1
|
Ghareeb RY, Jaremko M, Abdelsalam NR, Abdelhamid MMA, El-Argawy E, Ghozlan MH. Biocontrol potential of endophytic fungi against phytopathogenic nematodes on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Sci Rep 2024; 14:15547. [PMID: 38969662 PMCID: PMC11229511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are a vital pest that causes significant yield losses and economic damage to potato plants. The use of chemical pesticides to control these nematodes has led to environmental concerns and the development of resistance in the nematode populations. Endophytic fungi offer an eco-friendly alternative to control these pests and produce secondary metabolites that have nematicidal activity against RKNs. The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of Aspergillus flavus (ON146363), an entophyte fungus isolated from Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds, against Meloidogyne incognita in filtered culture broth using GC-MS analysis. Among them, various nematicidal secondary metabolites were produced: Gadoleic acid, Oleic acid di-ethanolamide, Oleic acid, and Palmitic acid. In addition, biochemical compounds such as Gallic acid, Catechin, Protocatechuic acid, Esculatin, Vanillic acid, Pyrocatechol, Coumarine, Cinnamic acid, 4, 3-indol butyl acetic acid and Naphthyl acetic acid by HPLC. The fungus was identified through morphological and molecular analysis, including ITS 1-4 regions of ribosomal DNA. In vitro experiments showed that culture filtrate of A. flavus had a variable effect on reducing the number of egg hatchings and larval mortality, with higher concentrations showing greater efficacy than Abamectin. The fungus inhibited the development and multiplication of M. incognita in potato plants, reducing the number of galls and eggs by 90% and 89%, respectively. A. flavus increased the activity of defense-related enzymes Chitinas, Catalyse, and Peroxidase after 15, 45, and 60 days. Leaching of the concentrated culture significantly reduced the second juveniles' stage to 97% /250 g soil and decreased the penetration of nematodes into the roots. A. flavus cultural filtrates via soil spraying improved seedling growth and reduced nematode propagation, resulting in systemic resistance to nematode infection. Therefore, A. flavus can be an effective biological control agent for root-knot nematodes in potato plants. This approach provides a sustainable solution for farmers and minimizes the environmental impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Y Ghareeb
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nader R Abdelsalam
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M A Abdelhamid
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Eman El-Argawy
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud H Ghozlan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Núñez-García IC, Martínez-Ávila GCG, González-Herrera SM, Tafolla-Arellano JC, Rutiaga-Quiñones OM. Bioprospecting of endophytic fungi from semidesert candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc): Potential for extracellular enzyme production. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2400049. [PMID: 38715338 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Endophytic microbial communities colonize plants growing under various abiotic stress conditions. Candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc.) is a shrub that develops functionally in arid and semi-arid zones of Mexico; these conditions generate an association between the plant and the microorganisms, contributing to the production of enzymes as a defense mechanism for resistance to abiotic stress. The objective of this research was to isolate and identify endophyte fungi of candelilla and bioprospection of these endophytic fungi for enzyme production using candelilla by-products. Fungi were isolated and identified using ITS1/ITS4 sequencing. Their potency index (PI) was evaluated in producing endoglucanase, xylanase, amylase, and laccase. Fermentation was carried out at 30°C for 8 days at 200 rpm, with measurements every 2 days, using candelilla by-products as substrate. All fungi exhibited higher cellulase, amylase, and laccase activities on the 2nd, 6th, and 8th day of fermentation, respectively, of fermentation. The fungus Aspergillus niger ITD-IN4.1 showed the highest amylase activity (246.84 U/mg), the genus Neurospora showed the highest cellulase activity, reaching up to 13.45 FPU/mg, and the strain Neurospora sp. ITD-IN5.2 showed the highest laccase activity (3.46 U/mg). This work provides the first report on the endophytic diversity of E. antisyphilitica and its potential role in enzyme production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itzel C Núñez-García
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/I.T.Durango. Laboratorio Nacional CONAHCYT-LaNAEPBi, Unidad de Servicio Tecnológico Nacional de México/I.T.Durango. Depto. de Ing. Química-Bioquímica, Durango, Dgo, Mexico
| | | | - Silvia M González-Herrera
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/I.T.Durango. Laboratorio Nacional CONAHCYT-LaNAEPBi, Unidad de Servicio Tecnológico Nacional de México/I.T.Durango. Depto. de Ing. Química-Bioquímica, Durango, Dgo, Mexico
| | - Julio C Tafolla-Arellano
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - O Miriam Rutiaga-Quiñones
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/I.T.Durango. Laboratorio Nacional CONAHCYT-LaNAEPBi, Unidad de Servicio Tecnológico Nacional de México/I.T.Durango. Depto. de Ing. Química-Bioquímica, Durango, Dgo, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang L, Wang Q, Ma QY, Xie QY, Gai CJ, Wu YG, Dai HF, Zhao YX. Diaporchalasins A-E, New Cytochalasins from the Endophytic Fungus Diaporthe sp. BMX12 Isolated from Aquilaria sinensis. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400567. [PMID: 38602253 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Five new cytochalasins, diaporchalasins A-E (1-5), together with 14 known congeners (6-19) were isolated from the endophytic fungus Diaporthe sp. BMX12, which was isolated from the branches of Aquilaria sinensis. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses including high-resolution electron spray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Their absolute configurations were assigned by theoretical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compounds 11 and 12 featuring a keto carbonyl at C-21 displayed cytotoxicity toward K562, BEL-7402, SGC-7901, A549, and HeLa cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 4.4 to 47.4 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province & National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, 571101, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province & National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, 571101, China
| | - Qing-Yun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province & National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, 571101, China
| | - Qing-Yi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province & National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, 571101, China
| | - Cui-Juan Gai
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province & National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, 571101, China
| | - You-Gen Wu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Hao-Fu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province & National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, 571101, China
| | - You-Xing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province & National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, 571101, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen X, Zhang Y, Chao S, Song L, Wu G, Sun Y, Chen Y, Lv B. Biocontrol potential of endophytic Bacillus subtilis A9 against rot disease of Morchella esculenta. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1388669. [PMID: 38873148 PMCID: PMC11169702 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1388669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Morchella esculenta is a popular edible fungus with high economic and nutritional value. However, the rot disease caused by Lecanicillium aphanocladii, pose a serious threat to the quality and yield of M. esculenta. Biological control is one of the effective ways to control fungal diseases. Methods and results In this study, an effective endophytic B. subtilis A9 for the control of M. esculenta rot disease was screened, and its biocontrol mechanism was studied by transcriptome analysis. In total, 122 strains of endophytic bacteria from M. esculenta, of which the antagonistic effect of Bacillus subtilis A9 on L. aphanocladii G1 reached 72.2% in vitro tests. Biological characteristics and genomic features of B. subtilis A9 were analyzed, and key antibiotic gene clusters were detected. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation showed that B. subtilis A9 affected the mycelium and spores of L. aphanocladii G1. In field experiments, the biological control effect of B. subtilis A9 reached to 62.5%. Furthermore, the transcritome profiling provides evidence of B. subtilis A9 bicontrol at the molecular level. A total of 1,246 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the treatment and control group. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that a large number of DEGs were related to antioxidant activity related. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that the main pathways were Nitrogen metabolism, Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) signal pathway. Among them, some important genes such as carbonic anhydrase CA (H6S33_007248), catalase CAT (H6S33_001409), tRNA dihydrouridine synthase DusB (H6S33_001297) and NAD(P)-binding protein NAD(P) BP (H6S33_000823) were found. Furthermore, B. subtilis A9 considerably enhanced the M. esculenta activity of Polyphenol oxidase (POD), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Phenylal anineammonia lyase (PAL) and Catalase (CAT). Conclusion This study presents the innovative utilization of B. subtilis A9, for effectively controlling M. esculenta rot disease. This will lay a foundation for biological control in Morchella, which may lead to the improvement of new biocontrol agents for production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform of Agricultural Biosafety Evaluation and Testing, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - ShengQian Chao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform of Agricultural Biosafety Evaluation and Testing, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - LiLi Song
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform of Agricultural Biosafety Evaluation and Testing, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - GuoGan Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform of Agricultural Biosafety Evaluation and Testing, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform of Agricultural Biosafety Evaluation and Testing, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - YiFan Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform of Agricultural Biosafety Evaluation and Testing, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - BeiBei Lv
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform of Agricultural Biosafety Evaluation and Testing, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Co-Elite Agricultural Sci-Tech (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
- CIMMYT-China Specialty Maize Research Center, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhuang Y, Wang H, Tan F, Wu B, Liu L, Qin H, Yang Z, He M. Rhizosphere metabolic cross-talk from plant-soil-microbe tapping into agricultural sustainability: Current advance and perspectives. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108619. [PMID: 38604013 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Rhizosphere interactions from plant-soil-microbiome occur dynamically all the time in the "black microzone" underground, where we can't see intuitively. Rhizosphere metabolites including root exudates and microbial metabolites act as various chemical signalings involving in rhizosphere interactions, and play vital roles on plant growth, development, disease suppression and resistance to stress conditions as well as proper soil health. Although rhizosphere metabolites are a mixture from plant roots and soil microbes, they often are discussed alone. As a rapid appearance of various omics platforms and analytical methods, it offers possibilities and opportunities for exploring rhizosphere interactions in unprecedented breadth and depth. However, our comprehensive understanding about the fine-tuning mechanisms of rhizosphere interactions mediated by these chemical compounds still remain clear. Thus, this review summarizes recent advances systemically including the features of rhizosphere metabolites and their effects on rhizosphere ecosystem, and looks forward to the future research perspectives, which contributes to facilitating better understanding of biochemical communications belowground and helping identify novel rhizosphere metabolites. We also address challenges for promoting the understanding about the roles of rhizosphere metabolites in different environmental stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhuang
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Furong Tan
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Linpei Liu
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Han Qin
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - ZhiJuan Yang
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingxiong He
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mathieu D, Bryson AE, Hamberger B, Singan V, Keymanesh K, Wang M, Barry K, Mondo S, Pangilinan J, Koriabine M, Grigoriev IV, Bonito G, Hamberger B. Multilevel analysis between Physcomitrium patens and Mortierellaceae endophytes explores potential long-standing interaction among land plants and fungi. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:304-323. [PMID: 38265362 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The model moss species Physcomitrium patens has long been used for studying divergence of land plants spanning from bryophytes to angiosperms. In addition to its phylogenetic relationships, the limited number of differential tissues, and comparable morphology to the earliest embryophytes provide a system to represent basic plant architecture. Based on plant-fungal interactions today, it is hypothesized these kingdoms have a long-standing relationship, predating plant terrestrialization. Mortierellaceae have origins diverging from other land fungi paralleling bryophyte divergence, are related to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi but are free-living, observed to interact with plants, and can be found in moss microbiomes globally. Due to their parallel origins, we assess here how two Mortierellaceae species, Linnemannia elongata and Benniella erionia, interact with P. patens in coculture. We also assess how Mollicute-related or Burkholderia-related endobacterial symbionts (MRE or BRE) of these fungi impact plant response. Coculture interactions are investigated through high-throughput phenomics, microscopy, RNA-sequencing, differential expression profiling, gene ontology enrichment, and comparisons among 99 other P. patens transcriptomic studies. Here we present new high-throughput approaches for measuring P. patens growth, identify novel expression of over 800 genes that are not expressed on traditional agar media, identify subtle interactions between P. patens and Mortierellaceae, and observe changes to plant-fungal interactions dependent on whether MRE or BRE are present. Our study provides insights into how plants and fungal partners may have interacted based on their communications observed today as well as identifying L. elongata and B. erionia as modern fungal endophytes with P. patens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davis Mathieu
- Genetics and Genome Science Graduate Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Abigail E Bryson
- Genetics and Genome Science Graduate Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Britta Hamberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Vasanth Singan
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Keykhosrow Keymanesh
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Kerrie Barry
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Stephen Mondo
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Jasmyn Pangilinan
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Maxim Koriabine
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Gregory Bonito
- Genetics and Genome Science Graduate Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Björn Hamberger
- Genetics and Genome Science Graduate Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Damankeshan B, Shamshiri MH, Alaei H. Endophytic fungi are able to induce tolerance to salt stress in date palm seedlings (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:759-775. [PMID: 38157149 PMCID: PMC10920517 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Date palm, typically considered a salinity-resistant plant, grows in arid and semi-arid regions worldwide, and experiences decreased growth and yields under salt stress. This study investigates the efficacy of endophytic fungi (EF) in enhancing the salinity tolerance of date palm seedlings. In this experiment, EF were isolated from date tree roots and identified morphologically. Following molecular identification, superior strains were selected to inoculate date palm seedlings (Phoenix dactylifera L., cv. Mazafati). The seedlings were subjected to varying levels of salinity stress for 4 months, utilizing a completely randomized factorial design with two factors: fungal strain type (six levels) and salinity stress (0, 100, 200, and 300 mM sodium chloride). The diversity analysis of endophytic fungi in date palm trees revealed that the majority of isolates belonged to the Ascomycota family, with Fusarium and Alternaria being the most frequently isolated genera. In this research, the application of fungal endophytes resulted in increased dry weight of roots, shoots, root length, plant height, and leaf number. Additionally, EF symbiosis with date palm seedling roots led to a reduction in sodium concentration and an increase in potassium and phosphorus concentrations in aerial parts under salt-stress conditions. While salinity elevated lipid peroxidation, consequently increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, EF mitigated damage from reactive oxygen species (ROS) by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), while promoting proline and total soluble sugar (TSS) accumulation. The colonization percentage generally increased with salinity stress intensity in most strains. According to the results, the application of EF can alleviate the adverse effects of salinity stress and enhance the growth of date palm seedlings under saline conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Damankeshan
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hosein Shamshiri
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hosein Alaei
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
He Y, Tian R, Gao C, Ji L, Liu X, Feng H, Huang L. Biocontrol activity of an endophytic Alternaria alternata Aa-Lcht against apple Valsa canker. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 200:105813. [PMID: 38582585 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Apple Valsa canker (AVC), caused by Valsa mali, is the most serious branch disease for apples in East Asia. Biocontrol constitutes a desirable alternative strategy to alleviate the problems of orchard environment pollution and pathogen resistance risk. It is particularly important to explore efficient biocontrol microorganism resources to develop new biocontrol technologies and products. In this study, an endophytic fungus, which results in the specific inhibition of the growth of V. mali, was isolated from the twig tissue of Malus micromalus with a good tolerance to AVC. The fungus was identified as Alternaria alternata, based on morphological observations and phylogenetic analysis, and was named Aa-Lcht. Aa-Lcht showed a strong preventive effect against AVC, as determined with an in vitro twig evaluation method. When V. mali was inhibited by Aa-Lcht, according to morphological and cytological observations, the hyphae was deformed and it had more branches, a degradation in protoplasm, breakages in cell walls, and then finally died completely due to mycelium cells. Transcriptome analysis indicated that Aa-Lcht could suppress the growth of V. mali by inhibiting the activity of various hydrolases, destroying carbohydrate metabolic processes, and damaging the pathogen membrane system. It was further demonstrated that Aa-Lcht could colonize apple twig tissues without damaging the tissue's integrity. More importantly, Aa-Lcht could also stimulate the up-regulated expression of defense-related genes in apples together with the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and callose deposition in apple leaf cells. Summarizing the above, one endophytic biocontrol resource was isolated, and it can colonize apple twig tissue and play a biocontrol role through both pathogen inhibition and resistance inducement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanting He
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Runze Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China..
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China..
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Elnaggar MS, Fayez S, Anwar A, Ebada SS. Cytotoxic naphtho- and benzofurans from an endophytic fungus Epicoccum nigrum Ann-B-2 associated with Annona squamosa fruits. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4940. [PMID: 38418706 PMCID: PMC10901772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical exploration of the total extract derived from Epicoccum nigrum Ann-B-2, an endophyte associated with Annona squamosa fruits, afforded two new metabolites, epicoccofuran A (1) and flavimycin C (2), along with four known compounds namely, epicocconigrone A (3), epicoccolide B (4), epicoccone (5) and 4,5,6-trihydroxy-7-methyl-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran (6). Structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated using extensive 1D and 2D NMR along with HR-ESI-MS. Flavimycin C (2) was isolated as an epimeric mixture of its two diastereomers 2a and 2b. The new compounds 1 and 2 displayed moderate activity against B. subtilis, whereas compounds (2, 3, 5, and 6) showed significant antiproliferative effects against a panel of seven different cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 1.3 to 12 µM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
| | - Shaimaa Fayez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
| | - Alaa Anwar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Sherif S Ebada
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Muhammad M, Basit A, Ali K, Ahmad H, Li WJ, Khan A, Mohamed HI. A review on endophytic fungi: a potent reservoir of bioactive metabolites with special emphasis on blight disease management. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:129. [PMID: 38416214 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03828-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic microorganisms have caused blight diseases that present significant challenges to global agriculture. These diseases result in substantial crop losses and have a significant economic impact. Due to the limitations of conventional chemical treatments in effectively and sustainably managing these diseases, there is an increasing interest in exploring alternative and environmentally friendly approaches for disease control. Using endophytic fungi as biocontrol agents has become a promising strategy in recent years. Endophytic fungi live inside plant tissues, forming mutually beneficial relationships, and have been discovered to produce a wide range of bioactive metabolites. These metabolites demonstrate significant potential for fighting blight diseases and provide a plentiful source of new biopesticides. In this review, we delve into the potential of endophytic fungi as a means of biocontrol against blight diseases. We specifically highlight their significance as a source of biologically active compounds. The review explores different mechanisms used by endophytic fungi to suppress phytopathogens. These mechanisms include competing for nutrients, producing antifungal compounds, and triggering plant defense responses. Furthermore, this review discusses the challenges of using endophytic fungi as biocontrol agents in commercial applications. It emphasizes the importance of conducting thorough research to enhance their effectiveness and stability in real-world environments. Therefore, bioactive metabolites from endophytic fungi have considerable potential for sustainable and eco-friendly blight disease control. Additional research on endophytes and their metabolites will promote biotechnology solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murad Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Abdul Basit
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Kashif Ali
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Haris Ahmad
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Ayesha Khan
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Heba I Mohamed
- Biological and Geological Sciences Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11341, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Song Y, Cui H, Guo W, Sindhu L, Lv S, Li L, Yu Y, Men X. Endophytic fungi improved wheat resistance to Rhopalosiphum padi by decreasing its feeding efficiency and population fitness. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115865. [PMID: 38134640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The improvement of crop resistance to insect using endophytic fungi is an environmentally friendly and sustainable strategy for agricultural pest control. Clarifying the efficacy and mechanism of endophytic fungi in improving crop resistance to pest offers the opportunity for biological control. In this study, changes in the transcriptome and defense compounds of wheat inoculated with endophytic fungal strains (i.e., YC and BB) were evaluated, and the efficacy of endophytic fungi in improving wheat resistance to Rhopalosiphum padi was studied. The results showed that the numbers of upregulated differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) in wheat plants inoculated with endophytic fungal strains YC and BB were higher than those of the downregulated DEGs, irrespective of R. padi infestation. Defense-related metabolic pathways, such as plant hormone signal transduction and secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways were significantly enriched. Endophytic fungal strains YC and BB significantly increased jasmonic acid, DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one), total flavone, and tannin contents in wheat plants (P < 0.05) but decreased salicylic acid content. Variations in the contents of defense compounds were significantly correlated with decreased feeding, development, and reproduction of R. padi fed on wheat plants inoculated with strains YC and BB (|r| = 0.68-0.91, P < 0.05). The results suggested that endophytic fungi significantly decreased the feeding efficiency and population fitness [YC: (-11.13%) - (-22.07%); BB: (-10.98%) - (-22.20%)] of R. padi by altering the phytohormone pathway and secondary metabolite biosynthesis in wheat plants. This study helps in understanding of the efficacy of endophytic fungi in improving wheat resistance to insect and will be conducive to integrated pest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Song
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Hongying Cui
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wenxiu Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lara Sindhu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Suhong Lv
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lili Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xingyuan Men
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bhardwaj M, Kailoo S, Khan RT, Khan SS, Rasool S. Harnessing fungal endophytes for natural management: a biocontrol perspective. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1280258. [PMID: 38143866 PMCID: PMC10748429 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1280258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the ever-evolving realm of agriculture, the convoluted interaction between plants and microorganisms have assumed paramount significance. Fungal endophytes, once perceived as mere bystanders within plant tissues, have now emerged as dynamic defenders of plant health. This comprehensive review delves into the captivating world of fungal endophytes and their multifaceted biocontrol mechanisms. Exploring their unique ability to coexist with their plant hosts, fungal endophytes have unlocked a treasure trove of biological weaponry to fend off pathogens and enhance plant resilience. From the synthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites to intricate signaling pathways these silent allies are masters of biological warfare. The world of fungal endophytes is quite fascinating as they engage in a delicate dance with the plant immune system, orchestrating a symphony of defense that challenges traditional notions of plant-pathogen interactions. The journey through the various mechanisms employed by these enigmatic endophytes to combat diseases, will lead to revelational understanding of sustainable agriculture. The review delves into cutting-edge research and promising prospects, shedding light on how fungal endophytes hold the key to biocontrol and the reduction of chemical inputs in agriculture. Their ecological significance, potential for bioprospecting and avenues for future research are also explored. This exploration of the biocontrol mechanisms of fungal endophytes promise not only to enrich our comprehension of plant-microbe relationships but also, to shape the future of sustainable and ecofriendly agricultural practices. In this intricate web of life, fungal endophytes are indeed the unsung heroes, silently guarding our crops and illuminating a path towards a greener, healthier tomorrow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shafaq Rasool
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Antón-Domínguez BI, López-Moral A, Raya MC, Lovera M, Melgar S, Roca LF, Arquero O, Trapero A, Agustí-Brisach C. Fungal Pathogens Associated with Almond Decline Syndrome, an Emerging Disease Complex in Intensive Almond Crops in Southern Spain. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3737-3753. [PMID: 37486269 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-23-0759-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
In 2016, an almond (Prunus dulcis) decline syndrome (ADS) emerged in intensive almond plantations in the Andalusia region (southern Spain), showing branch dieback, gummosis, and general tree decline. The aim of this work was to elucidate the etiology of this disease complex. For this purpose, surveys were conducted across the Andalusia region, and a wide collection of fungi was recovered from wood samples showing gum and internal discoloration. Representative isolates were selected and identified by sequencing ITS, TEF1, TUB, ACT, LSU, and/or RPB2 genes. The following fungal species were identified to be associated with the disease: Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia corticola, Di. seriata, Dothiorella iberica, Lasiodiplodia viticola, Macrophomina phaseolina, Neofusicoccum mediterraneum, N. parvum, N. vitifusiforme, Diaporthe neotheicola, Dia. rhusicola, Dia. ambigua, Eutypa lata, E. tetragona, Eutypella citricola, Eu. microtheca, Fusarium oxysporum s.l., Pleurostoma richardsiae, Phaeoacremonium iranianum, Pm. krajdenii, Pm. parasiticum, and Cytospora sp. All isolates were tested for pathogenicity by inoculating detached or attached almond shoots. Di. corticola and N. parvum were the most aggressive species, showing the largest lesions and most gummosis in attached shoots. The results suggest that the species belonging to Botryosphaeriaceae play a key role in disease development, while the remaining identified species may act as secondary pathogens or endophytes. However, further research to determine the interaction between all these fungal species and other biotic and abiotic factors in the ADS progress is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Begoña I Antón-Domínguez
- Departamento de Agronomía (Unit of Excellence 'María de Maeztu' 2020-24), ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana López-Moral
- Departamento de Agronomía (Unit of Excellence 'María de Maeztu' 2020-24), ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Carmen Raya
- Departamento de Agronomía (Unit of Excellence 'María de Maeztu' 2020-24), ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Lovera
- Departamento de Fruticultura Mediterránea, IFAPA, Alameda del Obispo, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Samara Melgar
- Departamento de Agronomía (Unit of Excellence 'María de Maeztu' 2020-24), ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Luis F Roca
- Departamento de Agronomía (Unit of Excellence 'María de Maeztu' 2020-24), ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Octavio Arquero
- Departamento de Fruticultura Mediterránea, IFAPA, Alameda del Obispo, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Trapero
- Departamento de Agronomía (Unit of Excellence 'María de Maeztu' 2020-24), ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Agustí-Brisach
- Departamento de Agronomía (Unit of Excellence 'María de Maeztu' 2020-24), ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
de Menezes Souza J, de Menezes Fonseca D, Pinheiro de Souza J, Cordeiro do Nascimento L, Mendes Hughes F, Pereira Bezerra JD, Góes-Neto A, Ferreira-Silva A. Cactus Endophytic Fungi and Bioprospecting for their Enzymes and Bioactive Molecules: A Systematic Review. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202301413. [PMID: 37934008 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are associated with plant health and represent a remarkable source of potential of enzymes and bioactive compounds, but the diversity of endophytes remains uncertain and poorly explored, especially in Cactaceae, one of the most species-rich families adapted to growing in arid and semi-arid regions. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review on the diversity and bioprospecting of endophytic fungi from Cactaceae. We analysed peer-reviewed articles from seven databases using PRISMA guidelines. The results showed that the Cactaceae family is a source of new taxa, but the diversity of endophytic fungi of Cactaceae is little explored, mainly the diversity among tissues and by metagenomics. Bioprospecting studies have shown that these microorganisms can be used in the production of enzymes and larvicidal and antifungal compounds. Our results are relevant as a starting point for researchers to develop studies that expand the knowledge of plant mycobiota in arid and semi-arid ecosystems, as well as comprising a remarkable source of fungal compounds with several biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeferson de Menezes Souza
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana City, 44036-900, Bahia State, Brazil
| | | | - Jaciara Pinheiro de Souza
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju City, 41100-000, Sergipe State, Brazil
| | - Luciana Cordeiro do Nascimento
- Agricultural Sciences Center, Department of Phytotechnics and Environmental Sciences, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia City, 58397-000, Paraíba State, Brazil
| | - Frederic Mendes Hughes
- Conselho de Curadores das Coleções Científicas and Graduate Program in Zoology, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus City, 45662-900, Bahia State, Brazil
| | - Jadson Diogo Pereira Bezerra
- Departament of Biosciences and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia City, 74605-050, Goiás State, Brazil
| | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte City, 31270-901, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | - Alice Ferreira-Silva
- Agricultural Sciences Center, Department of Phytotechnics and Environmental Sciences, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia City, 58397-000, Paraíba State, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chua RW, Song KP, Ting ASY. Characterization and identification of antimicrobial compounds from endophytic Fusarium incarnatum isolated from Cymbidium orchids. Int Microbiol 2023:10.1007/s10123-023-00442-1. [PMID: 37975992 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized and identified the antimicrobial compounds from an endophytic fungus (Fusarium incarnatum (C4)) isolated from the orchid, Cymbidium sp. Chromatographic techniques were employed to separate the bioactive compounds from the crude extracts of F. incarnatum (C4). Following bio-guided fractionation, two fractionated extracts (fractions 1 and 2) of F. incarnatum (C4) exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activities against Bacillus cereus (MIC: 0.156 mg/mL) and Ganoderma boninense (MIC: 0.3125 mg/mL), respectively. The active fractions were discovered to comprise of a variety of bioactive compounds with pharmacological importance (alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, peptides and fatty acids). Liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry (LCMS) analysis detected the presence of antibacterial (kanzonol N, rifaximin, linoleic acid (d4), cannabisativine, docosanedioic acid, and stearamide) and antifungal components (3-methyl-quinolin-2-ol, prothiocarb, kanzonol N, peganine, 5Z-tridecene, and tetronasin) in fractions 1 and 2, respectively, which may have contributed to the antimicrobial effects. Findings from this study highlighted the important potential of fungal endophytes from medicinal hosts as producers of antimicrobials and antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ru Wei Chua
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keang Peng Song
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adeline Su Yien Ting
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rashad YM, Al Tami MS, Abdalla SA. Eliciting transcriptomic and antioxidant defensive responses against Rhizoctonia root rot of sorghum using the endophyte Aspergillus oryzae YRA3. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19823. [PMID: 37963959 PMCID: PMC10646029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollution due to the improper use of the chemical fungicides represents a vital ecological problem, which affects human and animal health, as well as the microbial biodiversity and abundance in the soil. In this study, an endophytic fungus Aspergillus oryzae YRA3, isolated from the wild plant Atractylis carduus (Forssk.) C.Chr, was tested for its biocontrol activity against Rhizoctonia root rot of sorghum. The antagonistic potential of A. oryzae YRA3 was tested against Rhizoctonia solani in vitro. A full inhibition in the growth of R. solani was recorded indicating a strong antagonistic potential for this endophyte. To investigate the chemical composition of its metabolites, GC/MS analysis was used and thirty-two compounds in its culture filtrate were identified. Among these metabolites, some compounds with an antifungal background were detected including palmitic acid, 2-heptanone, and 2,3-butanediol. To these antifungal metabolites the antagonistic activity of A. oryzae YRA3 can be attributed. In the greenhouse experiment, treating of the infected sorghum plants with A. oryzae YRA3 significantly reduced severity of the Rhizoctonia root rot by 73.4%. An upregulation of the defensive genes (JERF3), (POD) and (CHI II) was recorded in sorghum roots when were inoculated with A. oryzae YRA3. In addition, an increment in the activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase, as well as the total phenolic content in the sorghum roots was also recorded. Furthermore, the results obtained from the greenhouse experiment revealed a growth-promoting effect for inoculating the sorghum plants with A. oryzae YRA3. It can be concluded that A. oryzae YRA3 can be a probable biological agent to control this disease in sorghum. However, its evaluation under field conditions is highly needed in the future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Younes M Rashad
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt.
| | - Mona S Al Tami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Qassim University, 51452, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara A Abdalla
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bamisile BS, Afolabi OG, Siddiqui JA, Xu Y. Endophytic insect pathogenic fungi-host plant-herbivore mutualism: elucidating the mechanisms involved in the tripartite interactions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:326. [PMID: 37776438 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03780-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Various techniques used by crop plants to evade insect pests and pathogen attacks have been documented. Among these, plant defense strategies induced by endophytic insect pathogenic fungi are arguably one of the most discussed. Endophytic fungi frequently colonize plants and inhabit their internal tissues for a portion of their lifespan without producing visible symptoms of the disease. This phenomenon is widespread and diverse in both natural and agricultural ecosystems, and is present in almost all plant organs. Many fungi can obtain nutrients by infecting and killing insects, and this ability has been developed numerous times in different fungal lineages. These species mainly consist of those in the order Hypocreales (Ascomycota), where the generalist insect pathogens, Beauveria sp. (Cordycipitaceae) and Metarhizium sp. (Clavicipitaceae) are two of the most studied endophytic entomopathogenic fungal genera. However, most fungi that kill insects do not survive in the tissues of living plants. The data published thus far show a high degree of variability and do not provide consistent explanations for the underlying mechanisms that may be responsible for these effects. This implies that available knowledge regarding the colonization of plant tissues by endophytic insect pathogenic fungi, the effects of colonization on plant metabolism, and how this contributes to a decrease in herbivore and pathogens damage is limited. To adequately utilize fungal-based products as biological control agents, these products must be effective and the reduction of pests and infection must be consistent and similar to that of chemical insecticides after application. This article discusses this possibility and highlights the benefits and the specific techniques utilized by endophytically challenged plants in invading insect pests and disease pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bamisope Steve Bamisile
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512005, China
| | | | - Junaid Ali Siddiqui
- College of Agriculture, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yijuan Xu
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sharma I, Raina A, Choudhary M, Apra, Kaul S, Dhar MK. Fungal endophyte bioinoculants as a green alternative towards sustainable agriculture. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19487. [PMID: 37662754 PMCID: PMC10472071 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past half century, limited use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and conservation of the environment and natural resources have become the interdependent goals of sustainable agriculture. These practices support agriculture sustainability with less environmental and climatic impacts. Therefore, there is an upsurge in the need to introduce compatible booster methods for maximizing net production. The best straightforward strategy is to explore and utilize plant-associated beneficial microorganisms and their products. Bioinoculants are bioformulations consisting of selected microbial strains on a suitable carrier used in the enhancement of crop production. Fungal endophytes used as bioinoculants confer various benefits to the host, such as protection against pathogens by eliciting immune response, mineralization of essential nutrients, and promoting plant growth. Besides, they also produce various bioactive metabolites, phytohormones, and volatile organic compounds. To design various bioformulations, transdisciplinary approaches like genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and microbiome modulation strategies like gene editing and metabolic reconstruction have been explored. These studies will refine the existing knowledge on the diversity, phylogeny and beneficial traits of the microbes. This will also help in synthesizing microbial consortia by evaluating the role of structural and functional elements of communities in a controlled manner. The present review summarizes the beneficial aspects associated with fungal endophytes for capitalizing agricultural outputs, enlists various multi-omics techniques for understanding and modulating the mechanism involved in endophytism and the generation of new bioformulations for providing novel solutions for the enhancement of crop production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itika Sharma
- Fungal Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180006, India
| | - Ashish Raina
- Fungal Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180006, India
| | - Malvi Choudhary
- Fungal Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180006, India
| | - Apra
- Fungal Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180006, India
| | - Sanjana Kaul
- Fungal Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180006, India
| | - Manoj K. Dhar
- Plant Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180006, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pan F, Yang N, Zhu X, Yu C, Jiang M, Jiang Y, Liu S, Wu W, Liu Y. Discovery of a Natural Hybrid Polyketide Produced by Endophytic Cladosporium sphaerospermum for Biocontrol of Phytopathogenic Fungus Botrytis cinerea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12190-12202. [PMID: 37537142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The endophytic fungus Cladosporium sphaerospermum WBS017 exhibits broad-spectrum activity against plant pathogens, with particular effectiveness against Botrytis cinerea. Subsequently, a compound is isolated from strain WBS017 as the main active ingredient against B. cinerea using activity-guided separation and identified as hybrid polyketide (namely cladodionen, CLD) using UV, MS, NMR, etc. In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity tests demonstrate that CLD effectively inhibits the mycelial growth and spore germination, with an IC50 value of 1.13 and 0.095 mM, respectively, and exerts antifungal and fresh-keeping effects on both strawberry and tomato. Microscopy analysis reveals that the inhibitory effects of CLD on hyphae and spore germination are attributed to a decrease in structural stability of mycelia cells as well as the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, transcriptome analysis further indicates that spore germination is inhibited by suppressing the transcription levels of membrane or membrane-related genes, disturbing the balance of ROS metabolism, altering the primary metabolic pathways, genetic information processing, and cellular processes. Importantly, CLD demonstrates no significant toxicity on zebrafish embryos even at a concentration of 0.226 mM, indicating its potential as a safe biological-control agent. In summary, CLD would be a novel potential biological-control agent and can be considered as a promising fungicide to control B. cinerea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Department of Production of Special Utilizated Plant, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Guizhou Provincial College-based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Production of Special Utilizated Plant, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Guizhou Provincial College-based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Xinting Zhu
- Guizhou Provincial College-based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Changyan Yu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Guizhou Provincial College-based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Meiyan Jiang
- Department of Production of Special Utilizated Plant, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yijie Jiang
- Department of Production of Special Utilizated Plant, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Siqin Liu
- Department of Production of Special Utilizated Plant, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Production of Special Utilizated Plant, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yun Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Guizhou Provincial College-based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Center of Forensic Expertise, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Agrawal S, Bhatt A. Microbial Endophytes: Emerging Trends and Biotechnological Applications. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:249. [PMID: 37347454 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03349-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of knowledge on the role of endophytic microorganisms has been reported in recent years. The cooperative chemistry between the endophytes and the internal host tissue has turned them into a crucial aid for biotechnological applications. Microbial endophytes are ubiquitous among most plant species on earth and contribute to the benefit of host plants by generating a wide range of metabolites that provide the plant with survival value. Endophytes can either directly stimulate plant growth by producing phytohormones or indirectly stimulate plant growth by increasing the availability of soil nutrients to plants. Endophytes may also help suppress diseases in plants directly by neutralizing environmental toxic elements, and by inhibiting plant pathogens by antagonistic action, or indirectly by stimulating induced plant systemic resistance. Several natural compounds produced by endophytes as secondary metabolites are beneficial to both plants and humans. This is why endophytes are regarded as a significant source of novel natural products of value in modern medicine, agriculture, and industry. Endophytes are known for producing pigments, bioactive compounds, and industrially important enzymes, like glucanase, amylase, laccase, etc. Some endophytes can also produce nanoparticles that potentially have numerous applications in a variety of fields. They also play an important role in biodegradation and bioremediation, both of which are beneficial to the environment and ecology. In this review, we highlighted potential biotechnological applications of endophytic microbes, as well as their diverse importance in plant growth and public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Agrawal
- VMSB Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India, 248001
| | - Arun Bhatt
- Department of Biotechnology, G. B. Pant Institute of Engineering and Technology, Ghurdauri, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India, 246001.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Qi HY, Wang D, Han D, Song J, Ali M, Dai XF, Zhang XJ, Chen JY. Unlocking antagonistic potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KRS005 to control gray mold. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1189354. [PMID: 37333651 PMCID: PMC10272387 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1189354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To establish a safe, efficient, and simple biocontrol measure for gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea, the basic characteristics and antifungal activity of KRS005 were studied from multiple aspects including morphological observation, multilocus sequence analysis and typing (MLSA-MLST), physical-biochemical assays, broad-spectrum inhibitory activities, control efficiency of gray mold, and determination of plant immunity. The strain KRS005, identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, demonstrated broad-spectrum inhibitory activities against various pathogenic fungi by dual confrontation culture assays, of which the inhibition rate of B. cinerea was up to 90.3%. Notably, through the evaluation of control efficiency, it was found that KRS005 fermentation broth could effectively control the occurrence of tobacco leaves gray mold by determining the lesion diameter and biomass of B. cinerea on tobacco leaves still had a high control effect after dilution of 100 folds. Meanwhile, KRS005 fermentation broth had no impact on the mesophyll tissue of tobacco leaves. Further studies showed that plant defense-related genes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS), salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA)-related signal pathways were significantly upregulated when tobacco leaves were sprayed with KRS005 cell-free supernatant. In addition, KRS005 could inhibit cell membrane damage and increase the permeability of B. cinerea. Overall, KRS005, as a promising biocontrol agent, would likely serve as an alternative to chemical fungicides to control gray mold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yue Qi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Mudanjiang Normal University, Mudanjiang, China
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongfei Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Song
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Mudanjiang Normal University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bilous S, Likhanov A, Boroday V, Marchuk Y, Zelena L, Subin O, Bilous A. Antifungal Activity and Effect of Plant-Associated Bacteria on Phenolic Synthesis of Quercus robur L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1352. [PMID: 36987039 PMCID: PMC10059881 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Europe's forests, particularly in Ukraine, are highly vulnerable to climate change. The maintenance and improvement of forest health are high-priority issues, and various stakeholders have shown an interest in understanding and utilizing ecological interactions between trees and their associated microorganisms. Endophyte microbes can influence the health of trees either by directly interacting with the damaging agents or modulating host responses to infection. In the framework of this work, ten morphotypes of endophytic bacteria from the tissues of unripe acorns of Quercus robur L. were isolated. Based on the results of the sequenced 16S rRNA genes, four species of endophytic bacteria were identified: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus subtilis, Delftia acidovorans, and Lelliottia amnigena. Determining the activity of pectolytic enzymes showed that the isolates B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens could not cause maceration of plant tissues. Screening for these isolates revealed their fungistatic effect against phytopathogenic micromycetes, namely Fusarium tricinctum, Botrytis cinerea, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Inoculation of B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, and their complex in oak leaves, in contrast to phytopathogenic bacteria, contributed to the complete restoration of the epidermis at the sites of damage. The phytopathogenic bacteria Pectobacterium and Pseudomonas caused a 2.0 and 2.2 times increase in polyphenol concentration in the plants, respectively, while the ratio of antioxidant activity to total phenolic content decreased. Inoculation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus subtilis isolates into oak leaf tissue were accompanied by a decrease in the total pool of phenolic compounds. The ratio of antioxidant activity to total phenolic content increased. This indicates a qualitative improvement in the overall balance of the oak leaf antioxidant system induced by potential PGPB. Thus, endophytic bacteria of the genus Bacillus isolated from the internal tissues of unripe oak acorns have the ability of growth biocontrol and spread of phytopathogens, indicating their promise for use as biopesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Bilous
- Education and Research Institute of Forestry and Landscape-Park Management, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine (Y.M.)
- Institute for Evolutionary Ecology NAS of Ukraine, 37 Lebedeva Str., 03143 Kiev, Ukraine
- Forestry Department, Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, Germany, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 3, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Artur Likhanov
- Education and Research Institute of Forestry and Landscape-Park Management, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine (Y.M.)
- Institute for Evolutionary Ecology NAS of Ukraine, 37 Lebedeva Str., 03143 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Vira Boroday
- Education and Research Institute of Forestry and Landscape-Park Management, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine (Y.M.)
| | - Yurii Marchuk
- Education and Research Institute of Forestry and Landscape-Park Management, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine (Y.M.)
| | - Liubov Zelena
- Danylo Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 154 Zabolotnogo Str., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Subin
- State Enterprise “State Centre of Agricultural Products Certification and Examination”, Janusha Korchaka Str. 9/12, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andrii Bilous
- Education and Research Institute of Forestry and Landscape-Park Management, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine (Y.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Devi R, Verma R, Dhalaria R, Kumar A, Kumar D, Puri S, Thakur M, Chauhan S, Chauhan PP, Nepovimova E, Kuca K. A systematic review on endophytic fungi and its role in the commercial applications. PLANTA 2023; 257:70. [PMID: 36856911 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION EF have been explored for its beneficial impact on environment and for its commercial applications. It has proved its worth in these sectors and showed an impact on biological properties of plants by producing various bioactive molecules and enzymes. Endophytes are plant mutualists that live asymptomatically within plant tissues and exist in almost every plant species. Endophytic fungi benefit from the host plant nutrition, and the host plant gains improved competitive abilities and tolerance against pathogens, herbivores, and various abiotic stresses. Endophytic fungi are one of the most inventive classes which produce secondary metabolites and play a crucial role in human health and other biotic aspects. This review is focused on systematic study on the biodiversity of endophytic fungi in plants, and their role in enhancing various properties of plants such as antimicrobial, antimycobacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, anticancer, and biological activity of secondary metabolites produced by various fungal endophytes in host plants reported from 1994 to 2021. This review emphasizes the endophytic fungal population shaped by host genotype, environment, and endophytic fungi genotype affecting host plant. The impact of endophytic fungi has been discussed in detail which influences the commercial properties of plants. Endophytes also have an influence on plant productivity by increasing parameters such as nutrient recycling and phytostimulation. Studies focusing on mechanisms that regulate attenuation of secondary metabolite production in EF would provide much needed impetus on ensuring continued production of bioactive molecules from a indubitable source. If this knowledge is further extensively explored regarding fungal endophytes in plants for production of potential phytochemicals, then it will help in exploring a keen area of interest for pharmacognosy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reema Devi
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, H.P., 173229, India
| | - Rachna Verma
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, H.P., 173229, India.
| | - Rajni Dhalaria
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, H.P., 173229, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, 249405, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Business Management, Solan, H.P., 173229, India
| | - Sunil Puri
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, H.P., 173229, India
| | - Monika Thakur
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, H.P., 173229, India
| | - Saurav Chauhan
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, H.P., 173229, India
| | - Prem Parkash Chauhan
- Lal Bahadur Shastri Government Degree College, Saraswati Nagar, Shimla, H.P., 171206, India
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Khairullina A, Micic N, Jørgensen HJL, Bjarnholt N, Bülow L, Collinge DB, Jensen B. Biocontrol Effect of Clonostachys rosea on Fusarium graminearum Infection and Mycotoxin Detoxification in Oat ( Avena sativa). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12030500. [PMID: 36771583 PMCID: PMC9918947 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Oat (Avena sativa) is susceptible to Fusarium head blight (FHB). The quality of oat grain is threatened by the accumulation of mycotoxins, particularly the trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON), which also acts as a virulence factor for the main pathogen Fusarium graminearum. The plant can defend itself, e.g., by DON detoxification by UGT-glycosyltransferases (UTGs) and accumulation of PR-proteins, even though these mechanisms do not deliver effective levels of resistance. We studied the ability of the fungal biocontrol agent (BCA) Clonostachys rosea to reduce FHB and mycotoxin accumulation. Greenhouse trials showed that C. rosea-inoculation of oat spikelets at anthesis 3 days prior to F. graminearum inoculation reduced both the amount of Fusarium DNA (79%) and DON level (80%) in mature oat kernels substantially. DON applied to C. rosea-treated spikelets resulted in higher conversion of DON to DON-3-Glc than in mock treated plants. Moreover, there was a significant enhancement of expression of two oat UGT-glycosyltransferase genes in C. rosea-treated oat. In addition, C. rosea treatment activated expression of genes encoding four PR-proteins and a WRKY23-like transcription factor, suggesting that C. rosea may induce resistance in oat. Thus, C. rosea IK726 has strong potential to be used as a BCA against FHB in oat as it inhibits F. graminearum infection effectively, whilst detoxifying DON mycotoxin rapidly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfia Khairullina
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nikola Micic
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Hans J. Lyngs Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nanna Bjarnholt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Leif Bülow
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - David B. Collinge
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Birgit Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yao X, Guo H, Zhang K, Zhao M, Ruan J, Chen J. Trichoderma and its role in biological control of plant fungal and nematode disease. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1160551. [PMID: 37206337 PMCID: PMC10189891 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1160551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma is mainly used to control soil-borne diseases as well as some leaf and panicle diseases of various plants. Trichoderma can not only prevent diseases but also promotes plant growth, improves nutrient utilization efficiency, enhances plant resistance, and improves agrochemical pollution environment. Trichoderma spp. also behaves as a safe, low-cost, effective, eco-friendly biocontrol agent for different crop species. In this study, we introduced the biological control mechanism of Trichoderma in plant fungal and nematode disease, including competition, antibiosis, antagonism, and mycoparasitism, as well as the mechanism of promoting plant growth and inducing plant systemic resistance between Trichoderma and plants, and expounded on the application and control effects of Trichoderma in the control of various plant fungal and nematode diseases. From an applicative point of view, establishing a diversified application technology for Trichoderma is an important development direction for its role in the sustainable development of agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yao
- College of Agronomy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hailin Guo
- Science and Technology Innovation Development Center of Bijie City, Bijie, China
| | - Kaixuan Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyu Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jingjun Ruan
- College of Agronomy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jingjun Ruan,
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Jie Chen,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Transgenic Improvement for Biotic Resistance of Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214370. [PMID: 36430848 PMCID: PMC9697442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotic constraints, including pathogenic fungi, viruses and bacteria, herbivory insects, as well as parasitic nematodes, cause significant yield loss and quality deterioration of crops. The effect of conventional management of these biotic constraints is limited. The advances in transgenic technologies provide a direct and directional approach to improve crops for biotic resistance. More than a hundred transgenic events and hundreds of cultivars resistant to herbivory insects, pathogenic viruses, and fungi have been developed by the heterologous expression of exogenous genes and RNAi, authorized for cultivation and market, and resulted in a significant reduction in yield loss and quality deterioration. However, the exploration of transgenic improvement for resistance to bacteria and nematodes by overexpression of endogenous genes and RNAi remains at the testing stage. Recent advances in RNAi and CRISPR/Cas technologies open up possibilities to improve the resistance of crops to pathogenic bacteria and plant parasitic nematodes, as well as other biotic constraints.
Collapse
|
27
|
Morales-Quintana L, Miño R, Mendez-Yañez A, Gundel PE, Ramos P. Do fungal-endosymbionts improve crop nutritional quality and tolerance to stress by boosting flavonoid-mediated responses? Food Res Int 2022; 161:111850. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
28
|
López-Moral A, Lovera M, Antón-Domínguez BI, Gámiz AM, Michailides TJ, Arquero O, Trapero A, Agustí-Brisach C. Effects of Cultivar Susceptibility, Branch Age, and Temperature on Infection by Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthe Fungi on English Walnut ( Juglans regia). PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2920-2926. [PMID: 35380463 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-21-2042-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthe fungi have been described as the main causal agents of branch dieback and shoot blight of English walnut (Juglans regia L.). To date, the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on disease development on this host are still poorly understood. Thus, the main goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of cultivar, shoot-branch age, and temperature on infection by Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthe fungi on English walnut. The susceptibility of eight commercial cultivars was evaluated against three Botryosphaeriaceae and two Diaporthe species. For the remaining experiments, shoots or branches of 'Chandler' were used. An initial experiment evaluating two inoculation methods was conducted, with inoculation with a mycelial plug being more consistent and useful than conidial suspension inoculation. Cultivar susceptibility varied depending on the fungal species, with 'Chandler' being among the most tolerant cultivars for shoot infection. One-year-old shoots were significantly more sensitive for both Neofusicoccum parvum and Diaporthe neotheicola in comparison with 2- to 4-year-old branches. The effect of temperature on shoot infection was evaluated under 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C. Lesion development was significantly higher for N. parvum isolates than for D. neotheicola isolates at all temperatures evaluated, with optimum temperature of shoot infection being ∼26°C for N. parvum and ∼21°C for D. neotheicola.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana López-Moral
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Lovera
- Departamento de Fruticultura Mediterránea, IFAPA, Alameda del Obispo, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Begoña I Antón-Domínguez
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio M Gámiz
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Themis J Michailides
- Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, University of California, Davis, Parlier, CA 93648, U.S.A
| | - Octavio Arquero
- Departamento de Fruticultura Mediterránea, IFAPA, Alameda del Obispo, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Trapero
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Agustí-Brisach
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Boro M, Sannyasi S, Chettri D, Verma AK. Microorganisms in biological control strategies to manage microbial plant pathogens: a review. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:666. [PMID: 36214917 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are an integral part of modern agriculture and are often associated with numerous environmental problems. Biological agents such as microorganisms can largely replace chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The proper use of selected microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and viruses have several benefits for agriculture. These include a healthy soil microbiota, biological production of important compounds that promote plant health, and to be used as biocontrol agents (BCAs) that provide protection from plant pathogenic microorganisms. Scientists have found that several bacterial genera including Bacillus and Pseudomonas have antimicrobial activity against numerous pathogenic bacterial and fungal plant pathogens. Trichoderma, Aspergillus, and Penicillium are among the most common fungal genera used as BCAs against both bacterial and fungal plant pathogens. Several bacteriophages and mycoviruses are also found effective as BCAs against selective plant pathogens. Fusarium oxysporum is a commonly found microbial plant pathogen causing wilts and rots in plants. Overall, it can be concluded that the use of microbial BCAs is an effective practice against microbial plant pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manswama Boro
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India
| | - Shuvankar Sannyasi
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India
| | - Dixita Chettri
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India
| | - Anil Kumar Verma
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Plant Abiotic and Biotic Stress Alleviation: From an Endophytic Microbial Perspective. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:311. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
31
|
Rashad YM, Abdalla SA, Shehata AS. Aspergillus flavus YRB2 from Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl., a non-aflatoxigenic endophyte with ability to overexpress defense-related genes against Fusarium root rot of maize. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:229. [PMID: 36175855 PMCID: PMC9524039 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium root rot, caused by Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., represents one of the most damaging diseases of maize affecting plant growth and yield. In this study, the antagonistic potential of a non-aflatoxigenic endophytic Aspergillus flavus YRB2, isolated from Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl., was tested against F. solani in vitro. In addition, its biocontrol activity against Fusarium root rot of maize was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Its impacts on plant molecular, pathological, physiological, and growth levels were also studied. Results obtained revealed a potent antagonistic behavior for A. flavus YRB2 against F. solani in vitro, recording 80% growth inhibition. Seventeen secondary metabolites were detected in the n-hexane extract of A. flavus YRB2 filtered culture broth using GC-MS analysis. Among them, various antifungal secondary metabolites were produced, namely palmitic acid, α-linolenic acid, stearic acid, 2, 4-di-tert-butylphenol, diisobutyl phthalate, and heneicosane. In contrast, HPLC analysis showed that no aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) were detected. Under greenhouse conditions, colonization of maize plants with A. flavus YRB2 exhibited a potential biocontrol activity against Fusarium root rot, recording 73.4% reduction in the disease severity. Triggering of transcriptional expression level of the defense-related genes JERF3 (7.2-fold), CHI II (8-fold), and POD (9.1-fold) was reported, indicating the inducing effect on the plant immunity. In addition, an increment in the antioxidant enzymes POD and PPO, and the total phenolic content in maize roots was also observed in response to this treatment. Moreover, a growth-promoting effect was also observed for colonization of maize plants with A. flavus YRB2. Based on the obtained data, we can conclude that A. flavus YRB2 may represent a promising biocontrol and growth-promoting agent for maize plants against Fusarium root rot. Nevertheless, field evaluation is highly requested before the use recommendation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Younes M Rashad
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, 21934, Egypt.
| | - Sara A Abdalla
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, 21934, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Shehata
- Environment and Natural Materials Research Institute (ENMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, 21934, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zuo YL, Hu QN, Qin L, Liu JQ, He XL. Species identity and combinations differ in their overall benefits to Astragalus adsurgens plants inoculated with single or multiple endophytic fungi under drought conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:933738. [PMID: 36160950 PMCID: PMC9490189 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.933738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although desert plants often establish multiple simultaneous symbiotic associations with various endophytic fungi in their roots, most studies focus on single fungus inoculation. Therefore, combined inoculation of multiple fungi should be applied to simulate natural habitats with the presence of a local microbiome. Here, a pot experiment was conducted to test the synergistic effects between three extremely arid habitat-adapted root endophytes (Alternaria chlamydospora, Sarocladium kiliense, and Monosporascus sp.). For that, we compared the effects of single fungus vs. combined fungi inoculation, on plant morphology and rhizospheric soil microhabitat of desert plant Astragalus adsurgens grown under drought and non-sterile soil conditions. The results indicated that fungal inoculation mainly influenced root biomass of A. adsurgens, but did not affect the shoot biomass. Both single fungus and combined inoculation decreased plant height (7-17%), but increased stem branching numbers (13-34%). However, fungal inoculation influenced the root length and surface area depending on their species and combinations, with the greatest benefits occurring on S. kiliense inoculation alone and its co-inoculation with Monosporascus sp. (109% and 61%; 54% and 42%). Although A. chlamydospora and co-inoculations with S. kiliense and Monosporascus sp. also appeared to promote root growth, these inoculations resulted in obvious soil acidification. Despite no observed root growth promotion, Monosporascus sp. associated with its combined inoculations maximally facilitated soil organic carbon accumulation. However, noticeably, combined inoculation of the three species had no significant effects on root length, surface area, and biomass, but promoted rhizospheric fungal diversity and abundance most, with Sordariomycetes being the dominant fungal group. This indicates the response of plant growth to fungal inoculation may be different from that of the rhizospheric fungal community. Structural equation modeling also demonstrated that fungal inoculation significantly influenced the interactions among the growth of A. adsurgens, soil factors, and rhizospheric fungal groups. Our findings suggest that, based on species-specific and combinatorial effects, endophytic fungi enhanced the plant root growth, altered soil nutrients, and facilitated rhizospheric fungal community, possibly contributing to desert plant performance and ecological adaptability. These results will provide the basis for evaluating the potential application of fungal inoculants for developing sustainable management for desert ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Zuo
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Qian-Nan Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Le Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jia-Qiang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xue-Li He
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sanap SN, Kedar A, Bisen AC, Agrawal S, Bhatta RS. A recent update on therapeutic potential of vesicular system against fungal keratitis. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
34
|
Attia MS, Hashem AH, Badawy AA, Abdelaziz AM. Biocontrol of early blight disease of eggplant using endophytic Aspergillus terreus: improving plant immunological, physiological and antifungal activities. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2022; 63:26. [PMID: 36030517 PMCID: PMC9420682 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-022-00357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The eggplant suffers from many biotic stresses that cause severe damage to crop production. One of the most destructive eggplant pathogens is Alternaria solani, which causes early blight disease. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of fungal endophytes in protecting eggplant against early blight as well as in improving its growth performance. RESULTS Endophytic Aspergillus terreus was isolated from Ocimum basilicum leaves and identified morphologically and genetically. In vitro, crude extract of endophytic A. terreus exhibited promising antifungal activity against A. solani where minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 1.25 mg/ml. Severity of the disease and rate of protection from the disease were recorded. Vegetative growth indices, physiological resistance signs (photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates, proteins, phenols, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidant enzymes), and isozymes were estimated. Alternaria solani caused a highly disease severity (87.5%) and a noticeable decreasing in growth characteristics and photosynthetic pigments except for carotenoids. Also, infection with A. solani caused significant decreases in the contents of carbohydrate and protein by 29.94% and 10.52%, respectively. Infection with A. solani caused enhancement in phenolics (77.21%), free proline (30.56%), malondialdehyde (30.26%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (125.47%), catalase (CAT) (125.93%), peroxidase (POD) (25.07%) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) (125.37%) compared to healthy plants. In contrast, the use of A. terreus on infected plants succeeded in recovering eggplants from the disease, as the disease severity was recorded (caused protection by 66.67%). Application of A. terreus either on healthy or infected eggplants showed several responses in number and density of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) isozymes. CONCLUSION It is necessary for us to address the remarkable improvement in the photosynthetic pigments, protein, carbohydrates, and enzymatic activity compared to infected control, which opens the way for more studies on the use of biocides as safe alternatives against fungal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Attia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Amr H Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Ali A Badawy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt.
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt.
| | - Amer M Abdelaziz
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt.
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Safari Motlagh MR, Farokhzad M, Kaviani B, Kulus D. Endophytic Fungi as Potential Biocontrol Agents against Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.—The Causal Agent of Peanut White Stem Rot Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172643. [PMID: 36078051 PMCID: PMC9454559 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peanut stem white rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is a soil-borne disease that is widely prevailing across peanut farms, leading to serious economic losses. Screening for biocontrol agents against this pathogen is urgent. In this research, 166 fungal isolates including 136 isolates of S. rolfsii and 30 isolates of antagonistic endophytic fungi were obtained from a total of 220 samples collected from peanut farms in Guilan province, Iran. After morphological and molecular identification, six superior endophytic isolates were finally selected for the in vitro and greenhouse trials, including four isolates from Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma virens, Penicillium decaturense, and Aspergillus flavus and two isolates from Penicillium rubens. Four methods of biocontrol were used during the in vitro phase, i.e., dual culture, volatile metabolites assay, non-volatile metabolites assay (culture extract), and slide culture. It was found that T. virens had the highest capability of suppressing the mycelial growth of S. rolfsii in the dual culture method (90.98%). As for the volatile metabolites assay, the most effective isolates in inhibiting the pathogen’s mycelial growth were P. rubens (MN395854.1) and A. flavus (84.30% and 73.50% inhibition, respectively). In the non-volatile metabolites method, the isolates that performed the best in suppressing the mycelial growth of S. rolfsii were T. viride and P. rubens (MN395854.1) with 91.80% and 90.20% inhibitory effects, respectively. On the other hand, in the slide culture method, all isolates, except for T. virens and T. viride, successfully controlled the development of S. rolfsii hyphae. The greenhouse trials also supported the effectiveness of endophytic fungi in controlling the pathogen on the host plants. According to the results, T. viride, A. flavus, and P. rubens (MN395854.1) were 44%, 42%, and 38% effective in alleviating the disease incidence and severity. Moreover, the application of these antagonistic fungi in the greenhouse conditions increased the height, fresh weight, and dry weight of the Arachis hypogaea plants infected with the disease causal agent compared to the plants treated only with the pathogen. The results of the in vitro and greenhouse experiments revealed that the endophytic fungi occurring in the natural microbiota of peanut are capable of bio-controlling S. rolfsii, the causal agent of peanut stem white rot disease. These findings shed new insights into the possible resistance induction in A. hypogaea plants through biological protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Safari Motlagh
- Department of Plant Protection, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht 4147654919, Iran
- Correspondence: (M.R.S.M.); (D.K.); Tel.: +98-9111384168 (M.R.S.M.); +48-523749536 (D.K.)
| | - Maryam Farokhzad
- Department of Plant Protection, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht 4147654919, Iran
| | - Behzad Kaviani
- Department of Horticultural Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht 4147654919, Iran
| | - Dariusz Kulus
- Laboratory of Ornamental Plants and Vegetable Crops, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bernardyńska 6, 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.R.S.M.); (D.K.); Tel.: +98-9111384168 (M.R.S.M.); +48-523749536 (D.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Dos Reis JBA, do Vale HMM, Lorenzi AS. Insights into taxonomic diversity and bioprospecting potential of Cerrado endophytic fungi: a review exploring an unique Brazilian biome and methodological limitations. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:202. [PMID: 35999403 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerrado is the second largest biome in Brazil, and it is known for harboring a wide variety of endemic plant and microbial species, among which are endophytic fungi. Endophytic fungi are microorganisms capable of colonizing the interior of plant tissues without causing disease in host plants. Especially in the Cerrado biome, this group of microorganisms is still poorly studied and information on species estimation, ecological and evolutionary importance is not accurate and remains unknown. Also, it is extremely important to emphasize that great part of studies available on Cerrado endophytic fungi are national literature, including master's dissertations, course conclusion works or unpublished doctoral theses. The majority of these studies has highlighted that the endemic plant species are an important habitat for fungal endophytes, and new species have increasingly been described. Due to the lack of international literature on Cerrado endophytic fungi, the present review brings a bibliographic survey on taxonomic diversity and bioprospecting potential of fungal endophytes from a unique environment. This review also emphasizes the importance of studying Brazilian endophytic fungi from Cerrado as a source of new technologies (biofertilizer and biocontroller), since they are secondary metabolite-producing organisms with different biological activities for biotechnological, agricultural and pharmaceutical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Helson Mário Martins do Vale
- Department of Phytopathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília-UnB, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Adriana Sturion Lorenzi
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília-UnB, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Byregowda R, Prasad SR, Oelmüller R, Nataraja KN, Prasanna Kumar MK. Is Endophytic Colonization of Host Plants a Method of Alleviating Drought Stress? Conceptualizing the Hidden World of Endophytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169194. [PMID: 36012460 PMCID: PMC9408852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the wake of changing climatic conditions, plants are frequently exposed to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses at various stages of their development, all of which negatively affect their growth, development, and productivity. Drought is one of the most devastating abiotic stresses for most cultivated crops, particularly in arid and semiarid environments. Conventional breeding and biotechnological approaches are used to generate drought-tolerant crop plants. However, these techniques are costly and time-consuming. Plant-colonizing microbes, notably, endophytic fungi, have received increasing attention in recent years since they can boost plant growth and yield and can strengthen plant responses to abiotic stress. In this review, we describe these microorganisms and their relationship with host plants, summarize the current knowledge on how they “reprogram” the plants to promote their growth, productivity, and drought tolerance, and explain why they are promising agents in modern agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roopashree Byregowda
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Karaba N. Nataraja
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - M. K. Prasanna Kumar
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Poveda J, Díaz-González S, Díaz-Urbano M, Velasco P, Sacristán S. Fungal endophytes of Brassicaceae: Molecular interactions and crop benefits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:932288. [PMID: 35991403 PMCID: PMC9390090 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.932288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Brassicaceae family includes an important group of plants of great scientific interest, e.g., the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and of economic interest, such as crops of the genus Brassica (Brassica oleracea, Brassica napus, Brassica rapa, etc.). This group of plants is characterized by the synthesis and accumulation in their tissues of secondary metabolites called glucosinolates (GSLs), sulfur-containing compounds mainly involved in plant defense against pathogens and pests. Brassicaceae plants are among the 30% of plant species that cannot establish optimal associations with mycorrhizal hosts (together with other plant families such as Proteaceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Caryophyllaceae), and GSLs could be involved in this evolutionary process of non-interaction. However, this group of plants can establish beneficial interactions with endophytic fungi, which requires a reduction of defensive responses by the host plant and/or an evasion, tolerance, or suppression of plant defenses by the fungus. Although much remains to be known about the mechanisms involved in the Brassicaceae-endophyte fungal interaction, several cases have been described, in which the fungi need to interfere with the GSL synthesis and hydrolysis in the host plant, or even directly degrade GSLs before they are hydrolyzed to antifungal isothiocyanates. Once the Brassicaceae-endophyte fungus symbiosis is formed, the host plant can obtain important benefits from an agricultural point of view, such as plant growth promotion and increase in yield and quality, increased tolerance to abiotic stresses, and direct and indirect control of plant pests and diseases. This review compiles the studies on the interaction between endophytic fungi and Brassicaceae plants, discussing the mechanisms involved in the success of the symbiosis, together with the benefits obtained by these plants. Due to their unique characteristics, the family Brassicaceae can be seen as a fruitful source of novel beneficial endophytes with applications to crops, as well as to generate new models of study that allow us to better understand the interactions of these amazing fungi with plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Poveda
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sandra Díaz-González
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Díaz-Urbano
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Pablo Velasco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Soledad Sacristán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pandey SS, Jain R, Bhardwaj P, Thakur A, Kumari M, Bhushan S, Kumar S. Plant Probiotics – Endophytes pivotal to plant health. Microbiol Res 2022; 263:127148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
40
|
Lu L, Karunarathna SC, Hyde KD, Suwannarach N, Elgorban AM, Stephenson SL, Al-Rejaie S, Jayawardena RS, Tibpromma S. Endophytic Fungi Associated with Coffee Leaves in China Exhibited In Vitro Antagonism against Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070698. [PMID: 35887454 PMCID: PMC9317674 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee endophytes have been studied for almost 74 years, and several studies have demonstrated coffee-endophytic fungi with antibacterial and antifungal potential for human and plant pathogens. In this study, we isolated and identified a total of 235 strains of endophytic fungi from coffee leaf tissues collected in four coffee plantations in Pu’er city, Yunnan province, China. Molecular identification was carried out using maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2) sequences, while the colonization rate and the isolation frequency were also calculated. Two pathogenic fungi (Alternaria alternata and Penicillium digitatum) and two pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica) were used for screening the antagonistic activities of 61 strains of coffee-endophytic fungi by a dual-culture test assay while maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis confirmed their natural classification. This is the first study of coffee-leaf-endophytic fungal diversity in China, and the results revealed that coffee-endophytic fungi from this study belong to the Ascomycota, distributed among two classes, 10 orders, and 17 families. Concurrently, endophytic fungi isolates distributed in Arthrinium, Biscogniauxia, Daldinia, Diaporthe, and Nigrospora showed strong antagonistic activities against the pathogens. For the pathogens Alternaria alternata and Pseudomonas syringae, Nigrospora XCE-7 showed the best inhibitory effects with inhibition rates of 71.76% and 61.11%, respectively. For the pathogen Penicillium digitatum, Daldinia ME-9 showed the best inhibitory effect with a 74.67% inhibition rate, while Biscogniauxia PTE-7 and Daldinia T5E-1-3 showed the best inhibitory effect with a rate of 60.42% against the pathogen Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. Overall, our study shows the diversity of coffee endophytes in four coffee-growing areas in Pu’er city, Yunnan province, China, and their potential use as biological control agents against two fungal and two bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Lu
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (L.L.); (S.C.K.)
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (K.D.H.); (R.S.J.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Samantha C. Karunarathna
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (L.L.); (S.C.K.)
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (K.D.H.); (R.S.J.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhong Kai University, Guangzhou 510550, China
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Abdallah M. Elgorban
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh P.O. Box 145111, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Steven L. Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Salim Al-Rejaie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh P.O. Box 145111, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ruvishika S. Jayawardena
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (K.D.H.); (R.S.J.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Saowaluck Tibpromma
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (L.L.); (S.C.K.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Castro-Restrepo D, Dominguez MI, Gaviria-Gutiérrez B, Osorio E, Sierra K. Biotization of Endophytes Trichoderma asperellum and Bacillus subtilis in Mentha spicata Microplants to Promote Growth, Pathogen Tolerance and Specialized Plant Metabolites. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1474. [PMID: 35684247 PMCID: PMC9182777 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of biotization of Mentha spicata microplants with Trichoderma asperellum and Bacillus subtilis on growth, Rhizoctonia sp., incidence, and specialized metabolites content was evaluated. Analyses of root tissues of the microplants showed 100% endophytism with both microorganisms. During the acclimatization phase, plants with the endophytes T. asperellum and B. subtilis had a survival rate of 95% and 93%, respectively, compared to 75% for control plants. Then, under greenhouse conditions, a trial was carried out with biotized plants with or without Rhizoctonia sp. inoculation, plants inoculated with Rhizoctonia sp., and endophyte- and pathogen-free control. Biotized plants with the endophytes showed higher dry biomass and the incidence of Rhizoctonia was lower (8% for T. asperellum and 10% for B. subtilis) compared to plants inoculated with the pathogen (82%). In addition, plants with T. asperellum had the highest contents of total polyphenols (280 GAE/100 mg sample) and rosmarinic acid (28 mg RA/100 g sample). Thus, this study shows the potential of the technique of using the endophytes T. asperellum and B. subtilis on M. spicata microplants to improve plant survival and growth, decrease the incidence of Rhizoctonia sp., and improve the contents of specialized metabolites, which can contribute to the sustainable management of this crop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagoberto Castro-Restrepo
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Católica de Oriente, Cr46-40 B-50, Rionegro 054040, Colombia;
| | - Maria Isabel Dominguez
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Católica de Oriente, Cr46-40 B-50, Rionegro 054040, Colombia;
| | - Bertha Gaviria-Gutiérrez
- Grupo de Investigación Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Católica de Oriente, Rionegro 054040, Colombia;
| | - Edison Osorio
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas GISB, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (E.O.); (K.S.)
| | - Karina Sierra
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas GISB, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (E.O.); (K.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Silva DM, de Souza VHM, Moral RDA, Delalibera Júnior I, Mascarin GM. Production of Purpureocillium lilacinum and Pochonia chlamydosporia by Submerged Liquid Fermentation and Bioactivity against Tetranychus urticae and Heterodera glycines through Seed Inoculation. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:511. [PMID: 35628766 PMCID: PMC9145524 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pochoniachlamydosporia and Purpureocilliumlilacinum are fungal bioagents used for the sustainable management of plant parasitic nematodes. However, their production through submerged liquid fermentation and their use in seed treatment have been underexplored. Therefore, our goal was to assess the effect of different liquid media on the growth of 40 isolates of P. lilacinum and two of P. chlamydosporia. The most promising isolates tested were assessed for plant growth promotion and the control of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) and the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). Most isolates produced > 108 blastospores mL−1 and some isolates produced more than 104 microsclerotia mL−1. Microsclerotia of selected isolates were used to inoculate common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds in greenhouse trials. All fungal isolates reduced the T. urticae fecundity in inoculated plants through seed treatment, while P. chlamydosporia ESALQ5406 and P. lilacinum ESALQ2593 decreased cyst nematode population. Purpureocillium lilacinum was more frequently detected in soil, whereas P. chlamydosporia colonized all plant parts. Pochonia chlamydosporia ESALQ5406 improved the root development of bean plants. These findings demonstrate the possibility of producing submerged propagules of P. chlamydosporia and P. lilacinum by liquid culture, and greenhouse trials support the applicability of fungal microsclerotia in seed treatment to control P. vulgaris pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Milanez Silva
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, University of São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, C.P. 9, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil; (D.M.S.); (I.D.J.)
| | - Victor Hugo Moura de Souza
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Lawrence Weaver Rd., Cambridge CB30 LE, UK;
| | - Rafael de Andrade Moral
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Maynooth University, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Italo Delalibera Júnior
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, University of São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, C.P. 9, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil; (D.M.S.); (I.D.J.)
| | - Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Environment, Rodovia SP 340, KM 127.5, Jaguariúna 13918-110, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Swain BB, Mohapatra PK, Naik SK, Mukherjee AK. Biopriming for induction of disease resistance against pathogens in rice. PLANTA 2022; 255:113. [PMID: 35503188 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rice is attacked by an armada of pathogens. Present review provides a critical evaluation of the potential of different biotic agents used to protect rice yield drop from pathogenicity and an account of unexplored areas, which might be taken into consideration to manage rice diseases. Rice (Oryza sativa L.), is the most important staple food of Asian countries. Rice production is significantly limited by a diversity of pathogens, leading to yield loss and deficit in current rice supply. Application of agrochemicals of diverse types has been considered as the only option to control pathogens and enhance rice production, thereby causing environmental concerns and making the pathogens resistant to the active ingredients. Increase in population and resistance of pathogen towards agrochemicals put pressure on the agronomists to search for safe, novel, eco-friendly alternative ways to manage rice pathogens. Inducing resistance in rice by using different biotic/abiotic agents provides an environmental friendly alternative way to effectively manage bacterial, fungal, and viral rice pathogens. In recent years, a number of protocols have been developed for inducing pathogen resistance by bio-priming of rice. However, a comprehensive evaluation of the potential of different biotic agents to protect rice crop loss from pathogens is hitherto lacking due to which the research on induction of defense against pathogens in rice is discontinuous. This review deals with the detailed analysis of the bacterial and fungal agents used to induce defense against rice pathogens, their mode of application, mechanism (physiological, biochemical, and molecular) of defense induction, and effect of defense induction on the yield of rice. It also provides an account of gaps in the research and the unexplored areas, which might be taken into consideration to effectively manage rice pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arup Kumar Mukherjee
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
The microscopic mechanism between endophytic fungi and host plants: From recognition to building stable mutually beneficial relationships. Microbiol Res 2022; 261:127056. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
45
|
Raghav D, Jyoti A, Siddiqui AJ, Saxena J. Plant associated endophytic fungi as potential bio-factories for extracellular enzymes: Progress, Challenges and Strain improvement with precision approaches. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:287-310. [PMID: 35396804 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is an intricate network of relations between endophytic fungi and their hosts that affects the production of various bioactive compounds. Plant-associated endophytic contain industrially important enzymes and have the potential to fulfill their rapid demand in the international market to boost business in technology. Being safe and metabolically active, they have replaced the usage of toxic and harmful chemicals and hold a credible application in biotransformation, bioremediation, and industrial processes. Despite these, there are limited reports on fungal endophytes that can directly cater to the demand and supply of industrially stable enzymes. The underlying reasons include low endogenous production and secretion of enzymes from fungal endophytes which have raised concern for widely accepted applications. Hence it is imperative to augment the biosynthetic and secretory potential of fungal endophytes. Modern state-of-the-art biotechnological technologies aiming at strain improvement using cell factory engineering as well as precise gene editing like Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and its Associated proteins (Cas) systems which can provide a boost in fungal endophyte enzyme production. Additionally, it is vital to characterize optimum conditions to grow one strain with multiple enzymes (OSME). The present review encompasses various plants-derived endophytic fungal enzymes and their applications in various sectors. Further, we postulate the feasibility of new precision approaches with an aim for strain improvement and enhanced enzyme production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divyangi Raghav
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anupam Jyoti
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, SAS, Nagar, Punjab
| | - Arif Jamal Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, P O Box, Saudi Arabia
| | - Juhi Saxena
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, SAS, Nagar, Punjab
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Barge EG, Leopold DR, Rojas A, Vilgalys R, Busby PE. Phylogenetic conservatism of mycoparasitism and its contribution to pathogen antagonism. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:3018-3030. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.16436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward G. Barge
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Devin R. Leopold
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Alejandro Rojas
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology University of Arkansas Fayetteville AR 72701 USA
| | - Rytas Vilgalys
- Department of Biology Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - Posy E. Busby
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Tian Y, Fu X, Zhang G, Zhang R, Kang Z, Gao K, Mendgen K. Mechanisms in Growth-Promoting of Cucumber by the Endophytic Fungus Chaetomium globosum Strain ND35. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020180. [PMID: 35205933 PMCID: PMC8878499 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are effective in plant growth and development by secreting various kinds of plant hormones and nutrients. However, the cellular and molecular interactions between the endophytic fungi and plant growth-promoting have remained less explored. The present study was designed to explore the effects of the infection and colonization events of Chaetomium globosum strain ND35 on cucumber growth and the expression pattern of some metabolically important genes in development of the cucumber radicle. The results demonstrated that strain ND35 can infect and colonize the outer layers (cortical cells) of cucumber root and form a symbiotic structure with the host cell, similar to a periarbuscular membrane and establish chemical communication with the plant. Through transcriptome analysis, we found the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) caused by strain ND35 were mainly enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, plant-pathogen interaction and photosynthesis. Correspondingly, the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA), zeatin (ZT), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), and peroxidase (POD) in ND35-colonized seedlings were generally higher than those of non-inoculated seedlings. Overall, the infection and colonization events of C. globosum strain ND35 increased cucumber growth through complex regulation of plant hormones biosynthesis and metabolism. Furthermore, although the endophytic fungus strain ND35 produced IAA, GA, ZT, and ergosterol in the fermentation broth, and there are enabled to promote growth of cucumber, it is uncertain whether there are ND35-derived microbial hormones in plants. This study of the interaction between cucumber and strain ND35 contributes to a better understanding of the plant-endophytic fungi interactions, and may help to develop new strategies for crop production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yehan Tian
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (Y.T.); (X.F.); (R.Z.)
| | - Xuesong Fu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (Y.T.); (X.F.); (R.Z.)
| | - Gongchen Zhang
- Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Science, Qingdao 266100, China;
| | - Rui Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (Y.T.); (X.F.); (R.Z.)
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Kexiang Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (Y.T.); (X.F.); (R.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kurt Mendgen
- Department of Biology, University of Constance, 78457 Constance, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zhong F, Fan X, Ji W, Hai Z, Hu N, Li X, Liu G, Yu C, Chen Y, Lian B, Wei H, Zhang J. Soil Fungal Community Composition and Diversity of Culturable Endophytic Fungi from Plant Roots in the Reclaimed Area of the Eastern Coast of China. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020124. [PMID: 35205878 PMCID: PMC8878519 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important resource for screening microbial strains capable of conferring stress tolerance in plants, the fungal community associated with the plants grown in stressful environments has received great attention. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was employed to study the rhizosphere fungal community in the reclaimed area (i.e., sites F, H, and T) of the eastern coast of China. Moreover, endophytic fungi from the root of six plant species colonizing the investigated sites were isolated and identified. The differences in soil physicochemical parameters, fungal diversity, and community structure were detected among the sampling sites and between the seasons. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi (e.g., genera Tuber and Geopora) were dominant at site F, which was characterized by high soil total carbon (SC) and total nitrogen (SN) contents and low soil electrical conductivity (EC) value. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, including genera Glomus, Rhizophagus, and Entrophospora were dominant at sites H (winter), H (summer), and T (summer), respectively. The positive relationship between the EC value and the abundance of genus Glomus indicated the ability of this AM fungus to protect plants against the salt stress. Endophytic fungi at sites F (Aspergillus and Tetracladium), H (Nigrospora), and T (Nigrospora, Coniochaeta and Zopfiella) were recognized as the biomarkers or keystone taxa, among which only genus Aspergillus was isolated from the plant roots. The aforementioned AM fungi and endophytic fungi could contribute to the promotion of plant growth in the newly reclaimed land.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhong
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (W.J.); (Z.H.); (N.H.); (X.L.); (G.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.C.); (B.L.); (H.W.)
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, Nantong 226019, China
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Xinlei Fan
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Wenhui Ji
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (W.J.); (Z.H.); (N.H.); (X.L.); (G.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.C.); (B.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Zhixing Hai
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (W.J.); (Z.H.); (N.H.); (X.L.); (G.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.C.); (B.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Naican Hu
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (W.J.); (Z.H.); (N.H.); (X.L.); (G.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.C.); (B.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Xintong Li
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (W.J.); (Z.H.); (N.H.); (X.L.); (G.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.C.); (B.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Guoyuan Liu
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (W.J.); (Z.H.); (N.H.); (X.L.); (G.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.C.); (B.L.); (H.W.)
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Chunmei Yu
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (W.J.); (Z.H.); (N.H.); (X.L.); (G.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.C.); (B.L.); (H.W.)
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (W.J.); (Z.H.); (N.H.); (X.L.); (G.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.C.); (B.L.); (H.W.)
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Bolin Lian
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (W.J.); (Z.H.); (N.H.); (X.L.); (G.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.C.); (B.L.); (H.W.)
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Hui Wei
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (W.J.); (Z.H.); (N.H.); (X.L.); (G.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.C.); (B.L.); (H.W.)
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (W.J.); (Z.H.); (N.H.); (X.L.); (G.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.C.); (B.L.); (H.W.)
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, Nantong 226019, China
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (J.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Diversity and biological activity of fungal endophytes of Zingiber officinale Rosc. with emphasis on Aspergillus terreus as a biocontrol agent of its leaf spot. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
50
|
Hampejsová R, Berka M, Berková V, Jersáková J, Domkářová J, von Rundstedt F, Frary A, Saiz-Fernández I, Brzobohatý B, Černý M. Interaction With Fungi Promotes the Accumulation of Specific Defense Molecules in Orchid Tubers and May Increase the Value of Tubers for Biotechnological and Medicinal Applications: The Case Study of Interaction Between Dactylorhiza sp. and Tulasnella calospora. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:757852. [PMID: 35845638 PMCID: PMC9282861 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.757852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial orchids can form tubers, organs modified to store energy reserves. Tubers are an attractive source of nutrients, and salep, a flour made from dried orchid tubers, is the source of traditional beverages. Tubers also contain valuable secondary metabolites and are used in traditional medicine. The extensive harvest of wild orchids is endangering their populations in nature; however, orchids can be cultivated and tubers mass-produced. This work illustrates the importance of plant-fungus interaction in shaping the content of orchid tubers in vitro. Orchid plants of Dactylorhiza sp. grown in asymbiotic culture were inoculated with a fungal isolate from Tulasnella calospora group and, after 3 months of co-cultivation, tubers were analyzed. The fungus adopted the saprotrophic mode of life, but no visible differences in the morphology and biomass of the tubers were detected compared to the mock-treated plants. To elucidate the mechanisms protecting the tubers against fungal infestation, proteome, metabolome, and lipidome of tubers were analyzed. In total, 1,526, 174, and 108 proteins, metabolites, and lipids were quantified, respectively, providing a detailed snapshot of the molecular process underlying plant-microbe interaction. The observed changes at the molecular level showed that the tubers of inoculated plants accumulated significantly higher amounts of antifungal compounds, including phenolics, alkaloid Calystegine B2, and dihydrophenanthrenes. The promoted antimicrobial effects were validated by observing transient inhibition of Phytophthora cactorum growth. The integration of omics data highlighted the promotion of flavonoid biosynthesis, the increase in the formation of lipid droplets and associated production of oxylipins, and the accumulation of auxin in response to T. calospora. Taken together, these results provide the first insights into the molecular mechanisms of defense priming in orchid tubers and highlight the possible use of fungal interactors in biotechnology for the production of orchid secondary metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romana Hampejsová
- Potato Research Institute, Ltd., Havlíčkův Brod, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Berka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Veronika Berková
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jana Jersáková
- Department of Biology of Ecosystems, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | | | | | - Anne Frary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Turkey
| | - Iñigo Saiz-Fernández
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Martin Černý,
| |
Collapse
|