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Wang L, Villafuerte Gálvez JA, Lee C, Wu S, Kelly CP, Chen X, Cao Y. Understanding host immune responses in Clostridioides difficile infection: Implications for pathogenesis and immunotherapy. IMETA 2024; 3:e200. [PMID: 38898983 PMCID: PMC11183162 DOI: 10.1002/imt2.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is the predominant causative agent of nosocomial diarrhea worldwide. Infection with C. difficile occurs due to the secretion of large glycosylating toxin proteins, which can lead to toxic megacolon or mortality in susceptible hosts. A critical aspect of C. difficile's biology is its ability to persist asymptomatically within the human host. Individuals harboring asymptomatic colonization or experiencing a single episode of C. difficile infection (CDI) without recurrence exhibit heightened immune responses compared to symptomatic counterparts. The significance of these immune responses cannot be overstated, as they play critical roles in the development, progression, prognosis, and outcomes of CDI. Nonetheless, our current comprehension of the immune responses implicated in CDI remains limited. Therefore, further investigation is imperative to elucidate their underlying mechanisms. This review explores recent advancements in comprehending CDI pathogenesis and how the host immune system response influences disease progression and severity, aiming to enhance our capacity to develop immunotherapy-based treatments for CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamei Wang
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Javier A. Villafuerte Gálvez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Christina Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Shengru Wu
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Ciaran P. Kelly
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Yangchun Cao
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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2
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Bass K, Sivaprakasam S, Dharmalingam-Nandagopal G, Thangaraju M, Ganapathy V. Colonic ketogenesis, a microbiota-regulated process, contributes to blood ketones and protects against colitis in mice. Biochem J 2024; 481:295-312. [PMID: 38372391 PMCID: PMC10903465 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Ketogenesis is considered to occur primarily in liver to generate ketones as an alternative energy source for non-hepatic tissues when glucose availability/utilization is impaired. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase-2 (HMGCS2) mediates the rate-limiting step in this mitochondrial pathway. Publicly available databases show marked down-regulation of HMGCS2 in colonic tissues in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. This led us to investigate the expression and function of this pathway in colon and its relevance to colonic inflammation in mice. Hmgcs2 is expressed in cecum and colon. As global deletion of Hmgcs2 showed significant postnatal mortality, we used a conditional knockout mouse with enzyme deletion restricted to intestinal tract. These mice had no postnatal mortality. Fasting blood ketones were lower in these mice, indicating contribution of colonic ketogenesis to circulating ketones. There was also evidence of gut barrier breakdown and increased susceptibility to experimental colitis with associated elevated levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in circulation. Interestingly, many of these phenomena were mostly evident in male mice. Hmgcs2 expression in colon is controlled by colonic microbiota as evidenced from decreased expression in germ-free mice and antibiotic-treated conventional mice and from increased expression in a human colonic epithelial cell line upon treatment with aqueous extracts of cecal contents. Transcriptomic analysis of colonic epithelia from control mice and Hmgcs2-null mice indicated an essential role for colonic ketogenesis in the maintenance of optimal mitochondrial function, cholesterol homeostasis, and cell-cell tight-junction organization. These findings demonstrate a sex-dependent obligatory role for ketogenesis in protection against colonic inflammation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bass
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, U.S.A
| | - Sathish Sivaprakasam
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, U.S.A
| | | | - Muthusamy Thangaraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, U.S.A
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, U.S.A
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Chen X, Qiao T, Mao Z, Jia G, Zhao H, Liu G, Huang Z. Caffeic acid improves intestinal barrier functions by regulating colonic bacteria and tight junction protein expression and alleviating inflammation in weaning piglets. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:3693-3699. [PMID: 37067399 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2200441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The experiment investigated the effect of caffeic acid on bacteria, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and the expression of tight junction protein and inflammation related genes in the colon of weaning piglets. Thirty-six weaning piglets were allocated to three treatment groups, which were fed with a basal diet, a basal diet supplemented with 250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg caffeic acid for 28 days. The results showed that caffeic acid treatment increased the contents of acetate acid, propionate acid and total SCFA. Moreover, real-time quantitative PCR showed that the number of Bifidobacterium (p < 0.05) and Lactobacillus (p < 0.05) were increased and the number of Escherichia coli (p < 0.05) was decreased by caffeic acid in colonic mucosa. Real-time quantitative PCR also showed that the mRNA levels of zonula occludens-1 (p < 0.01), claudin-1 (p < 0.01), occludin (p < 0.01), mucin 1 (MUC1) (p < 0.01), MUC2 (p < 0.01), interleukin 4 (IL-4) (p < 0.01) and IL-10 (p < 0.05) were increased, while the mRNA expression levels of histone deacetylases (p < 0.01), IL-1 (p < 0.01), IL-6 (p < 0.01) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (p < 0.01) were decreased, by caffeic acid in colonic mucosa. These results suggested that caffeic acid could improve intestinal barrier function in weaned pigs, which might be mediated by regulating colonic bacteria and tight junction protein expression and alleviating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Tianlei Qiao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyu Mao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Gang Jia
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
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Tian Z, Deng T, Gui X, Wang L, Yan Q, Wang L. Mechanisms of Lung and Intestinal Microbiota and Innate Immune Changes Caused by Pathogenic Enterococcus Faecalis Promoting the Development of Pediatric Pneumonia. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2203. [PMID: 37764047 PMCID: PMC10536929 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia is the main cause of illness and death in children under 5 years old. We isolated and cultured pathogenic bacteria LE from the intestines of children with pneumonia and replicated the pediatric pneumonia model using an oral gavage bacterial animal model. Interestingly, based on 16srRNA sequencing, we found that the gut and lung microbiota showed the same imbalance trend, which weakened the natural resistance of this area. Further exploration of its mechanism revealed that the disruption of the intestinal mechanical barrier led to the activation of inflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-17, which promoted the recruitment of ILC-3 and the release of IL-17 and IL-22, leading to lung inflammation. The focus of this study is on the premise that the gut and lung microbiota exhibit similar destructive changes, mediating the innate immune response to promote the occurrence of pneumonia and providing a basis for the development and treatment of new drugs for pediatric pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Tian
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 193, Lianhe Road, Shahekou District, Dalian 116011, China;
| | - Ting Deng
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (T.D.); (X.G.); (L.W.)
| | - Xuwen Gui
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (T.D.); (X.G.); (L.W.)
| | - Leilei Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (T.D.); (X.G.); (L.W.)
| | - Qiulong Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China;
| | - Liang Wang
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 193, Lianhe Road, Shahekou District, Dalian 116011, China;
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Nabizadeh E, Sadeghi J, Rezaee MA, Hamishehkar H, Hasani A, Kafil HS, Sharifi Y, Asnaashari S, Kadkhoda H, Ghotaslou R. The profile of key gut microbiota members and short-chain fatty acids in patients with sepsis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17880. [PMID: 37539246 PMCID: PMC10395291 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a complex clinical disorder with heterogeneous etiological factors. Given its high mortality rate, it is considered a global health issue. Recently, the link between gut microbiota and their metabolites, especially short-chain fatty acids, in the pathophysiology of sepsis has been reported. However, there are few findings to confirm this relationship. This study aimed to evaluate some key gut microbiota members, pathogenic bacteria, and short-chain fatty acids in non-ICU patients with sepsis caused by bacteremia compared to a control group. In this case-control study, 45 stool samples from patients with sepsis and 15 healthy persons were collected from October 2021 to August 2022 in Tabriz, Iran. The position of some gut microbiota members and the main short-chain fatty acids concentration were assessed in the two groups by the Q-PCR and the high-performance liquid chromatography system. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium sp. As bacterial with protective features in non-ICU patients with sepsis decreased significantly. Moreover, the concentrations of acetic acid and propionic acid significantly decreased in this group compared to the healthy volunteers. In contrast, the pathogenic bacteria members such as Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteroides sp. Increased significantly in the patients compared to the healthy individuals. The concentration of butyric acid decreased in the patients, but this change was not significant in the two groups. Protective and immune functions of F. prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium sp., as well as acetate and propionate, are evident. In this investigation, this profile was significantly reduced in non-ICU patients with sepsis compared to the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edris Nabizadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javid Sadeghi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ahangarzadeh Rezaee
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alka Hasani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yaghoob Sharifi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Solmaz Asnaashari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hiva Kadkhoda
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Ghotaslou
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Wu P, Yao S, Wang X, Yang L, Wang S, Dai W, Zhang H, He B, Wang X, Wang S, Zhang Q. Oral Administration of Nanoformulated Indoximod Ameliorates Ulcerative Colitis by Promoting Mitochondrial Function and Mucosal Healing. Int J Pharm 2023; 637:122813. [PMID: 36905975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory bowel disease with serious mucosal inflammation mainly in the colon and rectum. Currently, there is no effective therapeutics for UC. Indoximod (IND) is a water-insoluble inhibitor for indolamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) and has been mainly reported in cancer therapy. Here, we prepared orally administrated IND nanoparticles (IND-NPs) for UC treatment and investigated their functions and mechanisms in cellular and animal inflammatory models. Confocal imaging demonstrated that IND-NPs maintained the expression level of ZO-1, Occludin and E-cadherin, thereby stabilizing of intercellular junction in Caco-2 cells. It was found that IND-NPs could lower the ROS level and increase mitochondrial membrane potential as well as ATP level, indicating that IND-NPs could restore DSS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. In the mice model with DSS-induced colitis, IND-NPs were found to alleviate UC-associated symptoms, inhibit inflammatory response, and improve the integrity of epithelial barrier. The untargeted metabolomics analysis validated that IND-NPs also contributed to regulate the metabolite levels to normal. As an agonist of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), IND-NPs might repair mucosa via the AhR pathway. These findings demonstrated that IND-NPs prominently ameliorated DSS-induced colonic injury and inflammation and preserved intestinal barrier integrity, showing a promising potential in UC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyao Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics, New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Siyu Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics, New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics, New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Long Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics, New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Siling Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wenbing Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics, New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics, New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bing He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics, New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics, New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Shujun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics, New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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7
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Holmes IA, Grundler MC. Phylogenetically under-dispersed gut microbiomes are not correlated with host genomic heterozygosity in a genetically diverse reptile community. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:258-274. [PMID: 36221927 PMCID: PMC9797449 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While key elements of fitness in vertebrate animals are impacted by their microbiomes, the host genetic characteristics that factor into microbiome composition are not fully understood. Here, we correlate host genomic heterozygosity and gut microbiome phylogenetic diversity across a community of reptiles in southwestern New Mexico to test hypotheses about the behaviour of host genes that drive microbiome assembly. We find that microbiome communities are phylogenetically under-dispersed relative to random expectations, and that host heterozygosity is not correlated with microbiome diversity. Our analyses reinforce results from functional genomic work that identify conserved host immune and nonimmune genes as key players in microbiome assembly, rather than gene families that rely on heterozygosity for their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris A. Holmes
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Cornell Institute of Host Microbe Interactions and Disease and Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Michael C. Grundler
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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Alasiri GA. Effect of gut microbiota on colorectal cancer progression and treatment. Saudi Med J 2022; 43:1289-1299. [PMID: 36517053 PMCID: PMC9994512 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2022.43.12.20220367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiota is a collection of bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes, bacteriophages, viruses, and fungi that cover human body surfaces and cavities. They characterize inside the body due to several factors such as diet, nutrition, xenobiotic substances, and microbial infections. Several studies have shown that gut microbiota can induce resistance against pathogens and regulate the immune system. In addition, their disruption is associated with several physiological and biochemical disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), obesity, autoimmune diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, colon cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third-deadliest cancer worldwide, accounting for approximately 900,000 deaths per year globally. Gut microbiota has been heavily linked to CRC incidence and prevention via bacterial metabolites, invasion, translocation, host's defense modulations, and bacterial-immune system interactions. In addition, it can influence the metabolism of chemical compounds such as drugs and xenobiotics to manipulate the treatment response in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glowi A. Alasiri
- From the Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Huang ZB, Hu Z, Lu CX, Luo SD, Chen Y, Zhou ZP, Hu JJ, Zhang FL, Deng F, Liu KX. Gut microbiota-derived indole 3-propionic acid partially activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor to promote macrophage phagocytosis and attenuate septic injury. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1015386. [PMID: 36299625 PMCID: PMC9589056 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1015386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is associated with a high risk of death, and the crosstalk between gut microbiota and sepsis is gradually revealed. Indole 3-propionic acid (IPA) is a gut microbiota-derived metabolite that exerts immune regulation and organ protective effects. However, the role of IPA in sepsis is not clear. In this study, the role of IPA in sepsis-related survival, clinical scores, bacterial burden, and organ injury was assessed in a murine model of cecal ligation and puncture-induced polymicrobial sepsis. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) highly specific inhibitor (CH223191) was used to observe the role of AhR in the protection of IPA against sepsis. The effects of IPA on bacterial phagocytosis by macrophages were investigated in vivo and vitro. The levels of IPA in feces were measured and analyzed in human sepsis patients and patient controls. First, we found that gut microbiota-derived IPA was associated with the survival of septic mice. Then, in animal model, IPA administration protected against sepsis-related mortality and alleviated sepsis-induced bacterial burden and organ injury, which was blunted by AhR inhibitor. Next, in vivo and vitro, IPA enhanced the macrophage phagocytosis through AhR. Depletion of macrophages reversed the protective effects of IPA on sepsis. Finally, on the day of ICU admission (day 0), septic patients had significantly lower IPA level in feces than patient controls. Also, septic patients with bacteremia had significantly lower IPA levels in feces compared with those with non-bacteremia. Furthermore, in septic patients, reduced IPA was associated with worse clinical outcomes, and IPA in feces had similar prediction ability of 28-day mortality with SOFA score, and increased the predictive ability of SOFA score. These findings indicate that gut microbiota-derived IPA can protect against sepsis through host control of infection by promoting macrophages phagocytosis and suggest that IPA may be a new strategy for sepsis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bin Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen-Xin Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fuzhou Second Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Si-Dan Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Juan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang-Ling Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ke-Xuan Liu, ; Fan Deng,
| | - Ke-Xuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ke-Xuan Liu, ; Fan Deng,
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The Effect of Supplemental Concentrate Feeding on the Morphological and Functional Development of the Pancreas in Early Weaned Yak Calves. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192563. [PMID: 36230305 PMCID: PMC9558514 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study aimed to investigate the nutritional intake deficiency on rearing yak calves. We investigated supplemental concentrate feeding effects on the morphological and functional development of the pancreas in early weaned yak calves. In the study, we determined the apparent digestibility of nutrients by digestion trail, the morphological development of the pancreas in yak calves by tissue sectioning, the activity of main digestive enzymes and hormone levels by ELISA kits, and the content of major small molecule metabolites in the pancreas by non-targeted metabolomics techniques. The morphological and functional development of the pancreas and its small molecule metabolites are mainly presented in graphical form, which had positive regulatory effects on the development of the pancreas in early weaned yak calves. In summary, we found that supplemental concentrate feeding was crucial for the high-quality growth and development of early weaned yak calves and had a positive influence on the intrinsic relationship between the overall development level and physiological functions of the pancreas, which could provide an important reference for scientific rearing of early weaned yak calves. Abstract This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of supplemental concentrate feeding on the pancreatic development of yak calves. Twenty one-month-old yak calves with healthy body condition and similar body weight were selected as experimental animals and randomly divided into two groups, five replicates in each group. The control group yak calves were fed milk replacer and alfalfa hay, the experimental group yak calves were fed milk replacer, alfalfa hay and concentrate. The pre-feeding period of this experiment was thirty days, the trial period was one hundred days. At the end of feeding trail, five yak calves from each group were selected and slaughtered and the pancreas tissues of yak calves were collected and determined. The results showed that: (1) Dry matter and body weight of yak calves in the test group were significantly higher than those of the control group. (2) The apparent nutrient digestibility of crude protein, crude fat, calcium and phosphorus in the test group of yak calves was significantly higher than that of the control group, while the apparent nutrient digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber in the test group was significantly lower than that of the control group. (3) Pancreatic weight, organ index, total ratio of exocrine part area and total ratio of endocrine area of yak calves in the test group were significantly higher than those in the control group, while the ratio of exocrine area was significantly lower in the test group than that of the control group. (4) The activities of the main pancreatic digestive enzymes: pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, pancreatic protease and chymotrypsin were significantly higher in the test group than those of the control group, as were the hormonal contents of glucagon, insulin and pancreatic polypeptide. (5) The main differential metabolites of the pancreas in the test group were significantly higher than those of the control group, such as D-proline, hypoxanthine, acetylcysteine, gamma-glutamylcysteine, thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, piperidinic acid, ellagic acid, nicotinamide, tropolone, D-serine, ribulose-5-phosphate, (+/-)5(6)-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid(EET), 2-hydroxycinnamic acid, L-phenylalanine, creatinine, tetrahydrocorticosterone, pyridoxamine, xanthine, 5-oxoproline, asparagine, DL-tryptophan, in-dole-3-acrylic acid, thymine, trehalose, docosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids(FAHFA) (18:1/20:3), fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids(FAHFA) (18:2/20:4), adrenic acid and xanthosine. In conclusion, supplemental concentrate feeding promoted the good development of morphological and functional properties of the pancreas in early weaned yak calves to improve the digestion and absorption of feed nutrients, so as to enhance the growth and development quality of early weaned yak calves.
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Chen Z, Xia X, Chen H, Huang H, An X, Sun M, Yao Q, Kim K, Zhang H, Chu M, Chen R, Bhutia YD, Ganapathy V, Kou L. Carbidopa suppresses estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer via AhR-mediated proteasomal degradation of ERα. Invest New Drugs 2022; 40:1216-1230. [PMID: 36070108 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-022-01289-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-α (ERα) promotes breast cancer, and ER-positive cancer accounts for ~ 80% of breast cancers. This subtype responds positively to hormone/endocrine therapies involving either inhibition of estrogen synthesis or blockade of estrogen action. Carbidopa, a drug used to potentiate the therapeutic efficacy of L-DOPA in Parkinson's disease, is an agonist for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Pharmacotherapy in Parkinson's disease decreases the risk for cancers, including breast cancer. The effects of carbidopa on ER-positive breast cancer were evaluated in cell culture and in mouse xenografts. The assays included cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration/invasion, subcellular localization of AhR, proteasomal degradation, and tumor growth in xenografts. Carbidopa decreased proliferation and migration of ER-positive human breast cancer cells in vitro with no significant effect on ER-negative breast cancer cells. Treatment of ER-positive cells with carbidopa promoted nuclear localization of AhR and expression of AhR target genes; it also decreased cellular levels of ERα via proteasomal degradation in an AhR-dependent manner. In vivo, carbidopa suppressed the growth of ER-positive breast cancer cells in mouse xenografts; this was associated with increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation. Carbidopa has therapeutic potential for ER-positive breast cancer either as a single agent or in combination with other standard chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Xing Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Heyan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huirong Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingsi An
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kwonseop Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, 325027, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Children's Respiration Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Maoping Chu
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, 325027, Zhejiang, China.
- Pediatric Research Institute, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Ruijie Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, 325027, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yangzom D Bhutia
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, 325027, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Longfa Kou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, 325027, Zhejiang, China.
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12
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Su X, Gao Y, Yang R. Gut Microbiota-Derived Tryptophan Metabolites Maintain Gut and Systemic Homeostasis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152296. [PMID: 35892593 PMCID: PMC9330295 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid from dietary proteins. It can be metabolized into different metabolites in both the gut microbiota and tissue cells. Tryptophan metabolites such as indole-3-lactate (ILA), indole-3-acrylate (IAC), indole-3-propionate (IPA), indole-3-aldehyde (IAID), indoleacetic acid (IAA), indole-3-acetaldehyde and Kyn can be produced by intestinal microorganisms through direct Trp transformation and also, partly, the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway. These metabolites play a critical role in maintaining the homeostasis of the gut and systematic immunity and also potentially affect the occurrence and development of diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases, tumors, obesity and metabolic syndrome, diseases in the nervous system, infectious diseases, vascular inflammation and cardiovascular diseases and hepatic fibrosis. They can not only promote the differentiation and function of anti-inflammatory macrophages, Treg cells, CD4+CD8αα+ regulatory cells, IL-10+ and/or IL-35+B regulatory cells but also IL-22-producing innate lymphoid cells 3 (ILC3), which are involved in maintaining the gut mucosal homeostasis. These findings have important consequences in the immunotherapy against tumor and other immune-associated diseases. We will summarize here the recent advances in understanding the generation and regulation of tryptophan metabolites in the gut microbiota, the role of gut microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites in different immune cells, the occurrence and development of diseases and immunotherapy against immune-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Su
- Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (X.S.); (Y.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yunhuan Gao
- Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (X.S.); (Y.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Rongcun Yang
- Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (X.S.); (Y.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Correspondence:
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13
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Zhang R, Huang G, Ren Y, Wang H, Ye Y, Guo J, Wang M, Zhu W, Yu K. Effects of Dietary Indole-3-carboxaldehyde Supplementation on Growth Performance, Intestinal Epithelial Function, and Intestinal Microbial Composition in Weaned Piglets. Front Nutr 2022; 9:896815. [PMID: 35651506 PMCID: PMC9149414 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.896815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As a microbial tryptophan metabolite, indole-3-carboxaldehyde (ICA) has been suggested to confer benefits to host, such as regulation of intestinal barrier function. This study aimed to elucidate the role of ICA in modulating intestinal homeostasis via using a weaned pig model. Twenty-four weaned piglets were randomly allocated into three groups: the control group (a basal diet), ICA100 group (the basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg ICA), and ICA200 group (the basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg ICA). The experiment lasted 14 d, and pigs from the control and ICA100 groups were slaughtered. The results showed no significant differences in the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) among the three groups (P > 0.05). However, the ICA100 group had a lower feed to gain ratio (F:G) (P < 0.05). Dietary ICA supplementation did not alter the villus height, crypt depth, and villus height/crypt depth ratio in the small intestine, and did not change the intestinal permeability and antioxidant parameters (P > 0.05). Intriguingly, ICA treatment significantly increased the jejunal, ileal and colonic indexes in piglets (P < 0.05). Besides, the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the intestine was up-regulated by ICA treatment. Moreover, in vitro experiments demonstrated that 15 μM ICA significantly accelerated the proliferation activity of IPEC-J2 cells, and increased the expression of the ICA receptor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and the proliferation markers PCNA and Cyclin D1 (P < 0.05). In addition, dietary ICA supplementation modulated the intestinal flora, increasing the richness estimators and diversity index, decreasing the abundances of phylum Fibrobacterota and genera Alloprevotella, Prevotella, and Parabacteroides, and enriching the abundance of genera Butyrivibrio. These data reveal a beneficial role for the microbial metabolite ICA on intestinal epithelial proliferation, rather than intestinal barrier function, in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruofan Zhang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guowen Huang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuting Ren
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Changjia Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxin Ye
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaqing Guo
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengting Wang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaifan Yu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Tian GX, Peng KP, Yu Y, Liang CB, Xie HQ, Guo YY, Zhou S, Zheng MBW, Zheng PY, Yang PC. Propionic acid regulates immune tolerant properties in B Cells. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:2766-2776. [PMID: 35343043 PMCID: PMC9097846 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 10 (IL‐10)‐producing B cells (B10 cells) are a canonical cell fraction for regulating other activities of immune cells. Posttranscriptional modification of IL‐10 in B10 cells is not yet fully understood. Short‐chain fatty acids play an important role to regulate the functions of immune cells. This study aims to clarify the role of propionic acid (PA), a short‐chain fatty acid, in regulating the expression of IL‐10 in B10 cells. Blood samples were collected from patients with food allergy (FA) and healthy subjects. Serum and cellular components were prepared with the samples, and analysed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The results showed that serum PA levels were lower in FA patients. PA concentrations were negatively correlated with serum cytokine Th2 concentrations, specific IgE concentrations in serum and skin prick test results. The peripheral frequency of B10 cells and the production of IL‐10 in B cells were also associated with serum PA concentrations. Activation of B cells by CpG induced the production of IL‐10 and tristetretrprolin (TTP), in which TTP caused the spontaneous decay of IL‐10 mRNA. PA was necessary to stabilize the IL‐10 mRNA in B cells by inducing the production of granzyme B, which resulted in the degradation of the IL‐10 mRNA. Administration of PA attenuated FA response in mice by maintaining homeostasis of B10 cells. In conclusion, PA is needed to stabilize the expression of IL‐10 in B10 cells. PA administration can mitigate experimental FA by maintaining B10 cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Xiang Tian
- Department of Ultrasonic, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Center of Ultrasonography, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke-Ping Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, The first Hospital, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Cheng-Bai Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hai-Qing Xie
- Department of Ultrasonic, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu-Yang Guo
- Department of Ultrasonic, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shan Zhou
- Department of Ultrasonic, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Michael B W Zheng
- Department of Life Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peng-Yuan Zheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, The first Hospital, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Ping-Chang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Allergy Division at Shenzhen University, Institute of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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15
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Xu J, Ye Y, Ji J, Sun J, Wang JS, Sun X. Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling Reveals Changes in Gut Microbiota and Mechanisms of Its Regulation of Allergy in OVA-Sensitive BALB/c Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:3344-3356. [PMID: 35232013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays an important role in the regulation of food allergy. However, the interactions between the gut flora and immune system are not well studied. Here, we obtained ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitive BALB/c mice, combined with serum untargeted metabolomics to investigate the mechanisms of the interactions. The serum metabolomics results showed that 17 serum metabolites were downregulated, enriched in the aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathway, whereas indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) was increased. Six operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at the family level were altered and correlated with immune endpoints. Combined metabolomic and microbiomic analyses revealed that IPA levels were correlated with differential bacterial OTUs and a positive correlation with Treg in splenic lymphocytes. These results suggest that the regulatory effects of intestinal flora on allergic responses may be achieved by metabolizing tryptophan to produce indole derivatives and the aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathway. The formation of OVA tolerance in mice may be related to the enrichment of Peptostreptococcaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Lactobacillaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, School of Food Science Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yongli Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, School of Food Science Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, School of Food Science Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, School of Food Science Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, School of Food Science Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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16
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Biological Effects of Indole-3-Propionic Acid, a Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolite, and Its Precursor Tryptophan in Mammals' Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031222. [PMID: 35163143 PMCID: PMC8835432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Actions of symbiotic gut microbiota are in dynamic balance with the host’s organism to maintain homeostasis. Many different factors have an impact on this relationship, including bacterial metabolites. Several substrates for their synthesis have been established, including tryptophan, an exogenous amino acid. Many biological processes are influenced by the action of tryptophan and its endogenous metabolites, serotonin, and melatonin. Recent research findings also provide evidence that gut bacteria-derived metabolites of tryptophan share the biological effects of their precursor. Thus, this review aims to investigate the biological actions of indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), a gut microbiota-derived metabolite of tryptophan. We searched PUBMED and Google Scholar databases to identify pre-clinical and clinical studies evaluating the impact of IPA on the health and pathophysiology of the immune, nervous, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular system in mammals. IPA exhibits a similar impact on the energetic balance and cardiovascular system to its precursor, tryptophan. Additionally, IPA has a positive impact on a cellular level, by preventing oxidative stress injury, lipoperoxidation and inhibiting synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. Its synthesis can be diminished in the presence of different risk factors of atherosclerosis. On the other hand, protective factors, such as the introduction of a Mediterranean diet, tend to increase its plasma concentration. IPA seems to be a promising new target, linking gut health with the cardiovascular system.
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17
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Cui Q, Tian X, Liang X, Zhang Z, Wang R, Zhou Y, Yi H, Gong P, Lin K, Liu T, Zhang L. Bifidobacterium bifidum relieved DSS-induced colitis in mice potentially by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Food Funct 2022; 13:5115-5123. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo04219j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized with relapsed intestinal inflammation and barrier function disruption is still a great therapeutic challenge. This study aimed to screen probiotics that have the potential to...
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18
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In Vivo Healthy Benefits of Galacto-Oligosaccharides from Lupinus albus (LA-GOS) in Butyrate Production through Intestinal Microbiota. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111658. [PMID: 34827656 PMCID: PMC8615603 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal digestive systems host microorganism ecosystems, including integrated bacteria, viruses, fungi, and others, that produce a variety of compounds from different substrates with healthy properties. Among these substrates, α-galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are considered prebiotics that promote the grow of gut microbiota with a metabolic output of Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs). In this regard, we evaluated Lupinus albus GOS (LA-GOS) as a natural prebiotic using different animal models. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of LA-GOS on the gut microbiota, SCFA production, and intestinal health in healthy and induced dysbiosis conditions (an ulcerative colitis (UC) model). Twenty C57BL/6 mice were randomly allocated in four groups (n = 5/group): untreated and treated non-induced animals, and two groups induced with 2% dextran sulfate sodium to UC with and without LA-GOS administration (2.5 g/kg bw). We found that the UC treated group showed a higher goblet cell number, lower disease activity index, and reduced histopathological damage in comparison to the UC untreated group. In addition, the abundance of positive bacteria to butyryl-CoA transferase in gut microbiota was significantly increased by LA-GOS treatment, in healthy conditions. We measured the SCFA production with significant differences in the butyrate concentration between treated and untreated healthy groups. Finally, the pH level in cecum feces was reduced after LA-GOS treatment. Overall, we point out the in vivo health benefits of LA-GOS administration on the preservation of the intestinal ecosystem and the promotion of SCFA production.
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19
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Jaramillo-Martinez V, Sivaprakasam S, Ganapathy V, Urbatsch IL. Drosophila INDY and Mammalian INDY: Major Differences in Transport Mechanism and Structural Features despite Mostly Similar Biological Functions. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11100669. [PMID: 34677384 PMCID: PMC8537002 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INDY (I’m Not Dead Yet) is a plasma membrane transporter for citrate, first identified in Drosophila. Partial deficiency of INDY extends lifespan in this organism in a manner similar to that of caloric restriction. The mammalian counterpart (NaCT/SLC13A5) also transports citrate. In mice, it is the total, not partial, absence of the transporter that leads to a metabolic phenotype similar to that caloric restriction; however, there is evidence for subtle neurological dysfunction. Loss-of-function mutations in SLC13A5 (solute carrier gene family 13, member A5) occur in humans, causing a recessive disease, with severe clinical symptoms manifested by neonatal seizures and marked disruption in neurological development. Though both Drosophila INDY and mammalian INDY transport citrate, the translocation mechanism differs, the former being a dicarboxylate exchanger for the influx of citrate2− in exchange for other dicarboxylates, and the latter being a Na+-coupled uniporter for citrate2−. Their structures also differ as evident from only ~35% identity in amino acid sequence and from theoretically modeled 3D structures. The varied biological consequences of INDY deficiency across species, with the beneficial effects predominating in lower organisms and detrimental effects overwhelming in higher organisms, are probably reflective of species-specific differences in tissue expression and also in relative contribution of extracellular citrate to metabolic pathways in different tissues
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Jaramillo-Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA;
| | - Sathish Sivaprakasam
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (S.S.); (V.G.)
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (S.S.); (V.G.)
| | - Ina L. Urbatsch
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (S.S.); (V.G.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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A Proton-Coupled Transport System for β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) in Blood-Brain Barrier Endothelial Cell Line hCMEC/D3. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093220. [PMID: 34579098 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), a leucine metabolite, is used as a nutritional ingredient to improve skeletal muscle health. Preclinical studies indicate that this supplement also elicits significant benefits in the brain; it promotes neurite outgrowth and prevents age-related reductions in neuronal dendrites and cognitive performance. As orally administered HMB elicits these effects in the brain, we infer that HMB crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, there have been no reports detailing the transport mechanism for HMB in BBB. Here we show that HMB is taken up in the human BBB endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 via H+-coupled monocarboxylate transporters that also transport lactate and β-hydroxybutyrate. MCT1 (monocarboxylate transporter 1) and MCT4 (monocarboxylate transporter 4) belonging to the solute carrier gene family SLC16 (solute carrier, gene family 16) are involved, but additional transporters also contribute to the process. HMB uptake in BBB endothelial cells results in intracellular acidification, demonstrating cotransport with H+. Since HMB is known to activate mTOR with potential to elicit transcriptomic changes, we examined the influence of HMB on the expression of selective transporters. We found no change in MCT1 and MCT4 expression. Interestingly, the expression of LAT1 (system L amino acid transporter 1), a high-affinity transporter for branched-chain amino acids relevant to neurological disorders such as autism, is induced. This effect is dependent on mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycine) activation by HMB with no involvement of histone deacetylases. These studies show that HMB in systemic circulation can cross the BBB via carrier-mediated processes, and that it also has a positive influence on the expression of LAT1, an important amino acid transporter in the BBB.
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21
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Brame JE, Liddicoat C, Abbott CA, Breed MF. The potential of outdoor environments to supply beneficial butyrate-producing bacteria to humans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 777:146063. [PMID: 33684759 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Butyrate is an important mediator of human health and disease. The mechanisms of action of butyrate are becoming increasingly well-known. Many commensal bacteria that inhabit the human gut can synthesise butyrate, which is then absorbed into the human host. Simultaneously, several immune- and inflammatory-mediated diseases are being linked to insufficient exposure to beneficial microbes from our environment, including butyrate-producing bacteria. However, the role of outdoor environmental exposure to butyrate-producing bacteria remains poorly understood. Here we review the literature on the human exposure pathways to butyrate-producing bacteria, with a particular focus on outdoor environmental sources (e.g. associated with plants, plant-based residues, and soil), and the health implications of exposure to them. Emerging evidence suggests that environmental butyrate-producers may help supplement the human gut microbiota and represent an important component of the Biodiversity and Old Friends hypotheses. Improving our understanding of potential sources, precursors, and exposure pathways of environmental butyrate-producers that influence the gut microbiota and butyrate production offers promise to advance multiple disciplines of health and environmental science. We outline research priorities to address knowledge gaps in the outdoor environment-butyrate-health nexus and build knowledge of the potential pathways to help optimise exposure to human-beneficial butyrate-producing bacteria from the outdoor environment during childhood and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel E Brame
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Craig Liddicoat
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Catherine A Abbott
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Martin F Breed
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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22
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Liu P, Jiang Y, Gu S, Xue Y, Yang H, Li Y, Wang Y, Yan C, Jia P, Lin X, Qi G. Metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiome revealed potential microbial marker set for diagnosis of pediatric myasthenia gravis. BMC Med 2021; 19:159. [PMID: 34233671 PMCID: PMC8265136 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an acquired immune-mediated disorder of the neuromuscular junction that causes fluctuating skeletal muscle weakness and fatigue. Pediatric MG and adult MG have many different characteristics, and current MG diagnostic methods for children are not quite fit. Previous studies indicate that alterations in the gut microbiota may be associated with adult MG. However, it has not been determined whether the gut microbiota are altered in pediatric MG patients. METHODS Our study recruited 53 pediatric MG patients and 46 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HC). We sequenced the fecal samples of recruited individuals using whole-genome shotgun sequencing and analyzed the data with in-house bioinformatics pipeline. RESULTS We built an MG disease classifier based on the abundance of five species, Fusobacterium mortiferum, Prevotella stercorea, Prevotella copri, Megamonas funiformis, and Megamonas hypermegale. The classifier obtained 94% area under the curve (AUC) in cross-validation and 84% AUC in the independent validation cohort. Gut microbiome analysis revealed the presence of human adenovirus F/D in 10 MG patients. Significantly different pathways and gene families between MG patients and HC belonged to P. copri, Clostridium bartlettii, and Bacteroides massiliensis. Based on functional annotation, we found that the gut microbiome affects the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and we confirmed the decrease in SCFA levels in pediatric MG patients via serum tests. CONCLUSIONS The study indicated that altered fecal microbiota might play vital roles in pediatric MG's pathogenesis by reducing SCFAs. The microbial markers might serve as novel diagnostic methods for pediatric MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Center of Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis, People's Hospital of Shijiazhuang affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Myasthenia Gravis, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yiqi Jiang
- City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shanshan Gu
- Center of Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis, People's Hospital of Shijiazhuang affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Myasthenia gravis, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yinping Xue
- Center of Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis, People's Hospital of Shijiazhuang affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Myasthenia gravis, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongxia Yang
- Center of Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis, People's Hospital of Shijiazhuang affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Myasthenia gravis, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yongzhao Li
- Center of Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis, People's Hospital of Shijiazhuang affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Myasthenia gravis, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yaxuan Wang
- Center of Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis, People's Hospital of Shijiazhuang affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Congya Yan
- Center of Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis, People's Hospital of Shijiazhuang affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Pei Jia
- Center of Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis, People's Hospital of Shijiazhuang affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoting Lin
- Center of Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis, People's Hospital of Shijiazhuang affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guoyan Qi
- Center of Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis, People's Hospital of Shijiazhuang affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China. .,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Myasthenia Gravis, Shijiazhuang, China. .,Hebei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Myasthenia gravis, Shijiazhuang, China.
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23
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Krasulova K, Illes P. Intestinal interplay of quorum sensing molecules and human receptors. Biochimie 2021; 189:108-119. [PMID: 34186126 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human gut is in permanent contact with microorganisms that play an important role in many physiological processes including metabolism and immunologic activity. These microorganisms communicate and manage themself by the quorum sensing system (QS) that helps to coordinate optimal growth and subsistence by activating signaling pathways that regulate bacterial gene expression. Diverse QS molecules produced by pathogenic as well as resident microbiota have been found throughout the human gut. However, even a host can by affected by these molecules. Intestinal and immune cells possess a range of molecular targets for QS. Our present knowledge on bacteria-cell communication encompasses G-protein-coupled receptors, nuclear receptors and receptors for bacterial cell-wall components. The QS of commensal bacteria has been approved as a protective factor with favourable effects on intestinal homeostasis and immunity. Signaling molecules of QS interacting with above-mentioned receptors thus parcipitate on maintaining of barrier functions, control of inflammation processes and increase of resistance to pathogen colonization in host organisms. Pathogens QS molecules can have a dual function. Host cells are able to detect the ongoing infection by monitoring the presence and changes in concentrations of QS molecules. Such information can help to set the most effective immune defence to prevent or overcome the infection. Contrary, pathogens QS signals can target the host receptors to deceive the immune system to get the best conditions for growth. However, our knowledge about communication mediated by QS is still limited and detailed understanding of molecular mechanisms of QS signaling is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Krasulova
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Peter Illes
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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24
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Haring E, Zeiser R, Apostolova P. Interfering With Inflammation: Heterogeneous Effects of Interferons in Graft- Versus-Host Disease of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705342. [PMID: 34249014 PMCID: PMC8264264 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine can be the target of several immunologically mediated diseases, including graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). GVHD is a life-threatening complication that occurs after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Involvement of the gastrointestinal tract is associated with a particularly high mortality. GVHD development starts with the recognition of allo-antigens in the recipient by the donor immune system, which elicits immune-mediated damage of otherwise healthy tissues. IBD describes a group of immunologically mediated chronic inflammatory diseases of the intestine. Several aspects, including genetic predisposition and immune dysregulation, are responsible for the development of IBD, with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis being the two most common variants. GVHD and IBD share multiple key features of their onset and development, including intestinal tissue damage and loss of intestinal barrier function. A further common feature in the pathophysiology of both diseases is the involvement of cytokines such as type I and II interferons (IFNs), amongst others. IFNs are a family of protein mediators produced as a part of the inflammatory response, typically to pathogens or malignant cells. Diverse, and partially paradoxical, effects have been described for IFNs in GVHD and IBD. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of type I, II and III IFNs, including basic concepts and controversies about their functions in the context of GVHD and IBD. In addition, therapeutic options, research developments and remaining open questions are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Haring
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petya Apostolova
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Preventing Colorectal Cancer through Prebiotics. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061325. [PMID: 34207094 PMCID: PMC8234836 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), the third most common cancer in the world, has been recently rising in emerging countries due to environmental and lifestyle factors. Many of these factors are brought up by industrialization, which includes lack of physical activity, poor diet, circadian rhythm disruption, and increase in alcohol consumption. They can increase the risk of CRC by changing the colonic environment and by altering gut microbiota composition, a state referred to as gut dysbiosis. Prebiotics, which are nutrients that can help maintain intestinal microbial homeostasis and mitigate dysbiosis, could be beneficial in preventing inflammation and CRC. These nutrients can hinder the effects of dysbiosis by encouraging the growth of beneficial bacteria involved in short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) production, anti-inflammatory immunity, maintenance of the intestinal epithelial barrier, pro-apoptotic mechanisms, and other cellular mechanisms. This review aims to summarize recent reports about the implication of prebiotics, and probable mechanisms, in the prevention and treatment of CRC. Various experimental studies, specifically in gut microbiome, have effectively demonstrated the protective effect of prebiotics in the progress of CRC. Hence, comprehensive knowledge is urgent to understand the clinical applications of prebiotics in the prevention or treatment of CRC.
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26
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Host-microbial interactions in the metabolism of different dietary fats. Cell Metab 2021; 33:857-872. [PMID: 33951472 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although generally presumed to be isocaloric, dietary fats can differ in their energetic contributions and metabolic effects. Here, we show how an explicit consideration of the gut microbiome and its interactions with human physiology can enrich our understanding of dietary fat metabolism. We outline how variable human metabolic responses to different dietary fats, such as altered ileal digestibility or bile acid production, have downstream effects on the gut microbiome that differentially promote energy gain and inflammation. By incorporating host-microbial interactions into energetic models of human nutrition, we can achieve greater insight into the underlying mechanisms of diet-driven metabolic disease.
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27
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Carretta MD, Quiroga J, López R, Hidalgo MA, Burgos RA. Participation of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Receptors in Gut Inflammation and Colon Cancer. Front Physiol 2021; 12:662739. [PMID: 33897470 PMCID: PMC8060628 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.662739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the main metabolites produced by the bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber, and they play a critical role in the maintenance of intestinal health. SCFAs are also essential for modulating different processes, and they have anti-inflammatory properties and immunomodulatory effects. As the inflammatory process predisposes the development of cancer and promotes all stages of tumorigenesis, an antitumor effect has also been associated with SCFAs. This is strongly supported by epidemiological studies showing that a diet rich in fiber is linked to a reduced risk of colon cancer and has significant clinical benefits in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). SCFAs may signal through the metabolite-sensing G protein-coupled receptors free fatty acid receptor 3 [FFAR3 or G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41)], FFAR2 (GPR43), and GPR109A (also known as hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 or HCAR2) expressed in the gut epithelium and immune cells. This review summarizes the existing knowledge regarding the SCFA-mediated suppression of inflammation and carcinogenesis in IBD and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Daniella Carretta
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - John Quiroga
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rodrigo López
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - María Angélica Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael Agustín Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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28
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Lee H, Park S, Ju S, Kim S, Yoo JW, Yoon IS, Min DS, Jung Y. Preparation and Evaluation of Colon-Targeted Prodrugs of the Microbial Metabolite 3-Indolepropionic Acid as an Anticolitic Agent. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1730-1741. [PMID: 33661643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial metabolites play a critical role in mucosal homeostasis by mediating physiological communication between the host and colonic microbes, whose perturbation may lead to gut inflammation. The microbial metabolite 3-indolepropionic acid (3-IPA) is one such communication mediator with potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. To apply the metabolite for the treatment of colitis, 3-IPA was coupled with acidic amino acids to yield colon-targeted 3-IPA, 3-IPA-aspartic acid (IPA-AA) and 3-IPA-glutamic acid (IPA-GA). Both conjugates were activated to 3-IPA in the cecal contents, which occurred faster for IPA-AA. Oral gavage of IPA-AA (oral IPA-AA) delivered a millimolar concentration of IPA-AA to the cecum, liberating 3-IPA. In a 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced rat colitis model, oral IPA-AA ameliorated rat colitis and was less effective than sulfasalazine (SSZ), a current anti-inflammatory bowel disease drug. To enhance the anticolitic activity of 3-IPA, it was azo-linked with the GPR109 agonist 5-aminonicotinic acid (5-ANA) to yield IPA-azo-ANA, expecting a mutual anticolitic action. IPA-azo-ANA (activated to 5-ANA and 2-amino-3-IPA) exhibited colon specificity in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Oral IPA-azo-ANA mitigated colonic damage and inflammation and was more effective than SSZ. These results suggest that colon-targeted 3-IPA ameliorated rat colitis and its anticolitic activity could be enhanced by codelivery of the GPR109A agonist 5-ANA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanju Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Park
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Ju
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Sik Min
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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29
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Sivaprakasam S, Sikder MOF, Ramalingam L, Kaur G, Dufour JM, Moustaid-Moussa N, Wachtel MS, Ganapathy V. SLC6A14 deficiency is linked to obesity, fatty liver, and metabolic syndrome but only under conditions of a high-fat diet. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166087. [PMID: 33513428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SLC6A14 is a Na+/Cl--coupled transporter for neutral/cationic amino acids, expressed in ileum and colon. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs2011162 (-22,510C > G), in SLC6A14 coding for the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) is associated with obesity in humans. But the impact of this polymorphism on the transporter expression and its connection to obesity are not known. Our objective was to address these issues. The impact of rs2011162 (-22,510C > G) on SLC6A14 expression was monitored using a luciferase reporter. The link between Slc6a14 and obesity was investigated in wild type and Slc6a14-/- mice when fed a normal diet or a high-fat diet. The obesity-associated 3'-UTR polymorphism reduced SLC6A14 expression. With a high-fat diet, Slc6a14-/- mice gained more weight than wild type mice. With normal diet, there was no difference between the two genotypes. The gain in body weight with the high-fat diet in Slc6a14-/- mice was accompanied with metabolic syndrome. With the high-fat diet, Slc6a14-/- mice showed increased food intake, developed fatty liver, and altered plasma amino acid profile. The high-fat diet-associated hepatic steatosis in Slc6a14-/- mice showed male preponderance. We conclude that the 3'-UTR SNP in SLC6A14 associated with obesity decreases the expression of SLC6A14 and that the deficiency of SLC6A14 is linked to obesity. This is supported by the findings that Slc6a14-/- mice develop obesity, fatty liver, and metabolic syndrome. This connection is evident only with a high-fat diet. Therefore, dietary/pharmacologic interventions that induce SLC6A14 expression in the intestinal tract might have potential for obesity prevention.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Sivaprakasam
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Mohd O F Sikder
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Latha Ramalingam
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| | - Gurvinder Kaur
- Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; Department of Medical Education, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Jannette M Dufour
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Mitchell S Wachtel
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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30
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Chen JR, Zhao H, Wankhade UD, Chintapalli SV, Li C, Gai D, Shankar K, Zhan F, Lazarenko OP. GPR109A mediates the effects of hippuric acid on regulating osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in mice. Commun Biol 2021; 4:53. [PMID: 33420329 PMCID: PMC7794563 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor 109 A (GPR109A) is robustly expressed in osteoclastic precursor macrophages. Previous studies suggested that GPR109A mediates effects of diet-derived phenolic acids such as hippuric acid (HA) and 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid (3-3-PPA) on promoting bone formation. However, the role of GPR109A in metabolic bone homeostasis and osteoclast differentiation has not been investigated. Using densitometric, bone histologic and molecular signaling analytic methods, we uncovered that bone mass and strength were significantly higher in tibia and spine of standard rodent diet weaned 4-week-old and 6-month-old GPR109A gene deletion (GPR109A-/-) mice, compared to their wild type controls. Osteoclast numbers in bone and in ex vivo bone marrow cell cultures were significantly decreased in GPR109A-/- mice compared to wild type controls. In accordance with these data, CTX-1 in bone marrow plasma and gene expression of bone resorption markers (TNFα, TRAP, Cathepsin K) were significantly decreased in GPR109A-/- mice, while on the other hand, P1NP was increased in serum from both male and female GPR109A-/- mice compared to their respective controls. GPR109A deletion led to suppressed Wnt/β-catenin signaling in osteoclast precursors to inhibit osteoclast differentiation and activity. Indeed, HA and 3-3-PPA substantially inhibited RANKL-induced GPR109A expression and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in osteoclast precursors and osteoclast differentiation. Resultantly, HA significantly inhibited bone resorption and increased bone mass in wild type mice, but had no additional effects on bone in GPR109A-/- mice compared with their respective untreated control mice. These results suggest an important role for GPR109A during osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption mediating effects of HA and 3-3-PPA on inhibiting bone resorption during skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ran Chen
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA.
| | - Haijun Zhao
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
| | - Umesh D Wankhade
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
| | - Sree V Chintapalli
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
| | - Can Li
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
| | - Dongzheng Gai
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Fenghuang Zhan
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
| | - Oxana P Lazarenko
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
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Mohseni AH, Taghinezhad-S S, Fu X. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites and colorectal cancer: New insights and updates. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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32
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Fattahi Y, Heidari HR, Khosroushahi AY. Review of short-chain fatty acids effects on the immune system and cancer. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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33
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Cosín-Roger J, Ortiz-Masia D, Barrachina MD, Calatayud S. Metabolite Sensing GPCRs: Promising Therapeutic Targets for Cancer Treatment? Cells 2020; 9:cells9112345. [PMID: 33113952 PMCID: PMC7690732 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors constitute the most diverse and largest receptor family in the human genome, with approximately 800 different members identified. Given the well-known metabolic alterations in cancer development, we will focus specifically in the 19 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which can be selectively activated by metabolites. These metabolite sensing GPCRs control crucial processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival after their activation. In the present review, we will describe the main functions of these metabolite sensing GPCRs and shed light on the benefits of their potential use as possible pharmacological targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Cosín-Roger
- Hospital Dr. Peset, Fundación para la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana, FISABIO, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963851234
| | - Dolores Ortiz-Masia
- Departament of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Maria Dolores Barrachina
- Departament of Pharmacology and CIBER, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.D.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Sara Calatayud
- Departament of Pharmacology and CIBER, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.D.B.); (S.C.)
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An Overview of Gut Microbiota and Colon Diseases with a Focus on Adenomatous Colon Polyps. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197359. [PMID: 33028024 PMCID: PMC7582333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known and accepted that the gut microbiota composition of an organism has an impact on its health. Many studies deal with this topic, the majority discussing gastrointestinal health. Adenomatous colon polyps have a high prevalence as colon cancer precursors, but in many cases, they are hard to diagnose in their early stages. Gut microbiota composition correlated with the presence of adenomatous colon polyps may be a noninvasive and efficient tool for diagnosis with a high impact on human wellbeing and favorable health care costs. This review is meant to analyze the gut microbiota correlated with the presence of adenomatous colon polyps as the first step for early diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment.
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Brtko J, Dvorak Z. Natural and synthetic retinoid X receptor ligands and their role in selected nuclear receptor action. Biochimie 2020; 179:157-168. [PMID: 33011201 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Important key players in the regulatory machinery within the cells are nuclear retinoid X receptors (RXRs), which compose heterodimers in company with several diverse nuclear receptors, playing a role as ligand inducible transcription factors. In general, nuclear receptors are ligand-activated, transcription-modulating proteins affecting transcriptional responses in target genes. RXR molecules forming permissive heterodimers with disparate nuclear receptors comprise peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), liver X receptors (LXRs), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstan receptor (CAR). Retinoid receptors (RARs) and thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) may form conditional heterodimers, and dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor (VDR) is believed to form nonpermissive heterodimer. Thus, RXRs are the important molecules that are involved in control of many cellular functions in biological processes and diseases, including cancer or diabetes. This article summarizes both naturally occurring and synthetic ligands for nuclear retinoid X receptors and describes, predominantly in mammals, their role in molecular mechanisms within the cells. A focus is also on triorganotin compounds, which are high affinity RXR ligands, and finally, we present an outlook on human microbiota as a potential source of RXR activators. Nevertheless, new synthetic rexinoids with better retinoid X receptor activity and lesser side effects are highly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Brtko
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Zdenek Dvorak
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 11, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Wang H, Liu Y, Shao J, Luo Y, Cai W, Chen L. Rapid and Accurate Simultaneous Determination of Seven Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Feces by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS): Application in Type 2 Diabetic Rats and Drug Therapy. ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1740928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medical of State Administration of TCM, China; Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medical Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Shao
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medical of State Administration of TCM, China; Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medical Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medical of State Administration of TCM, China; Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medical Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medical of State Administration of TCM, China; Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medical Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Vyhlídalová B, Krasulová K, Pečinková P, Marcalíková A, Vrzal R, Zemánková L, Vančo J, Trávníček Z, Vondráček J, Karasová M, Mani S, Dvořák Z. Gut Microbial Catabolites of Tryptophan Are Ligands and Agonists of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor: A Detailed Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072614. [PMID: 32283770 PMCID: PMC7177849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of gut microbial catabolites of tryptophan on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Using a reporter gene assay, we show that all studied catabolites are low-potency agonists of human AhR. The efficacy of catabolites differed substantially, comprising agonists with no or low (i3-propionate, i3-acetate, i3-lactate, i3-aldehyde), medium (i3-ethanol, i3-acrylate, skatole, tryptamine), and high (indole, i3-acetamide, i3-pyruvate) efficacies. We displayed ligand-selective antagonist activities by i3-pyruvate, i3-aldehyde, indole, skatole, and tryptamine. Ligand binding assay identified low affinity (skatole, i3-pyruvate, and i3-acetamide) and very low affinity (i3-acrylate, i3-ethanol, indole) ligands of the murine AhR. Indole, skatole, tryptamine, i3-pyruvate, i3-acrylate, and i3-acetamide induced CYP1A1 mRNA in intestinal LS180 and HT-29 cells, but not in the AhR-knockout HT-29 variant. We observed a similar CYP1A1 induction pattern in primary human hepatocytes. The most AhR-active catabolites (indole, skatole, tryptamine, i3-pyruvate, i3-acrylate, i3-acetamide) elicited nuclear translocation of the AhR, followed by a formation of AhR-ARNT heterodimer and enhanced binding of the AhR to the CYP1A1 gene promoter. Collectively, we comprehensively characterized the interactions of gut microbial tryptophan catabolites with the AhR, which may expand the current understanding of their potential roles in intestinal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Vyhlídalová
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (B.V.); (K.K.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (R.V.); (L.Z.)
| | - Kristýna Krasulová
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (B.V.); (K.K.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (R.V.); (L.Z.)
| | - Petra Pečinková
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (B.V.); (K.K.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (R.V.); (L.Z.)
| | - Adéla Marcalíková
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (B.V.); (K.K.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (R.V.); (L.Z.)
| | - Radim Vrzal
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (B.V.); (K.K.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (R.V.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lenka Zemánková
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (B.V.); (K.K.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (R.V.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jan Vančo
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.V.); (Z.T.)
| | - Zdeněk Trávníček
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.V.); (Z.T.)
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.V.); (M.K.)
| | - Martina Karasová
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.V.); (M.K.)
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Genetics and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (Z.D.); Tel.: +001-718-430-2871 (S.M.); +420-58-5634903 (Z.D.)
| | - Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (B.V.); (K.K.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (R.V.); (L.Z.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (Z.D.); Tel.: +001-718-430-2871 (S.M.); +420-58-5634903 (Z.D.)
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Busbee PB, Menzel L, Alrafas HR, Dopkins N, Becker W, Miranda K, Tang C, Chatterjee S, Singh UP, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS. Indole-3-carbinol prevents colitis and associated microbial dysbiosis in an IL-22-dependent manner. JCI Insight 2020; 5:127551. [PMID: 31941837 PMCID: PMC7030851 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colitis, an inflammatory bowel disease, is caused by a variety of factors, but luminal microbiota are thought to play crucial roles in disease development and progression. Indole is produced by gut microbiota and is believed to protect the colon from inflammatory damage. In the current study, we investigated whether indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a naturally occurring plant product found in numerous cruciferous vegetables, can prevent colitis-associated microbial dysbiosis and attempted to identify the mechanisms. Treatment with I3C led to repressed colonic inflammation and prevention of microbial dysbiosis caused by colitis, increasing a subset of gram-positive bacteria known to produce butyrate. I3C was shown to increase production of butyrate, and when mice with colitis were treated with butyrate, there was reduced colonic inflammation accompanied by suppression of Th17 and induction of Tregs, protection of the mucus layer, and upregulation in Pparg expression. Additionally, IL-22 was increased only after I3C but not butyrate administration, and neutralization of IL-22 prevented the beneficial effects of I3C against colitis, as well as blocked I3C-mediated dysbiosis and butyrate induction. This study suggests that I3C attenuates colitis primarily through induction of IL-22, which leads to modulation of gut microbiota that promote antiinflammatory butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip B. Busbee
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lorenzo Menzel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Haider Rasheed Alrafas
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas Dopkins
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - William Becker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kathryn Miranda
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Chaunbing Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina College of Arts and Sciences, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Udai P. Singh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Prakash S. Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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Deficiency of Dietary Fiber in Slc5a8-Null Mice Promotes Bacterial Dysbiosis and Alters Colonic Epithelial Transcriptome towards Proinflammatory Milieu. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 2019:2543082. [PMID: 31976310 PMCID: PMC6949682 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2543082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic inflammation in the intestinal tract due to disruption of the symbiotic relationship between the host immune system and microbiota. Various factors alter the gut microbiota which lead to dysbiosis; in particular, diet and dietary fibers constitute important determinants. Dietary fiber protects against IBD; bacteria ferment these dietary fibers in colon and generate short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which mediate the anti-inflammatory actions of dietary fibers. SLC5A8 is a high-affinity transporter in the apical membrane of colonic epithelium which mediates the entry of SCFAs from the lumen into cells in Na+-coupled manner. Due to the unique transport kinetics, the function of the transporter becomes important only under conditions of low dietary fiber intake. Here, we have examined the impact of dietary fiber deficiency on luminal microbial composition and transcriptomic profile in colonic epithelium in wild-type (WT) and Slc5a8-null (KO) mice. We fed WT and KO mice with fiber-containing diet (FC-diet) or fiber-free diet (FF-diet) and analyzed the luminal bacterial composition by sequencing 16S rRNA gene in feces. Interestingly, results showed significant differences in the microbial community depending on dietary fiber content and on the presence or absence of Slc5a8. There were also marked differences in the transcriptomic profile of the colonic epithelium depending on the dietary fiber content and on the presence or absence of Slc5a8. We conclude that absence of fiber in diet in KO mice causes bacterial dysbiosis and alters gene expression in the colon that is conducive for inflammation.
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Pregnane X receptor activation constrains mucosal NF-κB activity in active inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221924. [PMID: 31581194 PMCID: PMC6776398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) is a principal signal transducer in mucosal responses to xenobiotic stress. It is well-recognized that inflammatory bowel disease is accompanied by xenobiotic stress, but the importance of the PXR in limiting inflammatory responses in inflammatory bowel disease remains obscure at best. Methods We stimulate a total of 106 colonic biopsies from 19 Crohn’s disease patients with active disease, 36 colonic biopsies from 8 control patients, colonic organoids and various cell culture models (either proficient or genetically deficient with respect to PXR) in vitro with the PXR ligand rifampicin or vehicle. Effects on NF-κB activity are assessed by measuring interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) mRNA levels by qPCR and in cell culture models by NF-κB reporter-driven luciferase activity and Western blot for signal transduction elements. Results We observe a strict inverse correlation between colonic epithelial PXR levels and NF-κB target gene expression in colonic biopsies from Crohn’s disease patients. PXR, activated by rifampicin, is rate-limiting for mucosal NF-κB activation in IBD. The correlation between colonic epithelial PXR levels and NF-κB target gene expression was also observed in intestinal organoids system. Furthermore, in preclinical in vitro models of intestinal inflammation, including intestinal organoids, genetic inactivation of PXR unleashes NF-κB-dependent signal transduction whereas conversely NF-κB signaling reduces levels of PXR expression. Conclusions Our data indicate that the PXR is a major and clinically relevant antagonist of NF-κB activity in the intestinal epithelial compartment during inflammatory bowel disease.
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Zeng H, Umar S, Rust B, Lazarova D, Bordonaro M. Secondary Bile Acids and Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Colon: A Focus on Colonic Microbiome, Cell Proliferation, Inflammation, and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051214. [PMID: 30862015 PMCID: PMC6429521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary bile acids (BAs) and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), two major types of bacterial metabolites in the colon, cause opposing effects on colonic inflammation at chronically high physiological levels. Primary BAs play critical roles in cholesterol metabolism, lipid digestion, and host–microbe interaction. Although BAs are reabsorbed via enterohepatic circulation, primary BAs serve as substrates for bacterial biotransformation to secondary BAs in the colon. High-fat diets increase secondary BAs, such as deoxycholic acid (DCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA), which are risk factors for colonic inflammation and cancer. In contrast, increased dietary fiber intake is associated with anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. These effects may be due to the increased production of the SCFAs acetate, propionate, and butyrate during dietary fiber fermentation in the colon. Elucidation of the molecular events by which secondary BAs and SCFAs regulate colonic cell proliferation and inflammation will lead to a better understanding of the anticancer potential of dietary fiber in the context of high-fat diet-related colon cancer. This article reviews the current knowledge concerning the effects of secondary BAs and SCFAs on the proliferation of colon epithelial cells, inflammation, cancer, and the associated microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Zeng
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Surgery and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Bret Rust
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
| | - Darina Lazarova
- Department of Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA 18509, USA.
| | - Michael Bordonaro
- Department of Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA 18509, USA.
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A comparison of methods for effective differentiation of the frozen-thawed 3T3-L1 cells. Anal Biochem 2018; 568:57-64. [PMID: 30594506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation efficiency of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes is an essential factor affecting studies on cellular mechanisms associated with obesity, diabetes, and related disorders. Differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells is commonly induced by an adipogenic cocktail containing insulin, dexamethasone (DEX), and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). However, 3T3-L1 cells after freezing and thawing for many times always have a low differentiation efficiency. To solve this problem, we compared the differentiation efficiency of six commonly used adipogenic cocktails and protocols published in 2017. On this basis, we further compared 18 adipogenic cocktails with 2 μM rosiglitazone added and/or with a prolonged treatment with IBMX. The results revealed that the adipogenic cocktail containing 0.5 mM IBMX, 1 μM DEX, and 10 μg/mL insulin was the most effective for the frozen-thawed 3T3-L1 cells differentiation. Rosiglitazone, and IBMX under a prolonged treatment, could improve the differentiation efficiency of the frozen-thawed 3T3-L1 cells. However, the effect was closely related to concentrations of agents in the adipogenic cocktails.
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Rossi M, Mirbagheri SEYEDS, Keshavarzian A, Bishehsari F. Nutraceuticals in colorectal cancer: A mechanistic approach. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 833:396-402. [PMID: 29935172 PMCID: PMC6063737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most diagnosed cancers in the world. Even though screening, surgery and oncology have greatly advanced, CRC is still one of the leading causes of cancer deaths, with 700,000 annual mortalities in both men and women. Environmental and lifestyle factors brought up by industrialization, such as an altered diet, lack of physical activity, increase in alcohol consumption, and circadian disruption, have greatly affected the burden of CRC. These factors increase the CRC risk, at least partly, by pathologically altering the colonic environment, including composition of the gut microbiota, referred to as dysbiosis. Colonic dysbiosis can promote pro-carcinogenic immune signaling cascades, leading to pro-tumorigenic inflammation, carcinogen production, and altered cellular responses in susceptible host resulting to development and/or progression of CRC. Nutraceuticals such as prebiotic molecules and probiotic bacterial species can help maintain intestinal microbial homeostasis and thus mitigate this pathological processes. Therefore, prebiotics and probiotics can hinder the effects of dysbiosis by encouraging anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory immunity, the maintenance of the intestinal epithelial barrier, pro-apoptotic mechanisms, and carcinogen inactivation. In addition to its implications in preventing CRC, because of the mechanisms affected, nutraceuticals are being discovered as potential adjuncts to immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of CRC. In this review, we provide an overview of the potential implications of prebiotics and probiotics in the prevention and treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Rossi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - S E Y E D Sina Mirbagheri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Faraz Bishehsari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Yuille S, Reichardt N, Panda S, Dunbar H, Mulder IE. Human gut bacteria as potent class I histone deacetylase inhibitors in vitro through production of butyric acid and valeric acid. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201073. [PMID: 30052654 PMCID: PMC6063406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of histone deacetylase (HDAC) isoforms has been implicated in a variety of disease pathologies, from cancer and colitis to cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration, thus HDAC inhibitors have a long history as therapeutic targets. The gut microbiota can influence HDAC activity via microbial-derived metabolites. While HDAC inhibition (HDI) by gut commensals has long been attributed to the short chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate, the potent metabolic reservoir provided by the gut microbiota and its role in host physiology warrants further investigation in a variety of diseases. Cell-free supernatants (CFS) of 79 phylogenetically diverse gut commensals isolated from healthy human donors were screened for their SCFA profile and their total HDAC inhibitory properties. The three most potent HDAC inhibiting strains were further evaluated and subjected to additional analysis of specific class I and class II HDAC inhibition. All three HDAC inhibitors are butyrate producing strains, and one of these also produced substantial levels of valeric acid and hexanoic acid. Valeric acid was identified as a potential contributor to the HDAC inhibitory effects. This bacterial strain, Megasphaera massiliensis MRx0029, was added to a model microbial consortium to assess its metabolic activity in interaction with a complex community. M. massiliensis MRx0029 successfully established in the consortium and enhanced the total and specific HDAC inhibitory function by increasing the capacity of the community to produce butyrate and valeric acid. We here show that single bacterial strains from the human gut microbiota have potential as novel HDI therapeutics for disease areas involving host epigenetic aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Imke E. Mulder
- 4DPharma Research Ltd., Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Bock KW. From TCDD-mediated toxicity to searches of physiologic AHR functions. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:419-424. [PMID: 30055148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
TCDD-mediated toxicity of human individuals together with animal studies led to identification of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). It was characterized as multifunctional ligand-activated transcription factor and environmental sensor. Comparison of human toxic responses and animal models provide hints to physiologic AHR functions including chemical and microbial defense, homeostasis of stem/progenitor cells and modulation of the immune system in barrier organs such as skin and the gastrointestinal tract. Extrapolation from animals to humans is difficult due to marked species differences and dependence of AHR function on the cellular context. Nevertheless, therapeutic possibilities of AHR agonists and antagonists are in development. The AHR remains challenging and fascinating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Walter Bock
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstrasse 56, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany.
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Xiao T, Wu S, Yan C, Zhao C, Jin H, Yan N, Xu J, Wu Y, Li C, Shao Q, Xia S. Butyrate upregulates the TLR4 expression and the phosphorylation of MAPKs and NK-κB in colon cancer cell in vitro. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:4439-4447. [PMID: 30214578 PMCID: PMC6126326 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota and its induced inflammation in colorectal mucosa have been considered risk factors for the development of colorectal carcinogenesis. Previous studies demonstrated that the coexisting elements of microbiota in the gut, such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which exhibited regulatory effects on the intestinal epithelial cells individually. Unfortunately, the association between butyrate and the toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway in the development of colon cancer is not fully elucidated. In the present study, by culturing human colon cancer SW480 cells or mouse colon cancer CT26 cells with butyrate and/or TLR4 ligand LPS in vitro, it was identified that butyrate suppressed the growth and promoted apoptosis of these cancer cells. Notably, the expression levels of TLR4 and CD14 were markedly increased on these butyrate-treated cells, but not on LPS-alone treated cells. Additionally, butyrate treatment induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, tumor protein 38, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65, and then promoted the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α, but not interleukin 6 secretion in SW480 and CT26 cells. Therefore, butyrate treatment regulates the expression of TLR4, mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB signal pathway activation and pro-inflammatory response in vitro. Although the exact mechanisms have not been fully explored, these results suggested that butyrate and LPS-TLR4 signaling mediated innate immunity in colon cancer cells through two distinct but inter-regulated pathways. Thus, butyrate can further initiate innate immunity against tumor cells by upregulating the TLR4 expression and activation to preserve intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Xiao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Institute of Laboratory Clinical Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Shuiyun Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Institute of Laboratory Clinical Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Yan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Institute of Laboratory Clinical Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Chuanxiang Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Institute of Laboratory Clinical Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Huimin Jin
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Institute of Laboratory Clinical Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Nannan Yan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Institute of Laboratory Clinical Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Institute of Laboratory Clinical Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Institute of Laboratory Clinical Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Ci Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Institute of Laboratory Clinical Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Qixiang Shao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Institute of Laboratory Clinical Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Xia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Institute of Laboratory Clinical Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
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47
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A critical review on phytochemical profile and health promoting effects of mung bean ( Vigna radiata ). FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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48
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McNabney SM, Henagan TM. Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Colon and Peripheral Tissues: A Focus on Butyrate, Colon Cancer, Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1348. [PMID: 29231905 PMCID: PMC5748798 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased dietary fiber consumption has been associated with many beneficial effects, including amelioration of obesity and insulin resistance. These effects may be due to the increased production of short chain fatty acids, including propionate, acetate and butyrate, during fermentation of the dietary fiber in the colon. Indeed, oral and dietary supplementation of butyrate alone has been shown to prevent high fat-diet induced obesity and insulin resistance. This review focuses on sources of short chain fatty acids, with emphasis on sources of butyrate, mechanisms of fiber and butyrate metabolism in the gut and its protective effects on colon cancer and the peripheral effects of butyrate supplementation in peripheral tissues in the prevention and reversal of obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M McNabney
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Tara M Henagan
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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