Selenium-Nanoparticles-Loaded Chitosan/Chitooligosaccharide Microparticles and Their Antioxidant Potential: A Chemical and In Vivo Investigation

Mycosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles using Penicillium tardochrysogenum as a therapeutic agent and their combination with infrared irradiation against Ehrlich carcinoma

Over the past years, the assessment of myco-fabricated selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) properties, is still in its infancy. Herein, we have highly stable myco-synthesized SeNPs using molecularly identified soil-isolated fungus; Penicillium tardochrysogenum OR059437; (PeSeNPs) were clarified via TEM, EDX, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, FTIR and zeta potential. The therapeutic efficacy profile will be determined, these crystalline PeSeNPs were examined for antioxidant, antimicrobial, MIC, and anticancer potentials, indicating that, PeSeNPs have antioxidant activity of (IC50, 109.11 μg/mL) using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Also, PeSeNPs possess antimicrobial potential against Penicillium italicum RCMB 001,018 (1) IMI 193,019, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 4330 and Porphyromonas gingivalis RCMB 022,001 (1) EMCC 1699; with I.Z. diameters and MIC; 16 ± 0.5 mm and MIC 500 µg/ml, 11.9 ± 0.6 mm, 500 µg/ml and 15.9±0.6 mm, 1000 µg/ml, respectively. Additionally, TEM micrographs were taken for P. italicum treated with PeSeNPs, demonstrating the destruction of hyphal membrane and internal organelles integrity, pores formation, and cell death. PeSeNP alone in vivo and combined with a near-infrared physiotherapy lamp with an energy intensity of 140 mW/cm2 showed a strong therapeutic effect against cancer cells. Thus, PeSeNPs represent anticancer agents and a suitable photothermal option for treating different kinds of cancer cells with lower toxicity and higher efficiency than normal cells. The combination therapy showed a very large and significant reduction in tumor volume, the tumor cells showed large necrosis, shrank, and disappeared. There was also improvement in liver ultrastructure, liver enzymes, and histology, as well as renal function, urea, and creatinine.

Therapeutic Potential of Selenium Nanoparticles on Letrozole-Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Female Wistar Rats

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is considered the most frequent gynecological endocrine disorder that causes anovulatory infertility. The current study aimed to investigate the potential significance of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), an IL-1 inhibitor, in the treatment of letrozole-induced PCOS in rats that satisfied the metabolic and endocrine parameters found in PCOS patients. Letrozole (2 ppm, per orally, p.o.) was given orally to female Wistar rats for 21 days to develop PCOS. After PCOS induction, rats were given SeNPs (25 ppm/day, p.o.), SeNPs (50 ppm/day, p.o.), or metformin (2 ppm/day, p.o.) for 14 days. PCOS was associated with an increase in body weight, ovarian weight, ovarian size, and cysts, as well as an increase in blood testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and insulin, glycaemia, and lipid profile levels. The SeNP administration decreased all of these variables. Furthermore, SeNPs significantly reduced letrozole-induced oxidative stress in the ovaries, muscles, and liver by decreasing elevated levels of malondialdehyde and total nitrite while raising suppressed levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase. SeNPs increased the amounts of the protective proteins Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap-1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and OH-1. It was depicted from the study that SeNPs reduce the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines that are interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and the interleukin 1 (IL-1). Our findings show that SeNPs, through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics, alleviate letrozole-induced PCOS.

Synthesis, characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of selenium nanoparticles stabilized by aminated yeast glucan

Improving the dispersed stability of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) is the key to its application. In this study, yeast glucan with different degrees of amination (BNs) were used as stabilizers and capping agent to prepare dispersed SeNPs. The size, storage stability, and morphology of BNs/SeNPs were characterized. Results show that BNs/SeNPs presented positive potential and spherical morphologies with average particle size about 100-300 nm and kept stable at room temperature for a long time. The CCK-8 assay showed that BNs/SeNPs had significantly lower toxicity to RAW264.7 cells than SeNPs. Moreover, BNs/SeNPs could inhibit the generation of NO, IL-1β and IL-6 effectively in RAW 264.7 macrophages induced by LPS, and down-regulate the mRNA transcription of iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6 and chemokines (CCL2 and CCL5), indicating that BNs/SeNPs had good anti-inflammatory activity. Therefore, aminated yeast glucan could improve the stability and bioactivity of SeNPs simultaneously, which is a promising stabilizer for SeNPs.

A Review of the Antibacterial, Fungicidal and Antiviral Properties of Selenium Nanoparticles

The resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobial drugs is an important problem worldwide. To solve this problem, active searches for antimicrobial components, approaches and therapies are being carried out. Selenium nanoparticles have high potential for antimicrobial activity. The relevance of their application is indisputable, which can be noted due to the significant increase in publications on the topic over the past decade. This review of research publications aims to provide the reader with up-to-date information on the antimicrobial properties of selenium nanoparticles, including susceptible microorganisms, the mechanisms of action of nanoparticles on bacteria and the effect of nanoparticle properties on their antimicrobial activity. This review describes the most complete information on the antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal effects of selenium nanoparticles.

Synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity analysis of selenium nanoparticles stabilized by Morchella sextelata polysaccharide

Natural bioactive molecules have been widely used as stabilizers in the functional improvement of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) in recent years. In this study, Morchella sextelata polysaccharide (MSP) was introduced as a novel stabilizer for the synthesis of SeNPs based on the redox system of sodium selenite and ascorbic acid. The size, morphology, stability, and anti-cancer cell activities were respectively analyzed by various methods. The results showed that the synthesized SeNPs with MSP were 72.07 ± 0.53 nm in size, red in color, spherical in shape, and amorphous in nature. MSP-SeNPs showed high scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals. And, these MSP-SeNPs exhibited a significant anti-proliferation effect on human liver (HepG2) and cervical cancer (Hela) cells in vitro, while no significant cytotoxicity against normal human kidney cells (HK-2) was observed. Moreover, the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway triggered by MSP-SeNPs in HepG2 cell was identified. The expression levels of p53, Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-3 and caspase-9 were all up-regulated in HepG2 cells after MSP-SeNPs treatment, while Bcl-2 expression was down-regulated. These results suggest that MSP-SeNPs have strong potential as the food supplement for application in cancer chemoprevention.

Biopharmaceutical applications of microbial polysaccharides as materials: A review

Biological characteristics of natural polymers make microbial polysaccharides an excellent choice for biopharmaceuticals. Due to its easy purifying procedure and high production efficiency, it is capable of resolving the existing application issues associated with some plant and animal polysaccharides. Furthermore, microbial polysaccharides are recognized as prospective substitutes for these polysaccharides based on the search for eco-friendly chemicals. In this review, the microstructure and properties of microbial polysaccharides are utilized to highlight their characteristics and potential medical applications. From the standpoint of pathogenic processes, in-depth explanations are provided on the effects of microbial polysaccharides as active ingredients in the treatment of human diseases, anti-aging, and drug delivery. In addition, the scholarly developments and commercial applications of microbial polysaccharides as medical raw materials are also discussed. The conclusion is that understanding the use of microbial polysaccharides in biopharmaceuticals is essential for the future development of pharmacology and therapeutic medicine.

Microparticles in the Development and Improvement of Pharmaceutical Formulations: An Analysis of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Microparticulate systems such as microparticles, microspheres, microcapsules or any particle in a micrometer scale (usually of 1–1000 µm) are widely used as drug delivery systems, because they offer higher therapeutic and diagnostic performance compared to conventional drug delivery forms. These systems can be manufactured with many raw materials, especially polymers, most of which have been effective in improving the physicochemical properties and biological activities of active compounds. This review will focus on the in vivo and in vitro application in the last decade (2012 to 2022) of different active pharmaceutical ingredients microencapsulated in polymeric or lipid matrices, the main formulation factors (excipients and techniques) and mostly their biological activities, with the aim of introducing and discussing the potential applicability of microparticulate systems in the pharmaceutical field.

Synthesis, characterization, and anticancer activity of protamine sulfate stabilized selenium nanoparticles

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have attracted much recent interest as nutraceuticals, while they face great challenges, such as poor stability and low cellular uptake efficiency. This study introduced a facile approach to synthesizing protamine sulfate (PS) functionalized selenium nanoparticles (PS-SeNPs) by using PS as a surface decorator. The monodisperse spherical PS-SeNPs with a particle size of 130 nm and a ζ-potential of +31 mV were ligated with PS through Se-N, Se-O bonds, and physical adsorption, which exhibits excellent physical stability against pH, temperature, and storage time. The positive surface charge of PS-SeNPs contributed to the enhancement of cellular uptake efficiency by endocytosis, which was 3-times higher than bare SeNPs. Compared to SeNPs (IC₅₀ = 17.675 μg/mL), PS-SeNPs could dramatically inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells with an IC₅₀ value of 5.507 μg/mL, as reflected by the induction of apoptosis, S phase arresting, overproduction of intracellular ROS, and depolarization of mitochondria membrane. Overall, these results demonstrated the great potential of PS-SeNPs that can be applied as a functional ingredient in foods and nutraceuticals.

Effects of ε-polylysine and chitooligosaccharide Maillard reaction products on quality of refrigerated sea bass fillets

BACKGROUND

The Maillard reaction is a promising and safe method for obtaining chitooligosaccharide conjugates with proteins or peptides as food preservatives. This study aims to investigate the moisture state, physicochemical properties, and shelf-life of sea bass fillets treated with ε-polylysine (ε-PL) and chitooligosaccharides (COS), which are Maillard reaction products (LC-MRPs), during refrigerated storage.

RESULTS

The results of microbiological analysis and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) revealed that LC-MRPs could retard microbial growth effectively. Compared with control, other treated groups could strongly retard the increase in the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, the K-value and the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) value, and also inhibited the softening of texture and the accumulation of biogenic amines in fish. The results of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicate that LC-MRPs could delay the water migration of fillets and increase water holding capacity (WHC). Through sensory evaluation, the application of LC-MRPs increased the shelf-life of refrigerated sea bass fillets for another 9 days.

CONCLUSION

Maillard reaction products derived from chitooligosaccharides and ε-polylysine have strong potential for preserving sea bass. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Synthesis, Characterization of Low Molecular Weight Chitosan Selenium Nanoparticles and Its Effect on DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice

Selenium nanoparticles have attracted extensive attention due to their good bioavailability and activity. In the present study, a new form of selenium nanoparticle (Low molecular weight chitosan selenium nanoparticles (LCS-SeNPs)) were synthesized in a system of sodium selenite and acetic acid. The size, element state, morphology and elementary composition of LCS-SeNPs were characterized by using various spectroscopic and microscopic measurements. The protection of LCS-SeNPs against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and the inherent mechanisms of this process were investigated. The results showed that LCS-SeNPs, with an average diameter of 198 nm, zero-valent and orange-red relatively uniform spherical particles were prepared. LCS-SeNPs were mainly composed of C, N, O and Se elements, of which Se accounted for 39.03% of the four elements C, N, O and Se. LCS-SeNPs reduced colon injury and inflammation symptoms and improved intestinal barrier dysfunction. LCS-SeNPs significantly reduced serum and colonic inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Moreover, LCS-SeNPs remarkably increased antioxidant enzyme GSH-Px levels in serum and colonic tissue. Further studies on inflammatory pathways showed that LCS-SeNPs alleviated DSS-induced colitis through the NF-κB signaling pathway, and relieved inflammatory associated oxidative stress through the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Our findings suggested that LCS-SeNPs are a promising selenium species with potential applications in the treatment of oxidative stress related inflammatory intestinal diseases.

Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles and Their Anticancer Effects Pertaining to Probiotic Bacteria—A Review

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) can be produced by biogenic, physical, and chemical processes. The physical and chemical processes have hazardous effects. However, biogenic synthesis (by microorganisms) is an eco-friendly and economical technique that is non-toxic to human and animal health. The mechanism for biogenic SeNPs from microorganisms is still not well understood. Over the past two decades, extensive research has been conducted on the nutritional and therapeutic applications of biogenic SeNPs. The research revealed that biogenic SeNPs are considered novel competitors in the pharmaceutical and food industries, as they have been shown to be virtually non-toxic when used in medical practice and as dietary supplements and release only trace amounts of Se ions when ingested. Various pathogenic and probiotic/nonpathogenic bacteria are used for the biogenic synthesis of SeNPs. However, in the case of biosynthesis by pathogenic bacteria, extraction and purification techniques are required for further useful applications of these biogenic SeNPs. This review focuses on the applications of SeNPs (derived from probiotic/nonpathogenic organisms) as promising anticancer agents. This review describes that SeNPs derived from probiotic/nonpathogenic organisms are considered safe for human consumption. These biogenic SeNPs reduce oxidative stress in the human body and have also been shown to be effective against breast, prostate, lung, liver, and colon cancers. This review provides helpful information on the safe use of biogenic SeNPs and their economic importance for dietary and therapeutic purposes, especially as anticancer agents.

Selenide Chitosan Sulfate Improved the Hepatocyte Activity, Growth Performance, and Anti-oxidation Capacity by Activating the Thioredoxin Reductase of Chickens In Vitro and In Vivo

Chicken hepatocytes were cultured in vitro and 240 specific pathogen-free (SPF) white leghorns chickens (7 days old) were obtained. The hepatocytes and chickens were randomly allocated to one of six treatment groups: control group; chitosan (COS) group; sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) group; selenide chitosan (COS-Se) group; chitosan sulfate (LS-COS) group; and selenide chitosan sulfate (LS-COS-Se) group. Our results showed that LS-COS-Se increased (P < 0.05) the activities of thioredoxin reductase (TXNRD), anti-superoxide anion radical (antiO₂^-), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), the mRNA levels of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1) and thioredoxin reductase 3 (TXNRD3), and the chicken body weight, but reduced (P < 0.05) the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Compared with COS and LS-COS, the LS-COS-Se treatment increased (P < 0.05) the activities of TXNRD, SOD, catalase (CAT), and the mRNA levels of TXNRD1 and TXNRD3, but reduced (P < 0.05) the MDA content in vitro, whereas, in vivo, it increased (P < 0.05) body weight on day 28; the activities of TXNRD, antiO₂^-, and SOD; and the mRNA levels of TXNRD1 and TXNRD3. Compared with Na₂SeO₃ and COS-Se, the LS-COS-Se treatment increased (P < 0.05) the TXNRD and SOD activities, the mRNA levels of TXNRD1 and TXNRD3 in vitro, increased (P < 0.05) the chicken body weight on day 28, and the TXNRD, antiO₂^-, and SOD activities, but reduced (P < 0.05) the MDA content. These results indicated that LS-COS-Se was a useful antioxidant that improved hepatocyte activity, growth performance, and anti-oxidation capacity in hepatocytes (in vitro) and SPF chicken (in vivo) by activating the TXNRD system.

Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Titanium Nanotubes Coated with Chitosan: A Promising Formulation with Sustained Release and Enhanced Antibacterial Properties

Due to their high entrapment efficiency, anodized titanium nanotubes (TiO2-NTs) are considered effective reservoirs for loading/releasing strong antibiotics whose systemic administration is associated with diverse and severe side-effects. In this study, TiO2-NTs were synthesized by anodic oxidation of titanium foils, and the effects of electrolyte percentage and viscosity on their dimensions were evaluated. It was found that as the water content increased from 15 to 30%, the wall thickness, length, and inner diameter of the NTs increase from 5.9 to 15.8 nm, 1.56 to 3.21 µm, and 59 to 84 nm, respectively. Ciprofloxacin, a highly potent antibiotic, was loaded into TiO2-NTs with a high encapsulation efficiency of 93%, followed by coating with different chitosan layers to achieve a sustained release profile. The prepared formulations were characterized by various techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and contact measurement. In vitro release studies showed that the higher the chitosan layer count, the more sustained the release. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the formulation against two endodontic species from Peptostreptococcus and Fusobacterium revealed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1 µg/mL for the former and the latter. To summarize, this study demonstrated that TiO2-NTs are promising reservoirs for drug loading, and that the chitosan coating provides not only a sustained release profile, but also a synergistic antibacterial effect.

Tuning self-assembly of amphiphilic sodium alginate-decorated selenium nanoparticle surfactants for antioxidant Pickering emulsion

Delivering effectively zero-valent selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and develop its functions in more fields is still a challenge. Herein, a novel template for the preparation and stabilization of SeNP-based surfactants was developed, amphiphilic sodium alginate (APSA), which can self-assemble into micelles in an aqueous solution. Primarily, physicochemical properties of SeNPs stabilized by APSA with different molecular weights were compared and the interaction mechanism of APSA/SeNPs was investigated. Moreover, a functional Pickering emulsion (PE) was presented using the SeNP-based surfactants. Results showed that high molecular weight-stabilized SeNPs had small particle size (54.72 nm) and great stability due to the hydrogen bonding between Se atoms and APSA. The "soft" particle-decorated SeNPs with interface activity formed a dense interfacial layer on the oil-water interface, which exhibited excellent antioxidant properties. The contents of lipid hydrogen peroxide (LH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly reduced by 88.7% and 63.4%. Overall, SeNPs stabilized by APSA have great application potential as an emulsifier and antioxidant in industrial field.

Thiolated Chitosan Conjugated Liposomes for Oral Delivery of Selenium Nanoparticles

This study aimed to design a hybrid oral liposomal delivery system for selenium nanoparticles (Lip-SeNPs) to improve the bioavailability of selenium. Thiolated chitosan, a multifunctional polymer with mucoadhesive properties, was used for surface functionalization of Lip-SeNPs. Selenium nanoparticle (SeNP)-loaded liposomes were manufactured by a single step microfluidics-assisted chemical reduction and assembling process. Subsequently, chitosan-N-acetylcysteine was covalently conjugated to the preformed Lip-SeNPs. The Lip-SeNPs were characterized in terms of composition, morphology, size, zeta potential, lipid organization, loading efficiency and radical scavenging activity. A co-culture system (Caco-2:HT29-MTX) that integrates mucus secreting and enterocyte-like cell types was used as a model of the human intestinal epithelium to determine adsorption, mucus penetration, release and transport properties of Lip-SeNPs in vitro. Thiolated Lip-SeNPs were positively charged with an average size of about 250 nm. Thiolated Lip-SeNPs tightly adhered to the mucus layer without penetrating the enterocytes. This finding was consistent with ex vivo adsorption studies using freshly excised porcine small intestinal tissues. Due to the improved mucoadhesion and retention in a simulated microenvironment of the small intestine, thiolated Lip-SeNPs might be a promising tool for oral selenium delivery.

Selenium Nanoparticles Biosynthesized by Pantoea agglomerans and Their Effects on Cellular and Physiological Parameters in the Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Simple Summary

Nanoparticles (Nps), new biotechnological tools, possess unique physical and chemical properties and are increasingly being used in several fields, such as manufacture, medicine and veterinary medicine. In this work, we evaluated the effects of selenium (Se) nanoparticles stabilized with L-Cysteine (Se⁰Nps/L-Cys) as a nutritional supplement, to modulate immunological, oxidative status, and productive parameters in O. mykiss. The results demonstrated that Se⁰Nps/L-Cys showed less toxicity and higher antioxidant activity than Se⁰Nps and Na₂SeO₃. The Se⁰Nps/L-Cys, as a dietary supplement, had a significantly better effect on both immunological and physiological parameters, causing improvements at the productive level of O. mykiss when compared with Se⁰Nps and Na₂SeO₃. We concluded that Se⁰Nps sythetised by P. agglomerans, used as dietary supplement, is an environmentally friendly and promising alternative for nutritional supplementation for O. mykiss.

Abstract

The applications of nanoparticles (Nps) as food additives, health enhancers, and antimicrobials in animal production are increasing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of selenium (Se) nanoparticles (Se⁰Nps) stabilized with L-cysteine (Se⁰Nps/L-Cys), as a nutritional supplement, on immunological, oxidative status, and productive parameters in O. mykiss. TEM and SEM-EDS showed the accumulation of spherical Se⁰Nps entirely composed by elemental selenium (Se⁰) as intracellular and extracellular deposits in Pantoea agglomerans UC-32 strain. The in vitro antioxidant capacity of Se⁰Nps/L-Cys was significant more efficient ROS scavengers than Se⁰Nps and Na₂SeO₃. We also evaluate the effect of Se⁰Nps/L-Cys on cell viability and oxidative stress in RTgill-W1, RTS-11, or T-PHKM Oncorhynchus mykiss cell lines. Se⁰Nps/L-Cys showed less toxic and high antioxidant activity than Se⁰Nps and Na₂SeO₃. Finally, the dietary Se⁰Nps/L-Cys had a significant better effect on both plasma lysozyme and respiratory burst activity (innate immune response), on tissular Gpx activity (oxidative status), and on well-being (productive parameter) of O. mykiss when it is compared to Se⁰Nps and Na₂SeO₃. Se⁰Nps/L-Cys is a promising alternative for nutritional supplement for O. mykiss with better performance than Na₂SeO₃ and Se⁰Nps, ease to implementation, and reduced environmental impact.

Mitigation Effects of Selenium Nanoparticles on Depression-Like Behavior Induced by Fluoride in Mice via the JAK2-STAT3 Pathway

Depression is a mental health problem with typically high levels of distress and dysfunction, and 150 mg/L fluoride (F) can induce depression-like behavior. The development of depression is correlated with neuronal atrophy, insufficient secretion of monoamine neurotransmitters, extreme deviations from the normal microglial activation status, and immune-inflammatory response. Studies found that Se supplementation was related to the improvement of depression. In this study, we applied selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) for F-induced depression disease mitigation by regulating the histopathology, metabolic index, genes, and protein expression related to the JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway in vivo. Results showed that F and 2 mg Se/kg BW/day SeNPs lowered the dopamine (DA) content (P < 0.05), altered the microglial morphology, ramification index as well as solidity, and triggered the microglial neuroinflammatory response by increasing the p-STAT3 nuclear translocation (P < 0.01). Furthermore, F reduced the cortical Se content and the number of surviving neurons (P < 0.05), increasing the protein expressions of p-JAK2/JAK2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 of the cortex (P < 0.01), accompanied by the depression-like behavior. Importantly, 1 mg Se/kg BW/day SeNPs alleviated the microglial ramification index as well as solidity changes and decreased the interleukin-1β secretion induced by F by suppressing the p-STAT3 nuclear translocation (P < 0.01). Likewise, 1 mg Se/kg BW/day SeNPs restored the F-disturbed dopamine and noradrenaline secretion, increased the number of cortical surviving neurons, and reduced the vacuolation area, ultimately suppressing the occurrence of depression-like behavior through inhibiting the JAK2-STAT3 pathway activation. In conclusion, 1 mg Se/kg BW/day SeNPs have mitigation effects on the F-induced depression-like behavior. The mechanism of how SeNPs repair neural functions will benefit depression mitigation. This study also indicates that inhibiting the JAK/STAT pathway can be a promising novel treatment for depressive disorders.

Radiolytic synthesis and characterization of selenium nanoparticles: comparative biosafety evaluation with selenite and ionizing radiation

The goal of this work is use a green chemistry route to synthesize selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) that do not trigger oxidative stress, typical of metallic, oxide metallic and carbonaceous nanostructures, and supply the same beneficial effects as selenium nanostructures. SeNPs were synthesized using a radiolytic method involving irradiating a solution containing sodium selenite (Se⁴⁺) as the precursor in 1% Yeast extract, 2% Peptone, 2% Glucose (YPG) liquid medium with gamma-rays (⁶⁰Cobalt). The method did not employ any hazardous reducing agents. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were incubated with 1 mM SeNPs for 24 h and/or then challenged with 400 Gy of ionizing radiation were assessed for viability and biomarkers of oxidative stress: lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, free radical generation, and total sulfhydryl content. Spherical SeNPs with variable diameters (from 100 to 200 nm) were formed after reactions of sodium selenite with hydrated electrons (e_aq^-) and hydrogen radicals (H·). Subsequent structural characterizations indicated an amorphous structure composed of elemental selenium (Se⁰). Compared to 1 mM selenite, SeNPs were considered safe and less toxic to Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells as did not elicit significant modifications in cell viability or oxidative stress parameters except for increased protein carbonylation. Furthermore, SeNPs treatment afforded some protection against ionizing radiation exposure. SeNPs produced using green chemistry attenuated the reactive oxygen species generation after in vitro ionizing radiation exposure opens up tremendous possibilities for radiosensitizer development.

Design of Experiments to Achieve an Efficient Chitosan-Based DNA Vaccine Delivery System

In current times, DNA vaccines are seen as a promising approach to treat and prevent diseases, such as virus infections and cancer. Aiming at the production of a functional and effective plasmid DNA (pDNA) delivery system, four chitosan polymers, differing in the molecular weight, were studied using the design of experiments (DoE) tool. These gene delivery systems were formulated by ionotropic gelation and exploring the chitosan and TPP concentrations as DoE inputs to maximize the nanoparticle positive charge and minimize their size and polydispersity index (PDI) as DoE outputs. The obtained linear and quadratic models were statistically significant (p-value < 0.05) and non-significant lack of fit, with suitable coefficient of determination and the respective optimal points successfully validated. Furthermore, morphology, stability and cytotoxicity assays were performed to evaluate the endurance of these systems over time and their further potential for future in vitro studies. The subsequent optimization process was successful achieved for the delivery systems based on the four chitosan polymers, in which the smallest particle size was obtained for the carrier containing the 5 kDa chitosan (~82 nm), while the nanosystem prepared with the high molecular weight (HMW) chitosan displayed the highest zeta potential (~+26.8 mV). Delivery systems were stable in the formulation buffer after a month and did not exhibit toxicity for the cells. In this sense, DoE revealed to be a powerful tool to explore and tailor the characteristics of chitosan/pDNA nanosystems significantly contributing to unraveling an optimum carrier for advancing the DNA vaccines delivery field.

Selenium Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications: From Development and Characterization to Therapeutics

Selenium (Se) is an essential element to human health that can be obtained in nature through several sources. In the human body, it is incorporated into selenocysteine, an amino acid used to synthesize several selenoproteins, which have an active center usually dependent on the presence of Se. Although Se shows several beneficial properties in human health, it has also a narrow therapeutic window, and therefore the excessive intake of inorganic and organic Se-based compounds often leads to toxicity. Nanoparticles based on Se (SeNPs) are less toxic than inorganic and organic Se. They are both biocompatible and capable of effectively delivering combinations of payloads to specific cells following their functionalization with active targeting ligands. Herein, the main origin of Se intake, its role on the human body, and its primary biomedical applications are revised. Particular focus will be given to the main therapeutic targets that are explored for SeNPs in cancer therapies, discussing the different functionalization methodologies used to improve SeNPs stability, while enabling the extensive delivery of drug-loaded SeNP to tumor sites, thus avoiding off-target effects.

Stabilized-chitosan selenium nanoparticles efficiently reduce renal tissue injury and regulate the expression pattern of aldose reductase in the diabetic-nephropathy rat model

One of the global alarming prevalent metabolic diseases is Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) than other diabetes and sustains a substantial burden on public and healthcare systems. This study attempts to endeavor the beneficial effect of chitosan stabilized nanoparticles Ch-SeNPs on combating diabetic nephropathy (DN) after induction of T2DM in rats (DN.STZ-induced T2D). High-fat diet (HFD) and STZ were used for the induction of T2DM in rats, and then they were treated with either metformin alone (MEF) (500 mg/kg b.wt.) or combined with (Ch-SeNPs) (2 mg Se/kg b.wt.) for eight weeks. The microvascular complications in renal tissue of diabetic rats were pronounced by the prevalence of microalbuminuria and elevated levels of urea, creatinine, and BUN. Pronounced oxidative stress with enhanced inflammatory response. In the urine of diabetic rats, a marked increase in Kim 1, β2-microglobulin, and urinary albumin. Renal morphological alterations were observed in all groups upon induction of T2DM, except for the Ch-SeNPs/MEF group showed noticeable improvements. The expression levels of Aldo-keto reductase AKr1B1, profibrotic protein transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), nestin, desmin, and vimentin, were up-regulated in the diabetic group. Significant down-regulation of their expression and restored antioxidant capacity was observed in the combined-treated group than single treated ones. Ch-SeNPs helped limit the prevalence of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β while used after T2DM induction by STZ and HFD. Ch-SeNPs/MEF co-therapy could effectively guard the kidneys and reduce the renal tissue injury via inhibiting oxidative stress and restoring glucose hemostasis, which indicates a promising line for treating T2DM nephropathy.

Reactive Oxygen Species-Regulating Strategies Based on Nanomaterials for Disease Treatment

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an essential role in physiological and pathological processes. Studies on the regulation of ROS for disease treatments have caused wide concern, mainly involving the topics in ROS-regulating therapy such as antioxidant therapy triggered by ROS scavengers and ROS-induced toxic therapy mediated by ROS-elevation agents. Benefiting from the remarkable advances of nanotechnology, a large number of nanomaterials with the ROS-regulating ability are developed to seek new and effective ROS-related nanotherapeutic modalities or nanomedicines. Although considerable achievements have been made in ROS-based nanomedicines for disease treatments, some fundamental but key questions such as the rational design principle for ROS-related nanomaterials are held in low regard. Here, the design principle can serve as the initial framework for scientists and technicians to design and optimize the ROS-regulating nanomedicines, thereby minimizing the gap of nanomedicines for biomedical application during the design stage. Herein, an overview of the current progress of ROS-associated nanomedicines in disease treatments is summarized. And then, by particularly addressing these known strategies in ROS-associated therapy, several fundamental and key principles for the design of ROS-associated nanomedicines are presented. Finally, future perspectives are also discussed in depth for the development of ROS-associated nanomedicines.

Synthesis and Characterization of Black Currant Selenium Nanoparticles (Part I)

The present study aimed to synthesize selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using aqueous extract of black currant as a reducing agent. The green synthesized black currant selenium nanoparticles (BCSeNPs) were identified by color change. The characterization of SeNPs was achieved by Ultraviolet-visible (UV–VIS) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X–ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). These tests were used to detect: stability, morphology, size, crystalline nature, and functional groups present on the surface of BCSeNPs. The results revealed appearance of the brick-red color indicating the specific color of selenium nanoparticles, and UV-Vis spectroscopy showed band absorbance at 265 nm of intense surface plasmon resonance manifesting the formation and stability of the prepared BCSeNPs. The SEM image showed the prevalence of spherical selenium nanosized, XRD at 2θ revealed crystallin selenium nanoparticles, the size was in the average of 18-50 nm. Furthermore, FTIR revealed the presence of functional groups of the plant which act as stabilizing and reducing agents. In conclusion, the aqueous black currant extract can act as a reducing and capping agent to synthesize BCSeNPs in nano-scale size by a simple method

Potential of Nanonutraceuticals in Increasing Immunity

Nutraceuticals are defined as foods or their extracts that have a demonstrably positive effect on human health. According to the decision of the European Food Safety Authority, this positive effect, the so-called health claim, must be clearly demonstrated best by performed tests. Nutraceuticals include dietary supplements and functional foods. These special foods thus affect human health and can positively affect the immune system and strengthen it even in these turbulent times, when the human population is exposed to the COVID-19 pandemic. Many of these special foods are supplemented with nanoparticles of active substances or processed into nanoformulations. The benefits of nanoparticles in this case include enhanced bioavailability, controlled release, and increased stability. Lipid-based delivery systems and the encapsulation of nutraceuticals are mainly used for the enrichment of food products with these health-promoting compounds. This contribution summarizes the current state of the research and development of effective nanonutraceuticals influencing the body's immune responses, such as vitamins (C, D, E, B12, folic acid), minerals (Zn, Fe, Se), antioxidants (carotenoids, coenzyme Q10, polyphenols, curcumin), omega-3 fatty acids, and probiotics.

Hybrid of niosomes and bio-synthesized selenium nanoparticles as a novel approach in drug delivery for cancer treatment

The current study intends to investigate a novel drug delivery system (DDS) based on niosomes structure (NISM) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) which was formulated to BSA coated NISM (NISM-B). Also, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have been prepared by BSA mediated biosynthesis. Finally, the NISM-B was hybridized with SeNPs and was formulated as NISM-B@SeNPs for drug delivery applications. Physicochemical properties of all samples were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, DLS, FESEM, and EDX techniques. The cytotoxicity of all samples against A549 cell line was assessed by cell viability analysis and flow cytometry for apoptotic cells as well as RT-PCR for the expression of MDR-1, Bax, and Bcl-2 genes. Besides, in vivo biocompatibility was performed by LD₅₀ assay to evaluate the acute toxicity. The proposed formulation has a regular spherical shape and approximately narrow size distribution with proper zeta-potential values; the proposed DDS revealed a good biocompatibility. The compound showed a significant cytotoxic effect against A549 cell line. Although the Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio was significantly in NISM-B@SeNPs- treated cancer cells, the expression of MDR-1 was non-significantly lower in NISM-B@SeNPs-treated cancer cells. The obtained results suggest that the proposed DDS presents a promising approach for drug delivery, co-delivery and multifunctional biomedicine applications.

Chitosan-stabilized selenium nanoparticles attenuate acrylamide-induced brain injury in rats

Acrylamide (ACR) is produced during food processing and has been shown to cause health problems. Selenium, especially in its nanoscale, is an important trace element in human nutrition. Chitosan-stabilized selenium nanoparticles (Ch-SeNPs) stability and its protective potential against ACR-induced injury in rats were evaluated. Ch-SeNPs displayed high radical-scavenging activity and reducing power that were not significantly changed for 60 days at 4°C. The transmission electron microscopy images and dynamic light scattering results demonstrated high stability of Ch-SeNPs during storage. ACR (20 mg kg-1  day-1 ) led to elevate the level of malondialdehyde, dopamine and noradrenaline in blood serum, and cerebral cortex. Ch-SeNPs (0.2 mg kg-1  day-1 ) displayed more protection against ACR-induced damages comparing to Na2 SeO3 . More than 90% of the glutathione pool in the brain tissue was in reduced form. Correlation coefficient analysis demonstrated the attenuating effect of Ch-SeNPs against ACR-induced brain-injury and hormone imbalance. Administrating Ch-SeNPs 15 days before ACR-treatment is required for obtaining the best protection. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Ch-SeNPs used in the present study characterized by its high storage stability for two months without losing its antioxidant potential. After conducting toxicity tests, it is suggested to supplement some foods with Ch-SeNPs because of its high antioxidant potential and significant protection ability against the oxidative stress damages in living organisms. These advantages may nominate the Ch-SeNPs for several industrial applications in the field of food processing and protection.

Chemoenzymatic Production and Engineering of Chitooligosaccharides and N-acetyl Glucosamine for Refining Biological Activities

Chitooligosaccharides (COS) and N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) are currently of enormous relevance to pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetics, food, and agriculture industries due to their wide range of biological activities, which include antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant, anticoagulant, wound healing, immunoregulatory, and hypocholesterolemic effects. A range of methods have been developed for the synthesis of COS with a specific degree of polymerization along with high production titres. In this respect, chemical, enzymatic, and microbial means, along with modern genetic manipulation techniques, have been extensively explored; however no method has been able to competently produce defined COS and GlcNAc in a mono-system approach. Henceforth, the chitin research has turned toward increased exploration of chemoenzymatic processes for COS and GlcNAc generation. Recent developments in the area of green chemicals, mainly ionic liquids, proved vital for the specified COS and GlcNAc synthesis with better yield and purity. Moreover, engineering of COS and GlcNAc to generate novel derivatives viz. carboxylated, sulfated, phenolic acid conjugated, amino derived COS, etc., further improved their biological activities. Consequently, chemoenzymatic synthesis and engineering of COS and GlcNAc emerged as a useful approach to lead the biologically-active compound-based biomedical research to an advanced prospect in the forthcoming era.

Synthesis, characterization, and biological activity of selenium nanoparticles conjugated with polysaccharides

Nanoparticles with unique properties have potential applications in food, medicine, pharmacology, and agriculture industries. Accordingly, many significant researches have been conducted to develop novel nanoparticles using chemical and biological techniques. This review focuses on the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using polysaccharides as templates. Various instrumental techniques being used to confirm the formation of polysaccharide-SeNPs conjugates and characterize the properties of nanoparticles are also introduced. Finally, the biological activities of the synthesized SeNPs and the influence of structural factors of polysaccharides on the property of synthetic nanocomposites are highlighted. In general, the polysaccharides functionalized SeNPs can be easily obtained using sodium selenite as precursor and ascorbic acid as reductant. The final products having different particle size, morphology, and selenium content exhibit abundant physiological activities. Structural factors of polysacchairdes involving molecular weights, substitution of functional groups, and chain conformation play determinant roles on the properties of nanocomposites, resulting in different biological performances. The review on the achievements and current status of polysaccharides conjugated SeNPs provides insights into this exciting research topic for further studies in the future.

Hypoglycemic potential of selenium nanoparticles capped with polyvinyl-pyrrolidone in streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes in rats

This study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of synthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) capped with glucose and polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP) on the hyperglycemia and prooxidants/antioxidants imbalance present in model streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. SeNPs were synthesized and characterized. Twenty-four albino male rats were grouped into four different groups. After the rats were induced to have type 2 diabetes by STZ, the SeNPs-treated groups received a dose of 0.5 mg/ml of SeNPs for seven days. Plasma glucose and insulin levels, pancreatic insulin expression, the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH) were evaluated. TEM images revealed the formation of semispherical particles with average size between 40 and 50 nm. SeNPs administration successfully reduced the hyperglycemia, raised the levels of insulin in both the pancreas and the plasma and restored the damaged pancreatic tissue. SeNPs also showed enhancement of the elimination of the diabetes-induced oxidative stress injuries by decreasing the pancreatic LPO and NO levels. Furthermore, the activities of the antioxidant enzyme GPx and GSH levels of the diabetic rats were increased. In conclusion, SeNPs capped with PVP could be used in the future as an agent that could manage Diabetes mellitus.

Antioxidant Capacity and Hepatoprotective Role of Chitosan-Stabilized Selenium Nanoparticles in Concanavalin A-Induced Liver Injury in Mice

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have attracted wide attention for their use in nutritional supplements and nanomedicine applications. However, their potential to protect against autoimmune hepatitis has not been fully investigated, and the role of their antioxidant capacity in hepatoprotection is uncertain. In this study, chitosan-stabilized SeNPs (CS-SeNPs) were prepared by means of rapid ultra-filtration, and then their antioxidant ability and free-radical scavenging capacity were evaluated. The hepatoprotective potential of a spray-dried CS-SeNPs powder against autoimmune liver disease was also studied in the concanavalin A (Con A)-induced liver injury mouse model. CS-SeNPs with size of around 60 nm exhibited acceptable oxygen radical absorbance capacity and were able to scavenge DPPH, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radicals. The CS-SeNPs powder alleviated Con A-caused hepatocyte necrosis and reduced the elevated levels of serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and lactic dehydrogenase in Con A-treated mice. These results suggest that the CS-SeNPs powder protected the mice from Con-A-induced oxidative stress in the liver by retarding lipid oxidation and by boosting the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase, partly because of its ability to improve Se retention. In conclusion, SeNPs present potent hepatoprotective potential against Con A-induced liver damage by enhancing the redox state in the liver; therefore, they deserve further development.