RESULTS Over twelve days, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice are given low (0.5 mg kg-1) or high (2 mg kg-1) doses of L-Glutamine daily, with 5-FU (50 mg kg-1) administered between days six and nine. Mice receiving only 5-FU exhibited weight loss, diarrhea, abnormal cell growth, and colonic inflammation, correlated with decreased mucin proteins, increased endotoxins, reduced fecal short-chain fatty acids, and altered gut microbiota. Glutamine supplementation counteracted these effects by inhibiting the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B (TLR4/NF-κB) pathway, modulating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase 1 (Nrf2/HO-1) oxidative stress proteins, and increasing mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) levels, thereby enhancing microbial diversity and protecting intestinal mucosa. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore glutamine's potential in preventing 5-FU-induced mucositis by modulating gut microbiota and inflammation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ru Kuo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hung Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Food Science, National Quemoy University, Quemoy County, 89250, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hsiung Pan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung City, 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung City, 41354, Taiwan
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Takahashi T, Maejima T, Miyazaki D, Fukahori S, Hagiwara M. Teduglutide-induced acute gastric mucosal necrosis in short bowel syndrome with hepatorenal failure: Case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2024; 117:109524. [PMID: 38493615 PMCID: PMC10958469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2024.109524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Short bowel syndrome (SBS) resulting from acute aortic dissection (AAD)-induced visceral malperfusions leads to chronic intestinal failure (CIF), necessitating patients to adopt home parenteral nutrition to prevent malabsorption. Teduglutide (TED), a glucagon-like peptide-2 analog, is a promising pharmacotherapy for intestinal rehabilitation that reduces parenteral support and improves the quality of life. Gastric mucosal necrosis, a rare gastrointestinal disorder, had never been observed as an adverse event relevant to this drug. We report a case of mucosal necrosis in the stomach after TED treatment for SBS-CIF with hepatorenal failure. PRESENTATION OF CASE A 68-year-old Japanese man who underwent massive intestinal resection for AAD experienced malnutrition and diarrhea caused by SBS-CIF. The patient received TED to improve intestinal absorption and entero-hepatic circulation besides controlling infectious diseases. Endoscopy showed mucosal hyperplasia in the stomach and duodenum 1.5 months after TED administration. The patient consented to enteral nutrition via a nasogastric tube because of anorexia. The nutritional status gradually improved after initiating enteral feeding. However, the patient experienced hematemesis 13 days after enteral feeding, and endoscopy revealed acute gastric mucosal necrosis, followed by fatal septic shock. DISCUSSION For patients with SBS, TED is expected to increase intestinal absorption through epithelial proliferation. When SBS is accompanied by multiple ischemic organ failure, TED therapeutic effects remain unclear as malnutrition-associated infectious diseases are refractory, and many underlying mechanisms can be involved. CONCLUSION TED administration should be deliberately considered for patients with SBS-CIF and multiple organ failure experiencing uncontrolled systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Takahashi
- Department of General Surgery, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, 3-1, North 33 East 14, East district, Sapporo, Hokkaido prefecture 065-0033, Japan.
| | - Taku Maejima
- Department of General Surgery, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, 3-1, North 33 East 14, East district, Sapporo, Hokkaido prefecture 065-0033, Japan
| | - Dai Miyazaki
- Department of General Surgery, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, 3-1, North 33 East 14, East district, Sapporo, Hokkaido prefecture 065-0033, Japan
| | - Susumu Fukahori
- Department of General Surgery, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, 3-1, North 33 East 14, East district, Sapporo, Hokkaido prefecture 065-0033, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hagiwara
- Department of General Surgery, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, 3-1, North 33 East 14, East district, Sapporo, Hokkaido prefecture 065-0033, Japan
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Sahoo DK, Heilmann RM, Paital B, Patel A, Yadav VK, Wong D, Jergens AE. Oxidative stress, hormones, and effects of natural antioxidants on intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1217165. [PMID: 37701897 PMCID: PMC10493311 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1217165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, relapsing gastrointestinal (GI) disorder characterized by intestinal inflammation. The etiology of IBD is multifactorial and results from a complex interplay between mucosal immunity, environmental factors, and host genetics. Future therapeutics for GI disorders, including IBD, that are driven by oxidative stress require a greater understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the GI tract, oxidative stressors include infections and pro-inflammatory responses, which boost ROS generation by promoting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) represent two important signaling pathways in intestinal immune cells that regulate numerous physiological processes, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Natural antioxidant compounds exhibit ROS scavenging and increase antioxidant defense capacity to inhibit pro-oxidative enzymes, which may be useful in IBD treatment. In this review, we discuss various polyphenolic substances (such as resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, green tea flavonoids, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, luteolin, xanthohumol, genistein, alpinetin, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, silymarin), phenolic compounds including thymol, alkaloids such as berberine, storage polysaccharides such as tamarind xyloglucan, and other phytochemicals represented by isothiocyanate sulforaphane and food/spices (such as ginger, flaxseed oil), as well as antioxidant hormones like melatonin that target cellular signaling pathways to reduce intestinal inflammation occurring with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Romy M. Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, Germany
| | - Biswaranjan Paital
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ashish Patel
- Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, India
| | - Virendra Kumar Yadav
- Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, India
| | - David Wong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Deng G, Lei Q, Gao X, Zhang Y, Zheng H, Bi J, Wang X. Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Modulates Enteric Paneth Cells Immune Response and Alleviates Gut Inflammation During Intravenous Fluid Infusion in Mice With a Central Catheter. Front Nutr 2021; 8:688715. [PMID: 34540875 PMCID: PMC8446534 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.688715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) has protective effects on gastrointestinal functions. Our previous study found that GLP-2 could significantly reduce intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) animal model. However, the effects of GLP-2 on the impairment of the intestinal Paneth cells immune function and gut inflammation during intravenous fluid infusion mainly consisted of nutritional materials is currently scattered. Objective: The current study was aimed to investigate the efficacy of the GLP-2 in alleviating gut inflammation and modulating enteric Paneth cells immune response in parenterally fed mice and its underlying mechanisms. Methods: Thirty-six male ICR mice underwent venous catheterization were divided into 3 groups: Chow, TPN, and TPN+GLP-2 groups. GLP-2 was administered intravenously at 60 μg/day for 5 days. The small intestine tissue and serum samples were collected on the 7th day. Results: Compared with the TPN group, the expression of tight junction proteins occludin and claudin-1 were significantly increased in the TPN+GLP-2 group. In addition, the expression of lysozyme, sPLA2, insulin-like growth factor-1, and epithelial protection and repair genes were improved in the TPN+GLP-2 group. The levels of IL-6 and TNF-α proteins and mRNAs in the ileum tissues were remarkably reduced in the TPN+GLP-2 group, while IL-10 protein and mRNA level were elevated in the TPN+GLP-2 group (all p < 0.05). Moreover, the TPN+GLP-2 group has higher levels of serum endotoxin, D-lactic acid, and MPO than those of the TPN group. Conclusions: GLP-2 alleviated gut inflammation and improved enteric Paneth cells immune responses through intravenous fluid infusion, possibly by improving the functioning of epithelial protection and repair, and reducing mucosal inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifang Deng
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, Union Shenzhen Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiucheng Lei
- Department of Hepatopancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Xuejin Gao
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huazhen Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Jingcheng Bi
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Xinying Wang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Wang C, Fan W, Feng X, Zhang Y, Liu C, Liu Z. The roles of the glucagon-like peptide-2 and the serum TGF-β1 levels in the intestinal barrier and immune functions in rats with obstructive jaundice. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:10449-10458. [PMID: 34650714 PMCID: PMC8506993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the mechanisms by which glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) impacts the intestinal barrier function, the immune function, and the serum transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) levels in rats with obstructive jaundice. METHODS Overall, 72 SPF-grade healthy Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups containing 18 rats each: the observation group (ligation of common bile duct, intraperitoneal GLP-2 injection), the control group (ligation of common bile duct, normal saline), the sham-operated group (common bile duct exposed without ligation, normal saline), and the blank group. The serum immune function and the TGF-β1 levels were measured on days 3, 7, and 14 after the intervention. RESULTS The body mass was determined to be significantly less in the control group than in the other three groups on day 14 after the intervention (P < 0.05). The TGF-β1, endotoxin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and bilirubin were expressed at significantly higher levels in the control group compared with the blank and sham-operated groups and were the highest at each time point, but the levels in the observation group were significantly decreased after the intervention (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We found that GLP-2 can decrease the serum TGF-β1 levels, regulate the immune function, reduce the endotoxin and bilirubin, and protect the intestinal barrier function in rats with obstructive jaundice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyuan Wang
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department II, Guizhou Provincial People’s HospitalGuiyang 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department II, Guizhou Provincial People’s HospitalGuiyang 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - Xinfu Feng
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department II, Guizhou Provincial People’s HospitalGuiyang 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department II, Guizhou Provincial People’s HospitalGuiyang 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - Changjun Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People’s HospitalChangsha 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department III, Guizhou Provincial People’s HospitalGuiyang 550002, Guizhou, China
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Le Gall M, Thenet S, Aguanno D, Jarry AC, Genser L, Ribeiro-Parenti L, Joly F, Ledoux S, Bado A, Le Beyec J. Intestinal plasticity in response to nutrition and gastrointestinal surgery. Nutr Rev 2020; 77:129-143. [PMID: 30517714 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasticity of a material corresponds to its capacity to change its feature under the effect of an external action. Intestinal plasticity could be defined as the ability of the intestine to modify its size or thickness and intestinal cells to modulate their absorption and secretion functions in response to external or internal cues/signals. This review will focus on intestinal adaptation mechanisms in response to diet and nutritional status. These physiological mechanisms allow a fine and rapid adaptation of the gut to promote absorption of ingested food, but they can also lead to obesity in response to overnutrition. This plasticity could thus become a therapeutic target to treat not only undernutrition but also obesity. How the intestine adapts in response to 2 types of surgical remodeling of the digestive tract-extensive bowel resection leading to intestinal failure and surgical treatment of pathological obesity (ie, bariatric surgeries)-will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Le Gall
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inserm UMRS _1149, Université Paris Diderot, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Thenet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, PSL University, Sorbonne Cités, UPD Univ Paris 05, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Doriane Aguanno
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, PSL University, Sorbonne Cités, UPD Univ Paris 05, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Charlotte Jarry
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inserm UMRS _1149, Université Paris Diderot, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Genser
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutriomics Team, Paris, France, and the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Liver Transplantation, Paris, France
| | - Lara Ribeiro-Parenti
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inserm UMRS _1149, Université Paris Diderot, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Department of General and Digestive Surgery, University Hospital Bichat-Claude-Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Francisca Joly
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inserm UMRS _1149, Université Paris Diderot, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Nutritional Support and Intestinal Transplantation, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Ledoux
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inserm UMRS _1149, Université Paris Diderot, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, Centre de référence de prise en charge de l'obésité, GHUPNVS, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
| | - André Bado
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inserm UMRS _1149, Université Paris Diderot, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Johanne Le Beyec
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inserm UMRS _1149, Université Paris Diderot, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Biochimie Endocrinienne et Oncologique, Paris, France
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Deng J, Zhong Y. [Research advances in nutritional support for critically ill children]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2018; 20:1075-1078. [PMID: 30573001 PMCID: PMC7389499 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Most critically ill children are in a state of serious stress and tend to develop malnutrition, which may reduce the body's ability to fight against diseases and repair damaged tissues and thus aggravate their conditions. Reasonable and effective nutritional support for critically ill children can improve their nutritional status and prognosis, and so it is necessary to offer nutritional support for critically ill children. This article reviews the research on nutritional support for critically ill children and the current status of clinical application. It also introduces the main methods for nutritional support, including enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition, and elaborates on the new methods for nutritional support, such as early enteral nutrition, enteral immunonutrition, and supplementary parenteral nutrition, in order to provide a reference for nutritional support for critically ill children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Deng
- Pediatric Academy, University of South China/Institute of Children's Healthcare, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410007, China.
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8
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Deng J, Zhong Y. [Research advances in nutritional support for critically ill children]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2018; 20:1075-1078. [PMID: 30573001 PMCID: PMC7389499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 03/30/2024]
Abstract
Most critically ill children are in a state of serious stress and tend to develop malnutrition, which may reduce the body's ability to fight against diseases and repair damaged tissues and thus aggravate their conditions. Reasonable and effective nutritional support for critically ill children can improve their nutritional status and prognosis, and so it is necessary to offer nutritional support for critically ill children. This article reviews the research on nutritional support for critically ill children and the current status of clinical application. It also introduces the main methods for nutritional support, including enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition, and elaborates on the new methods for nutritional support, such as early enteral nutrition, enteral immunonutrition, and supplementary parenteral nutrition, in order to provide a reference for nutritional support for critically ill children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Deng
- Pediatric Academy, University of South China/Institute of Children's Healthcare, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410007, China.
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Yan JK, Yan WH, Cai W. Fish oil-derived lipid emulsion induces RIP1-dependent and caspase 8-licensed necroptosis in IEC-6 cells through overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:148. [PMID: 29935529 PMCID: PMC6015656 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive cell death of enterocytes has been demonstrated to be partially associated with the intravenously-administrated lipid emulsions (LEs) during parenteral nutrition (PN) support. However, as a new generation of LE, the effect of fish oil-derived lipid emulsion (FOLE) on the death of enterocytes remains elusive. METHODS Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6 cell line) were treated with FOLE (0.25-1%) for 24 h. Cell survival was measured by CCK-8 assay, and morphological changes were monitored by time-lapse live cell imaging. The expression of receptor-interacting protein 1/3 (RIP1/3) and caspase 8 was assessed by westernblot, and the formation of necrosome (characterized by the assembly of RIP1/3 complex along with the dissociation of caspase 8) was examined by immunoprecipitation. Additionally, the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by using a ROS detection kit with an oxidation-sensitive probe (DCFH-DA). RESULTS FOLE dose-dependently induced non-apoptotic, but programmed necroctic cell death (necroptosis) within 4-8 h after treatment. The assembly of RIP1/3 complex along with the dissociation of caspase 8 from RIP1 was observed in FOLE-treated cells. Moreover, FOLE-induced cell death was significantly alleviated by inhibiting RIP1, and was further aggravated by inhibiting caspase 8. In addition, prior to cell death the accumulation of intracellular ROS was significantly increased in FOLE-treated cells (increased by approximately 5-fold versus control, p < 0.001), which could be attenuated by inhibiting RIP1 (decreased by approximately 35% versus FOLE, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS FOLE induces RIP1-dependent and caspase 8-licensed necroptosis through overproduction of ROS in vitro. Our findings may provide novel insights into the clinical applications of FOLE during PN support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Kai Yan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Rd, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wei-Hui Yan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Rd, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Rd, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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10
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Brubaker PL. Glucagon‐like Peptide‐2 and the Regulation of Intestinal Growth and Function. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1185-1210. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Lei Q, Bi J, Chen H, Tian F, Gao X, Li N, Wang X. Glucagon-like peptide-2 improves intestinal immune function and diminishes bacterial translocation in a mouse model of parenteral nutrition. Nutr Res 2018; 49:56-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ren W, Wu J, Li L, Lu Y, Shao Y, Qi Y, Xu B, He Y, Hu Y. Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Improve Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Function in Aged Rats. J Nutr Health Aging 2018; 22:731-738. [PMID: 29806863 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-018-1022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) plays a major role in repairing impaired intestinal mucosa, but its mechanism in the improvement of intestinal barrier function during the aging process remains unclear. In this study, 26-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to control group and GLP-2 group treated with a dose of 250 μg•kg-1•d-1 by intraperitoneal injection. After 14 days of treatment, intestinal mucosal morphometric changes were observed by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Small intestinal permeability was evaluated by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled dextran. The mRNA and protein expression of Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, claudin-1 and the GLP-2 receptor (GLP-2R) were detected by Real-time PCR and Western blot. Our results showed that GLP-2 administration significantly improved the age-related atrophy of intestinal mucosa and villi and increased small intestinal permeability. The mRNA and protein expression of ZO-1and occludin in ileum were up regulated in the GLP-2-treated old rats. In addition, the serum GLP-2 levels were negatively correlated with small intestinal permeability measured by FITC-dextran levels (r=-0.610, P<0.01). Taking all these data together, it is concluded that GLP-2 improved small intestinal epithelial barrier function in aged rats mainly by facilitating intestinal mucosa growth, alleviating the increased small intestinal permeability and increasing ZO-1 and occludin expression. Our observations provide evidence for the clinical significance of GLP-2 in preventing the intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ren
- Yu Hu, Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200030, China, E-mail: , Tel:+86-021-64041990-3766, Fax:+86-21-64035399
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Wang J, Tian F, Zheng H, Tian H, Wang P, Zhang L, Gao X, Wang X. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched lipid emulsion improves Paneth cell function via the IL-22/Stat3 pathway in a mouse model of total parenteral nutrition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 490:253-259. [PMID: 28606477 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a life-saving therapy for patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction or failure. Long-term TPN impairs gut barrier function and contributes to infections and poor clinical outcomes. However, the underlying mechanisms of TPN-related gut barrier damage have not been fully elucidated, and effective measures are still rare. Here, we compared the effects of a predominantly n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids emulsion (PUFAs; Intralipid) and a lipid emulsion containing n-3 PUFAs (Intralipid plus Omegaven) on antimicrobial peptides produced by Paneth cells. Our results show for the first time that n-3 PUFAs markedly ameliorated intestine atrophy, and increased protein levels of lysozyme, RegIIIγ, and α-cryptdin 5, and their mRNA expression, compared to the n-6 PUFAs emulsion. Importantly, our study reveals that downregulation of IL-22 and phosphorylated Stat3 (p-Stat3) is associated with Paneth cell dysfunction, which may mediate TPN-related gut barrier damage. Lastly, n-3 PUFAs upregulated levels of IL-22 and increased the p-Stat3/Stat3 ratio in ileal tissue, suggesting that n-3 PUFAs improve Paneth cell function through activation of the IL-22/Stat3 pathway. Therefore, our study provides a cogent explanation for the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs, and indicates the IL-22/Stat3 pathway as a promising target in the treatment of TPN-related gut barrier damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Huijun Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Hao Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Xuejin Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Xinying Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
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Gu J, Liu S, Mu N, Huang T, Zhang W, Zhao H, Shu Z, Zhang C, Hao Q, Li W, Xue X, Zhang W, Zhang Y. A DPP-IV-resistant glucagon-like peptide-2 dimer with enhanced activity against radiation-induced intestinal injury. J Control Release 2017; 260:32-45. [PMID: 28522195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although radiotherapy is a highly effective treatment for abdominal or pelvic cancer patients, it can increase the incidence of severe gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. As an intestinal growth factor, glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) has been shown to improve the preclinical models of both short bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease by stimulating intestinal growth. Teduglutide ([Gly2]GLP-2), a recombinant human GLP-2 variant, has a prolonged half-life and stability as compared to the native GLP-2 peptide, but still requires daily application in the clinic. Here, we designed and prepared a new degradation-resistant GLP-2 analogue dimer, designated GLP-2②, with biotechnological techniques. The purity of GLP-2②reached 97% after ammonium sulphate precipitation and anion exchange chromatography purification, and the purification process was simple and cost-effective. We next confirmed that the GLP-2② exhibited enhanced activities compared with [Gly2]GLP-2, the long-acting, degradation-resistant analogue. Notably, GLP-2② offers a pharmacokinetic and therapeutic advantage in the treatment of radiation-induced intestinal injury over [Gly2]GLP-2. We further demonstrated that GLP-2② rapidly activates divergent intracellular signaling pathways involved in cell survival and apoptosis. Taken together, our data revealed a potential novel and safe peptide drug for limiting the adverse effect of radiotherapy on the gastrointestinal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Nan Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Tonglie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wangqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Huadong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhen Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Cun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Qiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Weina Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiaochang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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15
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Interdependency of EGF and GLP-2 Signaling in Attenuating Mucosal Atrophy in a Mouse Model of Parenteral Nutrition. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 3:447-468. [PMID: 28462383 PMCID: PMC5403977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), a crucial treatment for patients who cannot receive enteral nutrition, is associated with mucosal atrophy, barrier dysfunction, and infectious complications. Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) improve intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) responses and attenuate mucosal atrophy in several TPN models. However, it remains unclear whether these 2 factors use distinct or overlapping signaling pathways to improve IEC responses. We investigated the interaction of GLP-2 and EGF signaling in a mouse TPN model and in patients deprived of enteral nutrition. METHODS Adult C57BL/6J, IEC-Egfrknock out (KO) and IEC-pik3r1KO mice receiving TPN or enteral nutrition were treated with EGF or GLP-2 alone or in combination with reciprocal receptor inhibitors, GLP-2(3-33) or gefitinib. Jejunum was collected and mucosal atrophy and IEC responses were assessed by histologic, gene, and protein expression analyses. In patients undergoing planned looped ileostomies, fed and unfed ileum was analyzed. RESULTS Enteral nutrient deprivation reduced endogenous EGF and GLP-2 signaling in mice and human beings. In the mouse TPN model, exogenous EGF or GLP-2 attenuated mucosal atrophy and restored IEC proliferation. The beneficial effects of EGF and GLP-2 were decreased upon Gefitinib treatment and in TPN-treated IEC-EgfrKO mice, showing epidermal growth factor-receptor dependency for these IEC responses. By contrast, in TPN-treated IEC-pi3kr1KO mice, the beneficial actions of EGF were lost, although GLP-2 still attenuated mucosal atrophy. CONCLUSIONS Upon enteral nutrient deprivation, exogenous GLP-2 and EGF show strong interdependency for improving IEC responses. Understanding the differential requirements for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/phosphoAKT (Ser473) signaling may help improve future therapies to prevent mucosal atrophy.
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Key Words
- EGF
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFR
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- GLP-2
- GLP-2 (3-33), glucagon-like peptide 2 antagonist
- GLP-2, glucagon-like peptide 2
- GLP2R, glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cell
- IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1
- ISC, intestinal stem cell
- IV, intravenous
- KO, knock out
- Lgr5, leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein–coupled receptor 5
- Mucosal Atrophy
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PI3K
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- PI3KR1, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p85a
- SBS, short-bowel syndrome
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TPN, total parenteral nutrition
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling
- Total Parenteral Nutrition
- WT, wild-type
- bp, base pair
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Ye X, Ling T, Xue Y, Xu C, Zhou W, Hu L, Chen J, Shi Z. Thymol Mitigates Cadmium Stress by Regulating Glutathione Levels and Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis in Tobacco Seedlings. Molecules 2016; 21:E1339. [PMID: 27754435 PMCID: PMC6273743 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymol is a famous plant-derived compound that has been widely used in pharmacy due to its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. However, the modulation of intrinsic plant physiology by thymol remains unclear. It is a significant challenge to confer plant tolerance to Cd (cadmium) stress. In the present study physiological, histochemical, and biochemical methods were applied to investigate thymol-induced Cd tolerance in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) seedlings. Thymol was able to alleviate Cd-induced growth inhibition of tobacco seedlings in both dose- and time-dependent manners. Both histochemical detection and in-tube assays suggested that thymol treatment blocked Cd-induced over-generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and loss of membrane integrity in both leaves and roots. Thymol decreased Cd-induced cell death that was indicated in vivo by propidium iodide (PI) and trypan blue, respectively. Thymol stimulated glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis by upregulating the expression of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase 1 (GSH1) in Cd-treated seedlings, which may contribute to the alleviation of Cd-induced oxidative injury. In situ fluorescent detection of intracellular Cd2+ revealed that thymol significantly decreased free Cd2+ in roots, which could be explained by the thymol-stimulated GSH biosynthesis and upregulation of the expression of phyochelatin synthase 1 (PCS1). Taken together, these results suggested that thymol has great potential to trigger plant resistant responses to combat heavy metal toxicity, which may help our understanding of the mechanism for thymol-modulated cell metabolic pathways in response to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiefeng Ye
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Tianxiao Ling
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Yanfeng Xue
- Nanjing Yangzi Modern Agriculture Investment and Development Co. Ltd., Nanjing 211899, China.
| | - Cunfa Xu
- Central Laboratory, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Liangbin Hu
- Department of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Provincial Department of Agriculture and Forestry, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Zhiqi Shi
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Provincial Department of Agriculture and Forestry, Nanjing 210014, China.
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17
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Wu C, Wang X, Jiang T, Li C, Zhang L, Gao X, Tian F, Li N, Li J. Partial Enteral Nutrition Mitigated Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Damage of Rat Small Intestinal Barrier. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8080502. [PMID: 27548209 PMCID: PMC4997415 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: This study was designed to investigate a relatively optimum dose of partial enteral nutrition (PEN) which effectively attenuates intestinal barrier dysfunction initiated by ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Methods: In experiment 1, 60 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to intestinal IRI and assigned to six groups according to the different proportion of EN administrations: namely total parenteral nutrition (TPN or 0%EN), 10%EN, 20%EN, 40%EN, 60%EN, and total enteral nutrition (TEN or 100%) groups, the deficits of intraluminal calorie were supplemented by PN. In experiment 2, 50 male SD rats were subjected to intestinal IRI and divided into five groups based on the results of experiment 1: TPN, TEN, 20%EN, TPN plus pretreatment with NF-κB antagonist 30 min before IRI (TPN+PDTC), and TPN plus pretreatment with HIF-1α antagonist 30 min before IRI (TPN+YC-1) groups. Results: In experiment 1, previous IRI combined with subsequent EN shortage disrupted the structure of intestinal epithelial cell and tight junctions (TJs). While 20% dose of EN had an obviously protective effect on these detrimental consequences. In experiment 2, compared with TPN only, 20%EN exerted a significant protection of barrier function of intestinal epithelium. Analogous results were observed when TPN combined with specific NF-κB/HIF-1α inhibitors (PDTC and YC-1). Meanwhile, the expression of NF-κB/HIF-1α had a similar trend among the groups. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that 20%EN is the minimally effective dosage of EN which promotes the recovery of intestinal barrier function after IRI in a rat model. Furthermore, we discreetly speculate that this benefit is, at least partly, related to NF-κB/HIF-1α pathway expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Xinying Wang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
| | - Chaojun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University and Model Animal Research Center, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
| | - Xuejin Gao
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
| | - Feng Tian
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
| | - Ning Li
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
| | - Jieshou Li
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
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Liu XJ, Li ZH, Li L, Zheng BF, Feng WY, Cheng FC, Chen LJ, Fu TL. Baicalin protects against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury by attenuating excessive activation of inositol requiring protein 1α. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:1960-1967. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i13.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the protective effect of baicalin against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IIRI) and the role of inositol requiring protein 1α (IRE1α) in this process.
METHODS: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8): a sham group in which rats underwent laparotomy, an IIRI group in which rats were subjected to occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery for 30 min and reperfusion for 6 h, and a baicalin pretreatment group in which rats were given intraperitoneal injection of baicalin (100 mg/kg) about 30 min before IIRI induction. The levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in intestinal tissues and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (IFABP) in plasma were detected by ELISA. Cell apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL assay. The expression of IRE1α and phosphorylated IRE1α (p-IRE1α) was detected by immunohistochemical staining. Western blot was applied to detect the expression of GRP78 protein in intestinal tissues.
RESULTS: Compared with the sham group, the expression of p-IRE1α (41.88 ± 3.43 vs 19.55 ± 2.16), IRE1α (51.3 ± 4.16 vs 9.97 ± 1.34), the level of TNF-α (139.70 ng/L ± 19.72 ng/L vs 16.41 ng/L ± 1.75 ng/L), cell apoptosis index (40.77% ± 4.70% vs 3.66% ± 0.83%) and IFABP (2.25 ng/mL ± 0.27 ng/mL vs 0.63 ng/mL ± 0.07 ng/mL) were significantly increased in the IIRI group (P < 0.01 for all). Compared with the IIRI group, the expression level of GRP78 (0.60 ± 0.03 vs 0.42 ± 0.02, P < 0.01) was up-regulated, however, the expression of p-IRE1α (26.71 ± 2.43 vs 41.88 ± 3.43) and IRE1α (36.87 ± 2.07 vs 51.39 ± 4.16), the level of TNF-α (93.38 ng/L ± 16.79 ng/L vs 139.70 ng/L ± 19.72 ng/L), cell apoptosis index (29.50% ± 7.66% vs 40.77% ± 4.70%) and IFABP (1.50 ng/mL ± 0.29 ng/mL vs 2.25 ng/mL ± 0.27 ng/mL) were deceased in the baicalin pretreatment group (P < 0.01 for all).
CONCLUSION: Baicalin reduces intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury by up-regulating GRP78, alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress and attenuating IRE1α excessive activation.
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