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Suphap N, Somkijrungroj T, Kongwattananon W, Supawatjariyakul W, Pataradool T, Kraivichian K, Jantarabenjakul W, Tulvatana W, Preativatanyou K. Ocular Brugia pahangi Filariasis Complicated by Severe Macular Damage in Thailand: Case Report and Literature Review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:1158-1164. [PMID: 38688273 PMCID: PMC11154030 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.24-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Extralymphatic filariasis caused by filaria of zoonotic origins has been frequently reported in Thailand over recent years. Here, we report the first case of ocular filariasis in a 7.5-year-old Thai boy who initially presented with progressive conjunctival redness and blurred vision in his right eye. A small, slender, coiled worm was found and surgically removed from the right anterior chamber. Histopathological examination illustrated predominant eosinophilic inflammation surrounding the parasite, which showed smooth and thin cuticle, prominent lateral chords, flat and broad muscle cells, one intestine, and two reproductive tubes with unsegmented ova, typically characteristic of a female adult Brugia filarial nematode. The parasite was also molecularly identified as B. pahangi, based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequence analysis. The patient was then empirically prescribed albendazole, systemic prednisolone, and topical methylprednisolone. Unfortunately, his vision did not recover after 2 months due to severe maculopathy, most likely resulting from parasitic infestation and subsequent vitreous inflammation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of ocular infestation by B. pahangi with visual complications that occurred outside a filariasis-endemic area of Thailand. Furthermore, this report provides clinical data on preceding cases of B. pahangi filariasis formally reported in southeast Asian countries, including Thailand and Malaysia, which facilitate a better understanding of the epidemiology of this sporadic zoonotic infection for effective disease elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narut Suphap
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanapong Somkijrungroj
- Center of Excellence in Retina, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wijak Kongwattananon
- Center of Excellence in Retina, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wajamon Supawatjariyakul
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanapat Pataradool
- Center of Excellence in Vector Biology and Vector-Borne Disease, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanyarat Kraivichian
- Center of Excellence in Vector Biology and Vector-Borne Disease, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watsamon Jantarabenjakul
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wasee Tulvatana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanok Preativatanyou
- Center of Excellence in Vector Biology and Vector-Borne Disease, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Alonso FH, Shapiro K, Camp LE. Can nematode infection cause internal bleeding in dogs? A case of Dirofilaria immitis infection in cavitary fluids. Vet Clin Pathol 2024; 53:250-254. [PMID: 38684482 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
A 9-year-old dog was presented with weight loss, respiratory effort, and an enlarged abdomen. Imaging studies and exploratory surgery showed pulmonary and splenic masses and bi-cavitary effusion, later classified as hemorrhage. Cytology of the peritoneal and pleural fluids also revealed several microfilariae. Immunologic and molecular analyses confirmed Dirofilaria immitis infection and histopathology of the spleen indicated a cavernous endothelial proliferation with undefined etiology (hemangiosarcoma vs reaction to parasite infestation). The nematode larvae are speculated to have entered body cavities via erratic migration or via hemorrhage and visceral lesions to be related to parasitism. Nematode infection should be considered as a differential diagnosis for internal bleeding of undetermined origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio H Alonso
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Karen Shapiro
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lauren E Camp
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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3
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Chambers CA, Evans CC, Campellone GA, McCrackin MA, Moorhead AR, Alworth LC. An Overview of Management Considerations for Mongolian Gerbils ( Meriones unguiculatus), Cats ( Felis catus), and Dogs ( Canis familiaris) as Hosts for Brugia Infection. Comp Med 2024; 74:142-147. [PMID: 38925864 PMCID: PMC11267443 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-24-034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is a mosquito-borne parasitic infection affecting an estimated 51.4 million people. Brugia malayi and Brugia pahangi are used in research because common nonprimate research species such as Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), cats (Felis catus), and dogs (Canis familiaris) can maintain the life cycle of these species of filarial nematodes. Although overall care and management of animals infected with Brugia spp. is relatively straightforward, there are some unique challenges and special considerations that must be addressed when managing a research colony infected with these parasites. In this review, we discuss our experience, share insight into biosafety and clinical management, and describe the expected clinical signs associated with Brugia infection in gerbils, cats, and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Chambers
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- University Research Animal Resources, Office of Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Christopher C Evans
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Filariasis Research Reagent Resource Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; and
| | - Gianni A Campellone
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- University Research Animal Resources, Office of Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Mary A McCrackin
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- University Research Animal Resources, Office of Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Andrew R Moorhead
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Filariasis Research Reagent Resource Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; and
| | - Leanne C Alworth
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Office of Animal Care and Use, Office of Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Junsiri W, Kamkong P, Phojun A, Taweethavonsawat P. Unveiling zoonotic threats: molecular identification of Brugia sp. infection in a lion. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1376208. [PMID: 38681850 PMCID: PMC11047776 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1376208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Brugia malayi and B. pahangi, potential zoonotic pathogens transmitted by mosquitoes, are believed to primarily infect dogs and cats as reservoir hosts. Although previous studies have indicated nematode infections in lions, particularly in zoo environments where human contact with these reservoirs is possible, limited documentation exists regarding Brugia sp. infections in lions in Thailand. This study aims to investigate a case of Brugia infection in a lion from a zoo in Thailand. The blood sample was collected and examined from a female lion, using staining methods to morphologically identify microfilaria at the genus level. Subsequently, the PCR was employed targeting specific genes, including mitochondrial 12S rDNA, 18S rDNA, cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and Wolbachia surface protein (wsp), to confirm the species of the filarial nematode parasite. The genetic sequencing results revealed a high similarity (99-100%) to B. malayi for the 12S rDNA, 18S rDNA, COI and wsp genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequences from the 12S rDNA, 18S rDNA, COI and wsp genes showed that the sequences from this study belong to different clusters. This marks the inaugural documentation of molecular identification of Brugia infection in a lion, signifying that lions could function as reservoirs for this parasite and present a potential public health risk in the region. Our research underscores the effectiveness of molecular techniques and phylogenetic analysis in discerning and comprehending the evolution of filarial parasites. Additionally, it emphasizes the significance of these methods in enhancing the diagnosis, control, and prevention of zoonotic filarial nematode infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witchuta Junsiri
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patchana Kamkong
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aunchisa Phojun
- Nakhon Ratchasima Zoo, The Zoological Park Organization, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Piyanan Taweethavonsawat
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Biomarkers in Animals Parasitology Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Bawm S, Khaing Y, Chel HM, Hmoon MM, Win SY, Bo M, Naing T, Htun LL. Molecular detection of Dirofilaria immitis and its Wolbachia endosymbionts in dogs from Myanmar. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2023; 4:100148. [PMID: 38021190 PMCID: PMC10665652 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Heartworm disease in dogs and cats caused by Dirofilaria immitis continues to be a major clinical issue globally. This study focused on dogs suspicious of having tick-borne diseases (TBD) brought to a clinic and a veterinary teaching hospital in Myanmar. Blood samples were collected and initially screened using SNAP® 4Dx® Plus test kit. All dog blood samples were subjected to conventional PCR to detect both Dirofilaria spp. (cox1 gene) and Wolbachia spp. (16S rDNA) infections. Infection with D. immitis was detected in 14 (28.0%) of 50 examined samples, while the detection rate of TBD causative agents, including Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia canis, was 26.0% (13/50) and 26.0% (13/50), respectively, as determined by ELISA rapid test. In this study, D. immitis infection was moderately but significantly correlated with TBD infections (Pearson's r = 0.397, P = 0.008). Comparative sequence and phylogenetic analyses provided molecular identification of D. immitis in Myanmar and confirmed the identity of its Wolbachia endosymbiont with Wolbachia endosymbionts isolated from D. immitis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Aedes aegypti. The present study contributes to our understanding of the coexistence of D. immitis and Wolbachia endosymbiosis in dogs, and the findings may benefit the future prevention and control of dirofilariasis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saw Bawm
- Department of Livestock and Aquaculture Research, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar
- Department of Pharmacology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar
| | - Yadanar Khaing
- Department of International Relations and Information Technology, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar
| | - Hla Myet Chel
- Department of Pharmacology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar
| | - Myint Myint Hmoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar
| | - Shwe Yee Win
- Department of Pharmacology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar
| | - Min Bo
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar
| | - Tint Naing
- Crown Veterinary Resources, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Lat Lat Htun
- Department of Pharmacology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar
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Kamkong P, Jitsamai W, Thongmeesee K, Ratthawongjirakul P, Taweethavonsawat P. Genetic diversity and characterization of Wolbachia endosymbiont in canine filariasis. Acta Trop 2023; 246:107000. [PMID: 37567493 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Canine filariasis is caused by nematodes from the family Onchocercidae, which is transmitted by arthropod vectors. The disease is commonly found in Southeast Asia and exists worldwide. Some filarial nematodes are associated with intracellular bacteria of the genus Wolbachia, which plays an important role in embryogenesis, molting, and the long-term survival of adult worms. This study aims to characterize Wolbachia sp. and determine the association between Wolbachia and canine filarial nematode species in Thailand. A total of 46 dog blood samples that were naturally infected with filarial nematodes were obtained to identify filarial nematode species by Giemsa stained under a light microscope and confirmed using the molecular technique. In order to characterize Wolbachia sp., the nested PCR assay targeting the 16S rRNA gene showed that all samples of Dirofilaria immitis and fifteen samples of Candidatus Dirofilaria hongkongensis were grouped into Wolbachia supergroup C. In addition, all samples of Brugia spp. and five samples of Candidatus Dirofilaria hongkongensis were classified into Wolbachia supergroup D. The genetic diversity analysis conducted using the 16S rRNA gene revealed a similar result when analyzed through phylogenetic tree analysis. This is the first genetic diversity study of Wolbachia of Candidatus Dirofilaria hongkongensis in infected dogs in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patchana Kamkong
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Graduate Program of Molecular Sciences in Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Biomarkers in Animal Parasitology Research Group, Thailand
| | - Wanarit Jitsamai
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kritsada Thongmeesee
- Veterinary Pathobiology Graduate Program, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Panan Ratthawongjirakul
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Piyanan Taweethavonsawat
- Biomarkers in Animal Parasitology Research Group, Thailand; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Parasitology Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Mioduchowska M, Konecka E, Gołdyn B, Pinceel T, Brendonck L, Lukić D, Kaczmarek Ł, Namiotko T, Zając K, Zając T, Jastrzębski JP, Bartoszek K. Playing Peekaboo with a Master Manipulator: Metagenetic Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Wolbachia Supergroups in Freshwater Invertebrates. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119400. [PMID: 37298356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The infamous "master manipulators"-intracellular bacteria of the genus Wolbachia-infect a broad range of phylogenetically diverse invertebrate hosts in terrestrial ecosystems. Wolbachia has an important impact on the ecology and evolution of their host with documented effects including induced parthenogenesis, male killing, feminization, and cytoplasmic incompatibility. Nonetheless, data on Wolbachia infections in non-terrestrial invertebrates are scarce. Sampling bias and methodological limitations are some of the reasons limiting the detection of these bacteria in aquatic organisms. In this study, we present a new metagenetic method for detecting the co-occurrence of different Wolbachia strains in freshwater invertebrates host species, i.e., freshwater Arthropoda (Crustacea), Mollusca (Bivalvia), and water bears (Tardigrada) by applying NGS primers designed by us and a Python script that allows the identification of Wolbachia target sequences from the microbiome communities. We also compare the results obtained using the commonly applied NGS primers and the Sanger sequencing approach. Finally, we describe three supergroups of Wolbachia: (i) a new supergroup V identified in Crustacea and Bivalvia hosts; (ii) supergroup A identified in Crustacea, Bivalvia, and Eutardigrada hosts, and (iii) supergroup E infection in the Crustacea host microbiome community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Mioduchowska
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics and Biosystematics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
- Department of Marine Plankton Research, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Edyta Konecka
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Gołdyn
- Department of General Zoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tom Pinceel
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
- Community Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Brendonck
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Dunja Lukić
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Łukasz Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Namiotko
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics and Biosystematics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zając
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Zając
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan P Jastrzębski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
- Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bartoszek
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Division of Statistics and Machine Learning, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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Thilakarathne SS, Yuen NKY, Hassan MM, Yahathugoda TC, Abdullah S. Animal and Human Dirofilariasis in India and Sri Lanka: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091551. [PMID: 37174588 PMCID: PMC10177550 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dirofilariasis is an emerging vector-borne tropical disease of public health importance that mainly affects humans and dogs. Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens are the two well-documented dirofilariasis-causing filarioid helminths of both medical and veterinary concerns in India and Sri Lanka. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to describe and summarize the current evidence of dirofilariasis prevalence and distribution in India and Sri Lanka. Interestingly, D. repens is reported to circulate in both dogs (prevalence of 35.8% (95% CI: 11.23-60.69)) and humans (97% of published case reports) in India and Sri Lanka, but D. immitis is reported to be present in the dog populations in India (prevalence of 9.7% (95% CI: 8.5-11.0%)), and so far, it has not been reported in Sri Lanka. This peculiar distribution of D. immitis and D. repens in the two neighbouring countries could be due to the interaction between the two parasite species, which could affect the pattern of infection of the two worm species in dogs and thus influence the geographical distribution of these two filarial worms. In medical and veterinary practice, histopathology was the most commonly used diagnostic technique (31.3%; 95% CI 2.5-60.2%). The low specificity of histopathology to speciate the various Dirofilaria spp. may lead to misdiagnosis. It was identified in this study that several regions of India and Sri Lanka have not yet been surveyed for dirofilariasis. This limits our understanding of the geographical distribution and interspecies interactions of the two parasites within these countries. Parasite distribution, disease prevalence, and interspecies interactions between the vectors and the host should be targeted for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandani S Thilakarathne
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle P.O. Box 70, Sri Lanka
| | - Nicholas K Y Yuen
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Thishan C Yahathugoda
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle P.O. Box 70, Sri Lanka
| | - Swaid Abdullah
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
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Dantas-Torres F, Ketzis J, Pérez Tort G, Mihalca AD, Baneth G, Otranto D, Watanabe M, Linh BK, Inpankaew T, Borrás P, Arumugam S, Penzhorn BL, Ybañez AP, Irwin P, Traub RJ. Heartworm adulticide treatment: a tropical perspective. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:148. [PMID: 37106364 PMCID: PMC10141906 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dirofilaria immitis (the canine heartworm) is widespread in the tropics, with prevalence surpassing 30% in high-risk areas. In addition to the suitable climatic conditions that favour mosquito abundance and filarial larva development, there is low compliance with the recommended year-round use of preventives in these transmission hotspots. This represents a major concern, considering that melarsomine (first-line heartworm adulticide) is unavailable in several tropical countries, resulting in the so-called slow-kill protocol being the only available adulticide treatment option. In this article, the members of TroCCAP (Tropical Council for Companion Animal Parasites) review the current distribution of heartworm in the tropics and the availability of melarsomine, and discuss alternatives for the management of heartworm infections in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Jennifer Ketzis
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Gabriela Pérez Tort
- University of Buenos Aires and Virreyes Veterinary Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrei Daniel Mihalca
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gad Baneth
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | - Bui Khanh Linh
- Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Pablo Borrás
- Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sangaran Arumugam
- Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca J Traub
- Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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10
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Bhumiratana A, Nunthawarasilp P, Intarapuk A, Pimnon S, Ritthison W. Emergence of zoonotic Brugia pahangi parasite in Thailand. Vet World 2023; 16:752-765. [PMID: 37235155 PMCID: PMC10206978 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.752-765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic Brugia pahangi parasite infections in humans have emerged over two decades in Southeast Asia (SEA), including Malaysia and Thailand. The species is commonly found in domestic cats and dogs as the natural reservoir hosts. The sporadic transmission pattern of B. pahangi zoonosis causes childhood infections in Thailand and adulthood infections in Malaysia. It is crucial to understand the vulnerability in how zoonotic B. pahangi parasite is transmitted to susceptible persons in receptive settings and the exposure to the infection under impoverished environment to which the human-vector-animal interactions are related. This acquisition of knowledge will help multiple health science professions to apply One Health approach to strengthening the capacity in diagnosis and surveillance, and hence detecting and monitoring the "lingering" zoonotic B. pahangi infections present in vulnerable populations in Thailand and elsewhere in SEA. In this review article, the authors focused on articulating the concepts of plantation-related zoonotic B. pahangi filariasis by updating current knowledge of B. pahangi life cycle, vector's life cycle and current state of research on the epidemiology and ecology of B. pahangi zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adisak Bhumiratana
- Thammasat University Research Unit in One Health and EcoHealth, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
| | | | - Apiradee Intarapuk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
| | - Suntorn Pimnon
- Faculty of Public Health, Bangkokthonburi University, Bangkok 10170, Thailand
| | - Wanapa Ritthison
- Office of Disease Prevention and Control, Region 6 Chonburi, Thailand
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11
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Junsiri W, Kamkong P, Chinkangsadarn T, Ouisuwan S, Taweethavonsawat P. Molecular identification and genetic diversity of equine ocular setariasis in Thailand based on the COI, 12S rDNA, and ITS1 regions. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 110:105425. [PMID: 36913994 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Equine ocular setariasis is mainly caused by Setaria digitata, and the identification of this filarial nematode is based on morphology. However, morphological characterization alone is insufficient for the detection and differentiation of S. digitata from its congeners. In Thailand, the molecular detection of S. digitata is lacking and its genetic diversity is still unknown. This study aimed to phylogenetically characterize equine S. digitata from Thailand based on sequences derived from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI), the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA (12S rDNA), the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and Wolbachia surface protein (wsp). Five samples of S. digitata were characterized, submitted to the NCBI database, and used for phylogenetic analysis as well as the assessment of similarity, entropy, and haplotype diversity. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the S. digitata Thai strain was similar to S. digitata from China and Sri Lanka, with 99 to 100% similarity. The entropy and haplotype diversity indicated that the S. digitata Thai isolate was conserved and closely related to S. digitata worldwide. This is the first report on the molecular detection of equine ocular setariasis caused by S. digitata in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witchuta Junsiri
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Patchana Kamkong
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Teerapol Chinkangsadarn
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Suraseha Ouisuwan
- Horse Farm and Laboratory Animal Breeding Center, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Prachuap Khiri Khan 77110, Thailand
| | - Piyanan Taweethavonsawat
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Biomarkers in Animals Parasitology Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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12
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Alsarraf M, Baneth G, Bogucka-Kocka A, Ciuca L, Dwużnik-Szarek D, Fuehrer HP, Kloch A, Kołodziej P, Levytska V, Mierzejewska EJ, Mihalca AD, Ionică AM, Mushynskyi A, Nachum-Biala Y, Alsarraf M, Bajer A. Haplotypes of Dirofilaria repens from Poland and selected countries of Central, North-Eastern Europe and the Middle East: An evaluation on the relation between the genetic diversity and the geographic distribution of the fast-spreading parasite. Vet Parasitol 2023; 315:109882. [PMID: 36731209 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Subcutaneous dirofilariosis is a fast-spreading infection of dogs, and occasionally of other carnivores and humans. Several factors contribute to its spread, including climate change, which facilitates development and survival of Dirofilaria repens in the mosquito vector. Movement/relocation of infected definitive hosts (dogs) from endemic regions to non-endemic regions is another possible cause of local emergence and the presence of a wide variety of wild reservoirs of the parasite may also contribute to its spread. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of D. repens from different regions of Europe and to evaluate the spread of identified haplotypes and their geographic origin. A total of 95 D. repens isolates were obtained from Central and Eastern Europe (Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Austria, Romania), NE Europe (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia), Italy and Israel. All but two positive samples were obtained from the blood of dogs while one positive sample was obtained from an adult worm from a human case from the Lublin area in SE Poland and one sample was obtained from Anopheles plumbeus mosquito from Austria. Genetic diversity in D. repens isolates was evaluated by PCR amplification and sequencing of three genetic markers, including two mitochondrial genes (mtDNA): the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and dehydrogenase subunit I (NADH). Additionally, the genomic marker, internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) was amplified and sequenced. Haplotypes were differentiated based on sequence alignments by identifying Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) using DnaSP and Mega X. PopArt was used to construct a haplotype network including all identified haplotypes. Both mtDNA sequences (COI and NADH) were combined together for phylogenetic and network analyses. Altogether 18 haplotypes (DR1-DR18) were identified in combined mtDNA markers among 95 analysed samples. Haplotype DR1 was the most common encompassing 66 isolates: 42 isolates from Poland (41 from dogs and one from a human), 13 from Lithuania, 4 from Latvia, 2 from Ukraine and 5 from Romania. All other haplotypes grouped around haplotype DR1 separated by 1-5 SNPs, forming a star-like shape. Haplotype DR2 was the second most common haplotype, formed by six isolates from Romania. Interestingly, haplotype DR3 was represented only by four isolates from Israel. The remaining 15 haplotypes were represented by 1-4 isolates of different origins. Our study showed that only minor genetic diversity was found in D. repens since all isolates appear to have clustered in or branched out from haplotype DR1 with 1-5 SNP differences. The genetic diversity appears to be governed by geographic origin since isolates from neighbouring populations (countries) appear to share unique haplotypes while other populations that are geographically distant from individual haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Alsarraf
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Gad Baneth
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Anna Bogucka-Kocka
- Chair and Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Lavinia Ciuca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Dorota Dwużnik-Szarek
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hans-Peter Fuehrer
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Agnieszka Kloch
- Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Przemysław Kołodziej
- Chair and Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Viktoria Levytska
- Department of Infectious and Invasive Disease, Podillia State University, Shevchenko 12, 32316 Kamianets-Podilskyi, Ukraine; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ewa Julia Mierzejewska
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrei D Mihalca
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca 400372, Romania
| | - Angela Monica Ionică
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca 400372, Romania
| | - Andrii Mushynskyi
- Department of Infectious and Invasive Disease, Podillia State University, Shevchenko 12, 32316 Kamianets-Podilskyi, Ukraine
| | - Yaarit Nachum-Biala
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Mohammed Alsarraf
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Bajer
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Thilakarathne SS, Wijayawardhane N, Perera PK, Mallawa C, Rajakaruna RS. Filariasis in dogs brought to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:461-469. [PMID: 36482010 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dirofilariasis is the predominant emerging zoonotic filariasis in the world. The two most frequent filarial worms that infect dogs are Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis. This study reports filariasis among dogs brought to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) at the University of Peradeniya and signifies the first molecular characterization of D. repens, responsible for an emerging zoonotic filarial disease in Sri Lanka. Blood samples were collected and were morphologically analyzed using Modified Knott's Technique, followed by molecular analyses. The difference in filariasis prevalence among gender, breed, and age categories was analyzed using a chi-square test. Infection intensities were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal Wallis test. The dogs were brought to the clinic for either vaccination and/or for a regular checkup, and most were sick having non-specific clinical signs. Among the 87 dogs tested, 27.6% were positive for Dirofilaria. Conventional PCR and bi-directional sequencing of genomic DNA of microscopically tested positive samples revealed that the species in Sri Lanka was D. repens. The infection was significantly higher in males (39.1%) than in females (14.6%; χ2 = 0.447, p = 0.011), though it is not significant between puppies (age < 1 year) and adult dogs. More crossbred dogs were infected compared to older and purebred dogs. There was no difference in intensity of infection based on their gender, age, or breed. Sequences obtained from the current study were unique and were only 63% identical to those of D. repens reported from South India. The high number of Dirofilaria infections in domestic dogs indicates a potential reservoir for emerging human dirofilariasis cases in Sri Lanka. Thus, morphological and molecular diagnosis, along with epidemiological assessment of these zoonoses, is critical for the formulation of effective public health programs and control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandani S Thilakarathne
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Nayana Wijayawardhane
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Piyumali K Perera
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Chandima Mallawa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Rupika S Rajakaruna
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka.
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14
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Siriyasatien P, Intayot P, Sawaswong V, Preativatanyou K, Wacharapluesadee S, Boonserm R, Sor-suwan S, Ayuyoe P, Cantos-Barreda A, Phumee A. Description of potential vectors of zoonotic filarial nematodes, Brugia pahangi, Setaria digitata, and Setaria labiatopapillosa in Thai mosquitoes. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13255. [PMID: 36846682 PMCID: PMC9950834 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Filariasis is classified as a vector-borne zoonotic disease caused by several filarial nematodes. The disease is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Understanding the relationship between mosquito vectors, filarial parasites, and vertebrate hosts is therefore essential for determining the probability of disease transmission and, correspondingly, developing effective strategies for prevention and control of diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the infection of zoonotic filarial nematodes in field-caught mosquitoes, observe the potential vectors of filaria parasites in Thailand using a molecular-based survey, conduct a study of host-parasite relationship, and propose possible coevolution of the parasites and their hosts. Mosquitoes were collected around cattle farms in Bangkok, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Ratchaburi, and Lampang provinces from May to December 2021 using a CDC Backpack aspirator for 20-30 minutes in each area (intra-, peri-, and wild environment). All mosquitoes were identified and morphologically dissected to demonstrate the live larvae of the filarial nematode. Furthermore, all samples were tested for filarial infections using PCR and sequencing. A total of 1,273 adult female mosquitoes consisted of five species: 37.78% Culex quinquefasciatus, 22.47% Armigeres subalbatus, 4.71% Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, 19.72% Anopheles peditaeniatus, and 15.32% An. dirus. Larvae of Brugia pahangi and Setaria labiatopapillosa were found in Ar. subalbatus and An. dirus mosquitoes, respectively. All mosquito samples were processed by PCR of ITS1 and COXI genes for filaria nematode species identification. Both genes showed that B. pahangi was found in four mosquitoes of Ar. subalbatus from Nakhon Si Thammarat, S. digitata was detected in three samples of An. peditaeniatus from Lampang, and S. labiatopapillosa was detected in one of An. dirus from Ratchaburi. However, filarial nematodes were not found in all Culex species. This study infers that this is the first data regarding the circulation of Setaria parasites in Anopheles spp. from Thailand. The phylogenetic trees of the hosts and parasites are congruent. Moreover, the data could be used to develop more effective prevention and control strategies for zoonotic filarial nematodes before they spread in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padet Siriyasatien
- Center of Excellence in Vector Biology and Vector Borne Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Proawpilart Intayot
- Pharmaceutical Ingredient Research Group, Research and Development Institute, The Government Pharmaceutical Organization, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vorthon Sawaswong
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanok Preativatanyou
- Center of Excellence in Vector Biology and Vector Borne Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical Centre, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungfar Boonserm
- Center of Excellence in Vector Biology and Vector Borne Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sriwatapron Sor-suwan
- Center of Excellence in Vector Biology and Vector Borne Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pattama Ayuyoe
- Department of Parasitology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ana Cantos-Barreda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Atchara Phumee
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand,Excellent Center for Dengue and Community Public Health (EC for DACH), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand,Corresponding author. Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
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15
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Huggins LG, Koehler AV, Gasser RB, Traub RJ. Advanced approaches for the diagnosis and chemoprevention of canine vector-borne pathogens and parasites-Implications for the Asia-Pacific region and beyond. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2023; 120:1-85. [PMID: 36948727 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) of canines are a diverse range of infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa and multicellular parasites, that are pernicious and potentially lethal to their hosts. Dogs across the globe are afflicted by canine VBPs, but the range of different ectoparasites and the VBPs that they transmit predominate in tropical regions. Countries within the Asia-Pacific have had limited prior research dedicated to exploring the epidemiology of canine VBPs, whilst the few studies that have been conducted show VBP prevalence to be high, with significant impacts on dog health. Moreover, such impacts are not restricted to dogs, as some canine VBPs are zoonotic. We reviewed the status of canine VBPs in the Asia-Pacific, with particular focus on nations in the tropics, whilst also investigating the history of VBP diagnosis and examining recent progress in the field, including advanced molecular methods, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS). These tools are rapidly changing the way parasites are detected and discovered, demonstrating a sensitivity equal to, or exceeding that of, conventional molecular diagnostics. We also provide a background to the armoury of chemopreventive products available for protecting dogs from VBP. Here, field-based research within high VBP pressure environments has underscored the importance of ectoparasiticide mode of action on their overall efficacy. The future of canine VBP diagnosis and prevention at a global level is also explored, highlighting how evolving portable sequencing technologies may permit diagnosis at point-of-care, whilst further research into chemopreventives will be essential if VBP transmission is to be effectively controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas G Huggins
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Traub
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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16
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Pérez-Ramírez RD, Lugo-Vargas R, Petano-Duque JM, Cruz-Méndez JS, Rondón-Barragán IS. First study on microscopic and molecular detection of Acanthocheilonema reconditum and Leishmania infantum coinfection in dogs in Southwest Colombia. Vet World 2023; 16:94-103. [PMID: 36855357 PMCID: PMC9967715 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.94-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Canine vector-borne diseases represent an important issue for the welfare and health of animals, but also have great zoonotic potential. These diseases are caused by bacteria, nematodes such as filariae, and other parasites such as Leishmania spp. Given the difficulty in differentiating common microfilariae in dogs by microscopy and serological methods, molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing should be valuable for reaching a reliable diagnosis. This study aimed to use microscopy and PCR to identify the microfilarial species in dogs from Valle del Cauca, Colombia, and a possible association with Leishmania infantum parasites. Materials and Methods This study was conducted on 270 dogs from Pradera and Florida municipalities. Microfilariae were detected in dogs by optical microscopy and amplification with 5.8S-ITS2-28S. Species identification was achieved through the amplification of the gene cytochrome oxidase I (COX1). Results Microscopic detection of microfilariae was possible in 4.81% (13/270) of the dogs. In addition, by PCR of COX1 and Sanger sequencing of ITS2, Acanthocheilonema reconditum was identified as the circulating microfilarial species in 12 dogs, coinfecting with the species L. infantum (Leishmania donovani complex). Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on A. reconditum and L. infantum mixed infection in dogs in Colombia, particularly in the Valle del Cauca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Dario Pérez-Ramírez
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad del Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Ibagué-Tolima, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo Lugo-Vargas
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad del Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Ibagué-Tolima, Colombia
| | - Julieth Michel Petano-Duque
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad del Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Ibagué-Tolima, Colombia
| | - Juan Sebastian Cruz-Méndez
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad del Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Ibagué-Tolima, Colombia,Poultry Research Group, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad del Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Ibagué-Tolima, Colombia
| | - Iang Schroniltgen Rondón-Barragán
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad del Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Ibagué-Tolima, Colombia,Poultry Research Group, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad del Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Ibagué-Tolima, Colombia,Corresponding author: Iang Schroniltgen Rondón-Barragán, e-mail: Co-authors: RDP: , RL: , JMP: , JSC:
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17
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Saengsawang P, Desquesnes M, Yangtara S, Chalermwong P, Thongtip N, Jittapalapong S, Inpankaew T. Molecular detection of Loxodontofilaria spp. in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) from elephant training camps in Thailand. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 92:101910. [PMID: 36427455 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Filarial infection is an important disease in human and animal medicine. Several filarial worms are of importance, especially nematodes in the Onchocercidae. The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) is an endangered animal and is very important from several socio-economic and ecological aspects in Thailand. Various parasites can be found in elephants; however, data related to filarial infections in elephants is limited. The objective of this study was to detect filaria in the blood of Asian elephants in Thailand, based on a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Blood samples were collected from 208 Asian elephants and detected for filaria using PCR, targeting the region of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), and the RNA polymerase II large subunit (rbp1). In total, 4.33% (9 out of 208) of the sampled elephants had Loxodontofilaria spp. DNA with 100% query coverage. In addition, the obtained cox1 and rbp1 sequences matched with Loxodontofilaria sp., Onchocerca sp., and Dirofilaria sp. There were no identified risk factors (sex, age, location, and packed cell volume) related to Loxodontofilaria infection in elephants. The analyses of the phylogeny of ITS2 sequences demonstrated that the Loxodotofilaria-positive sequences were closely related to Onchocerca dewittei japonica and Onchocerca dewittei dewittei with 100% query coverage. Notably, the concatenated phylogenetic trees of ITS2 and the cox1 and rbp1 genes were closely similar to Loxodontofilaria sp. To describe in detail the genomic DNA of Loxodontofilaria spp., other genes should be additionally studied using a more discriminatory technique, such as DNA barcoding or whole genome sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phirabhat Saengsawang
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand; One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Marc Desquesnes
- InterTryp, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Toulouse, France
| | - Sarawut Yangtara
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Nikorn Thongtip
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | | | - Tawin Inpankaew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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18
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Haynes E, Cleveland CA, Garrett KB, Grunert RKA, Bryan JA, Sidouin M, Oaukou PT, Ngandolo BNR, Yabsley MJ. Characterization of the genetics and epidemiology of Brugia sp. in domestic dogs in Chad, Africa. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 35:100784. [PMID: 36184112 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases pose a threat to domestic animal health, as domestic animals can serve as reservoirs for certain zoonotic parasitic infections, including Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis) and lymphatic filariasis. Surveillance for these parasites in domestic animals is needed to understand infection prevalence and transmission cycles, with the goal of instituting appropriate interventions. The goal of this research was to report our finding of Brugia sp. infection in dogs from Chad, Africa, and to characterize the genetics and epidemiology of the parasite. During a recent Chadian canine pathogen surveillance project, we identified Brugia sp. infections in a total of 46 out of 428 dogs (10.7%) sampled at three time points in 2019-2020. We found high levels of sequence similarity to B. malayi and B. pahangi based on amplification of 18S rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and ITS-2 regions. Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences placed the Chadian Brugia sp. in a clade with other Brugia spp. but grouped it separately from both B. malayi and B. pahangi. Analysis of Hha I sequences showed the greatest similarity with B. patei, a parasite previously reported from dogs, cats, and wildlife hosts in Kenya. Epidemiologic analysis using generalized linear regression modeling found significantly higher odds of Brugia sp. detection among dogs in villages in southern Chad compared to those in the northern region. Further, within the northern region, there were higher odds of detection in the dry season, compared to the wet season, which is consistent with the ecology of a presumably mosquito-borne parasite. The same 428 dogs were tested for Dirofilaria immitis antigen using a commercial assay (IDEXX SNAP 4Dx) at the earliest time point of the study, with 119 dogs testing positive. However, no association was noted between Brugia infection and a dog being positive for Di. immitis antigen, with only seven of the 119 Di. immitis antigen-positive dogs being Brugia-positive. This is the first report of Brugia sp. in domestic dogs in Chad and additional research is needed to definitively identify the species present, elucidate transmission, and understand potential risks to canine and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Haynes
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wildlife Health Building, 589 D.W, Brooks Dr, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Christopher A Cleveland
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wildlife Health Building, 589 D.W, Brooks Dr, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kayla B Garrett
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wildlife Health Building, 589 D.W, Brooks Dr, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ryan K A Grunert
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wildlife Health Building, 589 D.W, Brooks Dr, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - John A Bryan
- Zachery Consulting LLC, 2595 Rogers Mill Road, Danielsville, GA 30633, USA
| | - Metinou Sidouin
- The Carter Center, 453 Freedom Pkwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | | | | | - Michael J Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wildlife Health Building, 589 D.W, Brooks Dr, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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19
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The Domestic Dog as a Laboratory Host for Brugia malayi. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101073. [PMID: 36297129 PMCID: PMC9607614 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the three nematodes responsible for lymphatic filariasis in humans, only Brugia malayi is actively maintained in research settings owing to its viability in small animal hosts, principal among which is the domestic cat. While the microfilaremic feline host is necessary for propagation of parasites on any significant scale, this system is plagued by a number of challenges not as pronounced in canine filarial models. For this reason, we investigated the capacity in which dogs may serve as competent laboratory hosts for B. malayi. We infected a total of 20 dogs by subcutaneous injection of 500 B. malayi third-stage larvae (L3) in either a single (n = 10) or repeated infection events (125 L3 per week for four weeks; n = 10). Within each group, half of the individuals were injected in the inguinal region and half in the dorsum of the hind paw. To track the course of microfilaremia in this host, blood samples were examined by microscopy biweekly for two years following infection. Additionally, to identify cellular responses with potential value as predictors of patency, we measured peripheral blood leukocyte counts for the first year of infection. A total of 10 of 20 dogs developed detectable microfilaremia. Peak microfilaria density varied but attained levels useful for parasite propagation (median = 1933 mL−1; range: 33–9950 mL−1). Nine of these dogs remained patent at 104 weeks. A two-way ANOVA revealed no significant differences between infection groups in lifetime microfilaria production (p = 0.42), nor did regression analysis reveal any likely predictive relationships to leukocyte values. The results of this study demonstrate the competence of the dog as a host for B. malayi and its potential to serve in the laboratory role currently provided by the cat, while also clarifying the potential for zoonosis in filariasis-endemic regions.
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Taweethavonsawat P, Rattanapinyopituk K, Tachampa K, Kiertkrittikhoon S, Jitsamai W, Klomkleaw W, Choisunirachon N, Komin K. Case report: Thromboembolic heartworm induced lower limb necrosis in a dog. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:868115. [PMID: 35990283 PMCID: PMC9382088 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.868115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 9-year-old spayed female boxer suffered from lameness in both hindlimbs with a perforated paw wound. Additionally, a linear, worm-like creature was penetrating out from the wound. On examination, the dog was emaciated and infected with heartworms, detected through a fresh blood smear, echocardiography, and transabdominal ultrasonography. Adult heartworms were detected at the right atrium (RA), right ventricle (RV), and pulmonary artery (PA), including the distal abdominal aorta, external iliac, and femoral arteries. During the surgery, adults heartworms were removed from both the heart (n = 8) and the femoral arteries (n = 5). Unfortunately, not all heartworms could be removed from these locations due to the extent of the heartworm infection. The opened, ischemic wounds in the distal limbs progressively expanded and the dog subsequently died, possibly due to caval syndrome complications and septicemia. The necropsy showed no evidence of an atrial septal defect, and a total of 25 adult heartworms were collected from the perforated paw, heart, pulmonary, and femoral arteries. All worms collected during the necropsy process were molecularly confirmed to be Dirofilaria immitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyanan Taweethavonsawat
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Biomarkers in Animal Parasitology Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kasem Rattanapinyopituk
- Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kittipong Tachampa
- Biomarkers in Animal Parasitology Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Wanarit Jitsamai
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wuthichai Klomkleaw
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nan Choisunirachon
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kiatpichet Komin
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Kiatpichet Komin
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21
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Tantipat C, Wongkamchai M, Saelai K, Amesombun A, Wongkamchai S. A rare case of ocular filariasis caused by Brugia malayi. Parasitol Int 2022; 90:102606. [PMID: 35659633 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Extra-lymphatic manifestation of filariasis is uncommon and may usually be clinically misdiagnosed. The extra lymphatic presentation of Brugia malayi may due to the site of entry of the infective larvae, and only a few cases have been proven for the causative species. We report here a 59-year-old woman presented with swollen right conjunctiva and complaint of migratory swelling at her eyelid, which has turned out to be ocular filariasis by B. malayi in Chantaburi province, Thailand. This report highlights the increasing cases of B. malayi as a causative agent of ocular filariasis in human.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Metta Wongkamchai
- Department of Parasitology and (c)Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Kati Saelai
- Prapokklao Hospital, Chanthaburi 22000, Thailand
| | - Ameorn Amesombun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sirichit Wongkamchai
- Department of Parasitology and (c)Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
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22
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Vinnie-Siow WY, Tan TK, Low VL, Teoh YB, Prakash BK, Sivanandam S, Sharma RSK, Lim YAL. Integration of Microscopic, Serologic and Molecular Techniques for Detection of Filarial Parasites in Dogs in Malaysia. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:468-475. [PMID: 34797497 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Canine filariosis in domestic dogs caused by several species of filarids is an emerging vector-borne disease and the spread of this disease remains a global veterinary and public health concern. However, information regarding these filarids and their epidemiological patterns remains scarce in Malaysia. The present study aimed to determine the infection rate and associated risk factors of filarial parasites in dogs in Malaysia. METHODS A total of 399 dog blood samples were collected from veterinary hospitals and animal shelters in Malaysia to determine the infection rate and associated risk factors via a combination of microscopic, serologic and molecular diagnostic techniques. RESULTS Two species of canine filariae identified in this study were Dirofilaria immitis (6.5%) and Brugia pahangi (1.3%), and their infections were associated with cross breed, medium size and short hair (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A new pair of primers was developed to complement the recovery of the 12S rRNA gene fragment of filarial parasites. This study represents the first molecular evidence of B. pahangi in dogs in Malaysia.
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Thengchaisri N, Inpankaew T, Arthitwong S, Steiner JM, Sattasathuchana P. Molecular prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis and Wolbachia infections in pet and semi-domesticated cats in Bangkok, Thailand. Vet World 2022; 15:239-243. [PMID: 35400954 PMCID: PMC8980370 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.239-243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Although cats are not natural hosts for heartworm infections (Dirofilaria immitis), evidence suggests that feline heartworm disease can be detrimental because of a severe inflammatory response. Recent studies have found that infection with bacteria of the genus Wolbachia is the principal cause of acute inflammatory filaria disease; nonetheless, the prevalence of cats naturally infected with heartworms and Wolbachia remains unclear. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and current distribution of feline heartworm disease and its association with Wolbachia infection in pet and semi-domesticated cats in Bangkok, Thailand. Materials and Methods: A total of 260 cats (130 pet cats and 130 semi-domesticated cats) were enrolled in this study. Blood samples were placed into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tubes for hematological analysis and DNA extraction. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to analyze samples for the presence of D. immitis and Wolbachia infections. Results: The prevalence (95% confidence interval [CI]) of D. immitis infection in pet, semi-domesticated, and all cats were 3.9% (1.3-8.8%), 27.7% (20.2-36.2%), and 19.6% (15.0-25.0%), respectively. The prevalence (95% CI) of Wolbachia infection in pet, semi-domesticated, and all cats were 18.5% (12.2-26.2%), 31.5% (23.7-40.3%), and 25.0% (19.9-30.7%), respectively. The prevalence of D. immitis and Wolbachia infections in semi-domesticated cats was significantly higher than in pet cats (p=0.002 and p=0.022, respectively). There was a significant association between D. immitis and Wolbachia infections (p<0.001). There was also a significant association between D. immitis infection and the presence of eosinophilia (p<0.045). Conclusion: From the PCR analysis, it can be concluded that semi-domesticated cats were at higher risk for D. immitis infection than pet cats. There was a significant association between positive D. immitis infection and positive Wolbachia infection. Combinations of anthelmintic and antimicrobial therapy should be considered in heartworm-positive cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naris Thengchaisri
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Tippimarn Veterinary Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, 906/1 Pong Ta Long Subdistrict, Pak Chong district, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30130, Thailand
| | - Tawin Inpankaew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Surapong Arthitwong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Panpicha Sattasathuchana
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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24
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Konecka E. Fifty shades of bacterial endosymbionts and some of them still remain a mystery: Wolbachia and Cardinium in oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida). J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 189:107733. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Jitsamai W, Kamkong P, Asawakarn S, Taweethavonsawat P. Emergence of Dirofilaria repens (Spirurida: Onchocercidae) in dogs in Eastern Thailand. Vet World 2021; 14:2851-2854. [PMID: 35017830 PMCID: PMC8743786 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2851-2854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Dirofilaria repens is a zoonotic vector-borne parasite of dogs and cats. It is not commonly found in every part of Thailand, except the southern part. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of this parasite in Eastern Thailand in 2019. Materials and Methods: A total of 8003 blood samples were collected from private veterinary clinics and animal hospitals in Eastern Thailand. Blood parasites were examined using buffy coat thin blood smears with Wright-Giemsa staining. D. repens was morphologically identified and confirmed using the acid phosphatase activity technique. Results: The first case of D. repens was found in March 2019. The prevalence of D. repens from January to December 2019 was 0.44% (35/8003) (95% confidence interval 0.30-0.61). Conclusion: The prevalence data of D. repens in Eastern Thailand indicate that this parasitic infection should be considered as a zoonotic vector-borne disease. A strategic plan to control zoonotic transmission alongside a preventive program should be emphasized and encouraged among pet owners and veterinarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanarit Jitsamai
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patchana Kamkong
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sariya Asawakarn
- Biomarkers in Animal Parasitology Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Biochemistry Unit, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Piyanan Taweethavonsawat
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Biomarkers in Animal Parasitology Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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26
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Giubega S, Imre M, Ilie MS, Imre K, Luca I, Florea T, Dărăbuș G, Morariu S. Identity of Microfilariae Circulating in Dogs from Western and South-Western Romania in the Last Decade. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111400. [PMID: 34832556 PMCID: PMC8618794 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dirofilaria infections in dogs are recognized as widespread mosquito-borne diseases with zoonotic potential, that are caused by the filarioid nematode (Onchocercidae) species Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens. The long-term survey conducted in western and south-western Romania was undertaken in order to provide valuable data on the occurrence of Dirofilaria infections in dogs. Blood samples from 1088 dogs, originating from 73 localities of 11 western and south-western counties in Romania, were collected and examined using the modified Knott test. Subsequently, all of the microscopically positive samples were subjected to molecular analysis for confirmation. Altogether, the data obtained showed the percentage of dogs with circulating microfilariae to be 21.42% (233/1088) of dogs tested in the investigated region. The identified species, in cases of monoinfections, were D. immitis, D. repens, and Acanthocheilonema reconditum in 106 (9.74%) samples, 102 (9.38%) samples, and 1 (0.09%) sample, respectively. Twenty-four (2.21%) samples were simultaneously positive for D. immitis and D. repens. There was no association (p > 0.05) between infection status and breed; however, sex and lifestyle were positively associated (p < 0.05) with the percentage of dogs with circulating microfilariae and might be regarded as risk factors for infection. The results of the present investigation indicate potential zoonotic risks for humans living in the screened area and support the imperative to increase awareness among both veterinarians and physicians, regarding the continuous spread of these zoonotic filariae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Giubega
- Department of Parasitology and Dermatology, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.G.); (M.I.); (I.L.); (T.F.); (G.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Mirela Imre
- Department of Parasitology and Dermatology, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.G.); (M.I.); (I.L.); (T.F.); (G.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Marius Stelian Ilie
- Department of Parasitology and Dermatology, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.G.); (M.I.); (I.L.); (T.F.); (G.D.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-256-277-190
| | - Kálmán Imre
- Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Iasmina Luca
- Department of Parasitology and Dermatology, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.G.); (M.I.); (I.L.); (T.F.); (G.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Tiana Florea
- Department of Parasitology and Dermatology, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.G.); (M.I.); (I.L.); (T.F.); (G.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Gheorghe Dărăbuș
- Department of Parasitology and Dermatology, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.G.); (M.I.); (I.L.); (T.F.); (G.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Sorin Morariu
- Department of Parasitology and Dermatology, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.G.); (M.I.); (I.L.); (T.F.); (G.D.); (S.M.)
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Manoj RRS, Latrofa MS, Epis S, Otranto D. Wolbachia: endosymbiont of onchocercid nematodes and their vectors. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:245. [PMID: 33962669 PMCID: PMC8105934 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wolbachia is an obligate intracellular maternally transmitted, gram-negative bacterium which forms a spectrum of endosymbiotic relationships from parasitism to obligatory mutualism in a wide range of arthropods and onchocercid nematodes, respectively. In arthropods Wolbachia produces reproductive manipulations such as male killing, feminization, parthenogenesis and cytoplasmic incompatibility for its propagation and provides an additional fitness benefit for the host to protect against pathogens, whilst in onchocercid nematodes, apart from the mutual metabolic dependence, this bacterium is involved in moulting, embryogenesis, growth and survival of the host. Methods This review details the molecular data of Wolbachia and its effect on host biology, immunity, ecology and evolution, reproduction, endosymbiont-based treatment and control strategies exploited for filariasis. Relevant peer-reviewed scientic papers available in various authenticated scientific data bases were considered while writing the review. Conclusions The information presented provides an overview on Wolbachia biology and its use in the control and/or treatment of vectors, onchocercid nematodes and viral diseases of medical and veterinary importance. This offers the development of new approaches for the control of a variety of vector-borne diseases. Graphic Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Epis
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric CRC 'Romeo Ed Enrica Invernizzi', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy. .,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
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28
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Qing X, Kulkeaw K, Wongkamchai S, Tsui SKW. Mitochondrial Genome of Brugia malayi Microfilariae Isolated From a Clinical Sample. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.637805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is a neglected parasitic disease that is a leading cause of long-term disability. Information obtained from genome sequencing of filarial worm can help us identify systems in the worm that are likely to be useful for novel drug design. Brugia (B.) malayi is still the only lymphatic-dwelling filarial parasite with a nearly complete, fully annotated, and published genome. However, most previous studies were based on the FR3 strain of B. malayi, which originally was isolated from a human patient, and was adapted to the rodent model, then maintained in laboratories for more than 60 years. It is uncertain whether genetic variation exists, thus, sequencing of clinical isolates of lymphatic dwelling filarial parasites is a high priority. Here, we report for the first time the complete mitochondrial genome of B. malayi microfilariae from clinical isolate. Complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of the microfilariae isolated from a blood sample taken from a Thai subject living in Narathiwat Province, which is an endemic area of brugian filariasis, was assembled with sequencing reads obtained by Illumina sequencing. Gene annotation, phylogenetic analysis and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) were deployed. A complete 13,658-bp mt genome of B. malayi microfilaria was obtained, and it shows 68x coverage. Based on gene annotation, the mt genome consists of 12 protein-coding, two rRNA, and 23 tRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis using all protein sequences of DNA sequences of mt genome or cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) revealed a close relationship among three lymphatic filariae (i.e., B. timori, zoonotic B. pahangi, and Wuchereria spp.). The SNPs in the COX1 gene can differentiate microfilariae of B. malayi in human from those found in canine. Furthermore, the number, order and transcription, and direction of B. malayi microfilariae mitochondrial genes were the same as those found in the FR3 strain of B. malayi. The comparison on mitochondrial genome of B. malayi could have important implications on the development of a new intervention or vaccine to treat or prevent this disease in endemic areas/regions around the world.
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29
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Priest JW, Ngandolo BNR, Lechenne M, Cleveland CA, Yabsley MJ, Weiss AJ, Roy SL, Cama V. Development of a Multiplex Bead Assay for the Detection of Canine IgG 4 Antibody Responses to Guinea Worm. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:303-312. [PMID: 33124546 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased levels of guinea worm (GW) disease transmission among dogs in villages along the Chari River in Chad threaten the gains made by the GW Eradication Program. Infected dogs with preemergent worm blisters are difficult to proactively identify. If these dogs are not contained, blisters can burst upon submersion in water, leading to the contamination of the water supply with L1 larvae. Guinea worm antigens previously identified using sera from human dracunculiasis patients were coupled to polystyrene beads for multiplex bead assay analysis of 41 non-endemic (presumed negative) dog sera and 39 sera from GW-positive dogs from Chad. Because commercially available anti-dog IgG secondary antibodies did not perform well in the multiplex assay, dog IgGs were partially purified, and a new anti-dog IgG monoclonal antibody was developed. Using the new 4E3D9 monoclonal secondary antibody, the thioredoxin-like protein 1-glutathione-S-transferase (GST), heat shock protein (HSP1)-GST, and HSP2-GST antigen multiplex assays had sensitivities of 69-74% and specificities of 73-83%. The domain of unknown function protein 148 (DUF148)-GST antigen multiplex assay had a sensitivity of 89.7% and a specificity of 85.4%. When testing samples collected within 1 year of GW emergence (n = 20), the DUF148-GST assay had a sensitivity of 90.0% and a specificity of 97.6% with a receiver-operating characteristic area under the curve of 0.94. Using sera from two experimentally infected dogs, antibodies to GW antigens were detected within 6 months of exposure. Our results suggest that, when used to analyze paired, longitudinal samples collected 1-2 months apart, the DUF148/GST multiplex assay could identify infected dogs 4-8 months before GW emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Priest
- 1Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Christopher A Cleveland
- 4Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Michael J Yabsley
- 4Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,5Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | | | - Sharon L Roy
- 7Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,8World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Dracunculiasis Eradication, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Vitaliano Cama
- 7Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,8World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Dracunculiasis Eradication, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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30
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Nguyen VL, Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. Canine and feline vector-borne diseases of zoonotic concern in Southeast Asia. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2021. [PMCID: PMC8906074 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2020.100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Dogs and cats are important hosts and reservoirs of many viral, bacterial, protozoal, and helminthic pathogens transmitted by arthropods, including some of zoonotic concern. By sharing the same environment, these companion animals play an important role in the transmission of zoonotic pathogens to humans in various regions and socioeconomic contexts. While canine and feline vector-borne diseases (VBD) are of major concern in wealthy regions (e.g. Europe and North America), less attention has been received in developing countries such as those in Southeast Asia (SEA). This review provides summarized and updated information on canine and feline VBD with emphasis on those of zoonotic concern in SEA. Of these, zoonotic bacteria (i.e. Bartonella henselae, Bartonella clarridgeiae, and Rickettsia felis) and filarial nematodes (i.e. Brugia malayi, Dirofilaria repens, and Dirofilaria immitis) stand out as the most important in veterinary and human medicine. Additionally, the recent finding of Leishmania infantum in dogs in SEA raised more concerns about the spreading of this zoonotic agent in this region. Further epidemiological surveys, especially in countries with extremely scant information such as Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Timor-Leste are advocated. Additionally, effective control measures of canine and feline VBD as well as their arthropod vectors should be simultaneously performed for the management of zoonotic infections. Many canine and feline vector-borne infections affect animals and humans in Southeast Asia. Ticks, fleas and mosquitoes are the most common vectors transmitting pathogens to dogs, cats and humans in Southeast Asia. Bartonella henselae, Rickettsia felis and Dirofilaria repens are of concern to human health in this region. Collaboration between governments and researchers is encouraged for a better management of vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet-Linh Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Recife, Brazil
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
- Corresponding author. Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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Kaikuntod M, Arjkumpa O, Kladkempetch D, Fukumoto S, Thongkorn K, Boonyapakorn C, Punyapornwithaya V, Tiwananthagorn S. Geographic Spatial Distribution Patterns of Dirofilaria immitis and Brugia pahangi Infection in Community Dogs in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:ani11010033. [PMID: 33375359 PMCID: PMC7824140 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Filariasis is emerging as a public health concern for humans, dogs, cats, and other wildlife species, and is frequently found in southeast Asian countries. The present study confirmed the species of filarial nematodes in free-roaming dogs from temple communities. Two species were found: Dirofilaria immitis infection and, for the first time, Brugia pahangi. The occurrence of the two species was comparable. Geographic spatial distribution revealed the abundance of D. immitis and B. pahangi in the central areas at altitudes less than 400 m. However, at higher altitudes between 400 and 800 m, we found a significantly higher number of B. pahangi infections than D. immitis infections. In conclusion, D. immitis and B. pahangi were the most common filarial infections found in community dogs in Northern Thailand. Dogs might be an important reservoir for B. pahangi in that region. The population dynamics of the mosquito vector of B. pahangi across altitudinal gradients merits further study. Abstract Filariasis is emerging as a public health concern in tropical and subtropical areas. Filariasis is an endemic problem commonly found in southeast Asian countries. Using the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the ITS1 region with Vsp I, the overall prevalence rates of Dirofilaria immitis (12.2% (41/337); 95% confidence interval: 9.1–16.1%) and Brugia pahangi (8.3% (28/337); 95% confidence interval: 5.8–11.8%) were determined based on 337 free-roaming community dogs from 20 districts in Northern Thailand. Microfilaremia was found in only 6.2% of dogs (21/337). Co-infection with D. immitis and B. pahangi was observed in two dogs. Of the 215 blood samples examined using a Canine Heartworm Ag Kit, only 3.72% (eight dogs) were D. immitis antigen positive. Among these eight, six dogs had occult D. immitis infections. In terms of geographic distribution, we found the abundance of D. immitis and B. pahangi in the central areas at altitudes less than 400 m to be 12.1% and 10.3%, respectively. In contrast, at higher altitudes between 400 and 800 m, a significantly higher number of B. pahangi compared with D. immitis infected individuals were observed at 14.29% and 4.1%, respectively. In conclusion, D. immitis and B. pahangi were the most common filarial infections found in community dogs in Northern Thailand. Dogs might be an important reservoir of B. pahangi in that region. Increasing awareness and concern and including proper deworming programs for community dogs should be endorsed to reduce the transmission risk. Additionally, the population dynamics of the mosquito vector of B. pahangi across altitudinal gradients deserved further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manusvee Kaikuntod
- Department of Companion Animals and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Orapun Arjkumpa
- Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Provincial Livestock Office, Thanu Subdistrict, Uthai District, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya 13000, Thailand
| | - Doolyawat Kladkempetch
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Shinya Fukumoto
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kriangkrai Thongkorn
- Department of Companion Animals and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Chavalit Boonyapakorn
- Department of Companion Animals and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Research Group for Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Saruda Tiwananthagorn
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
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Aydın MF, Altay K, Aytmirzakizi A, Dumanlı N. First Molecular Detection of Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens in Dogs from Kyrgyzstan. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:949-953. [PMID: 32588179 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens are the causative agents of cardiopulmonary and subcutaneous dirofilariosis, respectively. This neglected disease mainly seen in dogs, cats and wild carnivores is re-emerging recent years. No study was conducted on dirofilariosis in dogs in Kyrgyzstan. PURPOSE The goal of this study was to investigate Dirofilaria species using PCR and sequencing in dogs from Kyrgyzstan. METHOD Dirofilaria spp. infection in dogs was screened via convential PCR and sequencing in 337 dogs from Kyrgyzstan. RESULT The overall prevalence of Dirofilaria spp. was 0.59% (2/337): DNA of D. immitis was detected in one sample and DNA of D. repens in second positive sample. In second sample, parallel co-infection of D. repens with Wolbachia was also found. While D. immitis sequence showed 98.70-100% similarity with previously reported sequences of D. immitis from dog blood, D. repens shared 100% identity with other sequences of D. repens. CONCLUSION These results provided first evidence for Dirofilaria spp. in Kyrgyzstan and emphasized the veterinary and medical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Fatih Aydın
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Karamanoglu Mehmetbey, 70100, Karaman, Turkey.
| | - Kürşat Altay
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ayperi Aytmirzakizi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kırgızistan-Türkiye Manas University, 720044, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Nazir Dumanlı
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kırgızistan-Türkiye Manas University, 720044, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
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Nunthanid P, Roongruanchai K, Wongkamchai S, Sarasombath PT. Case Report: Periorbital Filariasis Caused by Brugia malayi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:2336-2338. [PMID: 32959768 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brugia malayi is a lymphatic nematode that accounts for approximately 10% of lymphatic filariasis cases worldwide. It is endemic in several countries in South and Southeast Asia. In Thailand, B. malayi is endemic in the southern region. The extralymphatic presentation of B. malayi is rare. Here, we report the case of a woman residing in the central region of Thailand who presented with an erythematous periorbital nodule at the left medial canthal area caused by lymphatic filaria. A viable sexually mature filarial adult was removed from the lesion. The nematode species was identified as B. malayi by histology staining and DNA sequencing of the partial mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. As far as we know, this is the first case report of B. malayi presenting with a periorbital nodule that has occurred in a disease non-endemic area of Thailand with possibly a zoonotic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kosol Roongruanchai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirichit Wongkamchai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Laidoudi Y, Medkour H, Levasseur A, Davoust B, Mediannikov O. New Molecular Data on Filaria and its Wolbachia from Red Howler Monkeys ( Alouatta macconnelli) in French Guiana-A Preliminary Study. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080626. [PMID: 32752052 PMCID: PMC7460519 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported filarial parasites of the genus Dipetalonema and Mansonella from French Guiana monkeys, based on morphological taxonomy. In this study, we screened blood samples from nine howler monkeys (Alouatta macconnelli) for the presence of filaria and Wolbachia DNA. The infection rates were 88.9% for filaria and 55.6% for wolbachiae. The molecular characterization, based on the 18S gene of filariids, revealed that A. macconnelli are infected with at least three species (Mansonella sp., Brugia sp. and an unidentified Onchocercidae species.). Since the 18S and cox1 generic primers are not very effective at resolving co-infections, we developed ITS genus-specific PCRs for Mansonella and Brugia genus. The results revealed coinfections in 75% of positives. The presence of Mansonella sp. and Brugia sp. was also confirmed by the 16S phylogenetic analysis of their associated Wolbachia. Mansonella sp., which close to the species from the subgenus Tetrapetalonema encountered in New World Monkeys, while Brugia sp. was identical to the strain circulating in French Guiana dogs. We propose a novel ITS1Brugia genus-specific qPCR. We applied it to screen for Brugia infection in howler monkeys and 66.7% were found to be positive. Our finding highlights the need for further studies to clarify the species diversity of neotropics monkeys by combining molecular and morphological features. The novel Brugia genus-specific qPCR assays could be an effective tool for the surveillance and characterization of this potential zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Laidoudi
- IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19–21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (Y.L.); (H.M.); (A.L.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, 19–21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Hacène Medkour
- IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19–21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (Y.L.); (H.M.); (A.L.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, 19–21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19–21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (Y.L.); (H.M.); (A.L.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, 19–21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Davoust
- IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19–21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (Y.L.); (H.M.); (A.L.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, 19–21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19–21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (Y.L.); (H.M.); (A.L.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, 19–21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +3304-1373-24-01
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Laidoudi Y, Marié JL, Tahir D, Watier-Grillot S, Mediannikov O, Davoust B. Detection of Canine Vector-Borne Filariasis and Their Wolbachia Endosymbionts in French Guiana. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050770. [PMID: 32455576 PMCID: PMC7285362 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In French Guiana, canine heartworm disease is well known, but the diversity of filarial parasites of dogs remains largely unknown. A total of 98 canine blood samples from Cayenne and Kourou were assessed by a blood wet mount preparation, heartworm antigen test and molecular exploration of filarioid and Wolbachia DNAs, followed by a multiplex species-specific qPCR's identification and a subsequent sequencing analysis. Thereafter, a phylogeny based on maximum likelihood was carried out to facilitate specific identification. Five dogs were microfilaremic. Heartworm antigens were detected in 15 (15.3%) dogs. Of these, six (6.1%) were considered as occult infections as neither microfilariae nor Dirofilaria immitis DNA were detected. The 11 (11.2%) D. immitis isolates corresponded to a low virulent strain. Six of the D. immitis isolates were positive for Wolbachia endosymbionts of D. immitis belonging to the clade C DNA. Acanthocheilonema reconditum DNA was detected in 3 (3.1%) samples. Of these latter, one was found co-infected with the Brugia sp. genotype and the DNA of the clade D of the Wolbachia endosymbiont of Brugia species. This latter was also detected in two filarioid DNA-free samples. Finally, two samples were positive for Cercopithifilaria bainae genotype, which is distinct from those identified in Europe. The present study highlights the urgent need to implement chemoprophylaxis associated with anti-Wolbachia drugs to control these potential zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Laidoudi
- Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France; (Y.L.); (D.T.); (O.M.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Lou Marié
- Animal Epidemiology Working Group of the Military Health Service, 13014 Marseille, France; (J.-L.M.); (S.W.-G.)
| | - Djamel Tahir
- Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France; (Y.L.); (D.T.); (O.M.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Stéphanie Watier-Grillot
- Animal Epidemiology Working Group of the Military Health Service, 13014 Marseille, France; (J.-L.M.); (S.W.-G.)
- Epidemiology and Public Health Center of the French Armed Forces, 13014 Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France; (Y.L.); (D.T.); (O.M.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Davoust
- Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France; (Y.L.); (D.T.); (O.M.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France
- Animal Epidemiology Working Group of the Military Health Service, 13014 Marseille, France; (J.-L.M.); (S.W.-G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-13-73-24-01
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