1
|
Yiblet Y, Sisay M. Metal oxide nanoparticles as a promising method to reduce biotic stress in plant cell wall: A review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e37939. [PMID: 39386835 PMCID: PMC11462254 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The application of metal-based nanoparticles in inhibiting plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi has gained significant attention in recent years. several nanoparticles, including silver (Ag), titanium dioxide (TiO2), magnesium oxide (MgO), copper (Cu), and zinc oxide (ZnO), can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to light. The oxidative damage inflicted by ROS can disrupt the cellular structures and metabolic processes of pathogens, leading to their inactivation and inhibition. However, it is crucial to consider the potential environmental and health impacts of nanoparticle use. The safe and responsible use of nanoparticles and their potential risks should be thoroughly evaluated to ensure sustainable and effective plant disease management practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yalew Yiblet
- Department of Biology, Mekdela Amba University, P.O. Box 32, Tuluawlia, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, Debre Tabor University, P.O. Box 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Miseganaw Sisay
- Department of Biology, Mekdela Amba University, P.O. Box 32, Tuluawlia, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, Debre Tabor University, P.O. Box 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lorrai R, Erguvan Ö, Raggi S, Jonsson K, Široká J, Tarkowská D, Novák O, Griffiths J, Jones AM, Verger S, Robert S, Ferrari S. Cell wall integrity modulates HOOKLESS1 and PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4 expression controlling apical hook formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 196:1562-1578. [PMID: 38976579 PMCID: PMC11444296 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Formation of the apical hook in etiolated dicot seedlings results from differential growth in the hypocotyl apex and is tightly controlled by environmental cues and hormones, among which auxin and gibberellins (GAs) play an important role. Cell expansion is tightly regulated by the cell wall, but whether and how feedback from this structure contributes to hook development are still unclear. Here, we show that etiolated seedlings of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) quasimodo2-1 (qua2) mutant, defective in pectin biosynthesis, display severe defects in apical hook formation and maintenance, accompanied by loss of asymmetric auxin maxima and differential cell expansion. Moreover, qua2 seedlings show reduced expression of HOOKLESS1 (HLS1) and PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4 (PIF4), which are positive regulators of hook formation. Treatment of wild-type seedlings with the cellulose inhibitor isoxaben (isx) also prevents hook development and represses HLS1 and PIF4 expression. Exogenous GAs, loss of DELLA proteins, or HLS1 overexpression partially restore hook development in qua2 and isx-treated seedlings. Interestingly, increased agar concentration in the medium restores, both in qua2 and isx-treated seedlings, hook formation, asymmetric auxin maxima, and PIF4 and HLS1 expression. Analyses of plants expressing a Förster resonance energy transfer-based GA sensor indicate that isx reduces accumulation of GAs in the apical hook region in a turgor-dependent manner. Lack of the cell wall integrity sensor THESEUS 1, which modulates turgor loss point, restores hook formation in qua2 and isx-treated seedlings. We propose that turgor-dependent signals link changes in cell wall integrity to the PIF4-HLS1 signaling module to control differential cell elongation during hook formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Lorrai
- Dipartimento di Biologia e biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Özer Erguvan
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sara Raggi
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Jonsson
- IRBV, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montreal, QC H1X 2B2 Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jitka Široká
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, CZ-77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, CZ-77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, CZ-77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jayne Griffiths
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB2 1LR Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander M Jones
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB2 1LR Cambridge, UK
| | - Stéphane Verger
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Simone Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Biologia e biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Müller T, Scheuring D. At knifepoint: Appressoria-dependent turgor pressure of filamentous plant pathogens. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 82:102628. [PMID: 39265521 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Filamentous pathogens need to overcome plant barriers for successful infection. To this end, special structures, most commonly appressoria, are used for penetration. In differentiated appressoria, the generation of high turgor pressure is mandatory to breach plant cell wall and cuticle. However, quantitative description of turgor pressure and resulting invasive forces are only described for a handful of plant pathogens. Recent advances in methodology allowed determination of surprisingly high pressures and corresponding forces in oomycetes and a necrotrophic fungus. Here, we describe turgor generation in appressoria as essential function for host penetration. We summarize the known experimentally determined turgor pressure as well as invasive forces and discuss their universal role in plant pathogen infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Müller
- Plant Pathology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Germany
| | - David Scheuring
- Plant Pathology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Leiva-Mora M, Capdesuñer Y, Villalobos-Olivera A, Moya-Jiménez R, Saa LR, Martínez-Montero ME. Uncovering the Mechanisms: The Role of Biotrophic Fungi in Activating or Suppressing Plant Defense Responses. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:635. [PMID: 39330396 PMCID: PMC11433257 DOI: 10.3390/jof10090635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses the mechanisms by which fungi manipulate plant physiology and suppress plant defense responses by producing effectors that can target various host proteins. Effector-triggered immunity and effector-triggered susceptibility are pivotal elements in the complex molecular dialogue underlying plant-pathogen interactions. Pathogen-produced effector molecules possess the ability to mimic pathogen-associated molecular patterns or hinder the binding of pattern recognition receptors. Effectors can directly target nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat receptors, or manipulate downstream signaling components to suppress plant defense. Interactions between these effectors and receptor-like kinases in host plants are critical in this process. Biotrophic fungi adeptly exploit the signaling networks of key plant hormones, including salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and ethylene, to establish a compatible interaction with their plant hosts. Overall, the paper highlights the importance of understanding the complex interplay between plant defense mechanisms and fungal effectors to develop effective strategies for plant disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Leiva-Mora
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica de Ambato (UTA-DIDE), Cantón Cevallos Vía a Quero, Sector El Tambo-La Universidad, Cevallos 1801334, Ecuador
| | - Yanelis Capdesuñer
- Natural Products Department, Centro de Bioplantas, Universidad de Ciego de Ávila Máximo Gómez Báez, Ciego de Ávila 65200, Cuba;
| | - Ariel Villalobos-Olivera
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Ciego de Ávila Máximo Gómez Báez, Ciego de Ávila 65200, Cuba;
| | - Roberto Moya-Jiménez
- Facultad de Diseño y Arquitectura, Universidad Técnica de Ambato (UTA-DIDE), Huachi 180207, Ecuador;
| | - Luis Rodrigo Saa
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), San Cayetano Alto, Calle París s/n, Loja 1101608, Ecuador;
| | - Marcos Edel Martínez-Montero
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Ciego de Ávila Máximo Gómez Báez, Ciego de Ávila 65200, Cuba;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee Erickson J, Schuster M. Extracellular proteases from microbial plant pathogens as virulence factors. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 82:102621. [PMID: 39232347 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Plant pathogens deploy specialized proteins to aid disease progression, some of these proteins function in the apoplast and constitute proteases. Extracellular virulence proteases have been described to play roles in plant cell wall manipulation and immune evasion. In this review, we discuss the evidence for the hypothesized virulence functions of bacterial, fungal, and oomycete extracellular proteases. We highlight the contrast between the low number of elucidated functions for these proteins and the size of extracellular protease repertoires among pathogens. Finally, we suggest that the refinement of in planta 'omics' approaches, combined with recent advances in modeling and mechanism-based methods for trapping substrates finally make it possible to address this knowledge gap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Schuster
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Desaint H, Gigli A, Belny A, Cassan-Wang H, Martinez Y, Vailleau F, Mounet F, Vernhettes S, Berthomé R, Marchetti M. Reshaping the Primary Cell Wall: Dual Effects on Plant Resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum and Heat Stress Response. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:619-634. [PMID: 38904979 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-24-0059-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Temperature elevation drastically affects plant defense responses to Ralstonia solanacearum and inhibits the major source of resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana, which is mediated by the receptor pair RRS1-R/RPS4. In this study, we refined a previous genome-wide association (GWA) mapping analysis by using a local score approach and detected the primary cell wall CESA3 gene as a major gene involved in plant response to R. solanacearum at both 27°C and an elevated temperature, 30°C. We functionally validated CESA3 as a susceptibility gene involved in resistance to R. solanacearum at both 27 and 30°C through a reverse genetic approach. We provide evidence that the cesa3mre1 mutant enhances resistance to bacterial disease and that resistance is associated with an alteration of root cell morphology conserved at elevated temperatures. However, even by forcing the entry of the bacterium to bypass the primary cell wall barrier, the cesa3mre1 mutant still showed enhanced resistance to R. solanacearum with delayed onset of bacterial wilt symptoms. We demonstrated that the cesa3mre1 mutant had constitutive expression of the defense-related gene VSP1, which is upregulated at elevated temperatures, and that during infection, its expression level is maintained higher than in the wild-type Col-0. In conclusion, this study reveals that alteration of the primary cell wall by mutating the cellulose synthase subunit CESA3 contributes to enhanced resistance to R. solanacearum, remaining effective under heat stress. We expect that these results will help to identify robust genetic sources of resistance to R. solanacearum in the context of global warming. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henri Desaint
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan 31320, France
- SYNGENTA Seeds, Sarrians 84260, France
| | - Alessandro Gigli
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan 31320, France
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Adrien Belny
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan 31320, France
| | - Hua Cassan-Wang
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse III, CNRS, INP, UMR5546, Castanet-Tolosan 31320, France
| | - Yves Martinez
- Plateforme Imagerie, FRAIB-CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan 31320, France
| | - Fabienne Vailleau
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan 31320, France
| | - Fabien Mounet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse III, CNRS, INP, UMR5546, Castanet-Tolosan 31320, France
| | - Samantha Vernhettes
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Versailles 78000, France
| | - Richard Berthomé
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan 31320, France
| | - Marta Marchetti
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan 31320, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sun W, Zhao L, Zhou J, Feng H, Zhang Y, Feng Z, Zhu H, Wei F. VdP5CDH is involved in melanin formation, stress resistance and play a regulatory role in virulence of Verticillium dahliae. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1429755. [PMID: 39113834 PMCID: PMC11303183 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1429755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Verticillium dahliae, a soil-borne fungal pathogen, can cause cotton Verticillium wilt. In this study, VdP5CDH, the member of the ALDH_F4-17 family of carboxylate dehydrogenases, was identified in the genome of V. dahliae and investigated function in regulating virulence by generating gene deletion mutants and complementary mutants. Methods Homologous recombination method was used to construct mutants, transcriptome sequencing revealed gene-related metabolic pathways, and disease degree of cotton was observed through pathogen infection experiments. Results The conidial surface of VdP5CDH deletion strains was dented and shriveled, and the number of conidial spores increased. Compared with the wild-type (WT), the mycelial diameter of deletion mutants increased by 10.59%-11.16%, the mycelial growth showed irregular branching patterns, and misaligned arrangement. Although capable of penetrating cellophane, deletion mutants were unable to produce melanin. VdP5CDH was mainly associated with glucose metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, ABC transporter activity as well as various amino acid metabolic processes. After gene knockout, raffinose and pectin were used as the main carbon sources to promote the growth of strains and the growth rate of deletion strains in the medium containing raffinose was higher than that of WT. Consequently, the deletion mutant strains decreased utilization efficiency with which they utilized various nitrogen sources. The deletion mutants maintain responsiveness to osmotic stress and oxidative stress stimuli. Additionally, compared to WT strains, the deletion mutant strains exhibited differences in culture temperature tolerance, UV exposure response, and fungicide sensitivity. After cotton was infected with deletion strains conidial suspension, its disease index increased dramatically, while it gradually decreased after spraying with 2 mM glutamate in batches. With the increase of spraying times, the effect was more significant, and the disease index decreased by 18.95%-19.66% at 26 dpi. Discussion These results indicated that VdP5CDH regulates the pathogenicity of fungi and controls mycelia growth, melanin formation, conidia morphology, abiotic stress resistance, and the expression of infecting structure-related genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Sun
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jinglong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hongjie Feng
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zili Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, Xinjiang, China
| | - Heqin Zhu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, Xinjiang, China
| | - Feng Wei
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, Xinjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saberi Riseh R, Gholizadeh Vazvani M, Taheri A, Kennedy JF. Pectin-associated immune responses in plant-microbe interactions: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:132790. [PMID: 38823736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
This review explores the role of pectin, a complex polysaccharide found in the plant cell wall, in mediating immune responses during interactions between plants and microbes. The objectives of this study were to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying pectin-mediated immune responses and to understand how these interactions shape plant-microbe communication. Pectin acts as a signaling molecule, triggering immune responses such as the production of antimicrobial compounds, reinforcement of the cell wall, and activation of defense-related genes. Pectin functions as a target for pathogen-derived enzymes, enabling successful colonization by certain microbial species. The document discusses the complexity of pectin-based immune signaling networks and their modulation by various factors, including pathogen effectors and host proteins. It also emphasizes the importance of understanding the crosstalk between pectin-mediated immunity and other defense pathways to develop strategies for enhancing plant resistance against diseases. The insights gained from this study have implications for the development of innovative approaches to enhance crop protection and disease management in agriculture. Further investigations into the components and mechanisms involved in pectin-mediated immunity will pave the way for future advancements in plant-microbe interaction research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roohallah Saberi Riseh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Mozhgan Gholizadeh Vazvani
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Taheri
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Plant Production, University of agricultural Sciences and natural resources of Gorgan, Iran.
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories Ltd, WR15 8FF Tenbury Wells, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nwe LL, Casonato S, Jones EE. Endophytic fungal isolates from apple tissue: Latent pathogens lurking within? Fungal Biol 2024; 128:1836-1846. [PMID: 38876536 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Fungal endophytes inhabit a similar ecological niche to that occupied by many phytopathogens, with several pathogens isolated from healthy tissues in their latent phase. This study aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity, the colonisation ability, and the enzyme activity of 37 endophytic fungal isolates recovered from apparently healthy apple shoot and leaf tissues. The pathogenicity of the isolates was assessed on 'Royal Gala' and 'Braeburn' fruit and detached 'Royal Gala' shoots. For the non-pathogenic isolates, their ability to endophytically colonise detached 'Royal Gala' shoots was evaluated. Enzyme activity assays were undertaken to determine whether the pathogenicity of the endophytes was related to the production of the extracellular enzymes, amylase, cellulase, pectinase, protease, and xylanase. Of the 37 isolates studied, eight isolates, representing the genera Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, Fusarium, and Penicillium, were shown to be pathogenic on both apple shoots and fruit. Two isolates identified as Trichoderma atroviride, were pathogenic only on shoots, and three isolates, representing the genus Diaporthe, were pathogenic only on fruit. Of the remaining 24 isolates, 22 (Biscogniauxia (n = 8), Chaetomium (n = 4), Trichoderma (n = 3), Epicoccum (n = 2), Neosetophoma (n = 2), Xylaria (n = 1), Daldinia (n = 1), and Paraphaeosphaeria (n = 1)) were recovered from the inoculated apple shoots but two failed to colonise the shoot tissues. Of the isolates tested, 20 produced amylase, 15 cellulase, 25 pectinase, 26 protease, and 13 xylanase. There was no correlation between the range and type of enzymes produced by the isolates and their pathogenicity or ability to endophytically colonise the shoot tissue. The study showed that approximately one-third (13/37) of the isolates recovered from the apparently healthy apple shoot tissues were observed as latent pathogens. The isolates that did not cause disease symptoms may have the ability to reduce colonisation of apple tissues by pathogens including Neonectria ditissima associated with European canker of apple.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lay Lay Nwe
- Department of Pest-management and Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Seona Casonato
- Department of Pest-management and Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - E Eirian Jones
- Department of Pest-management and Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu X, Wei H, Yao K, Wu H, Huang T, Han M, Su T, Cao F. Integrative omics studies revealed synergistic link between sucrose metabolic isogenes and carbohydrates in poplar roots infected by Fusarium wilt. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:29. [PMID: 38502380 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Advances in carbohydrate metabolism prompted its essential role in defense priming and sweet immunity during plant-pathogen interactions. Nevertheless, upstream responding enzymes in the sucrose metabolic pathway and associated carbohydrate derivatives underlying fungal pathogen challenges remain to be deciphered in Populus, a model tree species. In silico deduction of genomic features, including phylogenies, exon/intron distributions, cis-regulatory elements, and chromosomal localization, identified 59 enzyme genes (11 families) in the Populus genome. Spatiotemporal expression of the transcriptome and the quantitative real-time PCR revealed a minuscule number of isogenes that were predominantly expressed in roots. Upon the pathogenic Fusarium solani (Fs) exposure, dynamic changes in the transcriptomics atlas and experimental evaluation verified Susy (PtSusy2 and 3), CWI (PtCWI3), VI (PtVI2), HK (PtHK6), FK (PtFK6), and UGPase (PtUGP2) families, displaying promotions in their expressions at 48 and 72 h of post-inoculation (hpi). Using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based non-targeted metabolomics combined with a high-performance ion chromatography system (HPICS), approximately 307 metabolites (13 categories) were annotated that led to the quantification of 46 carbohydrates, showing marked changes between three compared groups. By contrast, some sugars (e.g., sorbitol, L-arabitol, trehalose, and galacturonic acid) exhibited a higher accumulation at 72 hpi than 0 hpi, while levels of α-lactose and glucose decreased, facilitating them as potential signaling molecules. The systematic overview of multi-omics approaches to dissect the effects of Fs infection provides theoretical cues for understanding defense immunity depending on fine-tuned Suc metabolic gene clusters and synergistically linked carbohydrate pools in trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianglei Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Haikun Wei
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Kejun Yao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Mei Han
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Tao Su
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Fuliang Cao
- College of Foresty, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Neves C, Ribeiro B, Amaro R, Expósito J, Grimplet J, Fortes AM. Network of GRAS transcription factors in plant development, fruit ripening and stress responses. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad220. [PMID: 38077496 PMCID: PMC10699852 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The plant-specific family of GRAS transcription factors has been wide implicated in the regulation of transcriptional reprogramming associated with a diversity of biological functions ranging from plant development processes to stress responses. Functional analyses of GRAS transcription factors supported by in silico structural and comparative analyses are emerging and clarifying the regulatory networks associated with their biological roles. In this review, a detailed analysis of GRAS proteins' structure and biochemical features as revealed by recent discoveries indicated how these characteristics may impact subcellular location, molecular mechanisms, and function. Nomenclature issues associated with GRAS classification into different subfamilies in diverse plant species even in the presence of robust genomic resources are discussed, in particular how it affects assumptions of biological function. Insights into the mechanisms driving evolution of this gene family and how genetic and epigenetic regulation of GRAS contributes to subfunctionalization are provided. Finally, this review debates challenges and future perspectives on the application of this complex but promising gene family for crop improvement to cope with challenges of environmental transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Neves
- BioISI–Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Ribeiro
- BioISI–Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rute Amaro
- BioISI–Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jesús Expósito
- BioISI–Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jérôme Grimplet
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Departamento de Ciencia Vegetal, Gobierno de Aragón, Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Calle Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Margarida Fortes
- BioISI–Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bini AP, Rossi GD, Poeschl Y, Serra MCD, Camargo LEA, Monteiro-Vitorello CB, van Sluys MA, van Dam NM, Uthe H, Creste S. Molecular, biochemical and metabolomics analyses reveal constitutive and pathogen-induced defense responses of two sugarcane contrasting genotypes against leaf scald disease. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 203:108033. [PMID: 37757720 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Leaf scald caused by the bacteria Xanthomonas albilineans is one of the major concerns to sugarcane production. To breed for resistance, mechanisms underlying plant-pathogen interaction need deeper investigations. Herein, we evaluated sugarcane defense responses against X. albilineans using molecular and biochemical approaches to assess pathogen-triggered ROS, phytohormones and metabolomics in two contrasting sugarcane genotypes from 0.5 to 144 h post-inoculation (hpi). In addition, the infection process was monitored using TaqMan-based quantification of X. albilineans and the disease symptoms were evaluated in both genotypes after 15 d post-inoculation (dpi). The susceptible genotype presented a response to the infection at 0.5 hpi, accumulating defense-related metabolites such as phenolics and flavonoids with no significant defense responses thereafter, resulting in typical symptoms of leaf scald at 15 dpi. The resistant genotype did not respond to the infection at 0.5 hpi but constitutively presented higher levels of salicylic acid and of the same metabolites induced by the infection in the susceptible genotype. Moreover, two subsequent pathogen-induced metabolic responses at 12 and 144 hpi were observed only in the resistant genotype in terms of amino acids, quinic acids, coumarins, polyamines, flavonoids, phenolics and phenylpropanoids together with an increase of hydrogen peroxide, ROS-related genes expression, indole-3-acetic-acid and salicylic acid. Multilevel approaches revealed that constitutive chemical composition and metabolic reprogramming hampers the development of leaf scald at 48 and 72 hpi, reducing the disease symptoms in the resistant genotype at 15 dpi. Phenylpropanoid pathway is suggested as a strong candidate marker for breeding sugarcane resistant to leaf scald.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Peres Bini
- Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Centro de Cana, Rodovia Antônio Duarte Nogueira KM 321, 14032-800, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Duarte Rossi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castellane S/N, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Yvonne Poeschl
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Marina Carnaz Duarte Serra
- Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Centro de Cana, Rodovia Antônio Duarte Nogueira KM 321, 14032-800, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Aranha Camargo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Av. Pádua Dias 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marie-Anne van Sluys
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Botânica - Instituto de Biociências, Rua do Matão 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Henriette Uthe
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | - Silvana Creste
- Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Centro de Cana, Rodovia Antônio Duarte Nogueira KM 321, 14032-800, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lin CH, Liu FW, Pan YC, Chen CY. Lilium Gray Mold Suppression Conferred by the Host Antimicrobial Protein LsGRP1 Involves Main Pathogen-Targeted Manipulation of the Nonantimicrobial Region LsGRP1 N. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12688-12699. [PMID: 37594906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial protein LsGRP1 protects Lilium from gray mold mainly caused by the destructive pathogen Botrytis elliptica; however, its nonantimicrobial region LsGRP1N conversely promotes spore germination of this fungus. By assaying the effects of LsGRP1N, LsGRP1, and the combination of LsGRP1N and the antimicrobial region LsGRP1C on fungal spore germination, hyphal growth, and Lilium gray mold development, LsGRP1N was found to improve the LsGRP1C sensitivity of B. elliptica and disease suppression by LsGRP1C. B. elliptica cell vitality assays indicated that LsGRP1N pretreatment uniquely enhanced the lethal efficiency of LsGRP1C compared to the control peptides. In addition, LsGRP1N-treated B. elliptica was demonstrated to lower infection-related gene expression and increase host-defense-eliciting activity, as indicated by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and histochemical-staining-based callose detection results, respectively. Therefore, LsGRP1N showed a novel mode of action for antimicrobial proteins by manipulating the main pathogen, which facilitated the development of target-specific and dormant microbe-eradicating antimicrobial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hua Lin
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University; No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Wei Liu
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University; No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chieh Pan
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University; No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ying Chen
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University; No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Advances in molecular interactions on the Rhizoctonia solani-sugar beet pathosystem. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
15
|
Oelmüller R, Tseng YH, Gandhi A. Signals and Their Perception for Remodelling, Adjustment and Repair of the Plant Cell Wall. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087417. [PMID: 37108585 PMCID: PMC10139151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the cell wall is important for plant cells. Mechanical or chemical distortions, tension, pH changes in the apoplast, disturbance of the ion homeostasis, leakage of cell compounds into the apoplastic space or breakdown of cell wall polysaccharides activate cellular responses which often occur via plasma membrane-localized receptors. Breakdown products of the cell wall polysaccharides function as damage-associated molecular patterns and derive from cellulose (cello-oligomers), hemicelluloses (mainly xyloglucans and mixed-linkage glucans as well as glucuronoarabinoglucans in Poaceae) and pectins (oligogalacturonides). In addition, several types of channels participate in mechanosensing and convert physical into chemical signals. To establish a proper response, the cell has to integrate information about apoplastic alterations and disturbance of its wall with cell-internal programs which require modifications in the wall architecture due to growth, differentiation or cell division. We summarize recent progress in pattern recognition receptors for plant-derived oligosaccharides, with a focus on malectin domain-containing receptor kinases and their crosstalk with other perception systems and intracellular signaling events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Oelmüller
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Yu-Heng Tseng
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Akanksha Gandhi
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rohini M, Jayapala N, Pushpalatha HG, Gavirangappa H, Puttaswamy H, Ramachandrappa NS. Biochemical, pathological and molecular characterisation of Phomopsis vexans: A causative of leaf blight and fruit rot in brinjal. Microb Pathog 2023; 179:106114. [PMID: 37060966 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The pathogen Phomopsis vexans causes leaf blight, fruit rot, and damping off in brinjal plants, all of which are extremely detrimental. The pathogen affects host plant photosynthetic efficiency and fruit quantity and quality. An appreciation of the pathogenicity of P. vexans is essential for the effective control of infections in the field. Consequently, the goal of this study was to characterise P. vexans in terms of their biochemistry, molecular diversity, and pathogenicity. In terms of cellulase (97.7 U), catalase (12.2 U), and ascorbate peroxidase (147.3 U) activity, isolate PV1 performed best, followed by PV5 (CL-97.0 U, CAT-11.1 U and APX-144.4 U), and PV8 (CL-88.8 U, CAT-9.8 U and APX-141.9 U). In a greenhouse pathogenicity test, isolate PV1 had the highest incidence (97%) and severity (88.6%) of disease, whereas isolate PV6 showed the lowest incidence (57.2%) and severity (70%) of disease. The biochemical enzyme activity of P. vexans corresponds well with its greenhouse pathogenicity results, and its combination can be exploited to identify pathogenic P. vexans isolates. Using RAPD and ISSR primers, molecular characterisation indicated genetic diversity but could not distinguish isolates by geographical origin or pathogenicity. The pathogen P. vexans was verified by ITS1 and ITS4 molecular analysis, and the sequences were subsequently deposited in the NCBI database. In conclusion, the enzyme activity relevant to pathogenicity (CL, CAT and APX) in conjunction with the in-vivo pathogenicity assay might be utilised to differentiate between pathogenic (virulent) and non-pathogenic (avirulent) P. vexans isolates and develop suitable disease management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rohini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore, 570 006, Karnataka, India
| | - Naveen Jayapala
- Department of Biochemistry, CFTRI, Mysore, 570 006, Karnataka, India
| | - H G Pushpalatha
- Department of Botany, Maharani's Science College for Women (Autonomous), Mysuru, 570 001, Karnataka, India.
| | | | - Hariprasad Puttaswamy
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abd El-Ghany MN, Hamdi SA, Korany SM, Elbaz RM, Farahat MG. Biosynthesis of Novel Tellurium Nanorods by Gayadomonas sp. TNPM15 Isolated from Mangrove Sediments and Assessment of Their Impact on Spore Germination and Ultrastructure of Phytopathogenic Fungi. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030558. [PMID: 36985132 PMCID: PMC10053417 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of nanoparticles using green technology is emerging as a cost-efficient, eco-friendly and risk-free strategy in nanotechnology. Recently, tellurium nanoparticles (TeNPs) have attracted growing attention due to their unique properties in biomedicine, electronics, and other industrial applications. The current investigation addresses the green synthesis of TeNPs using a newly isolated mangrove-associated bacterium, Gayadomonas sp. TNPM15, and their impact on the phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata. The biogenic TeNPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The results of TEM revealed the intracellular biosynthesis of rod-shaped nanostructures with a diameter range from 15 to 23 nm and different lengths reaching up to 243 nm. Furthermore, the successful formation of tellurium nanorods was verified by SEM-EDX, and the XRD pattern revealed their crystallinity. In addition, the FTIR spectrum provided evidence for the presence of proteinaceous capping agents. The bioinspired TeNPs exhibited obvious inhibitory effect on the spores of both investigated phytopathogens accomplished with prominent ultrastructure alternations, as evidenced by TEM observations. The biogenic TeNPs impeded spore germination of F. oxysporum and A. alternata completely at 48.1 and 27.6 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, an increase in DNA and protein leakage was observed upon exposure of fungal spores to the biogenic TeNPs, indicating the disruption of membrane permeability and integrity. Besides their potent influence on fungal spores, the biogenic TeNPs demonstrated remarkable inhibitory effects on the production of various plant cell wall-degrading enzymes. Moreover, the cytotoxicity investigations revealed the biocompatibility of the as-prepared biogenic TeNPs and their low toxicity against the human skin fibroblast (HSF) cell line. The biogenic TeNPs showed no significant cytotoxic effect towards HSF cells at concentrations up to 80 μg/mL, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 125 μg/mL. The present work spotlights the antifungal potential of the biogenic TeNPs produced by marine bacterium against phytopathogenic fungi as a promising candidate to combat fungal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N. Abd El-Ghany
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Correspondence: or (M.N.A.E.-G.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Salwa A. Hamdi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Shereen M. Korany
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham M. Elbaz
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 551, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed G. Farahat
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Nanotechnology for Postgraduate Studies, Sheikh Zayed Branch Campus, Cairo University, Sheikh Zayed City 12588, Egypt
- Correspondence: or (M.N.A.E.-G.); (M.G.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
VdGAL4 Modulates Microsclerotium Formation, Conidial Morphology, and Germination To Promote Virulence in Verticillium dahliae. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0351522. [PMID: 36475739 PMCID: PMC9927093 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03515-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae Kleb is a typical soilborne pathogen that can cause vascular wilt disease on more than 400 plants. Functional analysis of genes related to the growth and virulence is crucial to revealing the molecular mechanism of the pathogenicity of V. dahliae. Glycosidase hydrolases can hydrolyze the glycosidic bond, and some can cause host plant immune response to V. dahliae. Here, we reported a functional validation of VdGAL4 as an α-galactosidase that belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 27. VdGAL4 could cause plant cell death, and its signal peptide plays an important role in cellular immune response. VdGAL4-triggered cell death depends on BAK1 and SOBIR1 in Nicotiana benthamiana. In V. dahliae, the function of VdGAL4 in mycelial growth, conidia, microsclerotium, and pathogenicity was studied by constructing VdGAL4 deletion and complementation mutants. Results showed that the deletion of VdGAL4 reduced the conidial yield and conidial germination rate of V. dahliae and changed the microscopic morphology of conidia; the mycelia were arranged more disorderly and were unable to produce microsclerotium. The VdGAL4 deletion mutants exhibited reduced utilization of different carbon sources, such as raffinose and sucrose. The VdGAL4 deletion mutants were also more sensitive to abiotic stress agents of SDS, sorbitol, low-temperature stress of 16°C, and high-temperature stress of 45°C. In addition, the VdGAL4 deletion mutants lost the ability to penetrate cellophane and its mycelium were disorderly arranged. Remarkably, VdGAL4 deletion mutants exhibited reduced pathogenicity of V. dahliae. These results showed that VdGAL4 played a critical role in the pathogenicity of V. dahliae by regulating mycelial growth, conidial morphology, and the formation of microsclerotium. IMPORTANCE This study showed that α-galactosidase VdGAL4 of V. dahliae could activate plant immune response and plays an important role in conidial morphology and yield, formation of microsclerotia, and mycelial penetration. VdGAL4 deletion mutants significantly reduced the pathogenicity of V. dahliae. These findings deepened the understanding of pathogenic virulence factors and how the mechanism of pathogenic fungi infected the host, which may help to seek new strategies for effective control of plant diseases caused by pathogenic fungi.
Collapse
|
19
|
Elicitation of Fruit Fungi Infection and Its Protective Response to Improve the Postharvest Quality of Fruits. STRESSES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/stresses3010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fruit diseases brought on by fungus infestation leads to postharvest losses of fresh fruit. Approximately 30% of harvested fruits do not reach consumers’ plates due to postharvest losses. Fungal pathogens play a substantial part in those losses, as they cause the majority of fruit rots and consumer complaints. Understanding fungal pathogenic processes and control measures is crucial for developing disease prevention and treatment strategies. In this review, we covered the presented pathogen entry, environmental conditions for pathogenesis, fruit’s response to pathogen attack, molecular mechanisms by which fungi infect fruits in the postharvest phase, production of mycotoxin, virulence factors, fungal genes involved in pathogenesis, and recent strategies for protecting fruit from fungal attack. Then, in order to investigate new avenues for ensuring fruit production, existing fungal management strategies were then assessed based on their mechanisms for altering the infection process. The goal of this review is to bridge the knowledge gap between the mechanisms of fungal disease progression and numerous disease control strategies being developed for fruit farming.
Collapse
|
20
|
Swaminathan S, Lionetti V, Zabotina OA. Plant Cell Wall Integrity Perturbations and Priming for Defense. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11243539. [PMID: 36559656 PMCID: PMC9781063 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A plant cell wall is a highly complex structure consisting of networks of polysaccharides, proteins, and polyphenols that dynamically change during growth and development in various tissues. The cell wall not only acts as a physical barrier but also dynamically responds to disturbances caused by biotic and abiotic stresses. Plants have well-established surveillance mechanisms to detect any cell wall perturbations. Specific immune signaling pathways are triggered to contrast biotic or abiotic forces, including cascades dedicated to reinforcing the cell wall structure. This review summarizes the recent developments in molecular mechanisms underlying maintenance of cell wall integrity in plant-pathogen and parasitic interactions. Subjects such as the effect of altered expression of endogenous plant cell-wall-related genes or apoplastic expression of microbial cell-wall-modifying enzymes on cell wall integrity are covered. Targeted genetic modifications as a tool to study the potential of cell wall elicitors, priming of signaling pathways, and the outcome of disease resistance phenotypes are also discussed. The prime importance of understanding the intricate details and complete picture of plant immunity emerges, ultimately to engineer new strategies to improve crop productivity and sustainability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Swaminathan
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Olga A. Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Metabolic novelty originating from horizontal gene transfer is essential for leaf beetle survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205857119. [PMID: 36161953 PMCID: PMC9546569 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205857119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) provides an evolutionary shortcut for recipient organisms to gain novel functions. Although reports of HGT in higher eukaryotes are rapidly accumulating, in most cases the evolutionary trajectory, metabolic integration, and ecological relevance of acquired genes remain unclear. Plant cell wall degradation by HGT-derived enzymes is widespread in herbivorous insect lineages. Pectin is an abundant polysaccharide in the walls of growing parts of plants. We investigated the significance of horizontally acquired pectin-digesting polygalacturonases (PGs) of the leaf beetle Phaedon cochleariae. Using a CRISPR/Cas9-guided gene knockout approach, we generated a triple knockout and a quadruple PG-null mutant in order to investigate the enzymatic, biological, and ecological effects. We found that pectin-digestion 1) is exclusively linked to the horizontally acquired PGs from fungi, 2) became fixed in the host genome by gene duplication leading to functional redundancy, 3) compensates for nutrient-poor diet by making the nutritious cell contents more accessible, and 4) facilitates the beetles development and survival. Our analysis highlights the selective advantage PGs provide to herbivorous insects and demonstrate the impact of HGT on the evolutionary success of leaf-feeding beetles, major contributors to species diversity.
Collapse
|
22
|
Kong WL, Ni H, Wang WY, Wu XQ. Antifungal effects of volatile organic compounds produced by Trichoderma koningiopsis T2 against Verticillium dahliae. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1013468. [PMID: 36212874 PMCID: PMC9533717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1013468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by microorganisms are considered promising environmental-safety fumigants for controlling soil-borne diseases. Verticillium dahliae, a notorious fungal pathogen, causes economically important wilt diseases in agriculture and forestry industries. Here, we determined the antifungal activity of VOCs produced by Trichoderma koningiopsis T2. The VOCs from T. koningiopsis T2 were trapped by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and tentatively identified through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The microsclerotia formation, cell wall-degrading enzymes and melanin synthesis of V. dahliae exposed to the VOC mixtures and selected single standards were examined. The results showed that the VOCs produced by strain T2 significantly inhibited the growth of V. dahliae mycelium and reduced the severity of Verticillium wilt in tobacco and cotton. Six individual compounds were identified in the volatilome of T. koningiopsis T2, and the dominant compounds were 3-octanone, 3-methyl-1-butanol, butanoic acid ethyl ester and 2-hexyl-furan. The VOCs of strain T2 exert a significant inhibitory effect on microsclerotia formation and decreased the activities of pectin lyase and endo-β-1,4-glucanase in V. dahliae. VOCs also downregulated the VdT3HR, VdT4HR, and VdSCD genes related to melanin synthesis by 29. 41-, 10. 49-, and 3.11-fold, respectively. Therefore, T. koningiopsis T2 has potential as a promising biofumigant for the biocontrol of Verticillium wilt disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Liang Kong
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hang Ni
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Yu Wang
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Wu
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Qin Wu,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rocha ADJ, Soares JMDS, Nascimento FDS, Rocha ADS, de Amorim VBO, Ramos APDS, Ferreira CF, Haddad F, Amorim EP. Molecular, Histological and Histochemical Responses of Banana Cultivars Challenged with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense with Different Levels of Virulence. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2339. [PMID: 36145741 PMCID: PMC9500910 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is the most limiting factor in the banana agribusiness worldwide. Therefore, studies regarding pathogen attack mechanisms, and especially host defense responses, in this pathosystem are of utmost importance for genetic breeding programs in the development of Foc-resistant banana cultivars. In this study, analysis at the molecular, histological and histochemical levels of the Musa spp. x Foc interaction was performed. Three Foc isolates representative of race 1 (R1), subtropical race 4 (ST4) and isolate 229A, which is a putative ST4, were inoculated in two Prata-type cultivars (Prata-Anã and BRS Platina) and one cultivar of the Cavendish type (Grand Naine). Of seven genes related to plant-pathogen interactions, five were overexpressed in 'BRS Platina' 12 h after inoculation (HAI) with Foc R1 and ST4 but had reduced or negative expression after inoculation with Foc 229A, according to RT-qPCR analyses. While hyphae, mycelia and spores of the Foc 229A isolate grow towards the central cylinder of the Grand Naine and Prata-Anã cultivars, culminating in the occlusion of the xylem vessels, the BRS Platina cultivar responds with increased presence of cellulose, phenolic compounds and calcium oxalate crystals, reducing colonization within 30 days after inoculation (DAI). In general, these data indicate that the cultivar BRS Platina has potential for use in banana-breeding programs focused on resistance to Foc tropical race 4 (TR4) and in aggregating information on the virulence relationships of the Foc pathogen and the defense responses of banana plants after infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anelita de Jesus Rocha
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Julianna Matos da Silva Soares
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda dos Santos Nascimento
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Adailson dos Santos Rocha
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Fernando Haddad
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, Bahia, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Apoplastic and vascular defences. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:595-605. [PMID: 36062526 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The apoplast comprises the intercellular space between cell membranes, includes the xylem, and extends to the rhizoplane and the outer surfaces of the plant. The apoplast plays roles in different biological processes including plant immunity. This highly specialised space is often the first place where pathogen recognition occurs, and this then triggers the immune response. The immune response in the apoplast involves different mechanisms that restrict pathogen infection. Among these responses, secretion of different molecules like proteases, proteins related to immunity, small RNAs and secondary metabolites play important and often additive or synergistic roles. In addition, production of reactive oxygen species occurs to cause direct deleterious effects on the pathogen as well as reinforce the plant's immune response by triggering modifications to cell wall composition and providing additional defence signalling capabilities. The pool of available sugar in the apoplast also plays a role in immunity. These sugars can be manipulated by both interactors, pathogens gaining access to nutrients whilst the plant's responses restrict the pathogen's access to nutrients. In this review, we describe the latest findings in the field to highlight the importance of the apoplast in plant-pathogen interactions and plant immunity. We also indicate where new discoveries are needed.
Collapse
|
25
|
Borhan MH, Van de Wouw AP, Larkan NJ. Molecular Interactions Between Leptosphaeria maculans and Brassica Species. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:237-257. [PMID: 35576591 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021621-120602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Canola is an important oilseed crop, providing food, feed, and fuel around the world. However, blackleg disease, caused by the ascomycete Leptosphaeria maculans, causes significant yield losses annually. With the recent advances in genomic technologies, the understanding of the Brassica napus-L. maculans interaction has rapidly increased, with numerous Avr and R genes cloned, setting this system up as a model organism for studying plant-pathogen associations. Although the B. napus-L. maculans interaction follows Flor's gene-for-gene hypothesis for qualitative resistance, it also puts some unique spins on the interaction. This review discusses the current status of the host-pathogen interaction and highlights some of the future gaps that need addressing moving forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hossein Borhan
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada;
| | | | - Nicholas J Larkan
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mendoza IC, Luna EO, Pozo MD, Vásquez MV, Montoya DC, Moran GC, Romero LG, Yépez X, Salazar R, Romero-Peña M, León JC. Conventional and non-conventional disinfection methods to prevent microbial contamination in minimally processed fruits and vegetables. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022; 165:113714. [PMID: 35783661 PMCID: PMC9239846 DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pandemic COVID-19 warned the importance of preparing the immune system to prevent diseases. Therefore, consuming fresh fruits and vegetables is essential for a healthy and balanced diet due to their diverse compositions of vitamins, minerals, fiber, and bioactive compounds. However, these fresh products grew close to manure and irrigation water and are harvested with equipment or by hand, representing a high risk of microbial, physical, and chemical contamination. The handling of fruits and vegetables exposed them to various wet surfaces of equipment and utensils, an ideal environment for biofilm formation and a potential risk for microbial contamination and foodborne illnesses. In this sense, this review presents an overview of the main problems associated with microbial contamination and the several chemicals, physical, and biological disinfection methods concerning their ability to avoid food contamination. This work has discussed using chemical products such as chlorine compounds, peroxyacetic acid, and quaternary ammonium compounds. Moreover, newer techniques including ozone, electrolyzed water, ultraviolet light, ultrasound, high hydrostatic pressure, cold plasma technology, and microbial surfactants have also been illustrated here. Finally, future trends in disinfection with a sustainable approach such as combined methods were also described. Therefore, the fruit and vegetable industries can be informed about their main microbial risks to establish optimal and efficient procedures to ensure food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iana Cruz Mendoza
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Esther Ortiz Luna
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - María Dreher Pozo
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Mirian Villavicencio Vásquez
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Diana Coello Montoya
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Galo Chuchuca Moran
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Luis Galarza Romero
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Ximena Yépez
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Rómulo Salazar
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - María Romero-Peña
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Jonathan Coronel León
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Baez LA, Tichá T, Hamann T. Cell wall integrity regulation across plant species. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:483-504. [PMID: 35674976 PMCID: PMC9213367 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01284-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are highly dynamic and chemically complex structures surrounding all plant cells. They provide structural support, protection from both abiotic and biotic stress as well as ensure containment of turgor. Recently evidence has accumulated that a dedicated mechanism exists in plants, which is monitoring the functional integrity of cell walls and initiates adaptive responses to maintain integrity in case it is impaired during growth, development or exposure to biotic and abiotic stress. The available evidence indicates that detection of impairment involves mechano-perception, while reactive oxygen species and phytohormone-based signaling processes play key roles in translating signals generated and regulating adaptive responses. More recently it has also become obvious that the mechanisms mediating cell wall integrity maintenance and pattern triggered immunity are interacting with each other to modulate the adaptive responses to biotic stress and cell wall integrity impairment. Here we will review initially our current knowledge regarding the mode of action of the maintenance mechanism, discuss mechanisms mediating responses to biotic stresses and highlight how both mechanisms may modulate adaptive responses. This first part will be focused on Arabidopsis thaliana since most of the relevant knowledge derives from this model organism. We will then proceed to provide perspective to what extent the relevant molecular mechanisms are conserved in other plant species and close by discussing current knowledge of the transcriptional machinery responsible for controlling the adaptive responses using selected examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alonso Baez
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tereza Tichá
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gaibor-Vaca DG, García-Bazurto GL, Garcés-Fiallos FR. Mecanismos de defensa en plantas de Capsicum contra Phytophthora capsici. BIONATURA 2022. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2022.07.02.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici es un oomiceto causante de la pudrición de raíz, tallo, frutos y tizón foliar en varias especies vegetales de importancia agrícola, principalmente en Solanáceas del género Capsicum como ají y pimiento. Este fitopatógeno cosmopolita posee mecanismos de ataque que favorecen la rápida infección, colonización y reproducción en huéspedes susceptibles. Contrariamente, estos procesos son retrasados o evitados fuertemente por genotipos resistentes, debido principalmente a sus mecanismos de defensa. En esas interacciones incompatibles, las plantas resistentes de Capsicum reconocen el oomiceto y rápidamente expresan múltiples genes que posteriormente señalizan moléculas, que permiten la acumulación de compuestos fenólicos, fitoalexinas y especies reactivas de oxígeno, la actividad de diferentes enzimas, que pueden permitir incluso la formación de barreras físicas. Esta revisión aborda, expone y discute los avances y el progreso de las investigaciones a lo largo de los ultimos veinte años, referente a los mecanismos de defensa estructurales, bioquimicos y moleculares que utilizan las plantas resistentes de Capsicum para defenderse de P. capsici.
Palabras claves. ají, pimiento, pudrición de raíz y corona, tizón foliar, resistencia vegetal
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darlyn G. Gaibor-Vaca
- Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Campus Experimental La Teodomira, Km 13, Lodana, Santa Ana, Manabí
| | - Génesis L García-Bazurto
- Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Campus Experimental La Teodomira, Km 13, Lodana, Santa Ana, Manabí
| | - Felipe R. Garcés-Fiallos
- Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Campus Experimental La Teodomira, Km 13, Lodana, Santa Ana, Manabí
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Romero-Hernandez G, Martinez M. Plant Kinases in the Perception and Signaling Networks Associated With Arthropod Herbivory. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:824422. [PMID: 35599859 PMCID: PMC9116192 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.824422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The success in the response of plants to environmental stressors depends on the regulatory networks that connect plant perception and plant response. In these networks, phosphorylation is a key mechanism to activate or deactivate the proteins involved. Protein kinases are responsible for phosphorylations and play a very relevant role in transmitting the signals. Here, we review the present knowledge on the contribution of protein kinases to herbivore-triggered responses in plants, with a focus on the information related to the regulated kinases accompanying herbivory in Arabidopsis. A meta-analysis of transcriptomic responses revealed the importance of several kinase groups directly involved in the perception of the attacker or typically associated with the transmission of stress-related signals. To highlight the importance of these protein kinase families in the response to arthropod herbivores, a compilation of previous knowledge on their members is offered. When available, this information is compared with previous findings on their role against pathogens. Besides, knowledge of their homologous counterparts in other plant-herbivore interactions is provided. Altogether, these observations resemble the complexity of the kinase-related mechanisms involved in the plant response. Understanding how kinase-based pathways coordinate in response to a specific threat remains a major challenge for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gara Romero-Hernandez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jonca J, Waleron M, Czaplewska P, Bogucka A, Steć A, Dziomba S, Jasiecki J, Rychłowski M, Waleron K. Membrane Vesicles of Pectobacterium as an Effective Protein Secretion System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212574. [PMID: 34830459 PMCID: PMC8623790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of genus Pectobacterium are Gram-negative rods of the family Pectobacteriaceae. They are the causative agent of soft rot diseases of crops and ornamental plants. However, their virulence mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated. Membrane vesicles (MVs) are universally released by bacteria and are believed to play an important role in the pathogenicity and survival of bacteria in the environment. Our study investigates the role of MVs in the virulence of Pectobacterium. The results indicate that the morphology and MVs production depend on growth medium composition. In polygalacturonic acid (PGA) supplemented media, Pectobacterium produces large MVs (100–300 nm) and small vesicles below 100 nm. Proteomic analyses revealed the presence of pectate degrading enzymes in the MVs. The pectate plate test and enzymatic assay proved that those enzymes are active and able to degrade pectates. What is more, the pathogenicity test indicated that the MVs derived from Pectobacterium were able to induce maceration of Zantedeschia sp. leaves. We also show that the MVs of β-lactamase producing strains were able to suppress ampicillin activity and permit the growth of susceptible bacteria. Those findings indicate that the MVs of Pectobacterium play an important role in host-pathogen interactions and niche competition with other bacteria. Our research also sheds some light on the mechanism of MVs production. We demonstrate that the MVs production in Pectobacterium strains, which overexpress a green fluorescence protein (GFP), is higher than in wild-type strains. Moreover, proteomic analysis revealed that the GFP was present in the MVs. Therefore, it is possible that protein sequestration into MVs might not be strictly limited to periplasmic proteins. Our research highlights the importance of MVs production as a mechanism of cargo delivery in Pectobacterium and an effective secretion system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jonca
- Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Malgorzata Waleron
- Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (K.W.)
| | - Paulina Czaplewska
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry-Core Facility Laboratories, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (P.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Aleksandra Bogucka
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry-Core Facility Laboratories, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (P.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Aleksandra Steć
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 107 Hallera Street, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland; (A.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Szymon Dziomba
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 107 Hallera Street, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland; (A.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Jacek Jasiecki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Michał Rychłowski
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Waleron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (K.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Behnami S, Bonetta D. With an Ear Up against the Wall: An Update on Mechanoperception in Arabidopsis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1587. [PMID: 34451632 PMCID: PMC8398075 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cells interpret mechanical signals and adjust their physiology or development appropriately. In plants, the interface with the outside world is the cell wall, a structure that forms a continuum with the plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton. Mechanical stress from cell wall damage or deformation is interpreted to elicit compensatory responses, hormone signalling, or immune responses. Our understanding of how this is achieved is still evolving; however, we can refer to examples from animals and yeast where more of the details have been worked out. Here, we provide an update on this changing story with a focus on candidate mechanosensitive channels and plasma membrane-localized receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dario Bonetta
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St N, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lorrai R, Francocci F, Gully K, Martens HJ, De Lorenzo G, Nawrath C, Ferrari S. Impaired Cuticle Functionality and Robust Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana Plants With Altered Homogalacturonan Integrity Are Dependent on the Class III Peroxidase AtPRX71. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:696955. [PMID: 34484262 PMCID: PMC8415794 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.696955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is a major cell wall component that plays important roles in plant development and response to environmental stresses. Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing a fungal polygalacturonase (PG plants) that degrades homogalacturonan (HG), a major pectin component, as well as loss-of-function mutants for QUASIMODO2 (QUA2), encoding a putative pectin methyltransferase important for HG biosynthesis, show accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced growth and almost complete resistance to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Both PG and qua2 plants show increased expression of the class III peroxidase AtPRX71 that contributes to their elevated ROS levels and reduced growth. In this work, we show that leaves of PG and qua2 plants display greatly increased cuticle permeability. Both increased cuticle permeability and resistance to B. cinerea in qua2 are suppressed by loss of AtPRX71. Increased cuticle permeability in qua2, rather than on defects in cuticle ultrastructure or cutin composition, appears to be dependent on reduced epidermal cell adhesion, which is exacerbated by AtPRX71, and is suppressed by the esmeralda1 mutation, which also reverts the adhesion defect and the resistant phenotype. Increased cuticle permeability, accumulation of ROS, and resistance to B. cinerea are also observed in mutants lacking a functional FERONIA, a receptor-like kinase thought to monitor pectin integrity. In contrast, mutants with defects in other structural components of primary cell wall do not have a defective cuticle and are normally susceptible to the fungus. Our results suggest that disrupted cuticle integrity, mediated by peroxidase-dependent ROS accumulation, plays a major role in the robust resistance to B. cinerea of plants with altered HG integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Lorrai
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Fedra Francocci
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Kay Gully
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Helle J. Martens
- Section for Forest, Nature and Biomass, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simone Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Simone Ferrari,
| |
Collapse
|