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Mizutani M, Tashiro J, Sugiarto H, Maftuhah, Riyanto, Mock J, Nakayama K. Identifying correlates of salt reduction practices among rural, middle-aged Muslim Indonesians with hypertension through structural equation modeling. Nutr Health 2023; 29:85-95. [PMID: 35014883 DOI: 10.1177/02601060211057624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: In 2016, the World Health Organization recommended salt reduction strategies. In most low- and middle-income countries, little is known about what causes people to reduce their salt intake. Aim: In rural West Java, Indonesia, we conducted a cross-sectional survey to describe self-reported salt reduction practices among middle-aged Muslims with hypertension (n = 447) and to identify correlates of salt reduction. Methods: We developed a questionnaire with Likert scales to measure self-reported frequency of efforts to reduce salt intake, and degree of agreement/disagreement with 51 statements about variables hypothesized to influence salt reduction practices. We compared groups using t-tests and one-way ANOVAs. Through one-factor confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling, we identified correlates of salt reduction practices. Results: About 45% of participants reported regularly reducing their salt intake; only 12.8% reported never attempting. Men reported higher social barriers, while women reported higher family support and spiritual support. Overall, we found that participants' frequency of effort to reduce their salt intake was associated with a constellation of six correlates. Salt reduction practices were directly positively associated with prior health/illness experiences (β = 0.25), and by seeking health information (β = 0.24). Seeking health information was in turn positively associated with prior health/illness experiences (β = 0.34), receiving support from health professionals (β = 0.23) and Islamic spiritual practice (β = 0.24). Salt reduction practices were negatively associated with environmental barriers to healthful eating practices (β = -0.14). Conclusion: In this population, reinforcing positive correlates identified in this study and mitigating against negative correlates may foster salt reduction practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Mizutani
- Department of Public Health Nursing, 88369Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan.,Graduate School of Nursing Science, St Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Tashiro
- Graduate School of Nursing Science, St Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Heri Sugiarto
- 188408Indramayu College of Health Science, Indramayu, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Maftuhah
- 118942Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta, Tangerang Selatan, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Riyanto
- 188408Indramayu College of Health Science, Indramayu, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Jeremiah Mock
- Institute for Health & Aging and Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Nakayama
- Graduate School of Nursing Science, St Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
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Endaltseva A, Coeurquetin P, Thomas-Danguin T, Poulain JP, Tibère L, Dupuy A. Eater-oriented knowledge framework for reducing salt and dietary sodium intake (scoping review). Front Nutr 2023; 10:1110446. [PMID: 36925961 PMCID: PMC10011657 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1110446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt and dietary sodium are ubiquitously present in daily food practices and, at the same time, reducing salt intake presents an important public health issue. Given such an ambivalent position of salt in human diet, we argue that public health guidelines toward dietary sodium reduction require an eater-oriented knowledge framework. In this article we are making the first steps toward a flexible interdisciplinary database which would include nutritional, socio-economic, cultural, material, and socio-psychological determinants of salt consumption for comprehensive public health campaigns. We employ an explorative scoping review of academic articles and reports, limiting our review to the original data on salt or sodium consumption published in English or French between 2000 and 2022. We describe salt consumption as research object, identifying its representation in different research fields, data sources, methodologies, samples, and links with nutritional recommendations. We synthesize existing approaches via four eater-oriented categories: Socio-demographic and cultural descriptors of salt consumers; Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs on nutritional norms; Salt practices associated with dietary or medical regimes; Salt materialities: interactions and contexts. In each category, we identify the dominant relational features, i.e., what kind of 'eater-salt' relation is being put forward. We thus build an interdisciplinary documentary base of dietary sodium consumption factors. We discuss the results, suggesting that comprehensive nutritional policies for global salt reduction require interdisciplinary eater-oriented data frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Coeurquetin
- LISST-Cers UMR, University of Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Thomas-Danguin
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Poulain
- CERTOP UMR CNRS, University of Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France.,ISTHIA, University of Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Tibère
- CERTOP UMR CNRS, University of Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France.,ISTHIA, University of Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Dupuy
- CERTOP UMR CNRS, University of Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France.,ISTHIA, University of Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France
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Ahn SH, Kwon JS, Kim K, Kim HK. Perceptions and Feasibility of Actions Related to Sodium Reduction among Restaurant Owners and Cooks in Seongnam, South Korea: Comparison According to Stages of Behavioral Change. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124375. [PMID: 34959927 PMCID: PMC8707999 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increase in meals eaten outside the home, sodium reduction in restaurant foods is essential for reducing sodium intake. This study aimed to assess the stages of behavioral change for reducing sodium and the differences in perceptions among restaurant staff by stage. Restaurant owners and cooks (n = 313) in Seongnam, South Korea were surveyed on their stage of behavioral change, practices, and perceptive factors related to sodium reduction in restaurant meals using a questionnaire. The proportion of behavioral change by stage was 20.4% in the maintenance and action (MA) stage, 32.3% in the preparation (P) stage, and 47.3% in the pre-preparation (PP) stage, which included contemplation and pre-contemplation stages. The items that represent differences among the groups were recognition of social environment for sodium reduction, practice of weighing condiments and measuring salinity, and feasibility of actions related to low-sodium cooking. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios for practice and perceptive factors by using stage of behavioral change as the independent variable. Factors associated with being in the MA stage were weighing condiments, measuring salinity, and high feasibility of actions related to low-sodium cooking. Recognition of sodium labeling and anticipation of better taste by reducing sodium increased the odds of being in the P stage rather than the PP stage. These results suggest that customized stepwise education and support are needed for the efficacy of restaurant-based sodium reduction programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Shingu College, Seongnam 13174, Korea; (S.-H.A.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Jong-Sook Kwon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Shingu College, Seongnam 13174, Korea; (S.-H.A.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Kyungmin Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Baewha Women’s University, Seoul 03039, Korea;
| | - Hye-Kyeong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Du W, Zhang J, Li Y, He FJ, Zhou X, Xu Z, Gao Y, Yin L, Chang X, Yan W, Tan M, MacGregor GA, Luo R, Zhang P, Wang H. Restaurant interventions for salt reduction in China: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e038744. [PMID: 33268406 PMCID: PMC7713225 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Salt intake in China is high, and most of it comes from that added by consumers. Nevertheless, recent years have seen a rapid increase in the frequency at which people eat out. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions designed for salt reduction in restaurants through a randomised controlled trial in China. METHODS AND ANALYSIS As a randomised controlled trial with restaurants as study subjects, we recruited 192 restaurants from 12 counties of 6 provinces in China. After the baseline survey, restaurants were randomly assigned to intervention or control group. Using social cognitive theory, comprehensive intervention activities were designed to encourage salt reduction in all restaurant foods, and at the same time, to encourage consumers to choose lower salt options when eating out. The interventions will be conducted only in restaurants of the intervention group during the first year. The follow-up assessment will be conducted at the end of the trial. The primary outcome is the change in the average salt content of the five best-selling dishes of the restaurant, as measured by laboratory tests. Secondary outcomes include differences in the monthly use of salt and salty condiments between intervention and control restaurants, and the knowledge, attitude and practice on salt among restaurant consumers. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study was reviewed and approved by the Review Board of the National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and Queen Mary Research Ethics Committee. Results will be disseminated through presentations, publications and social media. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR1800019694; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Du
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jiguo Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Feng J He
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Xue Zhou
- Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, China
| | - Zhihua Xu
- Qinghai Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xining, China
| | - Yifu Gao
- Hebei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lei Yin
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Jiangxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Monique Tan
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Graham A MacGregor
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rong Luo
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Puhong Zhang
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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5
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Zhang P, He FJ, Li Y, Li C, Wu J, Ma J, Zhang B, Wang H, Li Y, Han J, Luo R, He J, Li X, Liu Y, Wang C, Tan M, MacGregor GA, Li X. Reducing Salt Intake in China with "Action on Salt China" (ASC): Protocol for Campaigns and Randomized Controlled Trials. JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e15933. [PMID: 32271155 PMCID: PMC7180507 DOI: 10.2196/15933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salt intake in China is over twice the maximum recommendation of the World Health Organization. Unlike most developed countries where salt intake is mainly derived from prepackaged foods, around 80% of the salt consumed in China is added during cooking. OBJECTIVE Action on Salt China (ASC), initiated in 2017, aims to develop, implement, and evaluate a comprehensive and tailored salt reduction program for national scaling-up. METHODS ASC consists of six programs working in synergy to increase salt awareness and to reduce the amount of salt used during cooking at home and in restaurants, as well as in processed foods. Since September 2018, two health campaigns on health education and processed foods have respectively started, in parallel with four open-label cluster randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in six provinces across China: (1) app-based intervention study (AIS), in which a mobile app is used to achieve and sustain salt reduction in school children and their families; (2) home cook-based intervention study (HIS), in which family cooks receive support in using less salt; (3) restaurant-based intervention study (RIS) targeting restaurant consumers, cooks, and managers; and (4) comprehensive intervention study (CIS), which is a real-world implementation and evaluation of all available interventions in the three other RCTs. To explore the barriers, facilitators, and effectiveness of delivering a comprehensive salt reduction intervention, these RCTs will last for 1 year (stage 1), followed by nationwide implementation (stage 2). In AIS, HIS, and CIS, the primary outcome of salt reduction will be evaluated by 24-hour urinary sodium excretion in 6030 participants, including 5436 adults and 594 school children around 8-9 years old. In RIS, the salt content of meals will be measured by laboratory food analysis of the 5 best-selling dishes from 192 restaurants. Secondary outcomes will include process evaluation; changes in knowledge, attitude, and practice on salt intake; and economic evaluation. RESULTS All RCTs have been approved by Queen Mary Research Ethics Committee and the Institutional Review Boards of leading institutes in China. The research started in June 2017 and is expected to be completed around March 2021. The baseline investigations of the four RCTs were completed in May 2019. CONCLUSIONS The ASC project is progressing smoothly. The intervention packages and tailored components will be promoted for salt reduction in China, and could be adopted by other countries. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. AIS: ChiCTR1800017553; https://tinyurl.com/vdr8rpr. HIS: ChiCTR1800016804; https://tinyurl.com/w8c7x3w. RIS: ChiCTR1800019694; https://tinyurl.com/uqkjgfw. CIS: ChiCTR1800018119; https://tinyurl.com/s3ajldw. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/15933.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puhong Zhang
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Feng J He
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuan Li
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Changning Li
- Surveillance Department, Chinese Center for Health Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- The National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jixiang Ma
- Chronic Diseases and Aging Health Management Division, The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghua Li
- Surveillance Department, Chinese Center for Health Education, Beijing, China
| | - Junhua Han
- Food Policy, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Luo
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jing He
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Li
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Computing, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Changqiong Wang
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Monique Tan
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham A MacGregor
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xinhua Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Kwon SC, Kranick JA, Bougrab N, Pan J, Williams R, Perez-Perez GI, Trinh-Shevrin C. Development and Assessment of a Helicobacter pylori Medication Adherence and Stomach Cancer Prevention Curriculum for a Chinese American Immigrant Population. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2019; 34:519-525. [PMID: 29460136 PMCID: PMC6098981 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-018-1333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chinese American immigrants are at increased risk for Helicobacter pylori infection and stomach cancer. Despite their increased risk, very few prevention strategies exist which target this vulnerable population. The purpose of this article is to present the stakeholder engaged development, review, assessment, refinement, and finalization of a H. pylori treatment adherence and stomach cancer prevention curriculum specifically designed to engage vulnerable, limited English proficient Chinese Americans in New York City.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona C Kwon
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, VZN, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10016-6481, USA.
| | - Julie A Kranick
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, VZN, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10016-6481, USA
| | - Nassira Bougrab
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, VZN, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10016-6481, USA
| | - Janet Pan
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, VZN, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10016-6481, USA
| | - Renee Williams
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guillermo Ignacio Perez-Perez
- Department of Medicine (Translational Medicine) and Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chau Trinh-Shevrin
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, VZN, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10016-6481, USA
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Lee CJ, Ryu J, Kim HC, Ryu DR, Ihm SH, Kim YJ, Shin JH, Pyun WB, Kang HS, Park JH, Hwang J, Park S. Clinical Benefit of Treatment of Stage-1, Low-Risk Hypertension. Hypertension 2019; 72:1285-1293. [PMID: 30571236 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Evidence about the benefits of treating uncomplicated, low-risk, stage-1 hypertension is lacking. The study aimed to investigate the association between mean blood pressure (BP) and clinical outcomes, and to determine optimal BPs in treated, low-risk, stage-1 hypertension. From the National Health Insurance Service Health Examination Database, patients with stage-1 hypertension between 2005 and 2006 were selected. They had a systolic BP of 140 to 159 mm Hg or diastolic BP of 90 to 99 mm Hg. Patients were grouped as controlled (mean BP <140/90 mm Hg; n=99 301) and uncontrolled (mean BP ≥140/90 mm Hg; n=49 460) according to their mean BP recorded during the follow-up health examination. All-cause mortality and cardiovascular outcomes were examined. Mean BPs in the controlled and uncontrolled groups were 131.1/80.9 and 144.6/86.8 mm Hg, respectively. Controlled BP was associated with significantly lower risks of all-cause mortality, all stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and end-stage renal disease. Subgroup analysis demonstrated benefits of controlled BP in hypertensive patients aged <50 years for all-cause mortality, all stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and end-stage renal disease, with no significant interaction according to age. The BP associated with the lowest risk of all-cause mortality was 120 to <130 mm Hg (systolic BP) and 70 to <80 mm Hg (diastolic BP). There was an increased risk of myocardial infarction in patients with mean systolic BP <120 mm Hg and diastolic BP <80 mm Hg. BP <140/90 mm Hg was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of mortality, stroke, and end-stage renal disease, with the lowest mortality risk at BP ranges of 120 to <130 and 70 to <80 mm Hg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Joo Lee
- From the Department of Health Promotion, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.J.L.)
| | - Jiin Ryu
- Department of Statistics and Computer Science, Daegu University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea (J.R., J.H.)
| | - Hyeon-Chang Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (H.-C.K.)
| | - Dong-Ryeol Ryu
- Division of Nephrology (R.R.), Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Ihm
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.-H.I.)
| | - Yong-Jin Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea (Y.-J.K.)
| | - Jin-Ho Shin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.-H.S.)
| | - Wook Bum Pyun
- Cardiovascular Center (W.B.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Soo Kang
- Department of Big Data Steering, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, Gangwon, Republic of Korea (H.-S.K., J.-H.P.)
| | - Jong-Heon Park
- Department of Big Data Steering, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, Gangwon, Republic of Korea (H.-S.K., J.-H.P.)
| | - Jinseub Hwang
- Department of Statistics and Computer Science, Daegu University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea (J.R., J.H.)
| | - Sungha Park
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.P.)
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Chen C, Zhang KZ, Gong X, Lee MK. Failure to decrease the addictive usage of information technologies: A theoretical model and empirical examination of smartphone game users. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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9
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McKenzie B, Santos JA, Trieu K, Thout SR, Johnson C, Arcand J, Webster J, McLean R. The Science of Salt: A focused review on salt-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors, and gender differences. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2018; 20:850-866. [PMID: 29722131 PMCID: PMC8031068 DOI: 10.1111/jch.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current review was to examine the scope of studies published in the Science of Salt Weekly that contained a measure of self-reported knowledge, attitudes, and behavior (KAB) concerning salt. Specific objectives were to examine how KAB measures are used to evaluate salt reduction intervention studies, the questionnaires used, and whether any gender differences exist in self-reported KAB. Studies were reviewed from the commencement of Science of Salt Weekly, June 2013 to the end of August 2017. Seventy-five studies had relevant measures of KAB and were included in this review, 13 of these were salt-reduction intervention-evaluation studies, with the remainder (62) being descriptive KAB studies. The KAB questionnaires used were specific to the populations studied, without evidence of a best practice measure. 40% of studies used KAB alone as the primary outcome measure; the remaining studies used more quantitative measures of salt intake such as 24-hour urine. Only half of the descriptive studies showed KAB outcomes disaggregated by gender, and of those, 73% showed women had more favorable KAB related to salt. None of the salt intervention-evaluation studies showed disaggregated KAB data. Therefore, it is likely important that evaluation studies disaggregate, and are appropriately powered to disaggregate all outcomes by gender to address potential disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briar McKenzie
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joseph Alvin Santos
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kathy Trieu
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sudhir Raj Thout
- The George Institute for Global Health India, Unit No. 301, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Claire Johnson
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - JoAnne Arcand
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jacqui Webster
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachael McLean
- Department of Preventive & Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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