1
|
Gambadauro A, Galletta F, Li Pomi A, Manti S, Piedimonte G. Immune Response to Respiratory Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6178. [PMID: 38892370 PMCID: PMC11172738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The respiratory system is constantly exposed to viral infections that are responsible for mild to severe diseases. In this narrative review, we focalized the attention on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, responsible for high morbidity and mortality in the last decades. We reviewed the human innate and adaptive immune responses in the airways following infection, focusing on a particular population: newborns and pregnant women. The recent Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted how our interest in viral pathologies must not decrease. Furthermore, we must increase our knowledge of infection mechanisms to improve our future defense strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Gambadauro
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (F.G.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Francesca Galletta
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (F.G.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Alessandra Li Pomi
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (F.G.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Sara Manti
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (F.G.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Giovanni Piedimonte
- Office for Research and Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun H, Chan JFW, Yuan S. Cellular Sensors and Viral Countermeasures: A Molecular Arms Race between Host and SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2023; 15:352. [PMID: 36851564 PMCID: PMC9962416 DOI: 10.3390/v15020352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that has caused disastrous effects on the society and human health globally. SARS-CoV-2 is a sarbecovirus in the Coronaviridae family with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome. It mainly replicates in the cytoplasm and viral components including RNAs and proteins can be sensed by pattern recognition receptors including toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) that regulate the host innate and adaptive immune responses. On the other hand, the SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes multiple proteins that can antagonize the host immune response to facilitate viral replication. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on host sensors and viral countermeasures against host innate immune response to provide insights on virus-host interactions and novel approaches to modulate host inflammation and antiviral responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Sun
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518009, China
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518009, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518009, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lobato TB, Gennari-Felipe M, Pauferro JRB, Correa IS, Santos BF, Dias BB, de Oliveira Borges JC, dos Santos CS, de Sousa Santos ES, de Araújo MJL, Ferreira LA, Pereira SA, Serdan TDA, Levada-Pires AC, Hatanaka E, Borges L, Cury-Boaventura MF, Vinolo MAR, Pithon-Curi TC, Masi LN, Curi R, Hirabara SM, Gorjão R. Leukocyte metabolism in obese type 2 diabetic individuals associated with COVID-19 severity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1037469. [PMID: 36406408 PMCID: PMC9670542 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1037469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that the metabolic characteristics of different leukocytes, such as, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages, undergo changes both in the face of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) condition. Thus, the objective of this review is to establish a correlation between the metabolic changes caused in leukocytes in DM2 and obesity that may favor a worse prognosis during SARS-Cov-2 infection. Chronic inflammation and hyperglycemia, specific and usual characteristics of obesity and DM2, contributes for the SARS-CoV-2 replication and metabolic disturbances in different leukocytes, favoring the proinflammatory response of these cells. Thus, obesity and DM2 are important risk factors for pro-inflammatory response and metabolic dysregulation that can favor the occurrence of the cytokine storm, implicated in the severity and high mortality risk of the COVID-19 in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Bertola Lobato
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Matheus Gennari-Felipe
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Ilana Souza Correa
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Ferreira Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Belmiro Dias
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - João Carlos de Oliveira Borges
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Camila Soares dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Maria Janaína Leite de Araújo
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Liliane Araújo Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Sara Araujo Pereira
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Adriana Cristina Levada-Pires
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Elaine Hatanaka
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Leandro Borges
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria Fernanda Cury-Boaventura
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marco Aurélio Ramirez Vinolo
- Laboratory of Immunoinflammation, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tania Cristina Pithon-Curi
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Laureane Nunes Masi
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Rui Curi
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Immunobiological Production Section, Bioindustrial Center, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Massao Hirabara
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Renata Gorjão
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Age-Related Hearing Loss: The Link between Inflammaging, Immunosenescence, and Gut Dysbiosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137348. [PMID: 35806352 PMCID: PMC9266910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides a theoretical overview of the association between age-related hearing loss (ARHL), immune system ageing (immunosenescence), and chronic inflammation. ARHL, or presbyacusis, is the most common sensory disability that significantly reduces the quality of life and has a high economic impact. This disorder is linked to genetic risk factors but is also influenced by a lifelong cumulative effect of environmental stressors, such as noise, otological diseases, or ototoxic drugs. Age-related hearing loss and other age-related disorders share common mechanisms which often converge on low-grade chronic inflammation known as “inflammaging”. Various stimuli can sustain inflammaging, including pathogens, cell debris, nutrients, and gut microbiota. As a result of ageing, the immune system can become defective, leading to the accumulation of unresolved inflammatory processes in the body. Gut microbiota plays a central role in inflammaging because it can release inflammatory mediators and crosstalk with other organ systems. A proinflammatory gut environment associated with ageing could result in a leaky gut and the translocation of bacterial metabolites and inflammatory mediators to distant organs via the systemic circulation. Here, we postulate that inflammaging, as a result of immunosenescence and gut dysbiosis, accelerates age-related cochlear degeneration, contributing to the development of ARHL. Age-dependent gut dysbiosis was included as a hypothetical link that should receive more attention in future studies.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ravindranath TM. Viral sepsis: underrated and under diagnosed entity in clinical arena. Future Virol 2022. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thyyar M Ravindranath
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Martínez-Espinoza I, Guerrero-Plata A. The Relevance of TLR8 in Viral Infections. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020134. [PMID: 35215078 PMCID: PMC8877508 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the largest pattern recognition receptors responsible for activating the innate and adaptive immune response against viruses through the release of inflammatory cytokines and antiviral mediators. Viruses are recognized by several TLRs, including TLR8, which is known to bind ssRNA structures. However, the similarities between TLR8 and TLR7 have obscured the distinctive characteristics of TLR8 activation and its importance in the immune system. Here we discuss the activation and regulation of TLR8 by viruses and its importance in therapeutical options such as vaccine adjuvants and antiviral stimulators.
Collapse
|
7
|
Njunge JM, Gonzales GB, Ngari MM, Thitiri J, Bandsma RH, Berkley JA. Systemic inflammation is negatively associated with early post discharge growth following acute illness among severely malnourished children - a pilot study. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 5:248. [PMID: 33969227 PMCID: PMC8080977 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16330.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rapid growth should occur among children with severe malnutrition (SM) with medical and nutritional management. Systemic inflammation (SI) is associated with death among children with SM and is negatively associated with linear growth. However, the relationship between SI and weight gain during therapeutic feeding following acute illness is unknown. We hypothesised that growth post-hospital discharge is associated with SI among children with SM. Methods: We conducted secondary analysis of data from HIV-uninfected children with SM (n=98) who survived and were not readmitted to hospital during one year of follow-up. We examined the relationship between changes in absolute deficits in weight and mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) from enrolment at stabilisation to 60 days and one year later, and untargeted plasma proteome, targeted cytokines/chemokines, leptin, and soluble CD14 using multivariate regularized linear regression. Results: The mean change in absolute deficit in weight and MUAC was -0.50kg (standard deviation; SD±0.69) and -1.20cm (SD±0.89), respectively, from enrolment to 60 days later. During the same period, mean weight and MUAC gain was 3.3g/kg/day (SD±2.4) and 0.22mm/day (SD±0.2), respectively. Enrolment interleukins; IL17-alpha and IL-2, and serum amyloid P were negatively associated with weight and MUAC gain during 60 days. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein and complement component 2 were negatively associated with weight gain only. Leptin was positively associated with weight gain. Soluble CD14, beta-2 microglobulin, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta were negatively associated with MUAC gain only. Glutathione peroxidase 3 was positively associated with weight and MUAC gain during one year. Conclusions: Early post-hospital discharge weight and MUAC gain were rapid and comparable to children with uncomplicated SM treated in the community. Higher concentrations of SI markers were associated with less weight and MUAC gain, suggesting inflammation negatively impacts recovery from wasting. This finding warrants further research on reducing inflammation on growth among children with SM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M. Njunge
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Moses M. Ngari
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Johnstone Thitiri
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Robert H.J. Bandsma
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James A. Berkley
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang N, Singhera GK, Yan YX, Pieper MP, Leung JM, Sin DD, Dorscheid DR. Olodaterol exerts anti-inflammatory effects on COPD airway epithelial cells. Respir Res 2021; 22:65. [PMID: 33622325 PMCID: PMC7901009 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway inflammation is a key feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) remain the main treatment for airway inflammation. Studies have noted the increased efficacy of ICS and long-acting beta 2 agonist (LABA) combination therapy in controlling exacerbations and improving airway inflammation than either monotherapy. Further studies have suggested that LABAs may have inherent anti-inflammatory potential, but this has not been well-studied. OBJECTIVE We hypothesize that the LABA olodaterol can inhibit airway inflammation resulting from exposure to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) via its binding receptor, the β2-adrenergic receptor. METHODS Human bronchial epithelial brushing from patients with and without COPD were cultured into air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures and treated with or without olodaterol and RSV infection to examine the effect on markers of inflammation including interleukin-8 (IL-8) and mucus secretion. The cell line NCI-H292 was utilized for gene silencing of the β2-adrenergic receptor via siRNA as well as receptor blocking via ICI 118,551 and butaxamine. RESULTS At baseline, COPD-ALIs produced greater amounts of IL-8 than control ALIs. Olodaterol reduced RSV-mediated IL-8 secretion in both COPD and control ALIs and also significantly reduced Muc5AC staining in COPD-ALIs infected with RSV. A non-significant reduction was seen in control ALIs. Gene silencing of the β2-adrenergic receptor in NCI-H292 negated the ability of olodaterol to inhibit IL-8 secretion from both RSV infection and lipopolysaccharide stimulus, as did blocking of the receptor with ICI 118,551 and butaxamine. CONCLUSIONS Olodaterol exhibits inherent anti-inflammatory properties on the airway epithelium, in addition to its bronchodilation properties, that is mediated through the β2-adrenergic receptor and independent of ICS usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gurpreet K Singhera
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yi Xuan Yan
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael P Pieper
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Janice M Leung
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Don D Sin
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Delbert R Dorscheid
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
COVID-19 and Neutrophils: The Relationship between Hyperinflammation and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:8829674. [PMID: 33343232 PMCID: PMC7732408 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8829674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a virus-induced respiratory disease that may progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and is triggered by immunopathological mechanisms that cause excessive inflammation and leukocyte dysfunction. Neutrophils play a critical function in the clearance of bacteria with specific mechanisms to combat viruses. The aim of this review is to highlight the current advances in the pathways of neutrophilic inflammation against viral infection over the past ten years, focusing on the production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and its impact on severe lung diseases, such as COVID-19. We focused on studies regarding hyperinflammation, cytokine storms, neutrophil function, and viral infections. We discuss how the neutrophil's role could influence COVID-19 symptoms in the interaction between hyperinflammation (overproduction of NETs and cytokines) and the clearance function of neutrophils to eliminate the viral infection. We also propose a more in-depth investigation into the neutrophil response mechanism targeting NETosis in the different phases of COVID-19.
Collapse
|
10
|
Njunge JM, Gonzales GB, Ngari MM, Thitiri J, Bandsma RH, Berkley JA. Systemic inflammation is negatively associated with early post discharge growth following acute illness among severely malnourished children - a pilot study. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:248. [PMID: 33969227 PMCID: PMC8080977 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16330.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Rapid growth should occur among children with severe malnutrition (SM) when medically and nutritionally treated. Systemic inflammation (SI) is associated with death among children with SM and is negatively associated with linear growth. However, the relationship between SI and weight gain during therapeutic feeding following acute illness is unknown. We hypothesised that growth in the first 60 days post-hospital discharge is associated with SI among children with SM. Methods: We conducted secondary analysis of data from HIV-uninfected children with SM (n=98) who survived and were not readmitted to hospital during one year of follow up. We examined the relationship between changes in absolute deficits in weight and mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) from enrolment at stabilisation to 60 days later and untargeted plasma proteome, targeted cytokines/chemokines, leptin, and soluble CD14 (sCD14) using multivariate regularized linear regression. Results: The mean change in absolute deficit in weight and MUAC was -0.50kg (standard deviation; SD±0.69) and -1.20cm (SD±0.89), respectively, from enrolment to 60 days later. During the same period, mean weight and MUAC gain was 3.3g/kg/day (SD±2.4) and 0.22mm/day (SD±0.2), respectively. Enrolment inflammatory cytokines interleukin 17 alpha (IL17α), interleukin 2 (IL2), and serum amyloid P (SAP) were negatively associated with weight and MUAC gain. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) and complement component 2 were negatively associated with weight gain only. Leptin was positively associated with weight gain. sCD14, beta-2 microglobulin (β2M), and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP1β) were negatively associated with MUAC gain only. Conclusions: Early post-hospital discharge weight and MUAC gain were rapid and comparable to children with uncomplicated SM treated with similar diet in the community. Higher concentrations of SI markers were associated with less weight and MUAC gain, suggesting inflammation negatively impacts recovery from wasting. This finding warrants further research on the role of inflammation on growth among children with SM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M. Njunge
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Moses M. Ngari
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Johnstone Thitiri
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Robert H.J. Bandsma
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James A. Berkley
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Behavioral strategies to prevent and mitigate COVID-19 infection. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 2:115-125. [PMID: 34189481 PMCID: PMC7481129 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The single stranded RNA virus SARS-CoV-2 has caused a massive addition to the already leading global cause of mortality, viral respiratory tract infections. Characterized by and associated with early and deleteriously enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by respiratory epithelial cells, severe COVID-19 illness has the potential to inflict acute respiratory distress syndrome and even death. Due to the fast spreading nature of COVID-19 and the current lack of a vaccine or specific pharmaceutical treatments, understanding of viral pathogenesis, behavioral prophylaxis, and mitigation tactics are of great public health concern. This review article outlines the immune response to viral pathogens, and due to the novelty of COVID-19 and the large body of evidence suggesting the respiratory and immune benefits from regular moderate intensity exercise, provides observational and mechanistic evidence from research on other viral infections that suggests strategically planned exercise regimens may help reduce susceptibility to infection, while also mitigating severe immune responses to infection commonly associated with poor COVID-19 prognosis. We propose that regular moderate intensity exercise should be considered as part of a combinatorial approach including widespread hygiene initiatives, properly planned and well-executed social distancing policies, and use of efficacious facial coverings like N95 respirators. Studies discerning COVID-19 pathogenesis mechanisms, transfer dynamics, and individual responses to pharmaceutical and adjunct treatments are needed to reduce viral transmission and bring an end to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
|
12
|
Bohmwald K, Gálvez NMS, Canedo-Marroquín G, Pizarro-Ortega MS, Andrade-Parra C, Gómez-Santander F, Kalergis AM. Contribution of Cytokines to Tissue Damage During Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:452. [PMID: 30936869 PMCID: PMC6431622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) remains one of the leading pathogens causing acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) in children younger than 2 years old, worldwide. Hospitalizations during the winter season due to hRSV-induced bronchiolitis and pneumonia increase every year. Despite this, there are no available vaccines to mitigate the health and economic burden caused by hRSV infection. The pathology caused by hRSV induces significant damage to the pulmonary epithelium, due to an excessive inflammatory response at the airways. Cytokines are considered essential players for the establishment and modulation of the immune and inflammatory responses, which can either be beneficial or harmful for the host. The deleterious effect observed upon hRSV infection is mainly due to tissue damage caused by immune cells recruited to the site of infection. This cellular recruitment takes place due to an altered profile of cytokines secreted by epithelial cells. As a result of inflammatory cell recruitment, the amounts of cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, and CCL5 are further increased, while IL-10 and IFN-γ are decreased. However, additional studies are required to elicit the mediators directly associated with hRSV damage entirely. In addition to the detrimental induction of inflammatory mediators in the respiratory tract caused by hRSV, reports indicating alterations in the central nervous system (CNS) have been published. Indeed, elevated levels of IL-6, IL-8 (CXCL8), CCL2, and CCL4 have been reported in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with severe bronchiolitis and hRSV-associated encephalopathy. In this review article, we provide an in-depth analysis of the role of cytokines secreted upon hRSV infection and their potentially harmful contribution to tissue damage of the respiratory tract and the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M. S. Gálvez
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gisela Canedo-Marroquín
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Magdalena S. Pizarro-Ortega
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Andrade-Parra
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Gómez-Santander
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tahamtan A, Askari FS, Bont L, Salimi V. Disease severity in respiratory syncytial virus infection: Role of host genetic variation. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2026. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Tahamtan
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine; Golestan University of Medical Sciences; Gorgan Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine; Golestan University of Medical Sciences; Gorgan Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sana Askari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine; Golestan University of Medical Sciences; Gorgan Iran
| | - Louis Bont
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital; University Medical Centre Utrecht; Utrecht Netherlands
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Soto JA, Gálvez NMS, Benavente FM, Pizarro-Ortega MS, Lay MK, Riedel C, Bueno SM, Gonzalez PA, Kalergis AM. Human Metapneumovirus: Mechanisms and Molecular Targets Used by the Virus to Avoid the Immune System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2466. [PMID: 30405642 PMCID: PMC6207598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a respiratory virus, first reported the year 2001. Since then, it has been described as one of the main etiological agents that causes acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs), which is characterized by symptoms such as bronchiolitis, wheezing and coughing. Susceptible population to hMPV-infection includes newborn, children, elderly and immunocompromised individuals. This viral agent is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA enveloped virus, that belongs to the Pneumoviridae family and Metapneumovirus genus. Early reports—previous to 2001—state several cases of respiratory illness without clear identification of the responsible pathogen, which could be related to hMPV. Despite the similarities of hMPV with several other viruses, such as the human respiratory syncytial virus or influenza virus, mechanisms used by hMPV to avoid the host immune system are still unclear. In fact, evidence indicates that hMPV induces a poor innate immune response, thereby affecting the adaptive immunity. Among these mechanisms, is the promotion of an anergic state in T cells, instead of an effective polarization or activation, which could be induced by low levels of cytokine secretion. Further, the evidences support the notion that hMPV interferes with several pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and cell signaling pathways triggered by interferon-associated genes. However, these mechanisms reported in hMPV are not like the ones reported for hRSV, as the latter has two non-structural proteins that are able to inhibit these pathways. Several reports suggest that viral glycoproteins, such as G and SH, could play immune-modulator roles during infection. In this work, we discuss the state of the art regarding the mechanisms that underlie the poor immunity elicited by hMPV. Importantly, these mechanisms will be compared with those elicited by other common respiratory viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M S Gálvez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe M Benavente
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Magdalena S Pizarro-Ortega
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita K Lay
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Claudia Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A Gonzalez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gonzalez OA, Kirakodu S, Novak MJ, Stromberg AJ, Orraca L, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Burgos A, Ebersole JL. Comparative analysis of microbial sensing molecules in mucosal tissues with aging. Immunobiology 2018; 223:279-287. [PMID: 29066255 PMCID: PMC5821569 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Host-bacterial interactions at mucosal surfaces require recognition of the bacteria by host cells enabling targeted responses to maintain tissue homeostasis. It is now well recognized that an array of host-derived pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), both cell-bound and soluble, are critical to innate immune engagement of microbes via microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMP). This report describes the use of a nonhuman primate model to evaluate changes in the expression of these sensing molecules related to aging in healthy gingival tissues. Macaca mulatta aged 3-24 years were evaluated clinically and gingival tissues obtained, RNA isolated and microarray analysis conducted for gene expression of the sensing pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The results demonstrated increased expression of various PRRs in healthy aging gingiva including extracellular (CD14, CD209, CLEC4E, TLR4), intracellular (NAIP, IFIH1, DAI) and soluble (PTX4, SAA1) PRRs. Selected PRRs were also correlated with both bleeding on probing (BOP) and pocket depth (PD) in the animals. These findings suggest that aged animals express altered levels of various PRRs that could affect the ability of the tissues to interact effectively with the juxtaposed microbial ecology, presumably contributing to an enhanced risk of periodontitis even in clinically healthy oral mucosal tissues with aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - M J Novak
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - A J Stromberg
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - L Orraca
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - J Gonzalez-Martinez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Toa Baja, PR, United States
| | - A Burgos
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Toa Baja, PR, United States
| | - J L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shi X, Qiu S, Zhuang W, Yuan N, Wang C, Zhang S, Sun T, Guo W, Gao F, Yang S, Qiao Y. NLRP3-inflammasomes are triggered by age-related hearing loss in the inner ear of mice. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:5611-5618. [PMID: 29312513 PMCID: PMC5752911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) or presbyacusis is a progressive loss of hearing sensitivity that is predominately associated with sensory or transduction neuro-cell degeneration in the peripheral and central auditory systems. Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory response were frequently found in aging cochleae. In addition, inflammasomes are likely responsible for the accumulation of ROS in immune cells, although whether they are in fact involved in the development of ARHL is unknown. In this study, Q-PCR, WB and ELASA demonstrated significantly increased levels of activated Caspase-1, interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 and even NLRP3 in the inner ears of aging mice compared to younger one. In addition, NLRP3, as a sensor protein of ROS, may contribute to inflammasome assembly and subsequent inflammation in the cochleae. In conclusion, inflammation triggered by the activation of inflammasomes in the cochleae of aging mice appears to be playing an important role in the pathological process of ARHL and may be a potential cause of presbyacusis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Shi
- The Institute of Audiology and Balance Science of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou 221004, China
| | - Shiwei Qiu
- The Institute of Audiology and Balance Science of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou 221004, China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology of PLA, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing 100853, China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- The Institute of Audiology and Balance Science of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou 221004, China
- Clinical Hearing Center of Affliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou 221006, China
| | - Na Yuan
- The Institute of Audiology and Balance Science of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou 221004, China
| | - Caiji Wang
- The Institute of Audiology and Balance Science of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou 221004, China
| | - Shili Zhang
- The Institute of Audiology and Balance Science of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou 221004, China
| | - Tiantian Sun
- The Institute of Audiology and Balance Science of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou 221004, China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology of PLA, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing 100853, China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology of PLA, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing 100853, China
| | - Fenglei Gao
- The Institute of Audiology and Balance Science of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou 221004, China
| | - Shiming Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology of PLA, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing 100853, China
| | - Yuehua Qiao
- Clinical Hearing Center of Affliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou 221006, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dense Granule Protein-7 (GRA-7) of Toxoplasma gondii inhibits viral replication in vitro and in vivo. J Microbiol 2017; 55:909-917. [PMID: 29076073 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-017-7392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dense granule protein-7 (GRA-7) is an excretory protein of Toxoplasma gondii. It is a potential serodiagnostic marker and vaccine candidate for toxoplasmosis. Previous reports demonstrated that GRA-7 induces innate immune responses in macrophages by interacting with TRAF6 via the MyD88-dependent pathway. In the present study, we evaluated the antiviral activity and induction of an antiviral state by GRA-7 both in vitro and in vivo. It was observed that GRA-7 markedly reduced the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-GFP), influenza A virus (PR8-GFP), coxsackievirus (H3-GFP), herpes simplex virus (HSV-GFP), and adenovirus-GFP in epithelial (HEK293T/HeLa) and immune (RAW264.7) cells. These antiviral activities of GRA-7 were attributed to the induction of type I interferon (IFN) signaling, resulting in the secretion of IFNs and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, in BALB/c mice, intranasal administration of GRA-7 prevented lethal infection by influenza A virus (H1N1) and exhibited prophylactic effects against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV-GFP). Collectively, these results suggested that GRA-7 exhibits immunostimulatory and broad spectrum antiviral activities via type I IFN signaling. Thus, GRA-7 can be potentially used as a vaccine adjuvant or as a candidate drug with prophylactic potential against viruses.
Collapse
|
18
|
Influenza a virus NS1 protein induced A20 contributes to viral replication by suppressing interferon-induced antiviral response. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 482:1107-1113. [PMID: 27914808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response provides the first line of defense against viruses and other pathogens by responding to specific microbial molecules. A20 is a cytoplasmic ubiquitin-editing protein that negatively regulates the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-mediated activation of interferon regulatory factors (IRF) 3. Here, we found that influenza A virus (IAV) non-structural protein (NS) 1 dramatically induced the protein level of A20 in A549 cells whose expression levels were positively associated with the viral virulence. A20 overexpression in A549 cells significantly suppressed IAV-induced the activation of IRF3 and interferon (IFN) promoter, resulted in downregulation of IFNβ and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) mRNA. Conversely, silencing A20 expression markedly enhanced IRF3-mediated innate antiviral responses. Furthermore, we demonstrated that A20 overexpression in A549 cells obviously promoted IAV replication, and conversely, knockdown of A20 inhibited the viral replication. Overall, the findings described in this study support and extend previous results on interferon-antagonistic strategies of IAV NS1 by showing an induced host target A20, which restricts IAV-induced host innate immune antiviral responses and thereby facilitates viral replication.
Collapse
|
19
|
Kim JH, Weeratunga P, Kim MS, Nikapitiya C, Lee BH, Uddin MB, Kim TH, Yoon JE, Park C, Ma JY, Kim H, Lee JS. Inhibitory effects of an aqueous extract from Cortex Phellodendri on the growth and replication of broad-spectrum of viruses in vitro and in vivo. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:265. [PMID: 27484768 PMCID: PMC4970287 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Cortex Phellodendri (C. Phellodendri), the dried trunk bark of Phellodendron amurense Ruprecht, has been known as a traditional herbal medicine, showing several bioactivities. However, antiviral activity of C. Phellodendri aqueous extract (CP) not reported in detail, particularly aiming the prophylactic effectiveness. Methods In vitro CP antiviral activity evaluated against Influenza A virus (PR8), Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), Coxsackie Virus (H3-GFP) and Enterovirus-71 (EV-71) infection on immune (RAW264.7) and epithelial (HEK293T/HeLa) cells. Such antiviral effects were explained by the induction of antiviral state which was determined by phosphorylation of signal molecules, secretion of IFNs and cytokines, and cellular antiviral mRNA expression. Furthermore, Compounds present in the aqueous fractions confirmed by HPLC analysis and evaluated their anti-viral activities. Additionally, in vivo protective effect of CP against divergent influenza A subtypes was determined in a BALB/c mouse infection model. Results An effective dose of CP significantly reduced the virus replication both in immune and epithelial cells. Mechanically, CP induced mRNA expression of anti-viral genes and cytokine secretion in both RAW264.7 and HEK293T cells. Furthermore, the main compound identified was berberine, and shows promising antiviral properties similar to CP. Finally, BALB/c mice treated with CP displayed higher protection levels against lethal doses of highly pathogenic influenza A subtypes (H1N1, H5N2, H7N3 and H9N2). Conclusion CP including berberine play an immunomodulatory role with broad spectrum antiviral activity, due to induction of antiviral state via type I IFN stimulation mechanism. Consequently, C. Phellodendri could be a potential source for promising natural antivirals or to design other antiviral agents for animal and humans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1206-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
20
|
Weeratunga P, Uddin MB, Kim MS, Lee BH, Kim TH, Yoon JE, Ma JY, Kim H, Lee JS. Interferon-mediated antiviral activities of Angelica tenuissima Nakai and its active components. J Microbiol 2016; 54:57-70. [PMID: 26727903 PMCID: PMC7091376 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-5555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Angelica tenuissima Nakai is a widely used commodity in traditional medicine. Nevertheless, no study has been conducted on the antiviral and immune-modulatory properties of an aqueous extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai. In the present study, we evaluated the antiviral activities and the mechanism of action of an aqueous extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, an effective dose of Angelica tenuissima Nakai markedly inhibited the replication of Influenza A virus (PR8), Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Coxsackie virus, and Enterovirus (EV-71) on epithelial (HEK293T/HeLa) and immune (RAW264.7) cells. Such inhibition can be described by the induction of the antiviral state in cells by antiviral, IFNrelated gene induction and secretion of IFNs and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In vivo, Angelica tenuissima Nakai treated BALB/c mice displayed higher survivability and lower lung viral titers when challenged with lethal doses of highly pathogenic influenza A subtypes (H1N1, H5N2, H7N3, and H9N2). We also found that Angelica tenuissima Nakai can induce the secretion of IL-6, IFN-λ, and local IgA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of Angelica tenuissima Nakai treated mice, which correlating with the observed prophylactic effects. In HPLC analysis, we found the presence of several compounds in the aqueous fraction and among them; we evaluated antiviral properties of ferulic acid. Therefore, an extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai and its components, including ferulic acid, play roles as immunomodulators and may be potential candidates for novel anti-viral/anti-influenza agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Weeratunga
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Bashir Uddin
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
- Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Myun Soo Kim
- Vitabio Corporation, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Hoon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Yoon
- Foot and Mouth Disease Division, Animal Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM) Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongik Kim
- Vitabio Corporation, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Faksh A, Britt RD, Vogel ER, Thompson MA, Pandya HC, Martin RJ, Pabelick CM, Prakash YS. TLR3 activation increases chemokine expression in human fetal airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 310:L202-11. [PMID: 26589477 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00151.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections, such as respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus, adversely affect neonatal and pediatric populations, resulting in significant lung morbidity, including acute asthma exacerbation. Studies in adults have demonstrated that human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells modulate inflammation through their ability to secrete inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The role of ASM in the developing airway during infection remains undefined. In our study, we used human fetal ASM cells as an in vitro model to examine the effect of Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists on chemokine secretion. We found that fetal ASM express multiple TLRs, including TLR3 and TLR4, which are implicated in the pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus infection. Cells were treated with TLR agonists, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] (TLR3 agonist), lipopolysaccharide (TLR4 agonist), or R848 (TLR7/8 agonist), and IL-8 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) secretion were evaluated. Interestingly, poly(I:C), but neither lipopolysaccharide nor R848, increased IL-8 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 secretion. Examination of signaling pathways suggested that the poly(I:C) effects in fetal ASM involve TLR and ERK signaling, in addition to another major inflammatory pathway, NF-κB. Moreover, there are variations between fetal and adult ASM with respect to poly(I:C) effects on signaling pathways. Pharmacological inhibition suggested that ERK pathways mediate poly(I:C) effects. Overall, our data show that poly(I:C) initiates activation of proinflammatory pathways in developing ASM, which may contribute to immune responses to infection and exacerbation of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arij Faksh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rodney D Britt
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Elizabeth R Vogel
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Hitesh C Pandya
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Department of Immunology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; and
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Christina M Pabelick
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gonzalez OA, Novak MJ, Kirakodu S, Stromberg A, Nagarajan R, Huang CB, Chen KC, Orraca L, Martinez-Gonzalez J, Ebersole JL. Differential Gene Expression Profiles Reflecting Macrophage Polarization in Aging and Periodontitis Gingival Tissues. Immunol Invest 2015; 44:643-64. [PMID: 26397131 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2015.1070269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has determined a phenotypic and functional heterogeneity for macrophage populations. This plasticity of macrophage function has been related to specific properties of subsets (M1 and M2) of these cells in inflammation, adaptive immune responses and resolution of tissue destructive processes. This investigation hypothesized that targeted alterations in the distribution of macrophage phenotypes in aged individuals, and with periodontitis would be skewed towards M1 inflammatory macrophages in gingival tissues. The study used a non-human primate model to evaluate gene expression profiles as footprints of macrophage variation in healthy and periodontitis gingival tissues from animals 3-23 years of age and in periodontitis tissues in adult and aged animals. Significant increases in multiple genes reflecting overall increases in macrophage activities were observed in healthy aged tissues, and were significantly increased in periodontitis tissues from both adults and aged animals. Generally, gene expression patterns for M2 macrophages were similar in healthy young, adolescent and adult tissues. However, modest increases were noted in healthy aged tissues, similar to those seen in periodontitis tissues from both age groups. M1 macrophage gene transcription patterns increased significantly over the age range in healthy tissues, with multiple genes (e.g. CCL13, CCL19, CCR7 and TLR4) significantly increased in aged animals. Additionally, gene expression patterns for M1 macrophages were significantly increased in adult health versus periodontitis and aged healthy versus periodontitis. The findings supported a significant increase in macrophages with aging and in periodontitis. The primary increases in both healthy aged tissues and, particularly periodontitis tissues appeared in the M1 phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O A Gonzalez
- a Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - M J Novak
- a Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - S Kirakodu
- a Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - A Stromberg
- b Department of Statistics , College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - R Nagarajan
- c Department of Biostatistics , College of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico , San Juan , PR , USA
| | - C B Huang
- a Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - K C Chen
- d Microarray Core Facility, College of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico , San Juan , PR , USA
| | - L Orraca
- e School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico , San Juan , PR , USA , and
| | - J Martinez-Gonzalez
- f Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico , San Juan , PR , USA
| | - J L Ebersole
- a Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Guo X, Liu T, Shi H, Wang J, Ji P, Wang H, Hou Y, Tan RX, Li E. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Upregulates NLRC5 and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Expression through RIG-I Induction in Airway Epithelial Cells. J Virol 2015; 89:7636-45. [PMID: 25972545 PMCID: PMC4505675 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00349-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute respiratory tract viral infection in infants, causing bronchiolitis and pneumonia. The host antiviral response to RSV acts via retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I). We show here that RSV infection upregulates major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) expression through the induction of NLRC5, a NOD-like, CARD domain-containing intracellular protein that has recently been identified as a class I MHC transactivator (CITA). RSV infection of A549 cells promotes upregulation of NLRC5 via beta interferon (IFN-β) production, since the NLRC5-inducing activity in a conditioned medium from RSV-infected A549 cells was removed by antibody to IFN-β, but not by antibody to IFN-γ. RSV infection resulted in RIG-I upregulation and induction of NLRC5 and MHC-I. Suppression of RIG-I induction significantly blocked NLRC5, as well as MHC-I, upregulation and diminished IRF3 activation. Importantly, Vero cells deficient in interferon production still upregulated MHC-I following introduction of the RSV genome by infection or transfection, further supporting a key role for RIG-I. A model is therefore proposed in which the host upregulates MHC-I expression during RSV infection directly via the induction of RIG-I and NLRC5 expression. Since elevated expression of MHC-I molecules can sensitize host cells to T lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity or immunopathologic damage, the results have significant implications for the modification of immunity in RSV disease. IMPORTANCE Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children worldwide. Infection early in life is linked to persistent wheezing and allergic asthma in later life, possibly related to upregulation of major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) on the cell surface, which facilitates cytotoxic T cell activation and antiviral immunity. Here, we show that RSV infection of lung epithelial cells induces expression of RIG-I, resulting in induction of a class I MHC transactivator, NLRC5, and subsequent upregulation of MHC-I. Suppression of RIG-I induction blocked RSV-induced NLRC5 expression and MHC-I upregulation. Increased MHC-I expression may exacerbate the RSV disease condition due to immunopathologic damage, linking the innate immune response to RSV disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuancheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Taixiang Liu
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Province Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hengfei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Province Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yayi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ren Xiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Erguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lay MK, Bueno SM, Gálvez N, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. New insights on the viral and host factors contributing to the airway pathogenesis caused by the respiratory syncytial virus. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:800-12. [PMID: 26119025 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1055711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most prevalent etiological agent of lower respiratory tract infections and the first cause of hospitalization in infants due to respiratory disease worldwide. However, efforts to develop safe and effective vaccines and antivirals have been challenged by an incomplete understanding of the RSV pathogenesis and the host immune response to RSV infection in the airways. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding the interaction between RSV and the epithelium to induce pathogenesis in the airways, such as the role of the RSV NS2 protein in the airway epithelium, as well as the events involved in the RSV entry process. In addition, we summarize the cellular factors produced by airway epithelial cells (AECs) in response to RSV infection that lead to the activation of innate and adaptive immune responses, inducing lung inflammation and disease. Further, we discuss the possible contribution of a recently identified cytokine, thymic stromal lymphopoitein (TSLP), in the lung immunopathology caused by RSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita K Lay
- a Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- a Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile .,b INSERM U1064 , Nantes , France
| | - Nicolás Gálvez
- a Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- c Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina , Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Farmacología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello , Santiago , Chile , and
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- a Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile .,b INSERM U1064 , Nantes , France .,d Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Brealey JC, Sly PD, Young PR, Chappell KJ. Viral bacterial co-infection of the respiratory tract during early childhood. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:fnv062. [PMID: 25877546 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is an important cause of morbidity in children. Mixed aetiology is frequent, with pathogenic viruses and bacteria co-detected in respiratory secretions. However, the clinical significance of these viral/bacterial co-infections has long been a controversial topic. While severe bacterial pneumonia following influenza infection has been well described, associations are less clear among infections caused by viruses that are more common in young children, such as respiratory syncytial virus. Although assessing the overall contribution of bacteria to disease severity is complicated by the presence of many confounding factors in clinical studies, understanding the role of viral/bacterial co-infections in defining the outcome of paediatric ARI will potentially reveal novel treatment and prevention strategies, improving patient outcomes. This review summarizes current evidence for the clinical significance of respiratory viral/bacterial co-infections in young children, discusses possible mechanisms of cooperative interaction between these pathogens and highlights areas that require further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaelle C Brealey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul R Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Keith J Chappell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
The relationship between allergic rhinitis and viral infections. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014; 22:249-52. [PMID: 24801803 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0000000000000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Viral airway inflammation is one of the most common respiratory conditions. The clinical symptoms of viral rhinitis, especially watery rhinorrhea and nasal congestion, may be similar to the symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Both conditions affect considerable numbers of patients and can lead to many upper airway consequences, especially secondary bacterial infection. Viral infection can also lead to lower respiratory traction conditions such as bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia and, especially, asthma. This article will review the existing scientific literature examining the linkage and relationship between viral infection and allergic airway disease. RECENT FINDINGS The relationship between viral and allergic airway inflammation can be discussed in terms of the influence of pathogenesis from one condition to the other. Recently, many studies show how early infection can decrease the chance of allergic development. However, there is some evidence demonstrating that viral infection can deteriorate the clinical symptoms of airway allergy. SUMMARY Viral infection can affect the immune system and allergy as both 'enhancing effect' and 'protective effect'. The influential factors depend on the virulence of the viral strain, the innate immune system and the environmental conditions.
Collapse
|
28
|
Lambert L, Sagfors AM, Openshaw PJM, Culley FJ. Immunity to RSV in Early-Life. Front Immunol 2014; 5:466. [PMID: 25324843 PMCID: PMC4179512 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the commonest cause of severe respiratory infection in infants, leading to over 3 million hospitalizations and around 66,000 deaths worldwide each year. RSV bronchiolitis predominantly strikes apparently healthy infants, with age as the principal risk factor for severe disease. The differences in the immune response to RSV in the very young are likely to be key to determining the clinical outcome of this common infection. Remarkable age-related differences in innate cytokine responses follow recognition of RSV by numerous pattern recognition receptors, and the importance of this early response is supported by polymorphisms in many early innate genes, which associate with bronchiolitis. In the absence of strong, Th1 polarizing signals, infants develop T cell responses that can be biased away from protective Th1 and cytotoxic T cell immunity toward dysregulated, Th2 and Th17 polarization. This may contribute not only to the initial inflammation in bronchiolitis, but also to the long-term increased risk of developing wheeze and asthma later in life. An early-life vaccine for RSV will need to overcome the difficulties of generating a protective response in infants, and the proven risks associated with generating an inappropriate response. Infantile T follicular helper and B cell responses are immature, but maternal antibodies can afford some protection. Thus, maternal vaccination is a promising alternative approach. However, even in adults adaptive immunity following natural infection is poorly protective, allowing re-infection even with the same strain of RSV. This gives us few clues as to how effective vaccination could be achieved. Challenges remain in understanding how respiratory immunity matures with age, and the external factors influencing its development. Determining why some infants develop bronchiolitis should lead to new therapies to lessen the clinical impact of RSV and aid the rational design of protective vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lambert
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Agnes M. Sagfors
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Fiona J. Culley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ekyalongo RC, Nakayama H, Kina K, Kaga N, Iwabuchi K. Organization and functions of glycolipid-enriched microdomains in phagocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:90-7. [PMID: 24968752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Populations of glycolipids change markedly during leukocyte differentiation, suggesting that these molecules are involved in biological functions. About 70% of the glycosphingolipids in human neutrophils are lactosylceramide, a molecule also expressed on monocytes and dendritic cells, but not on lymphocytes. In contrast, phosphatidylglucoside is mainly expressed on neutrophils. STED microscopic analysis showed that phosphatidylglucoside and lactosylceramide form different domains on plasma membranes of neutrophils, with phosphatidylglucoside preferentially expressed along the neutrophil differentiation pathway. Phosphatidylglucoside was found to mediate the differentiation of HL-60 cells into the neutrophilic lineage, and to be involved in FAS-dependent neutrophil apoptosis. In contrast, lactosylceramide was only expressed on mature neutrophils. Complexes of lactosylceramide and the Src family kinase Lyn form membrane microdomains. LacCer-enriched membrane microdomains mediate neutrophil innate immune responses; e.g. chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and superoxide generation. C24 fatty acid chains of LacCer are indispensable for the formation of LacCer-Lyn complexes and for LacCer-dependent functions. Moreover, Lyn-coupled LacCer-enriched microdomains serve as signal transduction platforms for αMβ2 integrin-mediated phagocytosis. This review describes the organization and potential functions of glycolipids in phagocytes, as well as the roles of both phosphatidylglucoside and lactosylceramide in neutrophils. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Linking transcription to physiology in lipidomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roudy C Ekyalongo
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakayama
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Health Care and Nursing, Japan
| | - Katsunari Kina
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Naoko Kaga
- Division of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, BioMedical Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Iwabuchi
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Health Care and Nursing, Japan; Infection Control Nursing, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health Care and Nursing, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
MicroRNA 155 regulates Japanese encephalitis virus-induced inflammatory response by targeting Src homology 2-containing inositol phosphatase 1. J Virol 2014; 88:4798-810. [PMID: 24522920 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02979-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded small RNA molecules that regulate various cellular processes. miRNA 155 (miR-155) regulates various aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses and plays a key role in various viral infections and the resulting neuroinflammation. The present study evaluated the involvement of miR-155 in modulating Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)-induced neuroinflammation. We observed that miR-155 expression was upregulated during JEV infection of mouse primary microglia, the BV-2 microglia cell line, and in both mouse and human brains. In vitro and in vivo knockdown of miR-155 minimized JEV-induced inflammatory responses. In the present study, we confirmed targeting of the Src homology 2-containing inositol phosphatase 1 (SHIP1) 3' untranslated region (UTR) by miR-155 in the context of JEV infection. Inhibition of SHIP1 by miR-155 resulted in higher beta interferon (IFN-β) and proinflammatory cytokine production through activation of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK-1). Based on these observations, we conclude that miR-155 modulates the neuroinflammatory response during JEV infection via negative regulation of SHIP1 expression. Thus, modulation of miR-155 could be a novel strategy to regulate JEV-induced neuroinflammation. IMPORTANCE Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a member of the family Flaviviridae that causes Japanese encephalitis (JE), is the most common mosquito-borne encephalitis virus in the Asia-Pacific region. The disease is feared, as currently there are no specific antiviral drugs available. JEV targets the central nervous system, leading to high mortality and neurological and psychiatric sequelae in some of those who survive. The level of inflammation correlates well with the clinical outcome in patients. Recently, microRNA (miRNA), a single-stranded noncoding RNA, has been implicated in various brain disorders. The present study investigates the role of miRNA in JEV-induced neuroinflammation. Our results show that miRNA 155 (miR-155) targets the Src homology 2-containing inositol phosphatase 1 (SHIP1) protein and promotes inflammation by regulating the NF-κB pathway, increasing the expression of various proinflammatory cytokines and the antiviral response. Thus, miR-155 is a potential therapeutic target to develop antivirals in JE and other brain disorders where inflammation plays a significant role in disease progression.
Collapse
|
31
|
Zoccal KF, Bitencourt CDS, Paula-Silva FWG, Sorgi CA, de Castro Figueiredo Bordon K, Arantes EC, Faccioli LH. TLR2, TLR4 and CD14 recognize venom-associated molecular patterns from Tityus serrulatus to induce macrophage-derived inflammatory mediators. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88174. [PMID: 24516606 PMCID: PMC3917877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpion sting-induced human envenomation provokes an intense inflammatory reaction. However, the mechanisms behind the recognition of scorpion venom and the induction of mediator release in mammalian cells are unknown. We demonstrated that TLR2, TLR4 and CD14 receptors sense Tityus serrulatus venom (TsV) and its major component, toxin 1 (Ts1), to mediate cytokine and lipid mediator production. Additionally, we demonstrated that TsV induces TLR2- and TLR4/MyD88-dependent NF-κB activation and TLR4-dependent and TLR2/MyD88-independent c-Jun activation. Similar to TsV, Ts1 induces MyD88-dependent NF-κB phosphorylation via TLR2 and TLR4 receptors, while c-Jun activation is dependent on neither TLR2 nor TLR4/MyD88. Therefore, we propose the term venom-associated molecular pattern (VAMP) to refer to molecules that are introduced into the host by stings and are recognized by PRRs, resulting in inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Furlani Zoccal
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia da Silva Bitencourt
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Artério Sorgi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karla de Castro Figueiredo Bordon
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliane Candiani Arantes
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Helena Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Velayutham TS, Kolli D, Ivanciuc T, Garofalo RP, Casola A. Critical role of TLR4 in human metapneumovirus mediated innate immune responses and disease pathogenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78849. [PMID: 24205331 PMCID: PMC3812158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is one of the main causes of acute respiratory tract infections in children, elderly and immunocompromised patients. The mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLR) were identified as critical regulators of innate immunity to a variety of microbes, including viruses. We have recently shown that hMPV-induced cytokine, chemokine and type I interferon secretion in dendritic cells occurs via TLR4, however, its role in hMPV-induced disease is unknown. In this study, wild-type(WT) and TLR4-deficient mice (TLR4−/−) were infected with hMPV and examined for clinical disease parameters, such as body weight loss and airway obstruction, viral clearance, lung inflammation, dendritic cell maturation, T-cell proliferation and antibody production. Our results demonstrate that absence of TLR4 in hMPV-infected mice significantly reduced the inflammatory response as well as disease severity, shown by reduced body weight loss and airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness (AHR), compared to WT mice. Levels of cytokines and chemokines were also significantly lower in the TLR4−/− mice. Accordingly, recruitment of inflammatory cells in the BAL, lungs, as well as in lymph nodes, was significantly reduced in the TLR4−/− mice, however, viral replication and clearance, as well as T-cell proliferation and neutralizing antibody production, were not affected. Our findings indicate that TLR4 is important for the activation of the innate immune response to hMPV, however it does play a role in disease pathogenesis, as lack of TLR4 expression is associated with reduced clinical manifestations of hMPV disease, without affecting viral protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thangam Sudha Velayutham
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Deepthi Kolli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Teodora Ivanciuc
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Roberto P. Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Antonella Casola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|