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Generalić Mekinić I, Politeo O, Ljubenkov I, Mastelić L, Popović M, Veršić Bratinčević M, Šimat V, Radman S, Skroza D, Ninčević Runjić T, Runjić M, Dumičić G, Urlić B. The alphabet of sea fennel: Comprehensive phytochemical characterisation of Croatian populations of Crithmum maritimum L. Food Chem X 2024; 22:101386. [PMID: 38681233 PMCID: PMC11052897 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Extreme environmental conditions affect the synthesis and accumulation of bioactive metabolites in halophytic plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and quantity of key health-promoting phytochemicals in Croatian sea fennel, one of the most popular Mediterranean halophytes with a wide range of uses. The EOs were characterised by a high content of limonene (up to 93%), while the fatty acid profile shows a low content of oleic acid and the presence of valuable linoleic acid (ω-6) and linolenic acid (ω-3) in high percentages. The dominances of lutein and α-tocopherol were also confirmed in all samples. The results confirm the great variability in the chemistry of sea fennel populations in the Mediterranean region, with significant differences in the composition of the Croatian samples compared to the others, as well as the presence and high concentrations of the analysed bioactive compounds that contribute to the plant's health-promoting attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Generalić Mekinić
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, R. Boškovića 35, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Olivera Politeo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, R. Boškovića 35, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivica Ljubenkov
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Boškovića 33, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Linda Mastelić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Boškovića 33, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marijana Popović
- Department of Applied Science, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Maja Veršić Bratinčević
- Department of Applied Science, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Vida Šimat
- Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 37, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Sanja Radman
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, R. Boškovića 35, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Danijela Skroza
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, R. Boškovića 35, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Tonka Ninčević Runjić
- Department of Plant Science, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marko Runjić
- Department of Applied Science, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Gvozden Dumičić
- Department of Plant Science, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Branimir Urlić
- Department of Applied Science, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
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Politeo O, Ćurlin P, Brzović P, Auzende K, Magné C, Generalić Mekinić I. Volatiles from French and Croatian Sea Fennel Ecotypes: Chemical Profiles and the Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antiageing Activity of Essential Oils and Hydrolates. Foods 2024; 13:695. [PMID: 38472808 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Sea fennel is a halophytic plant rich in valuable nutritional components and is characterized by pleasant organoleptic properties. While its essential oils (EOs) are well investigated, there are no reports on the volatiles from their corresponding hydrolates, which are the main by-products of EO isolation, as well as on their biological activity. Therefore, the composition and biological activities of EOs and corresponding hydrolates of sea fennel from Atlantic (French, FRA) and Mediterranean (Croatian, CRO) ecotypes were investigated and compared. The EO from the CRO sample was characterized by an abundance of sabinene and limonene, while that from the FRA ecotype was rich in dillapiol and carvacryl methyl ether. The CRO hydrolate was rich in terpinen-4-ol and 10-(acetylmethyl)-3-carene, while dillapiol, thymyl methyl ether and γ-terpinene were the main compounds in the FRA sea fennel hydrolate. The biological activities of the EOs and hydrolates were evaluated for their antioxidant (with DPPH, NO, FRAP and ORAC bioassays), antimicrobial (against some Gram+ and Gram- spoilage bacteria) and antiageing (tyrosinase, elastase and collagenase inhibition) activities. Both EOs showed low reducing powers and antiradical activities while the ability of both hydrolates to quench NO was slightly higher (35-39% if inhibition). The FRA EO showed low activity against Staphylococcus aureus (8 mm), while CRO moderately inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa (8 mm), but strongly inhibited the other two bacterial strains. While the French EO showed no antityrosinase and anticollagenase activity, the Croatian oil significantly inhibited both enzymes (IC50 of 650 µg/mL and IC50 of 2570 µg/mL, respectively) probably due to the dominance of limonene and sabinene. Neither EO exhibited antielastase properties, while the hydrolates from both ecotypes showed no antiageing activity, regardless of the enzyme tested. The EOs from the aerial parts of sea fennel from FRA and CRO differed greatly in composition, resulting in different activities. The Croatian samples appeared to have better biological properties and are therefore good candidates for applications as preservatives or antiageing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Politeo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, R. Boškovića 35, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Pavao Ćurlin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, R. Boškovića 35, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Petra Brzović
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, R. Boškovića 35, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Killian Auzende
- Laboratoire Géoarchitecture_Territoires, Biodiversité, Urbanisme, Environnement, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, CS 93837, CEDEX 3, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Christian Magné
- Laboratoire Géoarchitecture_Territoires, Biodiversité, Urbanisme, Environnement, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, CS 93837, CEDEX 3, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Ivana Generalić Mekinić
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, R. Boškovića 35, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
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Dzhoglova V, Ivanov K, Benbassat N, Georgieva-Dimova Y, Ardasheva R, Karcheva-Bahchevanska D, Ivanova S. Crithmum maritimum L.-Study on the Histochemical Localization of Essential Oil. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:550. [PMID: 38498561 PMCID: PMC10892170 DOI: 10.3390/plants13040550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Crithmum maritimum L. is a perennial halophyte plant that is a medicinal herb known by people from different cultures since ancient times. However, the therapeutic potential of this halophyte has not been completely investigated, and the scientific data on it are limited. The purpose of the present study was to estimate the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) obtained from the aerial parts of Crithmum maritimum L. growing wild in Bulgaria, as well as the histolocalization of secretory structures for the synthesis and accumulation of volatile oils. The results obtained on the EO composition of Bulgarian Crithmum maritimum L. provide an opportunity to reveal potential future applications in various fields, such as medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, food, and the cosmetic industry. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was performed to assess the chemical profile of the isolated EO. The phenylpropanoid dillapiole was identified as the major compound in the EO, accounting for 34.09% of the total EO. Monoterpene hydrocarbons represented 62.07% of the total oil composition. γ-Terpinene, D-limonene, and β-pinene were the most abundant monoterpene hydrocarbons in the composition of the EO. In addition, histochemical localization of EO in the stem and leaves of Crithmum maritimum L. was carried out. The secretory structures were located in the cortical region of the stem and in the mesophyll tissues of the leaves in the form of secretory ducts. The performed histochemical analysis confirmed the lipophilic nature of the secretion from the duct cells. This is the first report related to the histolocalization and chemical composition of the EO from Bulgarian Crithmum maritimum L. Furthermore, our data indicate some potential possibilities for the evaluation of the therapeutic activity of the EO obtained from this plant species and outline its future applications as a therapeutic agent. Also, the EO from the studied halophyte plant has prominent potential to be used as a biopesticide, which is an environmentally friendly option compared to standard pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velina Dzhoglova
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Kalin Ivanov
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Niko Benbassat
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Yoana Georgieva-Dimova
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Rayna Ardasheva
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Diana Karcheva-Bahchevanska
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Stanislava Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Kavallieratos NG, Eleftheriadou N, Boukouvala MC, Skourti A, Filintas CS, Gidari DLS, Maggi F, Rossi P, Drenaggi E, Morshedloo MR, Ferrati M, Spinozzi E. Exploring the Efficacy of Four Apiaceae Essential Oils against Nine Stored-Product Pests in Wheat Protection. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:533. [PMID: 38498519 PMCID: PMC10893152 DOI: 10.3390/plants13040533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The Apiaceae family, known for aromatic plants producing bioactive essential oils (EOs), holds significance across sectors, including agrochemicals. This study evaluated the insecticidal potential of four Apiaceae EOs from Crithmum maritimum L., Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill, Smyrnium olusatrum L., and Elwendia persica (Boiss.) Pimenov and Kljuykov against various significant storage pests (Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Trogoderma granarium Everts, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), T. confusum Jacquelin du Val, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), Acarus siro L., and Tenebrio molitor L.) on wheat. Insect mortality rates were monitored at intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days. Smyrnium olusatrum EO exhibited the highest efficacy, followed by T. ammi, C. maritimum, and E. persica EOs, although efficacy varied by species, developmental stage, and concentration. Notably, complete mortality occurred for several pests at 1000 ppm of S. olusatrum and T. ammi EOs. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed key compounds in these EOs, including myrcene, germacrone, and curzerene in S. olusatrum EO, and thymol, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene in T. ammi EO. These findings emphasize their potential as botanical insecticides. Smyrnium olusatrum and T. ammi EOs emerge as promising eco-friendly pest management options due to their efficacy, highlighted compound composition, and availability of biomass from both wild and cultivated sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas G. Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (N.E.); (M.C.B.); (A.S.); (C.S.F.); (D.L.S.G.)
| | - Nikoleta Eleftheriadou
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (N.E.); (M.C.B.); (A.S.); (C.S.F.); (D.L.S.G.)
| | - Maria C. Boukouvala
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (N.E.); (M.C.B.); (A.S.); (C.S.F.); (D.L.S.G.)
| | - Anna Skourti
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (N.E.); (M.C.B.); (A.S.); (C.S.F.); (D.L.S.G.)
| | - Constantin S. Filintas
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (N.E.); (M.C.B.); (A.S.); (C.S.F.); (D.L.S.G.)
| | - Demeter Lorentha S. Gidari
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (N.E.); (M.C.B.); (A.S.); (C.S.F.); (D.L.S.G.)
| | - Filippo Maggi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Maddona Delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (F.M.); (M.F.); (E.S.)
| | - Paolo Rossi
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III Da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Ettore Drenaggi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Maddona Delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (F.M.); (M.F.); (E.S.)
| | - Mohammad Reza Morshedloo
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh 5518183111, Iran;
| | - Marta Ferrati
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Maddona Delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (F.M.); (M.F.); (E.S.)
| | - Eleonora Spinozzi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Maddona Delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (F.M.); (M.F.); (E.S.)
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Maoloni A, Cardinali F, Milanović V, Reale A, Boscaino F, Di Renzo T, Ferrocino I, Rampanti G, Garofalo C, Osimani A, Aquilanti L. Impact of Different Drying Methods on the Microbiota, Volatilome, Color, and Sensory Traits of Sea Fennel ( Crithmum maritimum L.) Leaves. Molecules 2023; 28:7207. [PMID: 37894688 PMCID: PMC10609079 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.) is a strongly aromatic herb of the Apiaceae family, whose full exploitation by the modern food industry is of growing interest. This study aimed at investigating the microbiological quality, volatile profile, and sensory traits of sea fennel spices produced using room-temperature drying, oven drying, microwave drying, and freeze drying. All the assayed methods were able to remove moisture up until water activity values below 0.6 were reached; however, except for microwave drying, none of the assayed methods were effective in reducing the loads of contaminating microorganisms. The metataxonomic analysis highlighted the presence of phytopathogens and even human pathogens, including members of the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Alternaria, and Cryptococcus. When compared to fresh leaves, dried leaves showed increased L* (lightness) and c* (chroma, saturation) values and reduced hue angle. Dried leaves were also characterized by decreased levels of terpene hydrocarbons and increased levels of aldehydes, alcohols, and esters. For the sensory test, the microwave-dried samples obtained the highest appreciation by the trained panel. Overall, the collected data indicated microwave drying as the best option for producing sea fennel spices with low microbial loads, brilliant green color, and high-quality sensory traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Maoloni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.M.); (F.C.); (V.M.); (G.R.); (C.G.); (A.O.)
| | - Federica Cardinali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.M.); (F.C.); (V.M.); (G.R.); (C.G.); (A.O.)
| | - Vesna Milanović
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.M.); (F.C.); (V.M.); (G.R.); (C.G.); (A.O.)
| | - Anna Reale
- Istituto di Scienze dell’Alimentazione (ISA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 83100 Avellino, Italy; (A.R.); (F.B.); (T.D.R.)
| | - Floriana Boscaino
- Istituto di Scienze dell’Alimentazione (ISA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 83100 Avellino, Italy; (A.R.); (F.B.); (T.D.R.)
| | - Tiziana Di Renzo
- Istituto di Scienze dell’Alimentazione (ISA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 83100 Avellino, Italy; (A.R.); (F.B.); (T.D.R.)
| | - Ilario Ferrocino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest, and Food Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy;
| | - Giorgia Rampanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.M.); (F.C.); (V.M.); (G.R.); (C.G.); (A.O.)
| | - Cristiana Garofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.M.); (F.C.); (V.M.); (G.R.); (C.G.); (A.O.)
| | - Andrea Osimani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.M.); (F.C.); (V.M.); (G.R.); (C.G.); (A.O.)
| | - Lucia Aquilanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.M.); (F.C.); (V.M.); (G.R.); (C.G.); (A.O.)
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Radman S, Brzović P, Radunić M, Rako A, Šarolić M, Ninčević Runjić T, Urlić B, Generalić Mekinić I. Vinegar-Preserved Sea Fennel: Chemistry, Color, Texture, Aroma, and Taste. Foods 2023; 12:3812. [PMID: 37893705 PMCID: PMC10606918 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to produce non-fermented preserved sea fennel leaves in different pickle juices prepared with apple cider vinegar, wine vinegar and alcoholic vinegar, and to compare their chemical parameters (pH, titratable acidity and salt content), organoleptic properties (color and texture parameters; volatile aromatic compound profiles) and sensory attributes. The pH of the samples ranged from 3.49 to 3.64, the lowest being in the alcoholic vinegar sample and the highest being in the wine vinegar sample, while the titratable acidity and salinity were higher in the alcoholic vinegar pickle juice than those in the other two samples. The volatile aromatic compounds of the samples were also detected. The reddish color of the wine vinegar negatively affected the sea fennel color parameters (L* and b*), and was also negatively evaluated by the panelists, while the alcoholic vinegar maximally preserved the green tones of the leaf (a*). Firmness influences the quality perceived by consumers and was therefore also tested as one of the most important parameters for evaluating the textural and mechanical properties of the different products. All sensory parameters of the sea fennel preserved in alcoholic vinegar, namely color, texture, taste, aroma and overall impression, were given the highest scores, while the sample preserved in wine vinegar received the lowest scores. The intense aroma of the wine vinegar was described as a negative characteristic (off-flavor) of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Radman
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, HR-21000 Split, Croatia; (S.R.); (P.B.); (M.Š.)
| | - Petra Brzović
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, HR-21000 Split, Croatia; (S.R.); (P.B.); (M.Š.)
| | - Mira Radunić
- Department of Plant Science, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, HR-21000 Split, Croatia; (M.R.); (T.N.R.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ante Rako
- Department of Applied Science, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, HR-21000 Split, Croatia; (A.R.); (B.U.)
| | - Mladenka Šarolić
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, HR-21000 Split, Croatia; (S.R.); (P.B.); (M.Š.)
| | - Tonka Ninčević Runjić
- Department of Plant Science, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, HR-21000 Split, Croatia; (M.R.); (T.N.R.)
| | - Branimir Urlić
- Department of Applied Science, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, HR-21000 Split, Croatia; (A.R.); (B.U.)
| | - Ivana Generalić Mekinić
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, HR-21000 Split, Croatia; (S.R.); (P.B.); (M.Š.)
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Kraouia M, Nartea A, Maoloni A, Osimani A, Garofalo C, Fanesi B, Ismaiel L, Aquilanti L, Pacetti D. Sea Fennel ( Crithmum maritimum L.) as an Emerging Crop for the Manufacturing of Innovative Foods and Nutraceuticals. Molecules 2023; 28:4741. [PMID: 37375298 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.) is a perennial, strongly aromatic herb that has been used since ancient times in cuisine and folk medicine due to its renowned properties. Recently described as a "cash" crop, sea fennel is an ideal candidate for the promotion of halophyte agriculture in the Mediterranean basin due to its acknowledged adaptation to the Mediterranean climate, its resilience to risks/shocks related to climate changes, and its exploitability in food and non-food applications, which generates an alternative source of employment in rural areas. The present review provides insight into the nutritional and functional traits of this new crop as well as its exploitation in innovative food and nutraceutical applications. Various previous studies have fully demonstrated the high biological and nutritional potential of sea fennel, highlighting its high content of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, carotenoids, ω-3 and ω-6 essential fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and essential oils. Moreover, in previous studies, this aromatic halophyte showed good potential for application in the manufacturing of high-value foods, including both fermented and unfermented preserves, sauces, powders, and spices, herbal infusions and decoctions, and even edible films, as well as nutraceuticals. Further research efforts are needed to fully disclose the potential of this halophyte in view of its full exploitation by the food and nutraceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryem Kraouia
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Università Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM), 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Ancuta Nartea
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Università Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM), 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonietta Maoloni
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Università Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM), 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Osimani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Università Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM), 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristiana Garofalo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Università Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM), 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Benedetta Fanesi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Università Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM), 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Lama Ismaiel
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Università Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM), 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucia Aquilanti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Università Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM), 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Deborah Pacetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Università Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM), 60131 Ancona, Italy
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Oliveira-Alves SC, Andrade F, Sousa J, Bento-Silva A, Duarte B, Caçador I, Salazar M, Mecha E, Serra AT, Bronze MR. Soilless Cultivated Halophyte Plants: Volatile, Nutritional, Phytochemical, and Biological Differences. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1161. [PMID: 37371891 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of halophyte plants appears as a potential solution for degraded soil, food safety, freshwater scarcity, and coastal area utilization. These plants have been considered an alternative crop soilless agriculture for sustainable use of natural resources. There are few studies carried out with cultivated halophytes using a soilless cultivation system (SCS) that report their nutraceutical value, as well as their benefits on human health. The objective of this study was to evaluate and correlate the nutritional composition, volatile profile, phytochemical content, and biological activities of seven halophyte species cultivated using a SCS (Disphyma crassifolium L., Crithmum maritimum L., Inula crithmoides L., Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L., Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum L., Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods, and Sarcocornia fruticosa (Mill.) A. J. Scott.). Among these species, results showed that S. fruticosa had a higher content in protein (4.44 g/100 g FW), ash (5.70 g/100 g FW), salt (2.80 g/100 g FW), chloride (4.84 g/100 g FW), minerals (Na, K, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu), total phenolics (0.33 mg GAE/g FW), and antioxidant activity (8.17 µmol TEAC/g FW). Regarding the phenolic classes, S. fruticosa and M. nodiflorum were predominant in the flavonoids, while M. crystallinum, C. maritimum, and S. ramosissima were in the phenolic acids. Moreover, S. fruticosa, S. ramosissima, M. nodiflorum, M. crystallinum, and I. crithmoides showed ACE-inhibitory activity, an important target control for hypertension. Concerning the volatile profile, C. maritimum, I. crithmoides, and D. crassifolium were abundant in terpenes and esters, while M. nodiflorum, S. fruticosa, and M. crystallinum were richer in alcohols and aldehydes, and S. ramosissima was richer in aldehydes. Considering the environmental and sustainable roles of cultivated halophytes using a SCS, these results indicate that these species could be considered an alternative to conventional table salt, due to their added nutritional and phytochemical composition, with potential contribution for the antioxidant and anti-hypertensive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila C Oliveira-Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Fábio Andrade
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - João Sousa
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Andreia Bento-Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Duarte
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET-Aquatic Research Network Associated Laboratory, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Caçador
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET-Aquatic Research Network Associated Laboratory, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Salazar
- Riafresh, Sítio do Besouro, CX 547-B, 8005-421 Faro, Portugal
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Elsa Mecha
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Serra
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria Rosário Bronze
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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9
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Martins-Noguerol R, Matías L, Pérez-Ramos IM, Moreira X, Francisco M, Pedroche J, DeAndrés-Gil C, Gutiérrez E, Salas JJ, Moreno-Pérez AJ, Davy AJ, Muñoz-Vallés S, Figueroa ME, Cambrollé J. Soil physicochemical properties associated with the yield and phytochemical composition of the edible halophyte Crithmum maritimum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161806. [PMID: 36707001 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the consumption of halophytes due to their excellent nutritional profile and antioxidant properties, and their cultivation offers viable alternatives in the face of irreversible global salinization of soils. Nevertheless, abiotic factors strongly influence their phytochemical composition, and little is known about how growing conditions can produce plants with the best nutritional and functional properties. Crithmum maritimum is an edible halophyte with antioxidant properties and considerable potential for sustainable agriculture in marginal environments. However, it is found naturally in contrasting habitats with variable soil physicochemical properties and the extent to which edaphic factors can influence plant performance, accumulation of phytochemicals and their quality remains unknown. We investigated the influence of soil physicochemical properties (texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content and mineral element concentrations) on growth and reproductive performance, nutritional traits, and the accumulation of specific metabolites in C. maritimum. Soil, leaf and seed samples were taken from eight C. maritimum populations located on the southern coasts of Spain and Portugal. We found greater vegetative growth and seed production in coarser, sandier soils with lower microelement concentrations. The nutritional traits of leaves varied, with soil organic matter and macronutrient content associated with reduced leaf Na, protein and phenolic (mainly flavonoid) concentrations, whereas soils with lower pH and Fe concentrations, and higher clay content yielded plants with lower leaf Zn concentration and greater accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acids. The nutritional value of the seed oil composition appeared to be enhanced in soils with coarser texture and lower microelement concentrations. The accumulation of specific phenolic compounds in the seed was influenced by a wide range of soil properties including texture, pH and some microelements. These findings will inform the commercial cultivation of C. maritimum, particularly in the economic exploitation of poorly utilized, saline soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martins-Noguerol
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González s/n, E-41012 Sevilla, Spain; Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), P.O. Box 1052, 41080 Sevilla, Andalucía, Spain.
| | - Luis Matías
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González s/n, E-41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ignacio M Pérez-Ramos
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), P.O. Box 1052, 41080 Sevilla, Andalucía, Spain
| | - Xoaquín Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apdo. 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
| | - Marta Francisco
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apdo. 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
| | - Justo Pedroche
- Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Building 46, UPO Campus, Ctra. de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristina DeAndrés-Gil
- Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Building 46, UPO Campus, Ctra. de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eduardo Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), P.O. Box 1052, 41080 Sevilla, Andalucía, Spain
| | - Joaquín J Salas
- Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Building 46, UPO Campus, Ctra. de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio J Moreno-Pérez
- Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Building 46, UPO Campus, Ctra. de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Anthony J Davy
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Muñoz-Vallés
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Manuel Enrique Figueroa
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González s/n, E-41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jesús Cambrollé
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González s/n, E-41012 Sevilla, Spain
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10
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Roxo G, Brilhante M, Moura M, de Sequeira MM, Silva L, Costa JC, Vasconcelos R, Talhinhas P, Romeiras MM. Genome size variation within Crithmum maritimum: Clues on the colonization of insular environments. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10009. [PMID: 37091572 PMCID: PMC10116024 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiosperms present an astonishing diversity of genome sizes that can vary intra- or interspecifically. The remarkable new cytogenomic data shed some light on our understanding of evolution, but few studies were performed with insular and mainland populations to test possible correlations with dispersal, speciation, and adaptations to insular environments. Here, patterns of cytogenomic diversity were assessed among geographic samples (ca. 114) of Crithmum maritimum (Apiaceae), collected across the Azores and Madeira archipelagos, as well as in adjacent continental areas of Portugal. Using flow cytometry, the results indicated a significant intraspecific genome size variation, spanning from reduced sizes in the insular populations to larger ones in the mainland populations. Moreover, there was a tendency for an increase in genome size along the mainland populations, associated with lower temperatures, higher precipitation, and lower precipitation seasonality. However, this gradient might be the result of historic phylogeographical events associated with previous dispersal and extinction of local populations. Overall, our findings provided evidence that smaller genome sizes might play a critical role in the colonization of islands, corroborating other studies that argue that organisms with smaller genomes use fewer resources, having a selective advantage under insular environments. Although further studies are needed to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying genome size evolution on islands, conservation strategies must be promoted to protect the rich cytogenomic diversity found among C. maritimum populations, which occur in coastal areas that are particularly threatened by human activity, pollution, invasive species, and climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Roxo
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA)Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da AjudaLisbonPortugal
- CIBIO‐Azores, Departamento de BiologiaUniversidade dos AçoresPonta DelgadaPortugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land PlanningCIBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus de VairãoVairãoPortugal
| | - Miguel Brilhante
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA)Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da AjudaLisbonPortugal
| | - Mónica Moura
- CIBIO‐Azores, Departamento de BiologiaUniversidade dos AçoresPonta DelgadaPortugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land PlanningCIBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus de VairãoVairãoPortugal
| | | | - Luís Silva
- CIBIO‐Azores, Departamento de BiologiaUniversidade dos AçoresPonta DelgadaPortugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land PlanningCIBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus de VairãoVairãoPortugal
| | - José Carlos Costa
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA)Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da AjudaLisbonPortugal
| | - Raquel Vasconcelos
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land PlanningCIBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus de VairãoVairãoPortugal
| | - Pedro Talhinhas
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA)Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da AjudaLisbonPortugal
| | - Maria M. Romeiras
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA)Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da AjudaLisbonPortugal
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de CiênciasUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
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11
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Aguilera MA, Rojas A, Bulleri F, Thiel M. Breakwaters as habitats for synanthropes: Spatial associations of vertebrates and vegetation with anthropogenic litter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160753. [PMID: 36513231 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Urban infrastructures can provide 'novel' habitats for marine and terrestrial animals and plants, enhancing their ability to adapt to urban environments. In particular, coastal infrastructures characterized by a complex three-dimensional morphology, such as breakwaters, could provide species refuges and food. We investigated the role of breakwaters in providing habitat for vertebrates and plants, and the influence of anthropogenic litter in regulating the value of these structures as habitat. We sampled vertebrate and plant species and quantified the amount of anthropogenic litter on breakwaters and adjacent rocky habitats at several sites in three different countries (Italy, Spain and Chile). We found breakwaters to accumulate more litter items (e.g. especially plastics) than adjacent rocky habitats by means of their large-scale (i.e., 1 m) structural complexity. Birds, which used the artificial infrastructure as transitory habitat, reached similar abundances in breakwaters compared with adjacent rocky platforms. In contrast, synanthropic mammal species, such as Rattus norvegicus and feral cats, were slightly more frequent on breakwaters and appeared to use them as permanent habitat. Plants were frequent in the upper zone of breakwaters and, even though many macrophyte species can trap litter, their cover correlated negatively with anthropogenic litter density. Therefore, breakwaters provide either transitory or permanent habitats for different species, despite functioning as a sink for anthropogenic litter. Thus, new infrastructure should be designed with lower structural complexity in their supralittoral zone limiting the proliferation of synanthropic species. In addition, restricting public access to sensitive areas and enforcing littering fines could enhance the ecological value of these novel habitats by reducing the benefits to pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés A Aguilera
- Departamento de Ciencias, Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Diagonal Las Torres, 2640 Peñalolén, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Ariel Rojas
- Departamento de Calidad y Laboratorio, Empresa AQUADEUS S.L. Crta. El ballestero, Km. 2, 02340 Robledo, Albacete, Spain
| | - Fabio Bulleri
- Dipartimento di Biologia, University of Pisa, CoNISMa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Martin Thiel
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo, 1281 Coquimbo, Chile; Center for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile
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12
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Accogli R, Tomaselli V, Direnzo P, Perrino EV, Albanese G, Urbano M, Laghetti G. Edible Halophytes and Halo-Tolerant Species in Apulia Region (Southeastern Italy): Biogeography, Traditional Food Use and Potential Sustainable Crops. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12030549. [PMID: 36771632 PMCID: PMC9921767 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean basin is rich in wild edible species which have been used for food and medicinal purposes by humans throughout the centuries. Many of these species can be found near coastal areas and usually grow under saline conditions, while others can adapt in various harsh conditions including high salinity. Many of these species have a long history of gathering from the wild as a source of food. The aim of this contribution is an overview on the most important halophyte species (Salicornia sp. pl., Arthrocaulon macrostachyum (Moric.) Piirainen & G. Kadereit, Soda inermis Fourr., Cakile maritima Scop., Crithmum maritimum L., Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth., Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke subsp. tenoreana (Colla) Soldano & F. Conti, Allium commutatum Guss., Beta vulgaris L. subsp. maritima (L.) Arcang., Capparis spinosa L.) that traditionally have been gathered by rural communities in southern Italy, with special interest on their ecology and distribution, traditional uses, medicinal properties, marketing and early attempts of cultivation. It is worth noting that these species have an attractive new cash crop for marsh marginal lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Accogli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Salento University, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Valeria Tomaselli
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Paolo Direnzo
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Enrico Vito Perrino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy
- CIHEAM, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Via Ceglie 9, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Albanese
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Marcella Urbano
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Gaetano Laghetti
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
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13
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Exploiting the Crithmum maritimum L. Aqueous Extracts and Essential Oil as Potential Preservatives in Food, Feed, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Industries. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020252. [PMID: 36829810 PMCID: PMC9952163 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chritmum maritimum, sea fennel, is a facultative halophyte used in salads, soups, and sauces, as well as used to prepare medicinal juices and aqueous extracts (AE) to treat several ailments. Its essential oil (EO) is used as a spice and aromatizing. In this work, the nutritional (crude protein, fiber, lipids, and ashes content) and HPLC-PDA phenolic profiles were determined. Furthermore, the antioxidant potential of the infusion and of the decoction, as well as the antibacterial activity of both, the AE and EO, were assessed against food-contaminating bacteria. The composition of the EO was also established. Sea fennel exhibited considerable fiber (34.3 ± 1.92%) and mineral content (23.6 ± 4.8%). AE contains chlorogenic acid as the major phenolic compound, 49.7 ± 0.8 mg/g in the infusion dry extract and (26.8 ± 0.9 mg/g in the decoction dry extract). EO contains high amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbons, namely γ-terpinene and sabinene. In regards to the antioxidant activity, IC50 values for the infusion and decoction were, respectively: 36.5 ± 1.4 μg/mL and 44.7 ± 4.4 μg/mL in the DPPH assay; 37.3 ± 2.6 μg/mL and 38.4 ± 1.8 μg/mL, in the ABTS assay. EO is particularly active against Bacillus cereus and Lactobacillus plantarum. The results support the use of sea fennel AE and EO as a potential alternative preservative ingredient for feeds, foods, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, due to the antioxidant activity of infusion and decoction, and antibacterial properties of essential oil.
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Politeo O, Popović M, Veršić Bratinčević M, Kovačević K, Urlić B, Generalić Mekinić I. Chemical Profiling of Sea Fennel ( Crithmum maritimum L., Apiaceae) Essential Oils and Their Isolation Residual Waste-Waters. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12010214. [PMID: 36616340 PMCID: PMC9824355 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.) is a wild-growing halophyte used in cuisine, traditional medicine or cosmetic products for its beneficial nutritive value and pleasant sensory characteristics. This study aimed to investigate sea fennel essential oils (EOs) from different parts of the plant (flowers, leaves and stems) and the corresponding hydrodistillation by-products (residual water) to validate their potential use and application in different industries. EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), while the phenolic profile of the residual water was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometric methods. The EO analysis confirmed the presence of 14 compounds, dominated by sabinene (from 42.55 to 51.47%) and limonene (from 36.28 to 43.58%), while among the 12 detected phenolics, chlorogenic acid and its isomers (cryptochlorogenic and neochlorogenic acid) were found in the highest concentrations. Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents were concentrated in the order flowers > leaves > stems. Although the sea fennel samples showed differences in chemical profiles, overall they were rich in bioactive compounds with relatively high amounts of key compounds with already proved good biological properties, especially in waste-water, indicating great potential for re-use in accordance with green processing technology trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Politeo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, R. Boškovića 35, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
- Correspondence: (O.P.); (M.P.); Tel.: +385-21-329437 (O.P.); +385-21-434450 (M.P.)
| | - Marijana Popović
- Department of Applied Science, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
- Correspondence: (O.P.); (M.P.); Tel.: +385-21-329437 (O.P.); +385-21-434450 (M.P.)
| | - Maja Veršić Bratinčević
- Department of Applied Science, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Kristina Kovačević
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, R. Boškovića 35, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Branimir Urlić
- Department of Applied Science, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Generalić Mekinić
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, R. Boškovića 35, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
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15
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Piatti D, Angeloni S, Maggi F, Caprioli G, Ricciutelli M, Arnoldi L, Bosisio S, Mombelli G, Drenaggi E, Sagratini G. Comprehensive characterization of phytochemicals in edible sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L., Apiaceae) grown in central Italy. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Custódio L, Charles G, Magné C, Barba-Espín G, Piqueras A, Hernández JA, Ben Hamed K, Castañeda-Loaiza V, Fernandes E, Rodrigues MJ. Application of In Vitro Plant Tissue Culture Techniques to Halophyte Species: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:126. [PMID: 36616255 PMCID: PMC9824063 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Halophytes are plants able to thrive in environments characterized by severe abiotic conditions, including high salinity and high light intensity, drought/flooding, and temperature fluctuations. Several species have ethnomedicinal uses, and some are currently explored as sources of food and cosmetic ingredients. Halophytes are considered important alternative cash crops to be used in sustainable saline production systems, due to their ability to grow in saline conditions where conventional glycophyte crops cannot, such as salt-affected soils and saline irrigation water. In vitro plant tissue culture (PTC) techniques have greatly contributed to industry and agriculture in the last century by exploiting the economic potential of several commercial crop plants. The application of PTC to selected halophyte species can thus contribute for developing innovative production systems and obtaining halophyte-based bioactive products. This work aimed to put together and review for the first time the most relevant information on the application of PTC to halophytes. Several protocols were established for the micropropagation of different species. Various explant types have been used as starting materials (e.g., basal shoots and nodes, cotyledons, epicotyls, inflorescence, internodal segments, leaves, roots, rhizomes, stems, shoot tips, or zygotic embryos), involving different micropropagation techniques (e.g., node culture, direct or indirect shoot neoformation, caulogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, rooting, acclimatization, germplasm conservation and cryopreservation, and callogenesis and cell suspension cultures). In vitro systems were also used to study physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes in halophytes, such as functional and salt-tolerance studies. Thus, the application of PTC to halophytes may be used to improve their controlled multiplication and the selection of desired traits for the in vitro production of plants enriched in nutritional and functional components, as well as for the study of their resistance to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Custódio
- Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Gilbert Charles
- Géoarchitecture Territoires, Urbanisation, Biodiversité, Environnement, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Western Brittany, 6 av. V. Le Gorgeu, CS 93837, CEDEX 3, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Christian Magné
- Géoarchitecture Territoires, Urbanisation, Biodiversité, Environnement, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Western Brittany, 6 av. V. Le Gorgeu, CS 93837, CEDEX 3, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Gregorio Barba-Espín
- Group of Fruit Trees Biotechnology, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS, CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Abel Piqueras
- Group of Fruit Trees Biotechnology, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS, CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José A. Hernández
- Group of Fruit Trees Biotechnology, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS, CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Karim Ben Hamed
- Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, BP 95, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Viana Castañeda-Loaiza
- Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Eliana Fernandes
- Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria João Rodrigues
- Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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Exploratory Study for Probiotic Enrichment of a Sea Fennel ( Crithmum maritimum L.) Preserve in Brine. Foods 2022; 11:foods11152219. [PMID: 35892805 PMCID: PMC9331750 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the increasing consumer demand for vegan and vegetarian health foods, different vegetables have been already exploited to produce non-dairy probiotic foods. In addition to being rich in bioactive compounds, sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.), also known as rock samphire, represents a valuable candidate in the production of probiotic-enriched foods, and, to the authors' knowledge, it has not yet been explored as carrier for probiotics. Hence, the present study was aimed at evaluating the survival of a commercially available probiotic formulation, SYNBIO®, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IMC 509 in an artificially acidified, pasteurized sea fennel preserve in brine during a refrigerated storage of 44 days. Despite slight reductions in the microbial loads, at the end of the storage, both the probiotic formulations showed loads higher than 7.0 Log CFU g-1 of sea fennel or mL-1 of brine, above the recommended administration dose to exert beneficial health effects. Thus, acidified sea fennel sprouts in brine represent a potential vehicle for probiotics delivery to humans.
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Using the Halophyte Crithmum maritimum in Green Roofs for Sustainable Urban Horticulture: Effect of Substrate and Nutrient Content Analysis including Potentially Toxic Elements. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14084713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of substrate type and cultivation site in the urban fabric on growth, nutrient content and potentially toxic element (PTE) accumulation in tissues of the halophyte Crithmum maritimum was studied. Plantlets were cultivated for twelve months in containers with a green-roof infrastructure fitted and placed either on an urban second-floor roof or on ground level by the side of a moderate-traffic street. Two substrate types were used; one comprising grape marc compost, perlite and pumice (3:3:4, v/v) and one composed of grape marc compost, perlite, pumice and soil (3:3:2:2, v/v), with 10 cm depth. Plants grew well on both sites, although aboveground growth parameters and nutrient content in leaves were greater at street level. Both cultivation site and substrate type affected heavy-metal accumulation in plant tissues. Cu, Ni and Fe concentrations in leaves and Pb in roots were higher in street-level-grown plants compared to the roof-grown plants, and concentrations of Cu and Mn in leaves and Fe in both leaves and roots were lower in the soilless substrate compared to the soil-substrate, making the soilless type preferable in the interest of both safer produce for human consumption and lower construction weight in the case of green-roof cultivation.
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Kadoglidou K, Irakli M, Boutsika A, Mellidou I, Maninis N, Sarrou E, Georgiadou V, Tourvas N, Krigas N, Moysiadis T, Grigoriadou K, Maloupa E, Xanthopoulou A, Ganopoulos I. Metabolomic Fingerprinting and Molecular Characterization of the Rock Samphire Germplasm Collection from the Balkan Botanic Garden of Kroussia, Northern Greece. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11040573. [PMID: 35214906 PMCID: PMC8879136 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The traditionally edible aerial parts of rock samphire (Crithmum maritimum L.) could be a valuable functional food or feed ingredient due to their high antioxidant capacity, ascorbic acid content, and rich content in secondary metabolites such as phenolics and flavonoids. The first objective of this study was to evaluate eighteen genotypes derived from different regions of Greece regarding the phytochemical contents of their soluble extracts in total phenolics, total flavonoids, and individual polyphenols as determined by LC-MS analysis, as well as ascorbic acid content and their antioxidant capacity as determined by different assays, including ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays. The second objective of the study was the molecular characterization of native Greek C. maritimum genotypes. Great variation among genotypes was observed in terms of the antioxidant capacity, ascorbic acid content, and phenolic compounds (total phenolic content and total flavonoid content), as well as in caffeolquinic acids and flavonoids. The principal component analysis highlighted genotypes with a higher potential in antioxidants and polyphenolics. The most promising genotypes were G9 from Kefalonia, followed by G4 from Ikaria, where both clearly exhibited a similar response with high values of evaluated traits. The molecular characterization of genotypes revealed low variability and low to moderate genetic diversity between populations. Our data indicated that the rock samphire germplasm collection from the Balkan Botanic Garden of Kroussia could serve as an important source of documented genetic material and, thus, it is suggested for further investigation to provide insight regarding cultivation and agro-processing aspects, artificial selection, or plant breeding aimed at developing C. maritimum genotypes of high-bioactive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Kadoglidou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DIMITRA, Thermi, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.I.); (A.B.); (I.M.); (N.M.); (E.S.); (V.G.); (N.T.); (N.K.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (E.M.); (A.X.)
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (I.G.)
| | - Maria Irakli
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DIMITRA, Thermi, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.I.); (A.B.); (I.M.); (N.M.); (E.S.); (V.G.); (N.T.); (N.K.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (E.M.); (A.X.)
| | - Anastasia Boutsika
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DIMITRA, Thermi, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.I.); (A.B.); (I.M.); (N.M.); (E.S.); (V.G.); (N.T.); (N.K.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (E.M.); (A.X.)
| | - Ifigeneia Mellidou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DIMITRA, Thermi, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.I.); (A.B.); (I.M.); (N.M.); (E.S.); (V.G.); (N.T.); (N.K.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (E.M.); (A.X.)
| | - Nikolas Maninis
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DIMITRA, Thermi, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.I.); (A.B.); (I.M.); (N.M.); (E.S.); (V.G.); (N.T.); (N.K.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (E.M.); (A.X.)
| | - Eirini Sarrou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DIMITRA, Thermi, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.I.); (A.B.); (I.M.); (N.M.); (E.S.); (V.G.); (N.T.); (N.K.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (E.M.); (A.X.)
| | - Vasiliki Georgiadou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DIMITRA, Thermi, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.I.); (A.B.); (I.M.); (N.M.); (E.S.); (V.G.); (N.T.); (N.K.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (E.M.); (A.X.)
| | - Nikolaos Tourvas
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DIMITRA, Thermi, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.I.); (A.B.); (I.M.); (N.M.); (E.S.); (V.G.); (N.T.); (N.K.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (E.M.); (A.X.)
| | - Nikos Krigas
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DIMITRA, Thermi, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.I.); (A.B.); (I.M.); (N.M.); (E.S.); (V.G.); (N.T.); (N.K.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (E.M.); (A.X.)
| | - Theodoros Moysiadis
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DIMITRA, Thermi, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.I.); (A.B.); (I.M.); (N.M.); (E.S.); (V.G.); (N.T.); (N.K.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (E.M.); (A.X.)
- Department of Computer Science, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus
| | - Katerina Grigoriadou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DIMITRA, Thermi, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.I.); (A.B.); (I.M.); (N.M.); (E.S.); (V.G.); (N.T.); (N.K.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (E.M.); (A.X.)
| | - Eleni Maloupa
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DIMITRA, Thermi, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.I.); (A.B.); (I.M.); (N.M.); (E.S.); (V.G.); (N.T.); (N.K.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (E.M.); (A.X.)
| | - Aliki Xanthopoulou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DIMITRA, Thermi, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.I.); (A.B.); (I.M.); (N.M.); (E.S.); (V.G.); (N.T.); (N.K.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (E.M.); (A.X.)
| | - Ioannis Ganopoulos
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DIMITRA, Thermi, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.I.); (A.B.); (I.M.); (N.M.); (E.S.); (V.G.); (N.T.); (N.K.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (E.M.); (A.X.)
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (I.G.)
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Sousa G, Alves MI, Neves M, Tecelão C, Ferreira-Dias S. Enrichment of Sunflower Oil with Ultrasound-Assisted Extracted Bioactive Compounds from Crithmum maritimum L. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030439. [PMID: 35159589 PMCID: PMC8834187 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Crithmum maritimum L., or sea fennel, is an edible halophyte plant, rich in phenolic compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, that naturally grows in Mediterranean coasts. This study aims to incorporate bioactive compounds extracted from lyophilized Crithmum maritimum to sunflower oil assisted by ultrasounds (UAE), to improve its biological value and oxidative stability. UAE conditions were optimized as a function of time (5–20 min) and lyophilized plant concentration (5–20% m/v). The experiments were dictated by a central composite rotatable matrix. Oxidation products were not influenced by UAE conditions. Acidity, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents were affected by both factors, while total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity (FRAP method) only increased with plant concentration. Response surfaces were fitted to these experimental results. Flavonoids were highly related with oil antioxidant activity. No sensory defects were detected in supplemented oil (12.5% m/v plant/5 min UAE). The oxidative stability of this oil was evaluated at 60 °C/12 days. Chlorophylls, phenols, radical scavenging (DPPH), and antioxidant activities decreased over time but were always higher than the values in non-supplemented oil (8.6 and 7-fold with FRAP and DPPH, respectively). C. maritimum presented high amounts of bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity, adequate for sunflower oil supplementation by UAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Sousa
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, LEAF, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Associated Laboratory TERRA, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (G.S.); (M.I.A.)
| | - Mariana I. Alves
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, LEAF, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Associated Laboratory TERRA, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (G.S.); (M.I.A.)
| | - Marta Neves
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal; (M.N.); (C.T.)
| | - Carla Tecelão
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal; (M.N.); (C.T.)
| | - Suzana Ferreira-Dias
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, LEAF, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Associated Laboratory TERRA, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (G.S.); (M.I.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Effect of Saline-Nutrient Solution on Yield, Quality, and Shelf-Life of Sea Fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.) Plants. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of salinity (150 mM NaCl) compared to a control (9 mM NaCl) on growth, quality and shelf-life of fresh-cut sea fennel was evaluated. For that, sea fennel plants were cultivated in a hydroponic floating system and the sea fennel leaves were stored for 12 days at 5 °C. At harvest, leaves from plants grown in salinity had a lower content of NO3−, K+ and Ca2+ and an increased Cl− and Na+ concentration when compared to the control. There was a positive effect in the aerial part with increased fresh weight due to salt stress, but a reduction in the root biomass. During storage, weight loss and colour changes were not significant while leaves’ firmness was higher for control and increased during storage, probably due to lignification. Microbial growth (psychrophiles, yeast and moulds and enterobacteria) was higher at harvest for control and increased during storage, with no differences between treatments after 12 days at 5 °C. Sensory quality was similar for both treatments but leaves from NaCl treatment had a salty taste that was easily detected by panelists. These results show that saline-nutrient solution applied in hydroponics is a suitable system for sea fennel growth. It gives a slightly salty but high-quality product, acceptable as a “ready-to-eat” vegetable.
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22
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The Renaissance of Wild Food Plants: Insights from Tuscany (Italy). Foods 2022; 11:foods11030300. [PMID: 35159452 PMCID: PMC8834290 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of wild food plants traditionally used in the gastronomy of Tuscany, an Italian region with high biological diversity and whose cultural heritage is well known. Forty-nine bibliographic sources, including five unpublished studies, were reviewed. A list of species with ecological characteristics, plant parts used, use category (food, liquor, or seasoning), methods of preparation (raw or cooked), and recipes is presented. The use of 357 taxa (3711 use reports, URs), was recorded, belonging to 215 genera and 72 botanical families. Over the total taxa, 12 are new for Tuscany, 52 seem not to be present in other Italian regions, and 54 were not detected in the consulted European ethnobotanical literature. Of these taxa, 324 (3117 URs) were used as food, while 49 (178 URs) and 81 (416 URs) were used for liquor and seasoning, respectively. Of the 17 different food recipes, cooked vegetables constituted the largest group, followed by salads, omelets, snacks, and fillings. The chemical composition of the recorded food plants and the possible safety risks associated to their consumption, as well as their traditional medicinal use, are also shown. This review highlights the richness of ethnobotanical knowledge in Tuscany. Such biocultural heritage can be a “source of inspiration” for agriculture. As a reservoir of potential new crops, wild edible flora may contribute to the development of emerging horticultural sectors such as vertical farming and microgreens production. Moreover, the nutrient content and healthy properties of many wild food plants reported in this study has the ability to meet consumer demand for functional foods.
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Rock Samphire, a Candidate Crop for Saline Agriculture: Cropping Practices, Chemical Composition and Health Effects. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12020737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The recent market trends for functional healthy foods have rekindled the interest in wild edible species and created a market niche for high added value products. The current supply, mainly supported by plants collected from the wild, cannot meet increasing market needs; therefore, it is of major importance to establish cropping protocols and further valorize wild plants for culinary and industrial applications. Sea fennel is a wild edible halophyte that is an important ingredient in local cuisines and is also used in folk medicine for its beneficial health effects. Its valorization has not been commercially explored on a great scale and more efforts are needed to integrate the species in farming systems. The present review compiles the most recent reports regarding the farming practices that could allow for the establishment of cultivation protocols for farmers, while the main constraints that hinder the further exploitation of the species are also presented. Moreover, this review presents the most up-to-date information regarding the chemical composition (e.g., chemical composition of the aerial parts and volatile compounds in essential oils) and the health-related effects of various plant parts (e.g., antimicrobial, insecticidal and anticholinesterase activities) aiming to reveal possible alternative uses that will increase the added value of the species and will contribute to its commercial exploitation. Finally, the future remarks and the guidelines that have to be followed are also discussed.
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Systematic review on activity of liposomal encapsulated antioxidant, antibiotics, and antiviral agents. J Liposome Res 2022; 32:340-353. [PMID: 35000548 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2021.2024568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) like superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical, can be formed as normal products of aerobic metabolism. Overproduction or insufficient removal of ROS results in significant damage to cell structure and functions. Antioxidants applied directly and at relatively high concentrations to cellular systems are effective in protection against the damaging actions of ROS. Microorganisms including Gram-positive and negative bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, etc., can be disease causing microorganism. Antimicrobial agents have the capability to inhibitor destroy the microorganisms. The problems arising from the use of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents include poor solubility, instability during storage, low bioavailability, and difficulty to reach target organs with sufficient doses. Liposomal antimicrobial agent and liposomal antioxidants enhance the solubility, bioavailability, and stability of antimicrobial agent and antioxidants.
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Crithmum maritimum seeds, a potential source for high-quality oil and phenolic compounds in soils with no agronomical relevance. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Giordano R, Saii Z, Fredsgaard M, Hulkko LSS, Poulsen TBG, Thomsen ME, Henneberg N, Zucolotto SM, Arendt-Nielsen L, Papenbrock J, Thomsen MH, Stensballe A. Pharmacological Insights into Halophyte Bioactive Extract Action on Anti-Inflammatory, Pain Relief and Antibiotics-Type Mechanisms. Molecules 2021; 26:3140. [PMID: 34073962 PMCID: PMC8197292 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological activities in bioactive plant extracts play an increasing role in sustainable resources for valorization and biomedical applications. Bioactive phytochemicals, including natural compounds, secondary metabolites and their derivatives, have attracted significant attention for use in both medicinal products and cosmetic products. Our review highlights the pharmacological mode-of-action and current biomedical applications of key bioactive compounds applied as anti-inflammatory, bactericidal with antibiotics effects, and pain relief purposes in controlled clinical studies or preclinical studies. In this systematic review, the availability of bioactive compounds from several salt-tolerant plant species, mainly focusing on the three promising species Aster tripolium, Crithmum maritimum and Salicornia europaea, are summarized and discussed. All three of them have been widely used in natural folk medicines and are now in the focus for future nutraceutical and pharmacological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Giordano
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (R.G.); (Z.S.); (T.B.G.P.); (M.E.T.); (N.H.); (L.A.-N.)
| | - Zeinab Saii
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (R.G.); (Z.S.); (T.B.G.P.); (M.E.T.); (N.H.); (L.A.-N.)
| | - Malthe Fredsgaard
- Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (M.F.); (L.S.S.H.); (M.H.T.)
| | - Laura Sini Sofia Hulkko
- Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (M.F.); (L.S.S.H.); (M.H.T.)
| | - Thomas Bouet Guldbæk Poulsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (R.G.); (Z.S.); (T.B.G.P.); (M.E.T.); (N.H.); (L.A.-N.)
| | - Mikkel Eggert Thomsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (R.G.); (Z.S.); (T.B.G.P.); (M.E.T.); (N.H.); (L.A.-N.)
| | - Nanna Henneberg
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (R.G.); (Z.S.); (T.B.G.P.); (M.E.T.); (N.H.); (L.A.-N.)
| | - Silvana Maria Zucolotto
- Center of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040–970 Florianópolis, Brazil;
| | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (R.G.); (Z.S.); (T.B.G.P.); (M.E.T.); (N.H.); (L.A.-N.)
| | - Jutta Papenbrock
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30419 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Mette Hedegaard Thomsen
- Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (M.F.); (L.S.S.H.); (M.H.T.)
| | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (R.G.); (Z.S.); (T.B.G.P.); (M.E.T.); (N.H.); (L.A.-N.)
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Gnocchi D, Castellaneta F, Cesari G, Fiore G, Sabbà C, Mazzocca A. Treatment of liver cancer cells with ethyl acetate extract of Crithmum maritimum permits reducing sorafenib dose and toxicity maintaining its efficacy. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:1369-1376. [PMID: 34014301 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent tumours worldwide and available drugs are inadequate for therapeutic results and tolerability. Hence, novel effective therapeutic tools with fewer side effects are of paramount importance. We have previously shown that Crithmum maritimum ethyl acetate extract exerts a cytostatic effect in HCC cells. Here, we tested whether C. maritimum ethyl acetate extract in combination with half sorafenib IC50 dose ameliorated efficacy and toxicity of sorafenib in inhibiting liver cancer cell growth. Moreover, we investigated the mechanisms involved. METHODS Two HCC cell lines (Huh7 and HepG2) were treated with C. maritimum ethyl acetate extract and half IC50 sorafenib dose usually employed in vitro. Then, cell proliferation, growth kinetics and cell toxicity were analysed together with an investigation of the cellular mechanisms involved, focusing on cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. KEY FINDINGS Results show that combined treatment with C. maritimum ethyl acetate extract and half IC50 sorafenib dose decreased cell proliferation comparably to full-dose sorafenib without increasing cell toxicity as confirmed by the effect on cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These results provide scientific support for the possibility of an effective integrative therapeutic approach for HCC with fewer side effects on patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gnocchi
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Castellaneta
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Cesari
- International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies - CHIEAM, Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - Giorgio Fiore
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Mazzocca
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
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Pereira AG, Fraga-Corral M, García-Oliveira P, Jimenez-Lopez C, Lourenço-Lopes C, Carpena M, Otero P, Gullón P, Prieto MA, Simal-Gandara J. Culinary and nutritional value of edible wild plants from northern Spain rich in phenolic compounds with potential health benefits. Food Funct 2021; 11:8493-8515. [PMID: 33034610 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02147d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Wild edible plants (WEPs) have been consumed since ancient times. They are considered as non-domesticated plants that grow spontaneously in nature, particularly in forests and bushlands, where they can be found and collected to be incorporated into human nutrition. Increasingly, WEPs are gaining importance as they are potential sources of food due to their nutritional value, besides showing positive health effects and offer innovative applications in haute cuisine. As these autochthonous plants grow naturally in the environment, they are more suitable to adapt to different climatic conditions as well as biotic and abiotic factors. Therefore, a door has been opened for their possible cultivation as they seem to require fewer expenses than other commercially cultivated plants. Moreover, the consumers demand for new products of natural origin that are sustainable and ecologically labeled have also boosted WEPs' recovery and incorporation into the market. In addition, they are considered as promising sources of essential compounds needed not only in human diet including carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids but also of other minor compounds as phenols, vitamins, or carotenoids that have shown numerous beneficial bioactivities such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, or anti-tumor activity. The use of these plants rich in bioactive molecules could be beneficial from the health point of view as the human body is not always capable of producing enough defenses, for instance, preventing oxidative damage. In particular, the presence of phenolic compounds in these vegetal matrices is supposed to provide a prophylactic effect against further pathogenesis and disorders related to aging or oxidative stresses. Regarding all this information based on traditional knowledge and ethnobotanical data, different WEPs found in the Northwestern region of Spain were selected, namely, Mentha suaveolens, Glechoma hederacea, Prunus spinosa, Apium nodiflorum, Artemisia absinthium, Silybum marianum, Picris hieracioides, Portulaca oleracea, Crithmum maritimum, and the genus Amaranthus. However, even though tradition and popular knowledge are excellent tools for the exploitation of these plants, it is necessary to develop regulations in this aspect to assure safety and veracity of food products. This article aims to review the main aspects of their bioactive properties, their traditional use, and the possibility of their incorporation into the market as new functional foods, looking at innovative and healthy gastronomic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Pereira
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain. and Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - M Fraga-Corral
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain. and Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - P García-Oliveira
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain. and Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - C Jimenez-Lopez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain. and Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - C Lourenço-Lopes
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - M Carpena
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - Paz Otero
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain. and Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - P Gullón
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - M A Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - J Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain.
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Exploitation of sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.) for manufacturing of novel high-value fermented preserves. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Martins-Noguerol R, Cambrollé J, Mancilla-Leytón JM, Puerto-Marchena A, Muñoz-Vallés S, Millán-Linares MC, Millán F, Martínez-Force E, Figueroa ME, Pedroche J, Moreno-Pérez AJ. Influence of soil salinity on the protein and fatty acid composition of the edible halophyte Halimione portulacoides. Food Chem 2021; 352:129370. [PMID: 33652199 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
As the worldwide population continues to rise, so does global demand for agricultural production. This scenario of uncertain food supply is exacerbated by the high salinization of soils worldwide, a serious constraint to crop productivity. In this context, there is an increasing need for alternative sustainable crops. Halophytes are thought to be a promising alternative food source due to their natural ability to grow in saline soils and their multiple potential uses in the food industry. In this study, the protein and fatty acid content of the halophyte Halimione (Atriplex) portulacoides (L.) was studied in different saline conditions. Although more studies are needed to explore the nutritional properties of H. portulacoides, the data presented here suggest that this halophyte should be considered as a promising food crop for saline agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martins-Noguerol
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Cambrollé
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - A Puerto-Marchena
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - S Muñoz-Vallés
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - M C Millán-Linares
- Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain
| | - F Millán
- Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain
| | - E Martínez-Force
- Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain
| | - M E Figueroa
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Pedroche
- Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain
| | - A J Moreno-Pérez
- Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain.
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1H-NMR metabolomics reveals a multitarget action of Crithmum maritimum ethyl acetate extract in inhibiting hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1259. [PMID: 33441568 PMCID: PMC7806899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78867-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is nowadays the sixth cause of tumour-related deceases worldwide, estimated to become the third in Western countries by 2030. New drugs for HCC treatment still have many adverse effects. Several lines of evidence indicate that plant metabolites offer concrete opportunities for developing new therapeutic strategies for many diseases, including cancer. We previously reported that ethyl acetate extract of a spontaneous edible plant harvested in Apulia, Crithmum maritimum, significantly inhibited cell growth in HCC cells. By 1H-NMR spectroscopy, here we show that Crithmum maritimum ethyl acetate extract counteracts the Warburg effect, by reducing intracellular lactate, inhibits protein anabolism, by decreasing amino acid level, and affects membrane biosynthesis by lowering choline and phosphocholine. Also, we observed an effect on lipid homeostasis, with a reduction in triglycerides, cholesterol, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and diunsaturated fatty acids (DUFA), and an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Taken together, these data demonstrate that Crithmum maritimum-induced cytostasis is exerted through a multi-effect action, targeting key metabolic processes in HCC cells. Overall, our findings highlight the role of Crithmum maritimum as a promising tool for the prevention and the improvement of the therapeutic options for HCC and other types of tumours.
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Sánchez-Faure A, Calvo MM, Pérez-Jiménez J, Martín-Diana AB, Rico D, Montero MP, Gómez-Guillén MDC, López-Caballero ME, Martínez-Alvarez O. Exploring the potential of common iceplant, seaside arrowgrass and sea fennel as edible halophytic plants. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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The Effect of Nitrogen Fertigation and Harvesting Time on Plant Growth and Chemical Composition of Centaurea raphanina subsp. mixta (DC.) Runemark. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143175. [PMID: 32664565 PMCID: PMC7397137 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertigation (0, 200, 400, and 600 ppm of total nitrogen) and harvesting time (9 March 2018 and 19 April 2018) on the plant growth, chemical composition, and bioactive properties of Centaurea raphanina subsp. mixta plants. The highest yield of fresh leaves was observed for the treatment of 200 ppm of N without compromising nutritional value. The increasing nitrogen levels resulted in an increase of α- and total tocopherols and sugars content, especially in the second harvest for tocopherols and in the first harvest for sugars. Similarly, total organic acids and oxalic acid content increased with increasing nitrogen levels in both harvests, while fatty acids composition had a varied response to the tested factors. Pinocembrin neohesperidoside and pinocembrin acetyl neohesperidoside isomer II were the most abundant phenolic compounds with the highest content being observed in the control treatment of the first and second harvest, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity was observed for the control and the 600 ppm treatments of the second harvest for the OxHLIA and TBARS assays, respectively, probably due to the high content of pinocembrin acetyl neohesperidoside isomer II and α-tocopherol, respectively. Finally, cytotoxic effects and antimicrobial properties showed a varied response depending on the treatment. In conclusion, C. raphanina subsp. mixta has low requirements of nitrogen to achieve the highest yield, while a varied response to the tested fertigation treatments and harvesting time was observed in terms of the chemical composition and the bioactive properties.
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Gnocchi D, Cesari G, Calabrese GJ, Capone R, Sabbà C, Mazzocca A. Inhibition of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth by Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Apulian Brassica oleracea L. and Crithmum maritimum L. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 75:33-40. [PMID: 31741122 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-019-00781-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, a growing body of evidence supports the view that plants offer an extraordinary opportunity to discover and develop new promising therapeutic strategies for many diseases, including cancer. Here we tested the anticancer action against Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) of extracts obtained from two plants harvested in Apulia, namely Brassica oleracea L. and Crithmum maritimum L. B. oleracea was grown in biodynamical agriculture without any agrochemical input, instead C. maritimum was collected on Apulian coasts and is still commonly eaten in Apulia. HCC, one of the most frequent tumors worldwide, is estimated to become the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Western Countries by 2030. The approved synthetic drugs for the treatment of HCC are currently inadequate in terms of therapeutic results and tolerability. Hence, aim of the present study was to test the anticancer action against HCC of extracts obtained from Brassica oleracea L. and Crithmum maritimum L. We preliminary prepared extracts from both plants using four solvents with different polarity: hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol. Then, we tested the effect of the different fractions in inhibiting HCC cell growth. Finally, we characterized the mechanism of action of the most effective fraction. We found that ethyl acetate fractions from both plants were the most effective in inhibiting HCC growth. In particular, we demonstrated that these fractions effectively reduce HCC growth by exerting, on one hand, a cytostatic effect through their action on the cell cycle, and on the other hand by triggering apoptosis and necrosis. Our findings support the notion that ethyl acetate fractions from Apulian B. oleracea and C. maritimum can be in perspective considered as promising tools to expand the opportunities to identify new and not toxic anticancer therapeutic approaches for HCC. Further pharmacological investigations will shed light on how this could be effectively achieved. Graphical Abstract Experimental workflow for the detection of the ethyl acetate extract of Brassica oleracea L. and Crithmum maritimum L. as an active fraction in inhibiting HCC cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gnocchi
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Cesari
- Department of Organic Agriculture, CIHEAM - Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Generosa Jenny Calabrese
- Department of Organic Agriculture, CIHEAM - Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Roberto Capone
- Department of Organic Agriculture, CIHEAM - Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Mazzocca
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
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