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Jeong GJ, Khan F, Tabassum N, Jo DM, Jung WK, Kim YM. Roles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa siderophores in interaction with prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Res Microbiol 2024:104211. [PMID: 38734157 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2024.104211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that produces two types of siderophores, pyoverdine and pyochelin, that play pivotal roles in iron scavenging from the environment and host cells. P. aeruginosa siderophores can serve as virulence factors and perform various functions. Several bacterial and fungal species are likely to interact with P. aeruginosa due to its ubiquity in soil and water as well as its potential to cause infections in plants, animals, and humans. Siderophores produced by P. aeruginosa play critical roles in iron scavenging for prokaryotic species (bacteria) and eukaryotic hosts (fungi, animals, insects, invertebrates, and plants) as well. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of the role of P. aeruginosa siderophores in interaction with prokaryotes and eukaryotes as well as their underlying mechanisms of action. The evolutionary relationship between P. aeruginosa siderophore recognition receptors, such as FpvA, FpvB, and FptA, and those of other bacterial species has also been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geum-Jae Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Institute of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University. Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; International Graduate Program of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Du-Min Jo
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seochun, Chungcheongnam-do, 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyo Jung
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare, College of Information Technology and Convergence and New-senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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Xu Q, Kang D, Meyer MD, Pennington CL, Gopal C, Schertzer JW, Kirienko NV. Cytotoxic rhamnolipid micelles drive acute virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0040723. [PMID: 38391248 PMCID: PMC10929412 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00407-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen that has developed multi- or even pan-drug resistance toward most frontline and last resort antibiotics, leading to increasing frequency of infections and deaths among hospitalized patients, especially those with compromised immune systems. Further complicating treatment, P. aeruginosa produces numerous virulence factors that contribute to host tissue damage and immune evasion, promoting bacterial colonization and pathogenesis. In this study, we demonstrate the importance of rhamnolipid production in host-pathogen interactions. Secreted rhamnolipids form micelles that exhibited highly acute toxicity toward murine macrophages, rupturing the plasma membrane and causing organellar membrane damage within minutes of exposure. While rhamnolipid micelles (RMs) were particularly toxic to macrophages, they also caused membrane damage in human lung epithelial cells, red blood cells, Gram-positive bacteria, and even noncellular models like giant plasma membrane vesicles. Most importantly, rhamnolipid production strongly correlated with P. aeruginosa virulence against murine macrophages in various panels of clinical isolates. Altogether, our findings suggest that rhamnolipid micelles are highly cytotoxic virulence factors that drive acute cellular damage and immune evasion during P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xu
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Donghoon Kang
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew D. Meyer
- Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Citrupa Gopal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Schertzer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
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3
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Kang D, Xu Q, Kirienko NV. In vitro lung epithelial cell model reveals novel roles for Pseudomonas aeruginosa siderophores. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0369323. [PMID: 38311809 PMCID: PMC10913452 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03693-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The multidrug-resistant pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common nosocomial respiratory pathogen that continues to threaten the lives of patients with mechanical ventilation in intensive care units and those with underlying comorbidities such as cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. For over 20 years, studies have repeatedly demonstrated that the major siderophore pyoverdine is an important virulence factor for P. aeruginosa in invertebrate and mammalian hosts in vivo. Despite its physiological significance, an in vitro, mammalian cell culture model that can be used to characterize the impact and molecular mechanisms of pyoverdine-mediated virulence has only been developed very recently. In this study, we adapt a previously-established, murine macrophage-based model to use human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells. We demonstrate that conditioned medium from P. aeruginosa induced rapid 16HBE cell death through the pyoverdine-dependent secretion of cytotoxic rhamnolipids. Genetic or chemical disruption of pyoverdine biosynthesis decreased rhamnolipid production and mitigated cell death. Consistent with these observations, chemical depletion of lipids or genetic disruption of rhamnolipid biosynthesis abrogated the toxicity of the conditioned medium. Furthermore, we also examine the effects of exposure to purified pyoverdine on 16HBE cells. While pyoverdine accumulated within cells, it was largely sequestered within early endosomes, resulting in minimal cytotoxicity. More membrane-permeable iron chelators, such as the siderophore pyochelin, decreased epithelial cell viability and upregulated several pro-inflammatory genes. However, pyoverdine potentiated these iron chelators in activating pro-inflammatory pathways. Altogether, these findings suggest that the siderophores pyoverdine and pyochelin play distinct roles in virulence during acute P. aeruginosa lung infection. IMPORTANCE Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a versatile bacterium that frequently causes lung infections. This pathogen is life-threatening to mechanically-ventilated patients in intensive care units and is a debilitating burden for individuals with cystic fibrosis. However, the role of P. aeruginosa virulence factors and their regulation during infection are not fully understood. Previous murine lung infection studies have demonstrated that the production of siderophores (e.g., pyoverdine and pyochelin) is necessary for full P. aeruginosa virulence. In this report, we provide further mechanistic insight into this phenomenon. We characterize distinct and novel ways these siderophores contribute to virulence using an in vitro human lung epithelial cell culture model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon Kang
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qi Xu
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
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Zhang C, Zaki FR, Won J, Boppart SA. A multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy study of the responses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to blue light and antibiotic treatment. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202300384. [PMID: 38010357 PMCID: PMC10961202 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a multidrug-resistant human pathogen involved in numerous infections. Understanding the response of P. aeruginosa to various treatments is critical to developing new ways for the antimicrobial susceptibly test and more effective treatment methods. Conventional antimicrobial susceptibility tests lack molecular information at the single bacterium level. In this study, we used label-free multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy to identify an autofluorescence signal from pyoverdine, a siderophore of the bacteria, for quantification of P. aeruginosa responses to antibiotics and blue light treatment. We also discovered that the bleaching of the pyoverdine autofluorescence signals is correlated with the inactivation of P. aeruginosa and is perhaps one of the mechanisms involved in the blue light inactivation of P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
| | | | - Jungeun Won
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
- Department of Bioengineering
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
- Department of Bioengineering
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Cancer Center at Illinois
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine
- NIH/NIBIB Center for Label-free Imaging and Multiscale Biophotonics (CLIMB), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
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Wu H, Li B, Yu B, Hu L, Zhou L, Yin J, Lu Y. Genomic characterization of Rocahepevirus ratti hepatitis E virus genotype C1 in Yunnan province of China. Virus Res 2024; 341:199321. [PMID: 38242291 PMCID: PMC10831724 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The Rocahepevirus ratti hepatitis E virus genotype C1 (HEV-C1) has been documented to infect humans. However, the understanding of HEV-C1 remains constrained. This study aims to determine the prevalence and genomic characteristics of HEV-C1 in small animals in Yunnan province of southwestern China. A total of 444 liver tissues were collected from animals covering the orders Rodentia, Soricomorpha, Scandentia and Erinaceomorpha in three regions in Yunnan. Then Paslahepevirus balayani and Rocahepevirus were examined using RT-qPCR. The detection rate of Rocahepevirus was 12.95 % (36/278) in animals of order Rodentia, with 14.77 % (35/237) in Rattus tanezumi and 33.33 % (1/3) in Niviventer fulvescens. No Paslahepevirus balayani was detected. Additionally, two full-length Rocahepevirus sequences (MSE-17 and LHK-54) and thirty-three partial ORF1 sequences were amplified and determined to be HEV-C1. MSE-17 and LHK-54 shared moderate nucleotide identity (78.9 %-80.3 %) with HEV-C1 isolated in rats and humans. The HEV-C1 isolated from Niviventer fulvescens demonstrated a 100 % nucleotide identity with that from Rattus tanezumi. The rat HEV-C1 sequences isolated in our study and other Asian HEV-C1 sequences were phylogenetically distant from those isolated in North America and Europe. Furthermore, the two full-length sequences isolated in our study had less amino acid substitutions in the motifs of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domain (F204L and L238F), compared with other Asian sequences. In summary, HEV-C1 commonly spreads in rats in Yunnan province of China. Our findings suggest a spatially associated phylogeny, and potential cross-species transmission of HEV-C1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bingzhe Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bowen Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261000, Shandong, China
| | - Linjie Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiaxiang Yin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China.
| | - Yihan Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Mondol SM, Islam MR, Rakhi NN, Shakil SK, Islam I, Mustary JF, Amiruzzaman, Shahjalal HM, Gomes DJ, Rahaman MM. Unveiling a high-risk epidemic clone (ST 357) of 'Difficult to Treat Extensively Drug-Resistant' (DT-XDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a burn patient in Bangladesh: A resilient beast revealing coexistence of four classes of beta lactamases. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2024; 36:83-95. [PMID: 38122983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) stands out as a key culprit in the colonization of burn wounds, instigating grave infections of heightened severity. In this study, we have performed comparative whole genome analysis of a difficult to treat extensively drug resistant P. aeruginosa isolated from a burn patient in order to elucidate genomic diversity, molecular patterns, mechanisms and genes responsible for conferring antimicrobial resistance and virulence. METHOD P. aeruginosa SHNIBPS206 was isolated from an infected burn wound of a critically injured burn patient. Whole genome sequencing was carried out and annotated with Prokka. Sequence type, serotype, antimicrobial resistance genes and mechanisms, virulence genes, metal resistance genes and CRISPR/Cas systems were investigated. Later, pangenome analysis was carried out to find out genomic diversity. RESULT P. aeruginosa SHNIBPS206 (MLST 357, Serotype O11) was resistant to 14 antibiotics including carbapenems and harboured all four classes of beta lactamase producing genes: Class A (blaPME-1, blaVEB-9), Class B (blaNDM-1), Class C (blaPDC-11) and Class D (blaOXA-846). Mutational analysis of Porin D gave valuable insights. Several efflux pump, virulence and metal resistance genes were also detected. Pangenome analysis revealed high genomic diversity among different strains of P. aeruginosa. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first report of an extensively drug resistant ST 357 P. aeruginosa from Bangladesh, which is an epidemic high-risk P. aeruginosa clone. Further research and in-depth comprehensive studies are required to investigate the prevalence of such high-risk clone of P. aeruginosa in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Rafiul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Shahriar Kabir Shakil
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Israt Islam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jannatul Ferdous Mustary
- Microbiology Department, Sheikh Hasina National Institute of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Amiruzzaman
- Department of Medicine, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hussain Md Shahjalal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Atapattu U, Koehler AV, Huggins LG, Wiethoelter A, Traub RJ, Colella V. Dogs are reservoir hosts of the zoonotic Dirofilaria sp. 'hongkongensis' and potentially of Brugia sp. Sri Lanka genotype in Sri Lanka. One Health 2023; 17:100625. [PMID: 38024272 PMCID: PMC10665175 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2016, the World Health Organization declared Sri Lanka as having successfully eliminated lymphatic filariasis as a public health concern. However, in recent decades, several infections with subperiodic filarial species suggestive of zoonotic infections have been recorded across the country. The arthropod-borne filarioids Dirofilaria repens, Brugia malayi, Brugia ceylonensis, and Acanthocheilonema reconditum are historically known to be endemic in dogs in Sri Lanka. Despite this, limited information on the prevalence, diversity, and predictors of filarial infections in dogs in the country has resulted in suboptimal control and prevention of these parasites, some of which are known to be zoonotic. To address this, whole blood and metadata were collected and analysed from 423 pet dogs across three geo-climatic zones within Sri Lanka. Blood samples were screened using the Modified Knott's Test (MKT) and PCR followed by Sanger sequencing. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess predictors for canine filarial infections. Dirofilaria sp. 'hongkongensis' (Dirofilaria sp. HK) and Brugia sp. Sri Lanka (SL) genotype were identified infecting dogs. The overall prevalence of filarial infection in pet dogs by PCR was 36.9% (95% CI 32.3-41.7%, n = 156), compared to 18.8% (95% CI 15.2-22.9%, n = 79) detected using the MKT. >80% of filarial-positive dogs were infected by Dirofilaria sp. HK, while the remaining dogs were infected by Brugia sp. SL genotype. Increasing age (p < 0.001) and residing in the low-country wet zone (p < 0.001), which includes regions that were endemic for human filariasis in Sri Lanka, were associated with filarial infections in dogs. No clear pathognomonic signs for filarial infection were identified, indicating that dogs act as reservoirs for these potentially zoonotic pathogens. Given the morphological similarity of Dirofilaria HK and Brugia sp. SL microfilariae with those of D. repens and B. malayi, respectively, it is likely that these species have been misidentified in the past. Prevention and control measures of these potentially zoonotic canine filarial infections are highly advocated to safeguard both canine and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushani Atapattu
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Anson V. Koehler
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Lucas G. Huggins
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Anke Wiethoelter
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Rebecca J. Traub
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Vito Colella
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Kang D, Xu Q, Kirienko NV. In vitro Lung Epithelial Cell Model Reveals Novel Roles for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Siderophores. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.26.525796. [PMID: 36747656 PMCID: PMC9901015 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.26.525796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common nosocomial respiratory pathogen that continues to threaten the lives of patients with mechanical ventilation in intensive care units and those with underlying comorbidities such as cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. For over 20 years, studies have repeatedly demonstrated that the major siderophore pyoverdine is an important virulence factor for P. aeruginosa in invertebrate and mammalian hosts in vivo. Despite its physiological significance, an in vitro, mammalian cell culture model to characterize the impact and molecular mechanism of pyoverdine-mediated virulence has only been developed very recently. In this study, we adapt a previously-established, murine macrophage-based model for human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE). We demonstrate that conditioned medium from P. aeruginosa induced rapid 16HBE cell death through the pyoverdine-dependent secretion of cytotoxic rhamnolipids. Genetic or chemical disruption of pyoverdine biosynthesis decreased rhamnolipid production and mitigated cell death. Consistent with these observations, chemical depletion of lipid factors or genetic disruption of rhamnolipid biosynthesis was sufficient to abrogate conditioned medium toxicity. Furthermore, we also examine the effects of purified pyoverdine exposure on 16HBE cells. While pyoverdine accumulated within cells, the siderophore was largely sequestered within early endosomes, showing minimal cytotoxicity. More membrane-permeable iron chelators, such as the siderophore pyochelin, decreased epithelial cell viability and upregulated several proinflammatory genes. However, pyoverdine potentiated these iron chelators in activating proinflammatory pathways. Altogether, these findings suggest that the siderophores pyoverdine and pyochelin play distinct roles in virulence during acute P. aeruginosa lung infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon Kang
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qi Xu
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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Xu Q, Kang D, Meyer MD, Pennington CL, Gopal C, Schertzer JW, Kirienko NV. Cytotoxic rhamnolipid micelles drive acute virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.13.562257. [PMID: 37873290 PMCID: PMC10592815 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.13.562257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen that has developed multi- or even pan-drug resistance towards most frontline and last resort antibiotics, leading to increasing infections and deaths among hospitalized patients, especially those with compromised immune systems. Further complicating treatment, P. aeruginosa produces numerous virulence factors that contribute to host tissue damage and immune evasion, promoting bacterial colonization and pathogenesis. In this study, we demonstrate the importance of rhamnolipid production in host-pathogen interactions. Secreted rhamnolipids form micelles that exhibited highly acute toxicity towards murine macrophages, rupturing the plasma membrane and causing organellar membrane damage within minutes of exposure. While rhamnolipid micelles (RMs) were particularly toxic to macrophages, they also caused membrane damage in human lung epithelial cells, red blood cells, Gram-positive bacteria, and even non-cellular models like giant plasma membrane vesicles. Most importantly, rhamnolipid production strongly correlated to P. aeruginosa virulence against murine macrophages in various panels of clinical isolates. Altogether, our findings suggest that rhamnolipid micelles are highly cytotoxic virulence factors that drive acute cellular damage and immune evasion during P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xu
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Donghoon Kang
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew D. Meyer
- Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Citrupa Gopal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Schertzer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
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Makky S, Abdelrahman F, Rezk N, Easwaran M, El-Shibiny A. Phages for treatment Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 201:1-19. [PMID: 37770166 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is denoted as one of the highly threatening bacteria to the public health. It has acquired many virulent factors and resistant genes that make it difficult to control with conventional antibiotics. Thus, bacteriophage therapy (phage therapy) is a proposed alternative to antibiotics to fight against multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa. Many phages have been isolated that exhibit a broad spectrum of activity against P. aeruginosa. In this chapter, the common virulent factors and the prevalence of antibiotic-resistance genes in P. aeruginosa were reported. In addition, recent efforts in the field of phage therapy against P. aeruginosa were highlighted, including wild-type phages, genetically modified phages, phage cocktails, and phage in combination with antibiotics against P. aeruginosa in the planktonic and biofilm forms. Recent regulations on phage therapy were also covered in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salsabil Makky
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fatma Abdelrahman
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nouran Rezk
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maheswaran Easwaran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sethu Institute of Technology, Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ayman El-Shibiny
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt; Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, Arish, Egypt.
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Vaillancourt M, Galdino ACM, Limsuwannarot SP, Celedonio D, Dimitrova E, Broerman M, Bresee C, Doi Y, Lee JS, Parks WC, Jorth P. A compensatory RNase E variation increases Iron Piracy and Virulence in multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa during Macrophage infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1010942. [PMID: 37027441 PMCID: PMC10115287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During chronic cystic fibrosis (CF) infections, evolved Pseudomonas aeruginosa antibiotic resistance is linked to increased pulmonary exacerbations, decreased lung function, and hospitalizations. However, the virulence mechanisms underlying worse outcomes caused by antibiotic resistant infections are poorly understood. Here, we investigated evolved aztreonam resistant P. aeruginosa virulence mechanisms. Using a macrophage infection model combined with genomic and transcriptomic analyses, we show that a compensatory mutation in the rne gene, encoding RNase E, increased pyoverdine and pyochelin siderophore gene expression, causing macrophage ferroptosis and lysis. We show that iron-bound pyochelin was sufficient to cause macrophage ferroptosis and lysis, however, apo-pyochelin, iron-bound pyoverdine, or apo-pyoverdine were insufficient to kill macrophages. Macrophage killing could be eliminated by treatment with the iron mimetic gallium. RNase E variants were abundant in clinical isolates, and CF sputum gene expression data show that clinical isolates phenocopied RNase E variant functions during macrophage infection. Together these data show how P. aeruginosa RNase E variants can cause host damage via increased siderophore production and host cell ferroptosis but may also be targets for gallium precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylene Vaillancourt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anna Clara Milesi Galdino
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sam P. Limsuwannarot
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Diana Celedonio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Dimitrova
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew Broerman
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Catherine Bresee
- Biostatistics Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yohei Doi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Janet S. Lee
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William C. Parks
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Peter Jorth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Dell’Anno F, Vitale GA, Buonocore C, Vitale L, Palma Esposito F, Coppola D, Della Sala G, Tedesco P, de Pascale D. Novel Insights on Pyoverdine: From Biosynthesis to Biotechnological Application. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911507. [PMID: 36232800 PMCID: PMC9569983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyoverdines (PVDs) are a class of siderophores produced mostly by members of the genus Pseudomonas. Their primary function is to accumulate, mobilize, and transport iron necessary for cell metabolism. Moreover, PVDs also play a crucial role in microbes’ survival by mediating biofilm formation and virulence. In this review, we reorganize the information produced in recent years regarding PVDs biosynthesis and pathogenic mechanisms, since PVDs are extremely valuable compounds. Additionally, we summarize the therapeutic applications deriving from the PVDs’ use and focus on their role as therapeutic target themselves. We assess the current biotechnological applications of different sectors and evaluate the state-of-the-art technology relating to the use of synthetic biology tools for pathway engineering. Finally, we review the most recent methods and techniques capable of identifying such molecules in complex matrices for drug-discovery purposes.
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13
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Mahwish, Saeed F, Afzaal M, Hussain M, Imran M, Nawaz T, Siddeeg A. Dietary guidelines to boost immunity during pre and post covid-19 conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2071287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahwish
- Institute of Home Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzaal
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muzzamal Hussain
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Food, nutrition and lifestyle Unit, King Fahed Medical Research Center, Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University
- Department of food science and technology, University of Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Taufiq Nawaz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Azhari Siddeeg
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
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Tjahjono E, Revtovich AV, Kirienko NV. Box C/D small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins regulate mitochondrial surveillance and innate immunity. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010103. [PMID: 35275914 PMCID: PMC8942280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring mitochondrial function is crucial for organismal survival. This task is performed by mitochondrial surveillance or quality control pathways, which are activated by signals originating from mitochondria and relayed to the nucleus (retrograde response) to start transcription of protective genes. In Caenorhabditis elegans, several systems are known to play this role, including the UPRmt, MAPKmt, and the ESRE pathways. These pathways are highly conserved and their loss compromises survival following mitochondrial stress. In this study, we found a novel interaction between the box C/D snoRNA core proteins (snoRNPs) and mitochondrial surveillance and innate immune pathways. We showed that box C/D, but not box H/ACA, snoRNPs are required for the full function of UPRmt and ESRE upon stress. The loss of box C/D snoRNPs reduced mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial membrane potential, and oxygen consumption rate, indicating overall degradation of mitochondrial function. Concomitantly, the loss of C/D snoRNPs increased immune response and reduced host intestinal colonization by infectious bacteria, improving host resistance to pathogenesis. Our data may indicate a model wherein box C/D snoRNP machinery regulates a "switch" of the cell's activity between mitochondrial surveillance and innate immune activation. Understanding this mechanism is likely to be important for understanding multifactorial processes, including responses to infection and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa Tjahjono
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexey V. Revtovich
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Natalia V. Kirienko
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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15
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Impact of prior bariatric surgery on risk and severity of COVID-19 infection: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Obes Res Clin Pract 2022; 16:439-446. [PMID: 36471505 PMCID: PMC9574468 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of prior bariatric surgery (BS) with infection rate and prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains unclear. We conducted a meta-analysis of observational studies to address this issue. METHODS We searched databases including MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL from inception to May, 2022. The primary outcome was risk of mortality, while secondary outcomes included risk of hospital/intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, acute kidney injury (AKI), and infection rate. RESULTS Eleven studies involving 151,475 patients were analyzed. Meta-analysis showed lower risks of mortality [odd ratio (OR)= 0.42, 95% CI: 0.27-0.65, p < 0.001, I2 = 67%; nine studies; 151,113 patients, certainty of evidence (COE):moderate], hospital admission (OR=0.56, 95% CI: 0.36-0.85, p = 0.007, I2 =74.6%; seven studies; 17,810 patients; COE:low), ICU admission (OR=0.5, 95% CI: 0.37-0.67, p < 0.001, I2 =0%; six studies; 17,496 patients, COE:moderate), mechanical ventilation (OR=0.52, 95% CI: 0.37-0.72, p < 0.001, I2 =57.1%; seven studies; 137,992 patients, COE:moderate) in patients with prior BS (BS group) than those with obesity without surgical treatment (non-BS group). There was no difference in risk of AKI (OR=0.74, 95% CI: 0.41-1.32, p = 0.304, I2 =83.6%; four studies; 129,562 patients, COE: very low) and infection rate (OR=1.05, 95% CI: 0.89-1.22, p = 0.572, I2 =0%; four studies; 12,633 patients, COE:low) between the two groups. Subgroup analysis from matched cohort studies demonstrated associations of prior BS with lower risks of mortality, ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, and AKI. CONCLUSION Our results showed a correlation between prior BS and less severe COVID-19, which warrants further investigations to verify.
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Alipour AH, Hashemi SMA, Moattari A, Farhadi A, Sarvari J. Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1 Increases the Expression of Viral Oncogenes and Cellular Genes in the HeLa Cell Line. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2022; 11:346-356. [PMID: 37727642 PMCID: PMC10506676 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.11.4.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) represents one of the most important viral carcinogens. EBV nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) can induce the expression of different cellular and viral genes. In this study, we evaluated the EBNA1 effects on the expression patterns of human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV-18) E6 and E7 oncogenes and three cellular genes, including BIRC5, c-MYC, and STMN1, in a cervical adenocarcinoma cell line. HeLa cells were divided into three groups: one transfected with a plasmid containing the EBNA1 gene, one transfected with a control plasmid, and one without transfection. In all three groups, the expression levels of E6, E7, BIRC5, c-MYC, and STMN1 genes were checked using real-time PCR. Pathological staining was used to examine changes in cell morphology. Real-time PCR results showed that the expression level of HPV-18 E6 (P=0.02) and E7 (P=0.02) oncogenes significantly increased in HeLa cells transfected with the EBNA1 plasmid compared to cells transfected with control plasmid. Also, the presence of EBNA1 induced the expression of BIRC5 and c-MYC, which increased tenfold (P=0.03) and threefold (P=0.02), respectively. Regarding the STMN1 cellular gene, although the expression level in HeLa cells transfected with EBNA1 plasmid showed a twofold increase, this change was insignificant (P=0.11). Also, EBNA1 expression caused the creation of large HeLa cells with abundant cytoplasm and numerous nuclei. The EBV-EBNA1 could increase the expression levels of HPV-18 E6 and E7 viral oncogenes as well as c-MYC and BIRC5 cellular genes in the HeLa cell line. These findings indicate that the simultaneous infection of cervical cells with HPV-18 and EBV might accelerate the progression of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Alipour
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Ali Hashemi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Afagh Moattari
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ali Farhadi
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Jamal Sarvari
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Sapula SA, Whittall JJ, Pandopulos AJ, Gerber C, Venter H. An optimized and robust PEG precipitation method for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147270. [PMID: 33940413 PMCID: PMC8086323 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology is currently being utilized to monitor the dissemination of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), on a population scale. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater is highly influenced by methodologies used for its isolation, concentration and RNA extraction. Although various viral concentration methods are currently employed, including polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, adsorption-extraction, ultracentrifugation and ultrafiltration, to our knowledge, none of these methods have been standardized for use with a variety of wastewater matrices and/or different kits for RNA extraction and quantification. To address this, wastewater with different physical characteristics was seeded with gamma-irradiated SARS-CoV-2 and used to test the efficiency of PEG precipitation and adsorption-extraction to concentrate the virus from three physiochemically different wastewater samples, sourced from three distinct wastewater plants. Efficiency of viral concentration and RNA extraction was assessed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and the recovery yields calculated. As co-purification of inhibitors can be problematic for subsequent detection, two commonly used commercial master mixes were assessed for their sensitivity and efficiency to detect two SARS-CoV-2 target nucleocapsid (N) gene sequences. Recovery rates varied greatly between wastewater matrices and concentration methods, with the highest and most reproducible recovery rates (46.6-56.7%) observed when SARS-CoV-2 was precipitated with PEG and detected by the Luna® Universal master mix. The adsorption-extraction method was less effective (0-21.7%). This study demonstrates that PEG precipitation is the more robust method, which translates well to varying wastewater matrices, producing consistent and reproducible recovery rates. Furthermore, it is compatible with different kits for RNA extraction and quantitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia A Sapula
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Whittall
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Aaron J Pandopulos
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Henrietta Venter
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
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Kang D, Revtovich AV, Deyanov AE, Kirienko NV. Pyoverdine Inhibitors and Gallium Nitrate Synergistically Affect Pseudomonas aeruginosa. mSphere 2021; 6:e0040121. [PMID: 34133200 PMCID: PMC8265654 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00401-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a multidrug-resistant, opportunistic pathogen that frequently causes ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care units and chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients. The rising prevalence of drug-resistant bacteria demands the exploration of new therapeutic avenues for treating P. aeruginosa infections. Perhaps the most thoroughly explored alternative is to use novel treatments to target pathogen virulence factors, like biofilm or toxin production. Gallium(III) nitrate is one such agent. It has been recognized for its ability to inhibit pathogen growth and biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa by disrupting bacterial iron homeostasis. However, irreversible sequestration by pyoverdine substantially limits its effectiveness. In this report, we show that disrupting pyoverdine production (genetically or chemically) potentiates the efficacy of gallium nitrate. Interestingly, we report that the pyoverdine inhibitor 5-fluorocytosine primarily functions as an antivirulent, even when it indirectly affects bacterial growth in the presence of gallium, and that low selective pressure for resistance occurs. We also demonstrate that the antibiotic tetracycline inhibits pyoverdine at concentrations below those required to prevent bacterial growth, and this activity allows it to synergize with gallium to inhibit bacterial growth and rescue Caenorhabditis elegans during P. aeruginosa pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE P. aeruginosa is one of the most common causative agents for ventilator-associated pneumonia and nosocomial bacteremia and is a leading cause of death in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pandrug-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa are increasingly identified in clinical samples and show resistance to virtually all major classes of antibiotics, including aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. Gallium(III) nitrate has received considerable attention as an antipseudomonal agent that inhibits P. aeruginosa growth and biofilm formation by disrupting bacterial iron homeostasis. This report demonstrates that biosynthetic inhibitors of pyoverdine, such as 5-fluorocytosine and tetracycline, synergize with gallium nitrate to inhibit P. aeruginosa growth and biofilm formation, rescuing C. elegans hosts during pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon Kang
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
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19
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Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a serious medical threat, particularly given the decreasing rate of discovery of new treatments. Although attempts to find new treatments continue, it has become clear that merely discovering new antimicrobials, even if they are new classes, will be insufficient. It is essential that new strategies be aggressively pursued. Toward that end, the search for treatments that can mitigate bacterial virulence and tilt the balance of host-pathogen interactions in favor of the host has become increasingly popular. In this review, we will discuss recent progress in this field, with a special focus on synthetic small molecule antivirulents that have been identified from high-throughput screens and on treatments that are effective against the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Revtovich AV, Tjahjono E, Singh KV, Hanson BM, Murray BE, Kirienko NV. Development and Characterization of High-Throughput Caenorhabditis elegans - Enterococcus faecium Infection Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:667327. [PMID: 33996637 PMCID: PMC8116795 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.667327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Enterococcus includes two Gram-positive pathogens of particular clinical relevance: E. faecalis and E. faecium. Infections with each of these pathogens are becoming more frequent, particularly in the case of hospital-acquired infections. Like most other bacterial species of clinical importance, antimicrobial resistance (and, specifically, multi-drug resistance) is an increasing threat, with both species considered to be of particular importance by the World Health Organization and the US Centers for Disease Control. The threat of antimicrobial resistance is exacerbated by the staggering difference in the speeds of development for the discovery and development of the antimicrobials versus resistance mechanisms. In the search for alternative strategies, modulation of host-pathogen interactions in general, and virulence inhibition in particular, have drawn substantial attention. Unfortunately, these approaches require a fairly comprehensive understanding of virulence determinants. This requirement is complicated by the fact that enterococcal infection models generally require vertebrates, making them slow, expensive, and ethically problematic, particularly when considering the thousands of animals that would be needed for the early stages of experimentation. To address this problem, we developed the first high-throughput C. elegans-E. faecium infection model involving host death. Importantly, this model recapitulates many key aspects of murine peritonitis models, including utilizing similar virulence determinants. Additionally, host death is independent of peroxide production, unlike other E. faecium-C. elegans virulence models, which allows the assessment of other virulence factors. Using this system, we analyzed a panel of lab strains with deletions of targeted virulence factors. Although removal of certain virulence factors (e.g., Δfms15) was sufficient to affect virulence, multiple deletions were generally required to affect pathogenesis, suggesting that host-pathogen interactions are multifactorial. These data were corroborated by genomic analysis of selected isolates with high and low levels of virulence. We anticipate that this platform will be useful for identifying new treatments for E. faecium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elissa Tjahjono
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kavindra V. Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Blake M. Hanson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Barbara E. Murray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Lozano-Sepulveda SA, Galan-Huerta K, Martínez-Acuña N, Arellanos-Soto D, Rivas-Estilla AM. SARS-CoV-2 another kind of liver aggressor, how does it do that? Ann Hepatol 2020; 19:592-596. [PMID: 32858226 PMCID: PMC7445466 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2020.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection include more frequently fever and cough, but complications (such as pneumonia, respiratory distress syndrome, and multiorgan failure) can occur in persons with additional comorbidities. Liver dysfunction is one of the most striking affections among patients suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 may represent a new king of liver aggressor. However, the molecular process underlying this phenomenon is still unclear. In this work, we overview the most recent findings between the molecular biology of the virus, pathogenic mechanisms, and its relationship to liver disease observed in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ana María Rivas-Estilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Hospital Universitario "Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez", Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, N.L, Mexico.
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