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Sarkar R, Adhikary K, Banerjee A, Ganguly K, Sarkar R, Mohanty S, Dhua R, Bhattacharya K, Ahuja D, Pal S, Maiti R. Novel targets and improved immunotherapeutic techniques with an emphasis on antimycosal drug resistance for the treatment and management of mycosis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35835. [PMID: 39224344 PMCID: PMC11367498 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Infections due to pathogenic fungi are endemic in particular area with increased morbidity and mortality. More than a thousand people are infected per year and the way of treatment is of high demand having a significant impact on the population health. Medical practitioners confront various troublesome analytic and therapeutical challenges in the administration of immunosuppressed sufferer at high danger of expanding fungal infections. An upgraded antimycosal treatment is fundamental for a fruitful result while treating intrusive mycoses. A collection of antimycosal drugs keeps on developing with their specific antifungal targets including cell membrane, mitochondria, cell wall, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)/ribonucleic acid (RNA) or protein biosynthesis. Some fundamental classes of ordinarily directed medications are the polyenes, amphotericin B, syringomycin, allylamines, honokiol, azoles, flucytosine, echinocandins etc. However, few immunotherapy processes and vaccinations are being developed to mark this need, although one presently can't seem to arrive at the conclusion. In this review article, there has been a trial to give details upgradation about the current immune therapeutic techniques and vaccination strategies against prevention or treatment of mycosis as well as the difficulties related with their turn of events. There has been also a visualization in the mentioned review paper about the various assorted drugs and their specific target analysis along with therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Sarkar
- Department of Medical Lab Technology and Biotechnology, Paramedical College Durgapur, West Bengal, 713212, India
| | - Krishnendu Adhikary
- Department of Medical Lab Technology and Biotechnology, Paramedical College Durgapur, West Bengal, 713212, India
| | - Arundhati Banerjee
- Department of Medical Lab Technology and Biotechnology, Paramedical College Durgapur, West Bengal, 713212, India
| | - Krishnendu Ganguly
- Department of Medical Lab Technology and Biotechnology, Paramedical College Durgapur, West Bengal, 713212, India
| | - Riya Sarkar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Dr. B. C. Roy Academy of Professional Courses, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713206, India
| | - Satyajit Mohanty
- Department of Advanced Pharmacology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Rumpa Dhua
- Department of Nutrition, Bankura Sammilani College, Kenduadihi, Bankura, West Bengal, 722102, India
| | - Koushik Bhattacharya
- School of Paramedics and Allied Health Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Deepika Ahuja
- School of Paramedics and Allied Health Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Suchandra Pal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Rajkumar Maiti
- Department of Physiology, Bankura Christian College, Bankura, West Bengal, 722101, India
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McQuinn E, Mochel JP, Borts D, Hanzlicek AS, Allenspach K, Palerme JS. Pharmacokinetics of isavuconazonium sulfate and its active metabolite isavuconazole in healthy dogs. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305766. [PMID: 39012876 PMCID: PMC11251614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are growing in importance in veterinary and human medicine. IFIs such as aspergillosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis remain challenging to treat in dogs. Isavuconazole is a novel antifungal medication that, when compared to currently used azoles, has an expanded spectrum of antifungal activity Rudramurthy (2011), Pfaller (2013), Spec (2018), has more predictable pharmacokinetics in humans Desai (2016), Cojutti (2021) and may cause fewer side effects such as liver and renal toxicity Maertens (2016), DiPippo (2018). The pharmacokinetic profile and safety of isavuconazole in dogs has not yet been characterized. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of isavuconazole in healthy dogs that received a single dose of the prodrug isavuconazonium sulfate. Using full crossover design, six healthy beagle dogs received isavuconazonium sulfate at a mean (+/- SD) dose of 20.6 (+/- 2.8) mg/kg orally and 21.8 (+/- 4.2) mg/kg intravenously. Plasma was collected for batched pharmacokinetic analysis of prodrug and metabolite, isavuconazole, by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The median (Q1-Q3) maximum isavuconazole peak plasma concentration was estimated at 3,876.5 (2,811.0-4,800.0) ng/mL following oral administration, with a median (Q1-Q3) peak level at 1.3 (1.0-2.0) hours. Following intravenous administration, the median (Q1-Q3) isavuconazole peak plasma concentration was estimated at 3,221.5 (2,241.5-3,609.0) ng/mL, with a median (Q1-Q3) peak level at 0.4 (0.3-0.6) hours. The median (Q1-Q3) half-life of isavuconazole was 9.4 (7.0-12.2) hours and 14.0 (8.1-21.7) hours for oral and intravenous routes, respectively. One dog received inadvertent subcutaneous drug administration without any apparent adverse effects. Another dog experienced an anaphylactic reaction following accidental rapid drug infusion. No other drug-related adverse events were observed. At dosages used in this study, healthy dogs achieved isavuconazole plasma levels comparable to human therapeutic targets, and when properly administered the drug was well-tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin McQuinn
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - David Borts
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jean-Sébastien Palerme
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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3
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Lai Z, Yuan X, Chen W, Chen H, Li B, Bi Z, Lyu Y, Shan A. Design of Proteolytic-Resistant Antifungal Peptides by Utilizing Minimum d-Amino Acid Ratios. J Med Chem 2024; 67:10891-10905. [PMID: 38934239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Antifungal peptides are an appealing alternative to standard antifungal medicines due to their unique mechanism of action and low-level resistance. However, their susceptibility to protease degradation keeps hindering their future development. Herein, a library was established to design peptides with protease resistance and high antifungal activity. The peptides were incorporated with minimal D-amino acids to further improve the protease stability. The most active peptide, IR3, demonstrated good antifungal activity and low toxicity, and its molecular integrity was maintained after protease hydrolysis for 8 h at 2 mg/mL. Furthermore, IR3 could permeate the fungal cell wall, disrupt the cell membrane, produce reactive oxygen species, and induce apoptosis in fungal cells. In vivo experiments confirmed that IR3 could effectively treat fungal keratitis. Collectively, these findings suggest that IR3 is a promising antifungal agent and may be beneficial in the design and development of protease-resistant antifungal peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenheng Lai
- The College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Yuan
- The College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- The College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- The College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Bowen Li
- The College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Zhongpeng Bi
- The College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Yinfeng Lyu
- The College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Anshan Shan
- The College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
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Kalra S, Tanwar S, Bari VK. Overexpression of PDR16 Confers Amphotericin B Resistance in a PMP3-Dependent Manner in Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Drug Resist 2024; 30:279-287. [PMID: 38727600 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2024.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections in humans with compromised immune systems are the primary cause of morbidity and mortality, which is becoming more widely acknowledged. Amphotericin B (AmB) is one of the antifungal drugs used to treat such infections. AmB binds with plasma membrane ergosterol, inducing cellular ions to leak and causing cell death. Reduction in ergosterol content and modification of cell walls have been described as AmB resistance mechanisms. In addition, when the sphingolipid level is decreased, the cell becomes more susceptible to AmB. Previously, PDR16, a gene that encodes phosphatidylinositol transfer protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was shown to enhance AmB resistance upon overexpression. However, the mechanism of PDR16-mediated AmB resistance is not clear. Here, in this study, it was discovered that a plasma membrane proteolipid 3 protein encoded by PMP3 is essential for PDR16-mediated AmB resistance. PDR16-mediated AmB resistance does not depend on ergosterol, but a functional sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway is required. Additionally, PMP3-mediated alteration in membrane integrity abolishes PDR16 mediated AmB resistance, confirming the importance of PMP3 in the PDR16 mediated AmB resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Kalra
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Sunita Tanwar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Bari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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Dladla M, Gyzenhout M, Marias G, Ghosh S. Azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus- comprehensive review. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:305. [PMID: 38878211 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04026-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous filamentous fungus commonly found in the environment. It is also an opportunistic human pathogen known to cause a range of respiratory infections, such as invasive aspergillosis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Azole antifungal agents are widely used for the treatment and prophylaxis of Aspergillus infections due to their efficacy and tolerability. However, the emergence of azole resistance in A. fumigatus has become a major concern in recent years due to their association with increased treatment failures and mortality rates. The development of azole resistance in A. fumigatus can occur through both acquired and intrinsic mechanisms. Acquired resistance typically arises from mutations in the target enzyme, lanosterol 14-α-demethylase (Cyp51A), reduces the affinity of azole antifungal agents for the enzyme, rendering them less effective, while intrinsic resistance refers to a natural resistance of certain A. fumigatus isolates to azole antifungals due to inherent genetic characteristics. The current review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of azole antifungal resistance in A. fumigatus, discusses underlying resistance mechanisms, including alterations in the target enzyme, Cyp51A, and the involvement of efflux pumps in drug efflux. Impact of azole fungicide uses in the environment and the spread of resistant strains is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mthokozisi Dladla
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Marieka Gyzenhout
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa.
| | - Gert Marias
- Department of Plant Sciences, Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Soumya Ghosh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa.
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Birkat Al Mawz, Oman.
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6
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Tang Y, Li Z, Zeng M, Li R, Song H, Zhang D, Xue F, Qin Y. Asymmetric Synthesis of Triazole Antifungal Agents Enabled by an Upgraded Strategy for the Key Epoxide Intermediate. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4971-4978. [PMID: 38509452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
A streamlined and efficient approach to the key epoxide intermediate for the asymmetric synthesis of triazole antifungal agents is presented. This synthesis highlights a P(NMe2)3-mediated nonylidic olefination of α-keto ester, ensuring the exclusive formation of the requisite (Z)-alkene, followed by a highly enantioselective Jacobsen epoxidation to establish the two vicinal stereocenters in a single step. The versatility of this strategy is exemplified through the efficient synthesis of efinaconazole and ravuconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Meiqi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ran Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Hao Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Fei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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7
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Zhu X, Chen Y, Yu D, Fang W, Liao W, Pan W. Progress in the application of nanoparticles for the treatment of fungal infections: A review. Mycology 2023; 15:1-16. [PMID: 38558835 PMCID: PMC10977003 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2023.2285764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The burden of fungal infections on human health is increasing worldwide. Aspergillus, Candida, and Cryptococcus are the top three human pathogenic fungi that are responsible for over 90% of infection-related deaths. Moreover, effective antifungal therapeutics are lacking, primarily due to host toxicity, pathogen resistance, and immunodeficiency. In recent years, nanomaterials have proved not only to be more efficient antifungal therapeutic agents but also to overcome resistance against fungal medication. This review will examine the limitations of standard antifungal therapy as well as focus on the development of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlin Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youming Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of General Practice, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjie Fang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanqing Liao
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihua Pan
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Munzen ME, Goncalves Garcia AD, Martinez LR. An update on the global treatment of invasive fungal infections. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:1095-1117. [PMID: 37750748 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are a serious problem affecting many people worldwide, creating critical economic and medical consequences. Fungi are ubiquitous and can cause invasive diseases in individuals mostly living in developing countries or with weakened immune systems, and antifungal drugs currently available have important limitations in tolerability and efficacy. In an effort to counteract the high morbidity and mortality rates associated with invasive fungal infections, various approaches are being utilized to discover and develop new antifungal agents. This review discusses the challenges posed by fungal infections, outlines different methods for developing antifungal drugs and reports on the status of drugs currently in clinical trials, which offer hope for combating this serious global problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E Munzen
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | - Luis R Martinez
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Immunology and Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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9
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Padaraju A, Dwivedi F, Kumar G. Microemulsions, nanoemulsions and emulgels as carriers for antifungal antibiotics. Ther Deliv 2023; 14:721-740. [PMID: 38014430 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2023-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
According to estimates, up to 25% of the world's population has fungal skin diseases, making them the most prevalent infectious disease. Several chemical classes of antifungal drugs are available to treat fungal infections. However, the major challenges of conventional formulations of antifungal drugs include poor pharmacokinetic profiles like solubility, low permeability, side effects and decreased efficacy. Novel drug delivery is a promising approach for overcoming pharmacokinetic limitations and increasing the effectiveness of antibiotics. In this review, we have shed light on microemulsions, nanoemulsions, and emulgels as novel drug delivery approaches for the topical delivery of antifungal antibiotics. We believe these formulations have potential translational value and could be developed for treating fungal infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapurna Padaraju
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Balanagar, 500037, India
| | - Falguni Dwivedi
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Balanagar, 500037, India
| | - Gautam Kumar
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Balanagar, 500037, India
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10
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David H, Solomon AP. Molecular association of Candida albicans and vulvovaginal candidiasis: focusing on a solution. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1245808. [PMID: 37900321 PMCID: PMC10611527 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1245808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans-mediated vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a significant challenge in clinical settings, owing to the inefficacy of current antifungals in modulating virulence, development of resistance, and poor penetration into the biofilm matrix. Various predisposition factors are molecular drivers that lead to the dysbiosis of normal microflora of the vagina, upregulation of central metabolic pathways, morphogenesis, hyphal extension, adhesion, invasion, and biofilm formation leading to chronic infection and recurrence. Hence, it is crucial to understand the molecular mechanism behind the virulence pathways driven by those drivers to decode the drug targets. Finding innovative solutions targeting fungal virulence/biofilm may potentiate the antifungals at low concentrations without affecting the recurrence of resistance. With this background, the present review details the critical molecular drivers and associated network of virulence pathways, possible drug targets, target-specific inhibitors, and probable mode of drug delivery to cross the preclinical phase by appropriate in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adline Princy Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
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11
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Mehta D, Saini V, Bajaj A. Recent developments in membrane targeting antifungal agents to mitigate antifungal resistance. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1603-1628. [PMID: 37731690 PMCID: PMC10507810 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00151b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections cause severe and life-threatening complications especially in immunocompromised individuals. Antifungals targeting cellular machinery and cell membranes including azoles are used in clinical practice to manage topical to systemic fungal infections. However, continuous exposure to clinically used antifungal agents in managing the fungal infections results in the development of multi-drug resistance via adapting different kinds of intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. The unique chemical composition of fungal membranes presents attractive targets for antifungal drug discovery as it is difficult for fungal cells to modify the membrane targets for emergence of drug resistance. Here, we discussed available antifungal drugs with their detailed mechanism of action and described different antifungal resistance mechanisms. We further emphasized structure-activity relationship studies of membrane-targeting antifungal agents, and classified membrane-targeting antifungal agents on the basis of their core scaffold with detailed pharmacological properties. This review aims to pique the interest of potential researchers who could explore this interesting and intricate fungal realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devashish Mehta
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology Faridabad-121001 Haryana India
| | - Varsha Saini
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology Faridabad-121001 Haryana India
| | - Avinash Bajaj
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology Faridabad-121001 Haryana India
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12
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Gomes VSD, Ferreira JCC, Boto RE, Almeida P, Fernandes JR, Sousa MJ, Reis LV, Gonçalves MST. Evaluation of Antifungal Activity and Potential Application as Fluorescent Probes of Indolenine and Benzo[e]Indole-Based Squarylium Dyes. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:1282-1292. [PMID: 36524439 DOI: 10.1111/php.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The antifungal performance and the possible use as fluorescent probes of a series of squarylium dyes derived from indolenine and benzo[e]indole previously synthesized was evaluated. Some photophysical properties were performed in ethanol and phosphate buffer, and the type of aggregates form in phosphate buffer was analyzed. Using the 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran assay, a qualitative assessment of the capacity of dyes to produce singlet oxygen after irradiation was performed. Regarding the antifungal activity, this was studied through a broth microdilution assay using Saccharomyces cerevisiae PYCC 4072 as a biological model. The effect of irradiation of the dyes, with an appropriate light emitting diode system, on the antifungal activity was also evaluated, and it was verified that some of the dyes improve their activity after irradiation. Using fluorescence microscopy techniques, the colocalization of dyes in S. cerevisae cells was investigated and it was possible to verify that some of the squarylium dyes with a barbituric moiety in the four-membered central ring stained and accumulated preferentially in the mitochondrial web and perinuclear membrane of the cells. The possible use as a fluorescent probe for the detection of HSA was also evaluated for one of the dyes of the series, demonstrating a linear variation in the fluorescence intensity accompanied by the increase in the protein concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa S D Gomes
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Chemistry - Vila Real (CQ-VR), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Chemistry (CQ-UM), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - João C C Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Chemistry (CQ-UM), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IBS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Renato E Boto
- Department of Chemistry, Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Paulo Almeida
- Department of Chemistry, Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José R Fernandes
- Physical Department, Centre of Chemistry - Vila Real (CQ-VR), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IBS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Lucinda V Reis
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Chemistry - Vila Real (CQ-VR), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - M Sameiro T Gonçalves
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Chemistry (CQ-UM), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Kumar R, Srivastava V. Application of anti-fungal vaccines as a tool against emerging anti-fungal resistance. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2023; 4:1241539. [PMID: 37746132 PMCID: PMC10512234 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2023.1241539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
After viruses and bacteria, fungal infections remain a serious threat to the survival and well-being of society. The continuous emergence of resistance against commonly used anti-fungal drugs is a serious concern. The eukaryotic nature of fungal cells makes the identification of novel anti-fungal agents slow and difficult. Increasing global temperature and a humid environment conducive to fungal growth may lead to a fungal endemic or a pandemic. The continuous increase in the population of immunocompromised individuals and falling immunity forced pharmaceutical companies to look for alternative strategies for better managing the global fungal burden. Prevention of infectious diseases by vaccines can be the right choice. Recent success and safe application of mRNA-based vaccines can play a crucial role in our quest to overcome anti-fungal resistance. Expressing fungal cell surface proteins in human subjects using mRNA technology may be sufficient to raise immune response to protect against future fungal infection. The success of mRNA-based anti-fungal vaccines will heavily depend on the identification of fungal surface proteins which are highly immunogenic and have no or least side effects in human subjects. The present review discusses why it is essential to look for anti-fungal vaccines and how vaccines, in general, and mRNA-based vaccines, in particular, can be the right choice in tackling the problem of rising anti-fungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Collage of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Vartika Srivastava
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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14
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Xie J, Rybak JM, Martin-Vicente A, Guruceaga X, Thorn HI, Nywening AV, Ge W, Parker JE, Kelly SL, Rogers PD, Fortwendel JR. The sterol C-24 methyltransferase encoding gene, erg6, is essential for viability of Aspergillus species. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.08.552489. [PMID: 37609350 PMCID: PMC10441335 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.08.552489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Ergosterol is a critical component of fungal plasma membranes. Although many currently available antifungal compounds target the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway for antifungal effect, current knowledge regarding ergosterol synthesis remains incomplete for filamentous fungal pathogens like Aspergillus fumigatus. Here, we show for the first time that the lipid droplet-associated sterol C-24 methyltransferase, Erg6, is essential for A. fumigatus viability. We further show that this essentiality extends to additional Aspergillus species, including A. lentulus, A. terreus, and A. nidulans. Neither the overexpression of a putative erg6 paralog, smt1, nor the exogenous addition of ergosterol could rescue erg6 deficiency. Importantly, Erg6 downregulation results in a dramatic decrease in ergosterol and accumulation in lanosterol and is further characterized by diminished sterol-rich plasma membrane domains (SRDs) at hyphal tips. Unexpectedly, erg6 repressed strains demonstrate wild-type susceptibility against the ergosterol-active triazole and polyene antifungals. Finally, repressing erg6 expression reduced fungal burden accumulation in a murine model of invasive aspergillosis. Taken together, our studies suggest that Erg6, which shows little homology to mammalian proteins, is potentially an attractive antifungal drug target for therapy of Aspergillus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Xie
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Rybak
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Adela Martin-Vicente
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Xabier Guruceaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Harrison I. Thorn
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Ashley V. Nywening
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN USA
- Integrated Program in Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Wenbo Ge
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Josie E. Parker
- Molecular Biosciences Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Steven L. Kelly
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - P. David Rogers
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jarrod R. Fortwendel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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15
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Rosário JDS, Moreira FH, Rosa LHF, Guerra W, Silva-Caldeira PP. Biological Activities of Bismuth Compounds: An Overview of the New Findings and the Old Challenges Not Yet Overcome. Molecules 2023; 28:5921. [PMID: 37570891 PMCID: PMC10421188 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bismuth-based drugs have been used primarily to treat ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori and other gastrointestinal ailments. Combined with antibiotics, these drugs also possess synergistic activity, making them ideal for multiple therapy regimens and overcoming bacterial resistance. Compounds based on bismuth have a low cost, are safe for human use, and some of them are also effective against tumoral cells, leishmaniasis, fungi, and viruses. However, these compounds have limited bioavailability in physiological environments. As a result, there is a growing interest in developing new bismuth compounds and approaches to overcome this challenge. Considering the beneficial properties of bismuth and the importance of discovering new drugs, this review focused on the last decade's updates involving bismuth compounds, especially those with potent activity and low toxicity, desirable characteristics for developing new drugs. In addition, bismuth-based compounds with dual activity were also highlighted, as well as their modes of action and structure-activity relationship, among other relevant discoveries. In this way, we hope this review provides a fertile ground for rationalizing new bismuth-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jânia dos Santos Rosário
- Department of Chemistry, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30421-169, MG, Brazil
| | - Fábio Henrique Moreira
- Department of Chemistry, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30421-169, MG, Brazil
| | - Lara Hewilin Fernandes Rosa
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Campus Santa Mônica, Uberlândia 38400-142, MG, Brazil
| | - Wendell Guerra
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Campus Santa Mônica, Uberlândia 38400-142, MG, Brazil
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16
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Vargas-Casanova Y, Bravo-Chaucanés CP, Martínez AXH, Costa GM, Contreras-Herrera JL, Medina RF, Rivera-Monroy ZJ, García-Castañeda JE, Parra-Giraldo CM. Combining the Peptide RWQWRWQWR and an Ethanolic Extract of Bidens pilosa Enhances the Activity against Sensitive and Resistant Candida albicans and C. auris Strains. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:817. [PMID: 37623588 PMCID: PMC10455339 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The antifungal activity of palindromic peptide RWQWRWQWR and its derivatives was evaluated against clinical isolates of Candida albicans and C. auris. Also, Bidens pilosa ethanolic extracts of leaves and stem were evaluated. Furthermore, combinations of peptide, extract, and/or fluconazole (FLC) were evaluated. The cytotoxicity of peptides and extracts in erythrocytes and fibroblasts was determined. The original palindromic peptide, some derivative peptides, and the ethanolic extract of leaves of B. pilosa exhibited the highest activity in some of the strains evaluated. Synergy was obtained between the peptide and the FLC against C. auris 435. The combination of the extract and the original palindromic peptide against C. albicans SC5314, C. auris 435, and C. auris 537 decreased the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) by a factor of between 4 and 16. These mixtures induced changes in cell morphology, such as deformations on the cell surface. The results suggest that the combination of RWQWRWQWR and B. pilosa extract is an alternative for enhancing antifungal activity and decreasing cytotoxicity and costs and should be considered to be a promising strategy for treating diseases caused by Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerly Vargas-Casanova
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (Y.V.-C.); (C.P.B.-C.)
| | | | | | - Geison Modesti Costa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (A.X.H.M.); (G.M.C.)
| | | | - Ricardo Fierro Medina
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional of Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (R.F.M.); (Z.J.R.-M.); (J.E.G.-C.)
| | - Zuly Jenny Rivera-Monroy
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional of Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (R.F.M.); (Z.J.R.-M.); (J.E.G.-C.)
| | | | - Claudia Marcela Parra-Giraldo
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (Y.V.-C.); (C.P.B.-C.)
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17
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Hemmingsen LM, Panzacchi V, Kangu LM, Giordani B, Luppi B, Škalko-Basnet N. Lecithin and Chitosan as Building Blocks in Anti- Candida Clotrimazole Nanoparticles. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:790. [PMID: 37375738 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The main focus when considering treatment of non-healing and infected wounds is tied to the microbial, particularly bacterial, burden within the wound bed. However, as fungal contributions in these microbial communities become more recognized, the focus needs to be broadened, and the remaining participants in the complex wound microbiome need to be addressed in the development of new treatment strategies. In this study, lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles loaded with clotrimazole were tailored to eradicate one of the most abundant fungi in the wound environment, namely C. albicans. Moreover, this investigation was extended to the building blocks and their organization within the delivery system. In the evaluation of the novel nanoparticles, their compatibility with keratinocytes was confirmed. Furthermore, these biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic carriers comprising clotrimazole (~189 nm, 24 mV) were evaluated for their antifungal activity through both disk diffusion and microdilution methods. It was found that the activity of clotrimazole was fully preserved upon its incorporation into this smart delivery system. These results indicate both that the novel carriers for clotrimazole could serve as a therapeutic alternative in the treatment of fungi-infected wounds and that the building blocks and their organization affect the performance of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Myrseth Hemmingsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsvegen 57, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Virginia Panzacchi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsvegen 57, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lloyd Mbugua Kangu
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsvegen 57, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Barbara Giordani
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Luppi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nataša Škalko-Basnet
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsvegen 57, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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18
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Corbu VM, Gheorghe-Barbu I, Dumbravă AȘ, Vrâncianu CO, Șesan TE. Current Insights in Fungal Importance-A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1384. [PMID: 37374886 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides plants and animals, the Fungi kingdom describes several species characterized by various forms and applications. They can be found in all habitats and play an essential role in the excellent functioning of the ecosystem, for example, as decomposers of plant material for the cycling of carbon and nutrients or as symbionts of plants. Furthermore, fungi have been used in many sectors for centuries, from producing food, beverages, and medications. Recently, they have gained significant recognition for protecting the environment, agriculture, and several industrial applications. The current article intends to review the beneficial roles of fungi used for a vast range of applications, such as the production of several enzymes and pigments, applications regarding food and pharmaceutical industries, the environment, and research domains, as well as the negative impacts of fungi (secondary metabolites production, etiological agents of diseases in plants, animals, and humans, as well as deteriogenic agents).
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Affiliation(s)
- Viorica Maria Corbu
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, 91-95 Spl. Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Gheorghe-Barbu
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, 91-95 Spl. Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Ștefania Dumbravă
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corneliu Ovidiu Vrâncianu
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, 91-95 Spl. Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tatiana Eugenia Șesan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Forestry, 61 Bd. Mărăşti, District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
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19
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Meagher RB, Lewis ZA, Ambati S, Lin X. DectiSomes: C-type lectin receptor-targeted liposomes as pan-antifungal drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 196:114776. [PMID: 36934519 PMCID: PMC10133202 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Combatting the ever-increasing threat from invasive fungal pathogens faces numerous fundamental challenges, including constant human exposure to large reservoirs of species in the environment, the increasing population of immunocompromised or immunosuppressed individuals, the unsatisfactory efficacy of current antifungal drugs and their associated toxicity, and the scientific and economic barriers limiting a new antifungal pipeline. DectiSomes represent a new drug delivery platform that enhances antifungal efficacy for diverse fungal pathogens and reduces host toxicity for current and future antifungals. DectiSomes employ pathogen receptor proteins - C-type lectins - to target drug-loaded liposomes to conserved fungal cognate ligands and away from host cells. DectiSomes represent one leap forward for urgently needed effective pan-antifungal therapy. Herein, we discuss the problems of battling fungal diseases and the state of DectiSome development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Meagher
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Zachary A Lewis
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Suresh Ambati
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Xiaorong Lin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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20
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Cao W, Zhou X, Tu C, Wang Z, Liu X, Kang Y, Wang J, Deng L, Zhou T, Gao C. A broad-spectrum antibacterial and tough hydrogel dressing accelerates healing of infected wound in vivo. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 145:213244. [PMID: 36549150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Infection can disturb the wound healing process and lead to poor skin regeneration, chronic wound, septicemia and even death. To combat the multi-drug resistance bacteria or fungi, it is urgent and necessary to develop advanced antimicrobial wound dressings. In this study, a composite hydrogel dressing composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), agarose, glycerol and antibacterial hyperbranched polylysine (HBPL) was prepared by a freeze-thawing method. The hydrogel showed robust mechanical properties, and the HBPL in the hydrogel displayed effective and broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties to bacteria and fungi as well as biofilms. The composite hydrogel exhibited good biocompatibility with respect to the levels of cells, blood, tissue and main organs. In an animal experiment of an infected wound model, the hydrogel significantly eliminated the infection and accelerated the wound regeneration with better tissue morphology and angiogenesis. The hydrogel also successfully achieved scalable production of over 600 g with a yield over 90 %, suggesting the great potential for the application in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangbei Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xuhao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chenxi Tu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhaolong Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yongyuan Kang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jie Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Liwen Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Center for Healthcare Materials, Shaoxing Institute, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing 312099, China; Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030000, China.
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21
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Igidov SN, Turyshev AY, Makhmudov RR, Shipilovskikh DA, Dmitriev MV, Zvereva OV, Silaichev PS, Igidov NM, Shipilovskikh SA. Decyclization of Substituted 2-[2-Oxofuran-3(2H)-ylidene)furan-2-carbohydrazides by the Action of Alcohols and Analgesic Activity of the Obtained Compounds. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363223020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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22
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Güzel E, Acar Çevik U, Evren AE, Bostancı HE, Gül ÜD, Kayış U, Özkay Y, Kaplancıklı ZA. Synthesis of Benzimidazole-1,2,4-triazole Derivatives as Potential Antifungal Agents Targeting 14α-Demethylase. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:4369-4384. [PMID: 36743066 PMCID: PMC9893751 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are increasing as major infectious diseases around the world, and the limited efficacy of existing medications has resulted in substantial morbidity and death in patients due to the lack of effective antifungal agents and serious drug resistance. In this study, a series of benzimidazole-1,2,4-triazole derivatives (6a-6l) were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HR-MS spectral analysis. All the target compounds were screened for their in vitro antifungal activity against four fungal strains, namely, C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, and C. parapsilopsis. The synthesized compounds exhibited significant antifungal potential, especially against C. glabrata. Three compounds (6b, 6i, and 6j) showed higher antifungal activity with their MIC values (0.97 μg/mL) compared with voriconazole and fluconazole. Molecular docking provided a possible binding mode of compounds 6b, 6i, and 6j in the 14α-demethylase active site. Our studies suggested that the benzimidazole-1,2,4-triazole derivatives can be used as a new fungicidal lead targeting 14α-demethylase for further structural optimization. In addition, their effects on the L929 cell line were also investigated to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of the compounds. SEM analyses were performed to examine the effects of compounds 6a, 6i, and 6j on C. glabrata cells under in vivo experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Güzel
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biruni University, İstanbul 34010 Turkey
| | - Ulviye Acar Çevik
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
| | - Asaf Evrim Evren
- Department
of Pharmacy Services, Vocational School of Health Services, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, 11000 Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Hayrani Eren Bostancı
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas
Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, Turkey
| | - Ülküye Dudu Gül
- Department
of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik 11230, Turkey
| | - Uğur Kayış
- Pazaryeri
Vocational School, Program of Pharmacy Services, Bilecik Şey Edebali University, 11230 Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Özkay
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
| | - Zafer Asım Kaplancıklı
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
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23
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Verboni M, Sisti M, Campana R, Benedetti S, Palma F, Potenza L, Lucarini S, Duranti A. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 6- O-Sucrose Monoester Glycolipids as Possible New Antifungal Agents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:136. [PMID: 37259288 PMCID: PMC9966131 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A small library of 6-O-sucrose monoester surfactants has been synthesized and tested against various microorganisms. The synthetic procedure involved a modified Mitsunobu reaction, which showed improved results compared to those present in the literature (higher yields and larger scope). The antifungal activities of most of these glycolipids were satisfactory. In particular, sucrose palmitoleate (URB1537) showed good activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Fusarium spp., and Aspergillus fumigatus IDRAH01 (MIC value: 16, 32, 64 µg/mL, respectively), and was further characterized through radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, and biocompatibility tests. URB1537 has been shown to control the inflammatory response and to have a safe profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Simone Lucarini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
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24
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Behind the Curtain: In Silico and In Vitro Experiments Brought to Light New Insights into the Anticryptococcal Action of Synthetic Peptides. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010153. [PMID: 36671354 PMCID: PMC9854638 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is the pathogen responsible for cryptococcal pneumonia and meningitis, mainly affecting patients with suppressed immune systems. We have previously revealed the mechanism of anticryptococcal action of synthetic antimicrobial peptides (SAMPs). In this study, computational and experimental analyses provide new insights into the mechanisms of action of SAMPs. Computational analysis revealed that peptides interacted with the PHO36 membrane receptor of C. neoformans. Additionally, ROS (reactive oxygen species) overproduction, the enzymes of ROS metabolism, interference in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, and decoupling of cytochrome c mitochondrial membrane were evaluated. Three of four peptides were able to interact with the PHO36 receptor, altering its function and leading to ROS overproduction. SAMPs-treated C. neoformans cells showed a decrease in scavenger enzyme activity, supporting ROS accumulation. In the presence of ascorbic acid, an antioxidant agent, SAMPs did not induce ROS accumulation in C. neoformans cells. Interestingly, two SAMPs maintained inhibitory activity and membrane pore formation in C. neoformans cells by a ROS-independent mechanism. Yet, the ergosterol biosynthesis and lactate dehydrogenase activity were affected by SAMPs. In addition, we noticed decoupling of Cyt c from the mitochondria, which led to apoptosis events in the cryptococcal cells. The results presented herein suggest multiple mechanisms imposed by SAMPs against C. neoformans interfering in the development of resistance, thus revealing the potential of SAMPs in treating infections caused by C. neoformans.
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Davood A, EbrahimiNassimi Y, Sardari S, Farahani YF. N-unsubstituted Imidazoles: Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Evaluation. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:1875-1881. [PMID: 37550905 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666230807120704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND All the current antifungal azoles have one substituted nitrogen atom in their imidazole or triazole rings. In this study, eleven imine and amine derivatives of imidazole, in which both nitrogen atoms of the imidazole ring are unsubstituted, were designed and synthesized. MATERIALS AND METHODS Imine derivatives were prepared by condensation of imidazole-4-carboxaldehyde with appropriate amines, and then in the next step, using sodium borohydride, the imines were reduced to amine derivatives. Docking studies reveal unsubstituted nitrogen atom of the imidazole ring coordinated well with the heme molecule of the receptor. In vitro, antimicrobial evaluation was tested on Candida albicans, E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. RESULTS Based on the results of the antimicrobial study, compound 10, which contains 4-chlorobenzyl moiety, proved to be the most potent compound against Candida albicans, and it was more active than the reference drug fluconazole and showed comparable activity to amphotericin B. Compounds 10 and 11 and compounds 8, 10 and 11 showed significant responses against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. CONCLUSION It is concluded that compound 10 can be acted as a new lead compound to find new azoles antifungal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Davood
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yassamin EbrahimiNassimi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Sardari
- Department of Bioinformatics and Drug Design, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Gorbunova IA, Shadrin VM, Pulina NA, Novikova VV, Dubrovina SS, Shipilovskikh DA, Shipilovskikh SA. Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of 4-Oxo-2-thienylaminobut-2-enoic Acids. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363223010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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27
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Igidov SN, Lipin DV, Turyshev AY, Chashchina SV, Shipilovskikh DA, Zvereva OV, Mitusova KA, Silaichev PS, Igidov NM. Synthesis, intramolecular cyclization and anti-inflammatory activity of substituted 2-(2-(Furan-2-carbonyl)hydrazono)-4-oxobutanoic Acids. CHIMICA TECHNO ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.15826/chimtech.2023.10.1.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A method was proposed for the synthesis of substituted 2-(2-(furan-2-carbonyl)hydrazono)-4-oxobutanoic acids by the reaction of substituted 2,4-dioxobut-2-enoic acids with furan-2-carbohydrazide. It was found that substituted 2-(2-(furan-2-carbonyl)hydrazono)-4-oxobutanoic acids undergo intramolecular cyclization in the presence of propionic anhydride to form the corresponding N'-(2-oxofuran-3(2H)-ylidene)furan-2-carbohydrazides. The anti-inflammatory activity of the obtained compounds was studied. It was found that the obtained compounds have pronounced anti-inflammatory activity.
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Huanbutta K, Rattanachitthawat N, Luangpraditkun K, Sriamornsak P, Puri V, Singh I, Sangnim T. Development and Evaluation of Ethosomes Loaded with Zingiber zerumbet Linn Rhizome Extract for Antifungal Skin Infection in Deep Layer Skin. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122765. [PMID: 36559259 PMCID: PMC9781750 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin fungal infection is still a serious public health problem due to the high number of cases. Even though medicines are available for this disease, drug resistance among patients has increased. Moreover, access to medicine is restricted in some areas. One of the therapeutic options is herbal medicine. This study aims to develop an ethosome formulation loaded with Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith. rhizome extract for enhanced antifungal activity in deep layer skin, which is difficult to cure. Ethosomes were successfully prepared by the cold method, and the optimized formulation was composed of 1% (w/v) phosphatidylcholine and 40% (v/v) ethanol. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images revealed that the ethosomes had a vesicle shape with a diameter of 205.6-368.5 nm. The entrapment of ethosomes was 31.58% and could inhibit the growth of Candida albicans at a concentration of 312.5 μg/mL. Finally, the ethosome system significantly enhanced the skin penetration and retention of the active compound (zerumbone) compared with the liquid extract. This study showed that Z. zerumbet (L.) rhizome extract could be loaded into ethosomes. The findings could be carried over to the next step for clinical application by conducting further in vivo penetration and permeation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pornsak Sriamornsak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Vivek Puri
- School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Baddi 174103, India
| | - Inderbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India
| | - Tanikan Sangnim
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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29
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Hurtado-Rodríguez D, Salinas-Torres A, Rojas H, Becerra D, Castillo JC. Bioactive 2-pyridone-containing heterocycle syntheses using multicomponent reactions. RSC Adv 2022; 12:34965-34983. [PMID: 36540221 PMCID: PMC9727751 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07056a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Pyridone-containing heterocycles are considered privileged scaffolds in drug discovery due to their behavior as hydrogen bond donors and/or acceptors and nonpeptidic mimics, and remarkable physicochemical properties such as metabolic stability, solubility in water, and lipophilicity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of multicomponent reactions (MCRs) for the synthesis of 2-pyridone-containing heterocycles. In particular, it covers the articles published from 1999 to date related to anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, α-glucosidase inhibitor, and cardiotonic activities of 2-pyridone-containing heterocycles obtained exclusively by an MCR. The discussion focuses on bioactivity data, synthetic approaches, plausible reaction mechanisms, and molecular docking simulations to facilitate comparison and underscore the applications of the 2-pyridone motif in drug discovery and medicinal chemistry. We also present our conclusions and outlook for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Hurtado-Rodríguez
- Grupo de Catálisis de la UPTC, Escuela de Ciencias Química, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia Avenida Central del Norte 39-115 Tunja Colombia
| | - Angélica Salinas-Torres
- Grupo de Catálisis de la UPTC, Escuela de Ciencias Química, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia Avenida Central del Norte 39-115 Tunja Colombia
| | - Hugo Rojas
- Grupo de Catálisis de la UPTC, Escuela de Ciencias Química, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia Avenida Central del Norte 39-115 Tunja Colombia
| | - Diana Becerra
- Grupo de Catálisis de la UPTC, Escuela de Ciencias Química, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia Avenida Central del Norte 39-115 Tunja Colombia
| | - Juan-Carlos Castillo
- Grupo de Catálisis de la UPTC, Escuela de Ciencias Química, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia Avenida Central del Norte 39-115 Tunja Colombia
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30
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Lipin DV, Denisova EI, Shipilovskikh DA, Makhmudov RR, Igidov NM, Shipilovskikh SA. Synthesis, Intramolecular Cyclization, and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Substituted 2-[2-(4-R-Benzoyl)hydrazinylidene]-4-oxobutanoic Acids. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428022120041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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31
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Igidov SN, Gorbunova IA, Turyshev AY, Shipilovskikh DA, Kozlov DA, Rogova AS, Makhmudov RR, Silaichev PS, Igidov NM. Synthesis, recyclization under the action of methanol and analgetic activity of N'-(5-aryl-2-oxofuran-3(2 H)-ylidene)furan-2-carbohydrazides. CHIMICA TECHNO ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.15826/chimtech.2023.10.1.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
New methyl 5-aryl-1-(furan-2-carbonyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylates were obtained via decyclization reaction of N'-(5-aryl-2-oxofuran-3(2H)-ylidene)furan-2-carbohydrazides under the action of methanol. Starting N'-(5-aryl-2-oxofuran-3(2H)-ylidene)furan-2-carbohydrazides were obtained by intramolecular cyclization of substituted 4-aryl-2-[2-(furan-2-ylcarbonyl)hydrazinylidene]-4-oxobutanoic acids in propionic anhydride. The structure of the compounds obtained was confirmed by the 1H NMR spectroscopy, IR spectrometry and elemental analysis methods. Analgesic activity of some obtained compounds was studied by the “hot plate” method on outbred white mice of both sexes with intraperitoneal injection.
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Hammoudi Halat D, Younes S, Mourad N, Rahal M. Allylamines, Benzylamines, and Fungal Cell Permeability: A Review of Mechanistic Effects and Usefulness against Fungal Pathogens. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12121171. [PMID: 36557078 PMCID: PMC9781035 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Allylamines, naftifine and terbinafine, and the benzylamine, butenafine, are antifungal agents with activity on the fungal cell membrane. These synthetic compounds specifically inhibit squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme in fungal sterol biosynthesis. This results in a deficiency in ergosterol, a major fungal membrane sterol that regulates membrane fluidity, biogenesis, and functions, and whose damage results in increased membrane permeability and leakage of cellular components, ultimately leading to fungal cell death. With the fungal cell membrane being predominantly made up of lipids including sterols, these lipids have a vital role in the pathogenesis of fungal infections and the identification of improved therapies. This review will focus on the fungal cell membrane structure, activity of allylamines and benzylamines, and the mechanistic damage they cause to the membrane. Furthermore, pharmaceutical preparations and clinical uses of these drugs, mainly in dermatophyte infections, will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal Hammoudi Halat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Bekaa 146404, Lebanon
| | - Samar Younes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Bekaa 146404, Lebanon
| | - Nisreen Mourad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Bekaa 146404, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Rahal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Bekaa 146404, Lebanon
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33
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Teixeira MM, Carvalho DT, Sousa E, Pinto E. New Antifungal Agents with Azole Moieties. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1427. [PMID: 36422557 PMCID: PMC9698508 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal conditions affect a multitude of people worldwide, leading to increased hospitalization and mortality rates, and the need for novel antifungals is emerging with the rise of resistance and immunocompromised patients. Continuous use of azole drugs, which act by inhibiting the fungal CYP51, involved in the synthesis of ergosterol, essential to the fungal cell membrane, has enhanced the resistance and tolerance of some fungal strains to treatment, thereby limiting the arsenal of available drugs. The goal of this review is to gather literature information on new promising azole developments in clinical trials, with in vitro and in vivo results against fungal strains, and complementary assays, such as toxicity, susceptibility assays, docking studies, among others. Several molecules are reviewed as novel azole structures in clinical trials and with recent/imminent approvals, as well as other innovative molecules with promising antifungal activity. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies are displayed whenever possible. The azole moiety is brought over as a privileged structure, with multiple different compounds emerging with distinct pharmacophores and SAR. Particularly, 1,2,3-triazole natural product conjugates emerged in the last years, presenting promising antifungal activity and a broad spectrum against various fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Martins Teixeira
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Diogo Teixeira Carvalho
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Research in Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Food and Drugs, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37137-001, Brazil
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Pinto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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34
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Guo MB, Yan ZZ, Wang X, Xu H, Guo C, Hou Z, Gong P. Design, synthesis and antifungal activities of novel triazole derivatives with selenium-containing hydrophobic side chains. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 78:129044. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.129044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Gorbunova IA, Sharavyeva YO, Makhmudov RR, Shipilovskikh DA, Shadrin VM, Pulina NA, Shipilovskikh SA. Synthesis and Antinociceptive Activity of Substituted 2-(3-Cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-2-ylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoates. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363222100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Igidov SN, Turyshev A, Makhmudov RR, Shipilovskikh DA, Igidov NM, Shipilovskikh SA. Synthesis, Intramolecular Cyclization, and Analgesic Activity of Substituted 2-[2-(Furancarbonyl)hydrazinylydene]-4-oxobutanoic Acids. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363222090067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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37
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Wiederhold NP, Patterson TF, Rebholz S, Boal CWC, Ehrensberger M, Boyle R, Cushion MT. The Antifungal and Anti-Pneumocystis Activities of the Novel Compound A3IS (Mycosinate). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0052122. [PMID: 35852368 PMCID: PMC9380569 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00521-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A3IS (Mycosinate) is a synthetic product which only contains ingredients found naturally within honey. A3IS is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial product which produces a sustained release of hydrogen peroxide at low but therapeutic levels. The product elicits this release through an enzymatic reaction between glucose oxidase and the substrate glucose once the product is hydrated. As medical uses for different honeys are being re-evaluated, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of A3IS against a comprehensive panel of human pathogens, including Pneumocystis species, providing a unique assessment against a panel of eukaryotic pathogens. Without exception, A3IS exhibited significant efficacy at 50% and 100% inhibitory concentrations against a broad spectrum of human pathogens including yeasts, molds (both hyaline and dematiaceous), and dimorphic fungi. Notably, A3IS was effective against fungal strains with a high level of resistance to fluconazole or voriconazole. The 50% inhibitory concentrations for Pneumocystis carinii and P. murina (surrogates for P. jirovecii) were considered "Marked" and "Moderate" on an established rank scale, and would be considered for in vivo studies, based on an established in vitro-in vivo pipeline. These results indicate that A3IS is a novel anti-fungal agent against an extensive range of human fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P. Wiederhold
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas F. Patterson
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Sandra Rebholz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Medical Research Service, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Ryan Boyle
- Nektr Technologies Ltd., Finisklin Business Park, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Melanie T. Cushion
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Medical Research Service, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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38
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of selenium-containing small molecule compounds based on the dual mechanism of fungal CYP51 inhibition and fungal ROS generation. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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39
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Yang FX, Dai JM, Liu HY, Mi QL, Wang J, Zhang JD, Li XM, Wang WG, Zhou M, Li YK, Hu QF. Isochromenes from the Nicotiana tabacum-derived endophytic fungus Aspergillus versicolor and their anti-tobacco mosaic virus activities. Nat Prod Res 2022; 37:1608-1616. [PMID: 35867012 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2103554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Three new isochromenes, (5-methoxy-7-prenyl-1H-isochromen-3-yl)methanol (1), 3-(3-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxy-1H-isochromen-7-yl)propan-1-ol (2), and (5-methoxy-7-methyl-1H-isochromen-3-yl)methanol (3), along with three known analogues (4-6) were isolated from the fermentation products of a Nicotiana tabacum-derived endophytic fungus Aspergillus versicolor. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1 D and 2 D NMR techniques. Compounds 1-3 and 6 were evaluated for their anti-tobacco mosaic virus (anti-TMV) activities. The results showed that compound 2 exhibited high anti-TMV activity with inhibition rate of 46.4%, and this rate is higher than that of positive control. Compounds 1, 3, and 6 also showed potential anti-TMV activity with inhibition rates of 28.6, 30.5, and 26.2%, respectively. The IC50 of compounds 1-3 and 6 were also tested, and showed IC50 values of 49.3, 22.4, 42.2, and 54.1 µM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Xian Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, China tobacco yunnan industrial Co., Ltd, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Meng Dai
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, China tobacco yunnan industrial Co., Ltd, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Yin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Li Mi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, China tobacco yunnan industrial Co., Ltd, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, China tobacco yunnan industrial Co., Ltd, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Duo Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, China tobacco yunnan industrial Co., Ltd, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Mei Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, China tobacco yunnan industrial Co., Ltd, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Guang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Yin-Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Fen Hu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, China tobacco yunnan industrial Co., Ltd, Kunming, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P.R. China
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40
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Vassilopoulos S, Mylonakis E. Avenues for antifungal drug discovery and development: where to now? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:667-672. [PMID: 35790187 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2098950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanos Vassilopoulos
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
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41
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Domán M, Bányai K. COVID-19-Associated Fungal Infections: An Urgent Need for Alternative Therapeutic Approach? Front Microbiol 2022; 13:919501. [PMID: 35756020 PMCID: PMC9218862 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.919501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary fungal infections may complicate the clinical course of patients affected by viral respiratory diseases, especially those admitted to intensive care unit. Hospitalized COVID-19 patients are at increased risk of fungal co-infections exacerbating the prognosis of disease due to misdiagnosis that often result in treatment failure and high mortality rate. COVID-19-associated fungal infections caused by predominantly Aspergillus and Candida species, and fungi of the order Mucorales have been reported from several countries to become significant challenge for healthcare system. Early diagnosis and adequate antifungal therapy is essential to improve clinical outcomes, however, drug resistance shows a rising trend highlighting the need for alternative therapeutic agents. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on COVID-19-associated mycoses, treatment strategies and the most recent advancements in antifungal drug development focusing on peptides with antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Domán
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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42
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Advances in Antifungal Development: Discovery of New Drugs and Drug Repurposing. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070787. [PMID: 35890086 PMCID: PMC9318969 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This Special Issue of Pharmaceuticals describes recent advances accomplished in the field of antifungal development, especially the discovery of new drugs and drug repurposing [...]
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