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Dávalos-Guzmán SD, Martinez-Gutierrez F, Martínez-González L, Quezada-Rivera JJ, Lorenzo-Leal AC, Bach H, Morales-Domínguez JF, Soria-Guerra RE. Antimicrobial activity of the Flo peptide produced in Scenedesmus acutus and Nannochloropsis oculata. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:211. [PMID: 37249711 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03664-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The continuous increase of bacterial pathogen resistance to conventional antibiotics has challenged the research community to develop new antimicrobial strategies. Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are a promising alternative to combat multidrug-resistant strains compared to conventional antibiotics because of their biocompatibility. In the present study, the Flo peptide, an AMP from the Moringa oleifera tree, was expressed in the chloroplast of the microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata and Scenedesmus acutus. The transgene insertion was verified by PCR amplification, and the homoplasmy was corroborated in spectinomycin-resistant lines. The identification and quantification of the peptide were performed using ELISA. The antimicrobial activity was studied against the Gram-negative Escherichia coli (ATCC 25,922) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700,603). The inflammatory response of the total soluble proteins of transplastomic N. oculata was assessed by measuring secretion of the cytokines IL-6, IL-10, and alpha-tumor necrosis (TNF-α), and cytotoxicity was assessed. These results provide a potential strategy to produce the Flo peptide in microalgae with antibacterial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraí Damaris Dávalos-Guzmán
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No.6, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí, C.P. 78210, México
| | - Fidel Martinez-Gutierrez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No.6, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí, C.P. 78210, México
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Luzmila Martínez-González
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No.6, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí, C.P. 78210, México
| | - Jesús Josafath Quezada-Rivera
- Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Universidad s/n, Fracc. Filadelfia, Gómez Palacio, Durango, CP. 35010, México
| | - Ana Cecilia Lorenzo-Leal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Horacio Bach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - José Francisco Morales-Domínguez
- Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad No. 940, Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, C.P. 20100, México
| | - Ruth Elena Soria-Guerra
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No.6, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí, C.P. 78210, México.
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Belluco S, Bertola M, Montarsi F, Di Martino G, Granato A, Stella R, Martinello M, Bordin F, Mutinelli F. Insects and Public Health: An Overview. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14030240. [PMID: 36975925 PMCID: PMC10059202 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Insects are, by far, the most common animals on our planet. The ubiquity and plethora of ecological niches occupied by insects, along with the strict and sometimes forced coexistence between insects and humans, make insects a target of public health interest. This article reports the negative aspects historically linked to insects as pests and vectors of diseases, and describes their potential as bioindicators of environmental pollution, and their use as food and feed. Both negative and positive impacts of insects on human and animal health need to be addressed by public health professionals who should aim to strike a balance within the wide range of sometimes conflicting goals in insect management, such as regulating their production, exploiting their potential, protecting their health and limiting their negative impact on animals and humans. This requires increased insect knowledge and strategies to preserve human health and welfare. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of traditional and emerging topics bridging insects and public health to highlight the need for professionals, to address these topics during their work. The present and future role and activities of public health authorities regarding insects are analyzed.
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Honey: An Advanced Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Biomaterial for Tissue Engineering Applications. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081663. [PMID: 36015289 PMCID: PMC9414000 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey was used in traditional medicine to treat wounds until the advent of modern medicine. The rising global antibiotic resistance has forced the development of novel therapies as alternatives to combat infections. Consequently, honey is experiencing a resurgence in evaluation for antimicrobial and wound healing applications. A range of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains and biofilms, are inhibited by honey. Furthermore, susceptibility to antibiotics can be restored when used synergistically with honey. Honey’s antimicrobial activity also includes antifungal and antiviral properties, and in most varieties of honey, its activity is attributed to the enzymatic generation of hydrogen peroxide, a reactive oxygen species. Non-peroxide factors include low water activity, acidity, phenolic content, defensin-1, and methylglyoxal (Leptospermum honeys). Honey has also been widely explored as a tissue-regenerative agent. It can contribute to all stages of wound healing, and thus has been used in direct application and in dressings. The difficulty of the sustained delivery of honey’s active ingredients to the wound site has driven the development of tissue engineering approaches (e.g., electrospinning and hydrogels). This review presents the most in-depth and up-to-date comprehensive overview of honey’s antimicrobial and wound healing properties, commercial and medical uses, and its growing experimental use in tissue-engineered scaffolds.
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Identification and Functional Analysis of a Defensin CcDef2 from Coridius chinensis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052789. [PMID: 35269935 PMCID: PMC8911331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coridius chinensis belongs to Dinidoridae, Hemiptera. Previous studies have indicated that C. chinensis contains abundant polypeptides with antibacterial and anticancer activities. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), as endogenous peptides with immune function, play an indispensable role in the process of biological development and immunity. AMPs have become one of the most potential substitutes for antibiotics due to their small molecular weight and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. In this study, a defensin CcDef2 from C. chinensis was characterized based on bioinformatics and functional analyses. The mature peptide of CcDef2 is a typical cationic peptide composed of 43 amino acid residues with five cations, and contains three intramolecular disulfide bonds and a typical cysteine-stabilized αβ motif in defensins. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CcDef2 belongs to the insect defensin family. Analysis of gene expression patterns showed that CcDef2 was expressed throughout developmental stages of C. chinensis with high levels at the nymphal stage and in adult tissues tested with the highest level in the fat body. In addition, the CcDef2 expression was significantly upregulated in adults infected by bacteria. After expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and renatured, the recombinant CcDef2 showed a significant antibacterial effect on three kinds of Gram-positive bacteria. These results indicate that CcDef2 is an excellent antibacterial peptide and a highly effective immune effector in the innate immunity of C. chinensis. This study provides a foundation for further understanding the function of CcDef2 and developing new antimicrobial drugs.
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Becerikli M, Wallner C, Dadras M, Wagner JM, Dittfeld S, Jettkant B, Gestmann F, Mehlhorn H, Mehlhorn-Diehl T, Lehnhardt M, Behr B. Maggot Extract Interrupts Bacterial Biofilm Formation and Maturation in Combination with Antibiotics by Reducing the Expression of Virulence Genes. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020237. [PMID: 35207524 PMCID: PMC8875949 DOI: 10.3390/life12020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are aggregates of bacteria encased in an extracellular polymer matrix that acts as a diffusion barrier protecting the microbial community. Bacterial communication occurs by small signaling molecules called quorum sensing (QS) factors, which are involved in the activation of virulence genes and formation of biofilms. Larvae of the green bottle blowfly Lucilia sericata remove necrotic tissue by mechanical action (debridement) and proteolytic digestion. We produced a freeze-dried storable powder from larval extract and investigated its therapeutic effect on biofilms. Larval extract in concentrations of 6 and 12 mg/mL in combination with 0.5% antibiotics (≙50 U/mL penicillin and 50 μg/mL streptomycin) diminished free-floating (planktonic) Pseudomonas aeruginosa maintenance, while it showed no effect on Staphylococcus aureus and was not toxic to dermal cells. We established an ex vivo human dermal wound model. Larval extract in concentrations of 24 and 75 mg/mL in the presence of antibiotics (0.5%) significantly destroyed the biofilm stability of both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus biofilms. Furthermore, SEM analyses revealed crack and gap formations on P. aeruginosa. biofilm surface and decreased expression of P. aeruginosa biofilm maturation and virulence genes (lasR, rhlR and rhlA) was observed after treatment by larval extract in combination with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Becerikli
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44789 Bochum, Germany; (M.B.); (C.W.); (M.D.); (J.M.W.); (S.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Christoph Wallner
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44789 Bochum, Germany; (M.B.); (C.W.); (M.D.); (J.M.W.); (S.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Mehran Dadras
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44789 Bochum, Germany; (M.B.); (C.W.); (M.D.); (J.M.W.); (S.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Johannes M. Wagner
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44789 Bochum, Germany; (M.B.); (C.W.); (M.D.); (J.M.W.); (S.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Stephanie Dittfeld
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44789 Bochum, Germany; (M.B.); (C.W.); (M.D.); (J.M.W.); (S.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Birger Jettkant
- Department of General and Trauma Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44789 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Falk Gestmann
- Alpha-Biocare GmbH, 41468 Neuss, Germany; (F.G.); (H.M.); (T.M.-D.)
| | - Heinz Mehlhorn
- Alpha-Biocare GmbH, 41468 Neuss, Germany; (F.G.); (H.M.); (T.M.-D.)
| | | | - Marcus Lehnhardt
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44789 Bochum, Germany; (M.B.); (C.W.); (M.D.); (J.M.W.); (S.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Björn Behr
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44789 Bochum, Germany; (M.B.); (C.W.); (M.D.); (J.M.W.); (S.D.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-234-302-3443
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de Souza GS, de Jesus Sonego L, Santos Mundim AC, de Miranda Moraes J, Sales-Campos H, Lorenzón EN. Antimicrobial-wound healing peptides: Dual-function molecules for the treatment of skin injuries. Peptides 2022; 148:170707. [PMID: 34896165 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic non-healing wounds caused by microbial infections extend the necessity for hospital care and constitute a public health problem and a great financial burden. Classic therapies include a wide range of approaches, from wound debridement to vascular surgery. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a preserved trait of the innate immune response among different animal species, with known effects on the immune system and microorganisms. Thus, AMPs may represent promising candidates for the treatment of chronic wounds with dual functionality in two of the main agents that lead to this condition, proliferation of microorganisms and uncontrolled inflammation. Here, our goal is to critically review AMPs with wound healing properties. We strongly believe that these dual-function peptides alone, or in combination with other wound healing strategies, constitute an underexplored field that researchers can take advantage of.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Helioswilton Sales-Campos
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
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Li Y, Cai J, Du C, Lin Y, Li S, Ma A, Qin Y. Bioinformatic analysis and antiviral effect of Periplaneta americana defensins. Virus Res 2021; 308:198627. [PMID: 34785275 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the lack of an adaptive immune system, insects rely on innate immune mechanisms to fight against pathogenic infections. Two major innate immune pathways, Toll and IMD, orchestrate anti-pathogen responses by regulating the expression of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes. Although the antifungal or antibacterial function of AMPs has been well characterized, the antiviral role of AMPs in insects remains largely unclear. Periplaneta americana (P. americana), or the American cockroach, is used in traditional Chinese medicine as an antiviral agent; however, the underlying mechanism of action of P. americana extracts is unclear. Our previous study showed that the P. americana genome encodes multiple antimicrobial peptide genes. Based on these data, we predicted five novel P. americana defensins (PaDefensins) and analyzed their primary structure, secondary structure, and physicochemical properties. The putative antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, and anticancer activities suggested that PaDefensin5 is a desirable therapeutic candidate against viral diseases. As the first experimental evidence of the antiviral effects of insect defensins, we also showed the antiviral effect of PaDefensin5 in Drosophila Kc cells and Drosophila embryos in vivo . In conclusion, results of both in silico predictions and subsequent antiviral experiments suggested PaDefensin5 a promising antiviral drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, China
| | - Jie Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, China
| | - Chunyu Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, China
| | - Yuhua Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, China
| | - Anping Ma
- Insititution of chemical surveillance, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiru Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Insititution of chemical surveillance, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Gera S, Kankuri E, Kogermann K. Antimicrobial peptides - Unleashing their therapeutic potential using nanotechnology. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:107990. [PMID: 34592202 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are potent, mostly cationic, and amphiphilic broad-spectrum host defense antimicrobials that are produced by all organisms ranging from prokaryotes to humans. In addition to their antimicrobial actions, they modulate inflammatory and immune responses and promote wound healing. Although they have clear benefits over traditional antibiotic drugs, their wide therapeutic utilization is compromised by concerns of toxicity, stability, and production costs. Recent advances in nanotechnology have attracted increasing interest to unleash the AMPs' immense potential as broad-spectrum antibiotics and anti-biofilm agents, against which the bacteria have less chances to develop resistance. Topical application of AMPs promotes migration of keratinocytes and fibroblasts, and contributes significantly to an accelerated wound healing process. Delivery of AMPs by employing nanotechnological approaches avoids the major disadvantages of AMPs, such as instability and toxicity, and provides a controlled delivery profile together with prolonged activity. In this review, we provide an overview of the key properties of AMPs and discuss the latest developments in topical AMP therapy using nanocarriers. We use chronic hard-to-heal wounds-complicated by infections, inflammation, and stagnated healing-as an example of an unmet medical need for which the AMPs' wide range of therapeutic actions could provide the most potential benefit. The use of innovative materials and sophisticated nanotechnological approaches offering various possibilities are discussed in more depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Gera
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Esko Kankuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Karin Kogermann
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
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Xia J, Ge C, Yao H. Antimicrobial Peptides from Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) as Potential Antimicrobial Factors Representing an Alternative to Antibiotics in Livestock Farming. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1937. [PMID: 34209689 PMCID: PMC8300228 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an important class of effector molecules of innate host immune defense against pathogen invasion. Inability of microorganisms to develop resistance against the majority of AMPs has made them alternatives to antibiotics, contributing to the development of a new generation of antimicrobials. Due to extensive biodiversity, insects are one of the most abundant sources of novel AMPs. Notably, black soldier fly insect (BSF; Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)) feeds on decaying substrates and displays a supernormal capacity to survive under adverse conditions in the presence of abundant microorganisms, therefore, BSF is one of the most promising sources for identification of AMPs. However, discovery, functional investigation, and drug development to replace antibiotics with AMPs from Hermetia illucens remain in a preliminary stage. In this review, we provide general information on currently verified AMPs of Hermetia illucens, describe their potential medical value, discuss the mechanism of their synthesis and interactions, and consider the development of bacterial resistance to AMPs in comparison with antibiotics, aiming to provide a candidate for substitution of antibiotics in livestock farming or, to some extent, for blocking the horizontal transfer of resistance genes in the environment, which is beneficial to human and animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China;
| | - Chaorong Ge
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China;
| | - Huaiying Yao
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China;
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315800, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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10
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Bueide P, Hunt J, Bande D, Guerrero DM. Maggot Wound Therapy Associated with Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica Blood Infection. Cureus 2021; 13:e12471. [PMID: 33552787 PMCID: PMC7854341 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Maggot therapy is the intentional application of live, disinfected fly larvae to wounds for debridement and wound care. Although some studies suggest possible beneficial applications for wound healing, subsequent infection is a potential risk of treatment. We present a case of a 70-year-old male with chronic left temporal wound from squamous cell carcinoma treated with maggot therapy complicated by bacteremia with Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica (W. chitiniclastica). This case illustrates the risk for W. chitiniclastica infection associated with maggots used in medical wound therapy of chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bueide
- Internal Medicine, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, USA.,Internal Medicine, Sanford Health, Fargo, USA
| | - Jeff Hunt
- Internal Medicine, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, USA.,Internal Medicine, Sanford Health, Fargo, USA
| | - Dinesh Bande
- Internal Medicine, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, USA.,Internal Medicine, Sanford Health, Fargo, USA
| | - Dubert M Guerrero
- Internal Medicine, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, USA.,Internal Medicine, Sanford Health, Fargo, USA
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Cytryńska M, Rahnamaeian M, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Dobslaff K, Züchner T, Sacheau G, Innis CA, Vilcinskas A. Proline-Rich Antimicrobial Peptides in Medicinal Maggots of Lucilia sericata Interact With Bacterial DnaK But Do Not Inhibit Protein Synthesis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:532. [PMID: 32390853 PMCID: PMC7194015 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for new antibiotics to combat multidrug-resistant microbes, insects offer a rich source of novel anti-infectives, including a remarkably diverse array of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with broad activity against a wide range of species. Larvae of the common green bottle fly Lucilia sericata are used for maggot debridement therapy, and their effectiveness in part reflects the large panel of AMPs they secrete into the wound. To investigate the activity of these peptides in more detail, we selected two structurally different proline rich peptides (Lser-PRP2 and Lser-PRP3) in addition to the α-helical peptide Lser-stomoxyn. We investigated the mechanism of anti-Escherichia coli action of the PRPs in vitro and found that neither of them interfered with protein synthesis but both were able to bind the bacterial chaperone DnaK and are therefore likely to inhibit protein folding. However, unlike Lser-stomoxyn that permeabilized the bacterial membrane by 1% at the low concentration (0.25 µM) neither of the PRPs alone was able to permeabilize E. coli membrane. In the presence of this Lser-stomoxyn concentration significant increase in anti-E. coli activity of Lser-PRP2 was observed, indicating that this peptide needs specific membrane permeabilizing agents to exert its antibacterial activity. We then examined the AMPs-treated bacterial surface and observed detrimental structural changes in the bacterial cell envelope in response to combined AMPs. The functional analysis of insect AMPs will help select optimal combinations for targeted antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mohammad Rahnamaeian
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kristin Dobslaff
- Institute of Bioanalyticappll Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy and Center of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thole Züchner
- Department of Bioanalytics and Laboratory automation, Faculty of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Guénaël Sacheau
- ARNA Laboratory, Inserm U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - C Axel Innis
- ARNA Laboratory, Inserm U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Fonseca-Muñoz A, Pérez-Pacheco R, Ortega-Morales BO, Reyes-Estebanez M, Vásquez-López A, Chan-Bacab M, Ruiz-Vega J, Granados-Echegoyen CA. Bactericidal Activity of Chrysomya rufifacies and Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Larval Excretions-Secretions Against Staphylococcus aureus (Bacillales: Staphylococcaceae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1598-1604. [PMID: 31287880 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) and Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius) larval excretions-secretions (ES) on Staphylococcus aureus was determined using a portable colorimetric method without the need for any dedicated spectral instrument. Polystyrene 96 well microplates were used and 100 μl of the bacterial inoculum (5 × 105 CFU/ml) plus 100 μl of the dipteran exosecretions at different concentrations were added to each well. Subsequently, 50 μl of a 1% solution of the triphenyl tetrazolium chloride stain was added to each well to determine the bacterial viability. The color development in each well was measured with the ImageJ software S. aureus was exposed to different concentrations of the ES of both species individually. At a concentration of 800 ppm ES of C. rufifacies or Co. macellaria, bacterial growth was inhibited 97.45 ± 1.70% and 82.21 ± 1.88%, respectively. As expected, exposure to a lower concentration (i.e., 50 ppm) was less inhibitory (C. rufifacies ES, 77.65 ± 4.25% and Co. macellaria ES, 43.54 ± 4.63%). This study demonstrates for the first time the bactericidal activity of C. rufifacies and Co. macellaria ES against S. aureus. This finding is promising as it could result in the identification and synthesis of proteins capable of suppressing pathogen development in wounds. Additionally, the proposed method can simplify the use of expensive laboratory instruments for antimicrobial activity determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Fonseca-Muñoz
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR) Unidad Oaxaca, Calle Hornos, Santa Cruz, Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, México, CP
- Doctorado en Ciencias en Conservación y Aprovechamiento de Recursos Naturales, CIIDIR-IPN-Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México
| | - Rafael Pérez-Pacheco
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR) Unidad Oaxaca, Calle Hornos, Santa Cruz, Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, México, CP
| | - Benjamín Otto Ortega-Morales
- Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología (DEMAB), Universidad Autónoma de Campeche (UAC), Av. Agustín Melgar s/n, Col. Buenavista, Campeche, México, CP
| | - Manuela Reyes-Estebanez
- Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología (DEMAB), Universidad Autónoma de Campeche (UAC), Av. Agustín Melgar s/n, Col. Buenavista, Campeche, México, CP
| | - Alfonso Vásquez-López
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR) Unidad Oaxaca, Calle Hornos, Santa Cruz, Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, México, CP
| | - Manuel Chan-Bacab
- Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología (DEMAB), Universidad Autónoma de Campeche (UAC), Av. Agustín Melgar s/n, Col. Buenavista, Campeche, México, CP
| | - Jaime Ruiz-Vega
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR) Unidad Oaxaca, Calle Hornos, Santa Cruz, Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, México, CP
| | - Carlos A Granados-Echegoyen
- Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología (DEMAB), Universidad Autónoma de Campeche (UAC), Av. Agustín Melgar s/n, Col. Buenavista, Campeche, México, CP
- Centro de Estudios de Desarrollo Sustentable y Aprovechamiento de la Vida Silvestre (CEDESU), CONACYT- Universidad Autónoma de Campeche (UAC), Avenida Héroe de Nacozari, Campeche, México, CP
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Cooper R, Kirketerp-Møller K. Non-antibiotic antimicrobial interventions and antimicrobial stewardship in wound care. J Wound Care 2019; 27:355-377. [PMID: 29883284 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2018.27.6.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Control of wound infection today relies largely on antibiotics, but the continual emergence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms threatens a return to the pre-antibiotic era when physicians used antiseptics to prevent and manage infection. Some of those antiseptics are still used today, and others have become available. A diverse variety of non-antibiotic antimicrobial interventions are found on modern formularies. Unlike the mode of action of antibiotics, which affect specific cellular target sites of pathogens, many non-antibiotic antimicrobials affect multiple cellular target sites in a non-specific way. Although this reduces the likelihood of selecting for resistant strains of microorganisms, some have emerged and cross-resistance between antibiotics and antiseptics has been detected. With the prospect of a post-antibiotic era looming, ways to maintain and extend our antimicrobial armamentarium must be found. In this narrative review, current and emerging non-antibiotic antimicrobial strategies will be considered and the need for antimicrobial stewardship in wound care will be explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Cooper
- Professor of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Science, Cardiff School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Western Avenue, Cardiff, UK
| | - Klaus Kirketerp-Møller
- Orthopaedic Surgeon, Copenhagen Wound Healing Center, Department of Dermatology and Wounds, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV
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Nishijima A, Gosho M, Yoshida R, Yanagibayashi S, Takikawa M, Nishijima J, Sekido M, Yamamoto N. Effective wound bed preparation using maggot debridement therapy for patients with critical limb ischaemia. J Wound Care 2019; 26:483-489. [PMID: 28795888 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2017.26.8.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with critical limb ischaemia (CLI) lack sufficient blood flow in to the limb, which leads to difficulties in the normal wound healing process. Therefore, maggot debridement therapy (MDT) has not generally been recommended for CLI patients. We evaluated the effectiveness of wound bed preparation by MDT in CLI patients who had undergone mid-foot amputation. METHODS Patients who underwent mid-foot amputation after angioplasty between April 2014 and October 2016 were retrospectively investigated by classifying them into an MDT group or a conventional treatment group. The primary outcome was defined as achievement of wound healing. Secondary outcomes were the proportions of amputation-free survival (AFS) and successful ambulatory improvement. Propensity scores were used to evaluate treatment outcomes based on five factors: ankle-brachial index, skin perfusion pressure of the foot, nutritional status, experience with dialysis and age. RESULTS A total of 39 patients (39 legs) were included, seven within the MDT group and 32 in the conventional treatment group. Clinical backgrounds of the two groups showed no significant differences except for higher albumin levels for the MDT group (3.5±0.4g/dl; p=0.014). The wound healing proportion was significantly higher in the MDT group (86%) than in the control group (38%) (p=0.035). At 6 months after amputation, no significant differences were found between the two groups for AFS (71% versus 47%; p=0.41) or ambulatory capability (43% versus 28%; p=0.65). This result was also similar to the propensity score adjustment analysis. CONCLUSIONS The efficacy of MDT with favourable wound bed preparation was shown in our CLI patients based on effective debridement and granulation formation by maggots, avoiding the loss of their heels. Wound-healing rates after MDT were higher for patients than for those receiving conventional treatment. MDT is considered a valid adjuvant treatment strategy for patients with CLI after revascularisation treatment is conducted. More favourable wound bed preparation and successful graft take were achieved in the MDT group, suggesting the effectiveness of MDT for wound healing in CLI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nishijima
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New Tokyo Hospital, 1271 Wanagaya, Matsudo, Chiba 270-2232, Japan
| | - M Gosho
- Department of Clinical Trial and Clinical Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8576, Japan
| | - R Yoshida
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New Tokyo Hospital, 1271 Wanagaya, Matsudo, Chiba 270-2232, Japan
| | - S Yanagibayashi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New Tokyo Hospital, 1271 Wanagaya, Matsudo, Chiba 270-2232, Japan
| | - M Takikawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New Tokyo Hospital, 1271 Wanagaya, Matsudo, Chiba 270-2232, Japan
| | - J Nishijima
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New Tokyo Hospital, 1271 Wanagaya, Matsudo, Chiba 270-2232, Japan
| | - M Sekido
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tsukuba, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8576, Japan
| | - N Yamamoto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New Tokyo Hospital, 1271 Wanagaya, Matsudo, Chiba 270-2232, Japan
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Wang J, Dou X, Song J, Lyu Y, Zhu X, Xu L, Li W, Shan A. Antimicrobial peptides: Promising alternatives in the post feeding antibiotic era. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:831-859. [PMID: 30353555 DOI: 10.1002/med.21542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), critical components of the innate immune system, are widely distributed throughout the animal and plant kingdoms. They can protect against a broad array of infection-causing agents, such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, and tumor cells, and also exhibit immunomodulatory activity. AMPs exert antimicrobial activities primarily through mechanisms involving membrane disruption, so they have a lower likelihood of inducing drug resistance. Extensive studies on the structure-activity relationship have revealed that net charge, hydrophobicity, and amphipathicity are the most important physicochemical and structural determinants endowing AMPs with antimicrobial potency and cell selectivity. This review summarizes the recent advances in AMPs development with respect to characteristics, structure-activity relationships, functions, antimicrobial mechanisms, expression regulation, and applications in food, medicine, and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiujing Dou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Song
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yinfeng Lyu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Zhu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Weizhong Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Díaz-Roa A, Patarroyo MA, Bello FJ, Da Silva PI. Sarconesin: Sarconesiopsis magellanica Blowfly Larval Excretions and Secretions With Antibacterial Properties. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2249. [PMID: 30323791 PMCID: PMC6172317 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Larval therapy (LT) is an alternative treatment for healing chronic wounds; its action is based on debridement, the removal of bacteria, and stimulating granulation tissue. The most important mechanism when using LT for combating infection depends on larval excretions and secretions (ES). Larvae are protected against infection by a spectrum of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs); special interest in AMPs has also risen regarding understanding their role in wound healing since they degrade necrotic tissue and kill different bacteria during LT. Sarconesiopsis magellanica (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is a promising medically-important necrophagous fly. This article reports a small AMP being isolated from S. magellanica ES products for the first time; these products were obtained from third-instar larvae taken from a previously-established colony. ES were fractionated by RP-HPLC using C18 columns for the first analysis; the products were then lyophilised and their antimicrobial activity was characterized by incubation with different bacterial strains. These fractions' primary sequences were determined by mass spectrometry and de novo sequencing; five AMPs were obtained, the Sarconesin fraction was characterized and antibacterial activity was tested in different concentrations with minimum inhibitory concentrations starting at 1.2 μM. Potent inhibitory activity was shown against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli D31, E. coli DH5α, Salmonella enterica ATCC 13314, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, S. epidermidis ATCC 12228, Micrococcus luteus A270) bacteria. Sarconesin has a significant similarity with Rho-family GTPases which are important in organelle development, cytoskeletal dynamics, cell movement, and wound repair. The data reported here indicated that Sarconesin could be an alternative candidate for use in therapeutics against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial infections. Our study describes one peptide responsible for antibacterial activity when LT is being used. The results shown here support carrying out further experiments aimed at validating S. magellanica AMPs as novel resources for combating antibacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Díaz-Roa
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.,PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Felio J Bello
- Faculty of Agricultural and Livestock Sciences, Program of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia.,Medicine Faculty, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Pedro I Da Silva
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.,Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Wang J, Gao L. [New progress in the treatment of chronic wound of diabetic foot]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2018; 32:832-837. [PMID: 30129304 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201806058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic foot is one of the serious complications of diabetic patients. It is caused by diabetes combined with different degrees of lower extremity vascular lesions and neuropathy, and the wound can not heal for a long time. The serious results can cause bone marrow infection, bone destruction, and have high disability and death rate. At present, there are various treatment methods for diabetic foot chronic wound. On the basis of internal medicine controlling blood sugar, anti infection, lowering blood lipid, improving microcirculation and nourishment nerve, the surgical method is adopted, including the debridement of the necrosis in a short time to prevent the infection from spreading; maggot biological debridement and ozone chemical debridement will promote the growth of granulation tissue while controlling infection. Skin grafting, skin flap transplantation, skin distraction closure can be used to repair soft tissue defects, or fat transplantation, platelet-rich plasma, and rich blood are used for the refractory wound after infection control. In patients with diabetic foot, the reconstruction of lower limb blood supply is beneficial to the recovery of chronic ischemic wounds. It is feasible to improve the blood supply of the lower extremities, improve the blood supply of the lower extremity artery bypass grafting, and improve the microcirculation of the peripheral vessels around the lower extremities. Lower extremity vascular bypass pressure perfusion therapy for vascular network expansion, tibia lateral moving technique for lower limb microcirculation reconstruction. For diabetic foot ulcer caused by peripheral neuropathy, such as Charcot foot, while the application of external fixator, total contact cast technology of affected foot for reducing treatment to promote wound healing; the preparation of orthopedic shoes can play a maximum protective effect on the healing of diabetic foot wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangning Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, CMU, Beijing, 100038,
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, CMU, Beijing, 100038, P.R.China
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18
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Pharmacological Properties of the Medical Maggot: A Novel Therapy Overview. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:4934890. [PMID: 29853956 PMCID: PMC5960508 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4934890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, maggot has been hailed as the miraculous “medicinal maggot” for its diverse properties, including antimicrobial, antibiofilm, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing activities. The fact that maggots show so many beneficial properties has increased the interest in these tiny larvae dramatically. Whilst there is relatively abundant clinical evidence to demonstrate the success of maggots as debridement agents, not so much emphasis has been placed on the basic science evidence, which was a combination of physical and biochemical actions. This review differs from those earlier works in that it is undertaken to provide an update of the latest scientific basis published on maggot, particularly active ingredients within maggot excretions/secretions (ES). Further investigations should focus on the isolation, identification, recombination, transgenosis, and mass production of the beneficial molecules within maggots.
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Nasoori A, Hoomand R. Maggot debridement therapy for an electrical burn injury with instructions for the use of Lucilia sericata larvae. J Wound Care 2017; 26:734-741. [DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2017.26.12.734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Nasoori
- Student, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Production and Research Complex, Biotechnology Processes Developing Center, Alborz, Iran; Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - R. Hoomand
- General Surgeon, Department of General Surgery, Motahari Burn Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Bernhardt V, Finkelmeier F, Tal A, Bojunga J, Derwich W, Meier S, Lux C, Verhoff MA, Amendt J. Multispecies blow fly myiasis combined with hypothermia in a man assumed to be dead. Parasitol Res 2017; 117:579-583. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5691-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities of insect defensins-DLP2 and DLP4 against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12124. [PMID: 28935900 PMCID: PMC5608901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10839-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), are the most frequent cause of sepsis, which urgently demanding new drugs for treating infection. Two homologous insect CSαβ peptides-DLP2 and DLP4 from Hermetia illucens were firstly expressed in Pichia pastoris, with the yields of 873.5 and 801.3 mg/l, respectively. DLP2 and DLP4 displayed potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria especially MRSA and had greater potency, faster killing, and a longer postantibiotic effect than vancomycin. A 30-d serial passage of MRSA in the presence of DLP2/DLP4 failed to produce resistant mutants. Macromolecular synthesis showed that DLP2/DLP4 inhibited multi-macromolecular synthesis especially for RNA. Flow cytometry and electron microscopy results showed that the cell cycle was arrested at R-phase; the cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall were broken by DLP2/DLP4; mesosome-like structures were observed in MRSA. At the doses of 3‒7.5 mg/kg DLP2 or DLP4, the survival of mice challenged with MRSA were 80‒100%. DLP2 and DLP4 reduced the bacterial translocation burden over 95% in spleen and kidneys; reduced serum pro-inflammatory cytokines levels; promoted anti-inflammatory cytokines levels; and ameliorated lung and spleen injury. These data suggest that DLP2 and DLP4 may be excellent candidates for novel antimicrobial peptides against staphylococcal infections.
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22
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Nishijima A, Yamamoto N, Yoshida R, Yanagibayashi S, Takikawa M, Hayasaka R, Maruyama E, Nishijima J, Sekido M. Maggot debridement therapy with a direct dressing can cause compression injuries in patients with chronic limb ischemia. CASE REPORTS IN PLASTIC SURGERY AND HAND SURGERY 2017; 4:84-88. [PMID: 28971112 PMCID: PMC5613910 DOI: 10.1080/23320885.2017.1373596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
While there are no reports regarding dressing-associated iatrogenic skin ulcer as an adverse event of maggot debridement therapy (MDT), MDT is clinically used on patients with critical limb ischaemia with dermal fragility. Herein we report causes and counter measures for a case of iatrogenic skin ulcer induced by MDT dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Nishijima
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New Tokyo HospitalMatsudoChibaJapan
| | - Naoto Yamamoto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New Tokyo HospitalMatsudoChibaJapan
| | - Ryuichi Yoshida
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New Tokyo HospitalMatsudoChibaJapan
| | - Satoshi Yanagibayashi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New Tokyo HospitalMatsudoChibaJapan
| | - Megumi Takikawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New Tokyo HospitalMatsudoChibaJapan
| | - Rie Hayasaka
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New Tokyo HospitalMatsudoChibaJapan
| | - Eri Maruyama
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New Tokyo HospitalMatsudoChibaJapan
| | - Junko Nishijima
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New Tokyo HospitalMatsudoChibaJapan
| | - Mitsuru Sekido
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
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Bee-derived antibacterial peptide, defensin-1, promotes wound re-epithelialisation in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7340. [PMID: 28779102 PMCID: PMC5544694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Royal jelly (RJ) has successfully been used as a remedy in wound healing. RJ has multiple effects, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities, in various cell types. However, no component(s) (other than antibacterial) have been identified in RJ-accelerated wound healing. In this study, we demonstrate that keratinocytes are responsible for the elevated production of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) after incubation with a water extract of RJ. Furthermore, the keratinocyte migration and wound closure rates were significantly increased in the presence of RJ extract. MMP-9 production was reduced significantly following proteinase K treatment but remained stable after heat treatment, indicating that active component(s) have a proteinous character. To identify the component responsible for inducing MMP-9 production, RJ extract was fractionated using C18 RP-HPLC. In fractions exhibiting stimulatory activity, we immunochemically detected the bee-derived antibacterial peptide, defensin-1. Defensin-1 was cloned, and recombinant peptide was produced in a baculoviral expression system. Defensin-1 stimulated MMP-9 secretion from keratinocytes and increased keratinocyte migration and wound closure in vitro. In addition, defensin-1 promoted re-epithelisation and wound closure in uninfected excision wounds. These data indisputably demonstrate that defensin-1, a regular but concentration variable factor found in honey and RJ, contributes to cutaneous wound closure by enhancing keratinocyte migration and MMP-9 secretion.
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Mishra B, Reiling S, Zarena D, Wang G. Host defense antimicrobial peptides as antibiotics: design and application strategies. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2017; 38:87-96. [PMID: 28399505 PMCID: PMC5494204 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with the design and application strategies of new antibiotics based on naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The initial candidate can be designed based on three-dimensional structure or selected from a library of peptides from natural or laboratory sources followed by optimization via structure-activity relationship studies. There are also advanced application strategies such as induction of AMP expression from host cells by various factors (e.g., metals, amino acids, vitamin D and sunlight), the use of engineered probiotic bacteria to deliver peptides, the design of prodrug and peptide conjugates to improve specific targeting. In addition, combined uses of newly developed AMPs with existing antimicrobial agents may provide a practical avenue for effective management of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (superbugs), including biofilms. Finally, we highlight AMPs already in use or under clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Mishra
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
| | - Scott Reiling
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
| | - D Zarena
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA; Department of Physics, JNTUA College of Engineering, Anantapur 515002, India
| | - Guangshun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA.
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Baumann A, Skaljac M, Lehmann R, Vilcinskas A, Franta Z. Urate Oxidase produced by Lucilia sericata medical maggots is localized in Malpighian tubes and facilitates allantoin production. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 83:44-53. [PMID: 28235562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lucilia sericata maggots are the only species currently approved for maggot debridement therapy (MDT), an alternative treatment for chronic and recalcitrant wounds. Maggots promote wound debridement, disinfection and healing by producing a complex mixture of proteins, peptides and low-molecular-weight compounds in their secretions and excretions, but the individual components are not well characterized at the molecular level. Here we investigated the purine catabolism pathway in L. sericata, focusing on the production of allantoin by Urate Oxidase (UO), which is thought to promote wound healing. We produced recombinant L. sericata UO in Escherichia coli, and characterized the properties of the pure enzyme in terms of the optimum pH (7-10) and temperature (20-25 °C), its stability, sensitivity to inhibition and ion dependency. We used quantitative RT-PCR and RNA in situ hybridization to monitor the expression of the UO gene, and we used a guinea pig anti-UO antibody to detect the native enzyme by western blot and by florescence immunohistochemistry in larval tissues. We found that L. sericata UO is exclusively present in the larval excretion organ (the Malpighian tubes) and is freely available in the cytoplasm rather than restricted to a specific subcellular compartment. Allantoin is a final product of L. sericata purine catabolism. It is produced by UO in the Malpighian tubes to remove uric acid from the hemolymph and is consequently excreted via the hindgut. Our findings confirm the hypothesis that both actively secreted molecules and excretion products contribute to the beneficial effects of MDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Baumann
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchesterstraße 2, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Marisa Skaljac
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchesterstraße 2, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Lehmann
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchesterstraße 2, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchesterstraße 2, 35394 Giessen, Germany; Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Zdenӗk Franta
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchesterstraße 2, 35394 Giessen, Germany.
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Lv M, Mohamed AA, Zhang L, Zhang P, Zhang L. A Family of CSαβ Defensins and Defensin-Like Peptides from the Migratory Locust, Locusta migratoria, and Their Expression Dynamics during Mycosis and Nosemosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161585. [PMID: 27556587 PMCID: PMC4996505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect defensins are effector components of the innate defense system. During infection, these peptides may play a role in the control of pathogens by providing protective antimicrobial barriers between epithelial cells and the hemocoel. The cDNAs encoding four defensins of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, designated LmDEF 1, 3–5, were identified for the first time by transcriptome-targeted analysis. Three of the members of this CSαβ defensin family, LmDEF 1, 3, and 5, were detected in locust tissues. The pro regions of their sequences have little-shared identities with other insect defensins, though the predicted mature peptides align well with other insect defensins. Phylogenetic analysis indicates a completely novel position of both LmDEF 1 and 3, compared to defensins from hymenopterans. The expression patterns of the genes encoding LmDEFs in the fat body and salivary glands were studied in response to immune-challenge by the microsporidian pathogen Nosema locustae and the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae after feeding or topical application, respectively. Focusing on Nosema-induced immunity, qRT-PCR was employed to quantify the transcript levels of LmDEFs. A higher transcript abundance of LmDEF5 was distributed more or less uniformly throughout the fat body along time. A very low baseline transcription of both LmDEFs 1 and 3 in naïve insects was indicated, and that transcription increases with time or is latent in the fat body or salivary glands of infected nymphs. In the salivary glands, expression of LmDEF3 was 20-40-times higher than in the fat body post-microbial infection. A very low expression of LmDEF3 could be detected in the fat body, but eventually increased with time up to a maximum at day 15. Delayed induction of transcription of these peptides in the fat body and salivary glands 5–15 days post-activation and the differential expression patterns suggest that the fat body/salivary glands of this species are active in the immune response against pathogens. The ability of N. locustae to induce salivary glands as well as fat body expression of defensins raises the possibility that these AMPs might play a key role in the development and/or tolerance of parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Lv
- Department of Entomology, Key Lab for Biological Control of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Amr Ahmed Mohamed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Key Lab for Biological Control of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Key Lab for Biological Control of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Key Lab for Biological Control of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Pritchard DI, Čeřovský V, Nigam Y, Pickles SF, Cazander G, Nibbering PH, Bültemann A, Jung W. TIME management by medicinal larvae. Int Wound J 2016; 13:475-84. [PMID: 26179750 PMCID: PMC7950164 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound bed preparation (WBP) is an integral part of the care programme for chronic wounds. The acronym TIME is used in the context of WBP and describes four barriers to healing in chronic wounds; namely, dead Tissue, Infection and inflammation, Moisture imbalance and a non-migrating Edge. Larval debridement therapy (LDT) stems from observations that larvae of the blowfly Lucilia sericata clean wounds of debris. Subsequent clinical studies have proven debriding efficacy, which is likely to occur as a result of enzymatically active alimentary products released by the insect. The antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities of LDT have also been investigated, predominantly in a pre-clinical context. This review summarises the findings of investigations into the molecular mechanisms of LDT and places these in context with the clinical concept of WBP and TIME. It is clear from these findings that biotherapy with L. sericata conforms with TIME, through the enzymatic removal of dead tissue and its associated biofilm, coupled with the secretion of defined antimicrobial peptides. This biotherapeutic impact on the wound serves to reduce inflammation, with an associated capacity for an indirect effect on moisture imbalance. Furthermore, larval serine proteinases have the capacity to alter fibroblast behaviour in a manner conducive to the formation of granulation tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Václav Čeřovský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yamni Nigam
- College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | | | - Peter H Nibbering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Rodríguez-García MJ, García-Reina A, Machado V, Galián J. Identification, structural characterisation and expression analysis of a defensin gene from the tiger beetle Calomera littoralis (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Gene 2016; 589:56-62. [PMID: 27210512 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a defensin gene (Clit-Def) has been characterised in the tiger beetle Calomera littoralis for the first time. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the gene has an open reading frame of 246bp that contains a 46 amino acid mature peptide. The phylogenetic analysis showed a high variability in the coleopteran defensins analysed. The Clit-Def mature peptide has the features to be involved in the antimicrobial function: a predicted cationic isoelectric point of 8.94, six cysteine residues that form three disulfide bonds, and the typical cysteine-stabilized α-helix β-sheet (CSαβ) structural fold. Real time quantitative PCR analysis showed that Clit-Def was upregulated in the different body parts analysed after infection with lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli, and also indicated that has an expression peak at 12h post infection. The expression patterns of Clit-Def suggest that this gene plays important roles in the humoral system in the adephagan beetle Calomera littoralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Juliana Rodríguez-García
- University of Murcia, Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Mare Nostrum, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Andrés García-Reina
- University of Murcia, Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Mare Nostrum, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Vilmar Machado
- University of Murcia, Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Mare Nostrum, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Galián
- University of Murcia, Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Mare Nostrum, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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Sojka M, Valachova I, Bucekova M, Majtan J. Antibiofilm efficacy of honey and bee-derived defensin-1 on multispecies wound biofilm. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:337-344. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sojka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 13, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Valachova
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marcela Bucekova
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 06 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Laboratory of Molecular Apidology and Apitherapy, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Majtan
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 06 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 13, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Laboratory of Molecular Apidology and Apitherapy, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
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cDNA cloning and molecular characterization of a defensin-like antimicrobial peptide from larvae of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe). Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:371-9. [PMID: 26970764 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-3967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We identified new defensin-like cDNA (called Psdefensin) by searching data set of high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) expression profiling of immunized larva of white-spotted flower chafers, Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis. The length of the analyzed new defensin-like sequences were 240 base pair (bp) and encoded the deduced polypeptide of 79 amino acid residues with signal peptides (amino acids 1-20), pro-peptide region (amino acids 21-36), and mature peptide region (amino acids 37-79). The Psdefensin transcript levels were slightly up-regulated at 4 h post-infection and were highly expressed at 8 h post-infection compared to control larvae injected with sterile water. In addition, the Psdefensin did have antimicrobial activity against both Gram-negative bacteria, E. coli and Gram-positive bacteria, B. subtilis suggesting potentially pharmacologic agent.
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Mangoni ML, McDermott AM, Zasloff M. Antimicrobial peptides and wound healing: biological and therapeutic considerations. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:167-73. [PMID: 26738772 PMCID: PMC4789108 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Repair of tissue wounds is a fundamental process to re-establish tissue integrity and regular function. Importantly, infection is a major factor that hinders wound healing. Multicellular organisms have evolved an arsenal of host-defense molecules, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), aimed at controlling microbial proliferation and at modulating the host's immune response to a variety of biological or physical insults. In this brief review, we provide the evidence for a role of AMPs as endogenous mediators of wound healing and their promising therapeutic potential for the treatment of non-life-threatening skin and other epithelial injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Mangoni
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, IT
| | - Alison M. McDermott
- The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Zasloff
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington DC, USA
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Díaz-Roa A, Gaona MA, Segura NA, Ramírez-Hernández A, Cortés-Vecino JA, Patarroyo MA, Bello F. Evaluating Sarconesiopsis magellanica blowfly-derived larval therapy and comparing it to Lucilia sericata-derived therapy in an animal model. Acta Trop 2016; 154:34-41. [PMID: 26546725 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Larval therapy is used as alternative treatment for hard-to-heal chronic and infected wounds. Lucilia sericata is the most used blowfly species. However, it has been shown recently that Sarconesiopsis magellanica larval excretions and secretions have potent antibacterial activity; this blowfly belongs to the Calliphoridae family. The present work has dealt with evaluating larval therapy using S. magellanica on wounds induced in diabetic rabbits and its action was compared to the effect induced by L. sericata. Twelve New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were used; they were divided into 4 groups, the first two being treated with larval therapy derived from both aforementioned necrophagous blowflies, an antibiotic was used in the third and the fourth was used as control. All the animals were wounded on the back and infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Samples of the secretion from each animal's infected wound were taken and sown on blood agar. The colony forming units were then counted. The PUSH scale was used for the macroscopic evaluation of the wounds. Bacterial control was encountered 48 h post-treatment in the treatments involving larval therapy and to a lesser extent with the antibiotic. Likewise, wound debridement was quicker and more efficient with larval therapy compared to the antibiotic group; however, wound closing time was 23 days in all treatments. The group treated with S. magellanica larvae had relatively quicker evolution until the proliferation phase and the start of maturation, even though there were no significant differences between both blowfly species evaluated here regarding treatments by the end of the treatment period. The present study has validated the diabetic rabbit model for inducing chronic wounds regarding larval therapy and has likewise confirmed the effectiveness of S. magellanica-derived larval therapy as an alternative for curing and healing wounds.
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Kaushal A, Gupta K, van Hoek ML. Characterization of Cimex lectularius (bedbug) defensin peptide and its antimicrobial activity against human skin microflora. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 470:955-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Baumann A, Lehmann R, Beckert A, Vilcinskas A, Franta Z. Selection and Evaluation of Tissue Specific Reference Genes in Lucilia sericata during an Immune Challenge. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135093. [PMID: 26252388 PMCID: PMC4529112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The larvae of the common green bottle fly Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) have been used for centuries to promote wound healing, but the molecular basis of their antimicrobial, debridement and healing functions remains largely unknown. The analysis of differential gene expression in specific larval tissues before and after immune challenge could be used to identify key molecular factors, but the most sensitive and reproducible method qRT-PCR requires validated reference genes. We therefore selected 10 candidate reference genes encoding products from different functional classes (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, actin, β-tubulin, RPS3, RPLP0, EF1α, PKA, GAPDH and GST1). Two widely applied algorithms (GeNorm and Normfinder) were used to analyze reference gene candidates in different larval tissues associated with secretion, digestion, and antimicrobial activity (midgut, hindgut, salivary glands, crop and fat body). The Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa was then used to boost the larval immune system and the stability of reference gene expression was tested in comparison to three immune genes (lucimycin, defensin-1 and attacin-2), which target different pathogen classes. We observed no differential expression of the antifungal peptide lucimycin, whereas the representative targeting Gram-positive bacteria (defensin-1) was upregulated in salivary glands, crop, nerve ganglion and reached its maximum in fat body (up to 300-fold). The strongest upregulation in all immune challenged tissues (over 50,000-fold induction in the fat body) was monitored for attacin-2, the representative targeting Gram-negative bacteria. Here we identified and validated a set of reference genes that allows the accurate normalization of gene expression in specific tissues of L. sericata after immune challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Baumann
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Lehmann
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Annika Beckert
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Zdeněk Franta
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Ratcliffe NA, Vieira CS, Mendonça PM, Caetano RL, Queiroz MMDC, Garcia ES, Mello CB, Azambuja P. Detection and preliminary physico-chemical properties of antimicrobial components in the native excretions/secretions of three species of Chrysomya (Diptera, Calliphoridae) in Brazil. Acta Trop 2015; 147:6-11. [PMID: 25817237 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospitals and communities increasingly threaten public health in Brazil and the rest of the World. There is an urgent need for additional antimicrobial drugs. Calliphorid blowfly larvae are a rich source of antimicrobial factors but the potential of Neotropical species has been neglected. This preliminary study evaluates the antimicrobial activity of the native excretions/secretions of larvae of three species of Brazilian calliphorids, Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya albiceps and Chrysomya putoria. Native excretions/secretions were collected from third instar larvae, sterile filtered and tested for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus 9518, Escherichia coli K12 4401 and Serratia marcescens 365. Turbidometric assays were made in micro-plates, using an ELISA reader, with readings taken up to 22 h. Bacterial suspensions at the start and end of each experiment were also serially diluted, spread on nutrient agar plates and then colony forming units counted. The physico-chemical characteristics of the native excretions/secretions were also tested by freezing/thawing, boiling, and protease digestion. The native excretions/secretions of larvae from these three Chrysomya species significantly inhibited bacterial growth. Therefore, Brazilian calliphorid flies could potentially provide new classes of antibiotics.
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Otvos L, Ostorhazi E. Therapeutic utility of antibacterial peptides in wound healing. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:871-81. [PMID: 25835521 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1033402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides were first thought to fight infection in animal models by disintegrating bacterial peptides and later by inhibiting bacteria-specific intracellular processes. However, ever increasing evidences indicate that cationic peptides accumulate around and modulate the immune system both systemically and in cutaneous and mucosal surfaces where injuries and infections occur. Native and designer antibacterial peptides as well as cationic peptides, never considered as antibiotics, promote wound healing at every step of cutaneous tissue regeneration. This article provides an introductory list of examples of how cationic peptides are involved in immunostimulation and epithelial tissue repair, eliminating wound infections and promoting wound healing in potential therapeutic utility in sight. Although a few antimicrobial peptides reached the Phase II clinical trial stage, toxicity concerns limit the potential administration routes. Resistance induction to both microbiology actions and the integrity of the innate immune system has to be carefully monitored.
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Góngora J, Díaz-Roa A, Ramírez-Hernández A, Cortés-Vecino JA, Gaona MA, Patarroyo MA, Bello F. Evaluating the effect of Sarconesiopsis magellanica (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae-derived haemolymph and fat body extracts on chronic wounds in diabetic rabbits. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:270253. [PMID: 25866825 PMCID: PMC4381986 DOI: 10.1155/2015/270253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated extracts taken from S. magellanica third instar larvae fat body and haemolymph using a diabetic rabbit model and compared this to the effect obtained with the same substances taken from Lucilia sericata larvae. Alloxan (a toxic glucose analogue) was used to induce experimental diabetes in twelve rabbits. Dorsal wounds were made in each animal and they were infected with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. They were then treated with haemolymph and lyophilized extracts taken from the selected blowflies' larvae fat bodies. Each wound was then evaluated by using rating scales and histological analysis. More favourable scores were recorded on the PUSH and WBS scales for the wounds treated with fat body derived from the larvae of both species compared to that obtained with haemolymph; however, wounds treated with the substances taken from S. magellanica had better evolution. Histological analysis revealed that treatment led to tissue proliferation and more effective neovascularisation in less time with both species' fat body extracts compared to treatment with just haemolymph. The results suggest the effectiveness of the substances evaluated and validate them in the animal model being used here as topical agents in treating chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifher Góngora
- Medical and Forensic Entomology Laboratory, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrea Díaz-Roa
- Medical and Forensic Entomology Laboratory, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Ramírez-Hernández
- Veterinary Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45 No. 26-85, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jesús A. Cortés-Vecino
- Veterinary Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45 No. 26-85, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María A. Gaona
- Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel A. Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Avenida 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia
- Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Felio Bello
- Medical and Forensic Entomology Laboratory, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia
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Wei L, Mu L, Wang Y, Bian H, Li J, Lu Y, Han Y, Liu T, Lv J, Feng C, Wu J, Yang H. Purification and characterization of a novel defensin from the salivary glands of the black fly, Simulium bannaense. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:71. [PMID: 25649358 PMCID: PMC4324660 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0669-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) are haematophagous insects that can cause allergic reactions and act as vectors of pathogens. Although their saliva has been thought to contain a diverse array of physiologically active molecules, little information is available on antimicrobial factors in black fly salivary glands, especially no defensins have been reported so far. Methods A novel cationic defensin designated SibaDef was purified using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) from the salivary glands of the black fly Simulium bannaense. The amino acid sequence of SibaDef was determined by a combination method of automated Edman degradation and cDNA sequencing. The morphologic changes of Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus or Bacillus subtilis treated with SibaDef were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed to analyze the expression of SibaDef mRNA in whole bodies of insects after oral infection with the bacteria S. aureus or B. subtilis. Results Surprisingly, the phylogenetic analysis of defensin-related amino acid sequences demonstrated that SibaDef is most closely related to defensins from the human body louse Pediculus humanus corporis (Anoplura: Pediculidae), rather than to other dipteran defensins. SibaDef showed potent antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.83 μM to 2.29 μM. SEM analysis indicated that SibaDef killed microorganisms through the disruption of cell membrane integrity. The transcript levels of SibaDef in the bacteria-immunized flies increased with the time course, reaching maximum at 36 h and then slowly decreased from that time point. Conclusions Our results indicate that SibaDef is involved in the innate humoral response of the black fly S. bannaense, and it might play a significant role in the defence against microorganisms in both sugar and blood meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lixian Mu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yipeng Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hui Bian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jun Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yiling Lu
- Institute of Marine biological technology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yi Han
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Tong Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jing Lv
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Cuiping Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Hailong Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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