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Sánchez Gavilán I, Velázquez Ybarzabal D, de la Fuente V, Cámara RM, Sánchez-Mata MC, Cámara M. Valorization of Salicornia patula Duval-Jouve Young Shoots in Healthy and Sustainable Diets. Nutrients 2024; 16:358. [PMID: 38337643 PMCID: PMC10857085 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The revalorization of natural resources in food production is increasing, and the effect of climate change is negatively affecting the production of conventional crops. In recent years, edible halophytes have received more attention due to their ability to tolerate a wide range of salinities. Thus, the use of halophytes that require less water and are strongly adapted to high-salinity soil and coastal areas can provide sustainable agriculture in certain areas. In addition, there is growing interest in the study of the possibilities that these species offer as foods due to their excellent nutritional profile and antioxidant properties. For that reason, the exploitation of plants adapted to these areas is nowadays even more important than in the past to guarantee food security in arid or semiarid salinized territories. The available data about the nutrients and bioactive compounds composition of many non-cultivated edible vegetables traditionally used in the Mediterranean area, such as Salicornia edible young shoots, are still scarce. With the aim of improving the knowledge on their nutritional value, the present study provides new data about the content of some compounds with biological activity, such as fiber and organic acids, in eight samples of young shoots of S. patula Duval-Jouve gathered in great mainland and coastal salt marshes in Southwest and Central Spain. Results showed that this vegetable can be considered a healthy food and a very good source of dietary fiber (4.81-6.30 g/100 g fw total fiber). Its organic acid profile showed oxalic, malic, citric and succinic acids. Oxalic acid was the major one, with mean values of 0.151-1.691 g/100 g fw. From the results obtained in this study, S. patula shoots could be recommended as an alternative source of fiber for healthy and sustainable diets in the general adult population with no risk of renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sánchez Gavilán
- Departamento Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.S.G.); (V.d.l.F.)
| | - Daniela Velázquez Ybarzabal
- Departamento Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.V.Y.); (R.M.C.); (M.C.S.-M.)
| | - Vicenta de la Fuente
- Departamento Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.S.G.); (V.d.l.F.)
| | - Rosa M. Cámara
- Departamento Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.V.Y.); (R.M.C.); (M.C.S.-M.)
| | - María Cortes Sánchez-Mata
- Departamento Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.V.Y.); (R.M.C.); (M.C.S.-M.)
| | - Montaña Cámara
- Departamento Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.V.Y.); (R.M.C.); (M.C.S.-M.)
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Peng S, Ali Sabir I, Hu X, Chen J, Qin Y. Advancements in Reference Gene Selection for Fruit Trees: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1142. [PMID: 38256212 PMCID: PMC10816256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) has been widely used in gene expression analyses due to its advantages of sensitivity, accuracy and high throughput. The stability of internal reference genes has progressively emerged as a major factor affecting the precision of qRT-PCR results. However, the stability of the expression of the reference genes needs to be determined further in different cells or organs, physiological and experimental conditions. Methods for evaluating these candidate internal reference genes have also evolved from simple single software evaluation to more reliable and accurate internal reference gene evaluation by combining different software tools in a comprehensive analysis. This study intends to provide a definitive reference for upcoming research that will be conducted on fruit trees. The primary focus of this review is to summarize the research progress in recent years regarding the selection and stability analysis of candidate reference genes for different fruit trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.P.); (X.H.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Irfan Ali Sabir
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Xinglong Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.P.); (X.H.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.P.); (X.H.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Yonghua Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.P.); (X.H.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
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Jia D, Gao H, He Y, Liao G, Lin L, Huang C, Xu X. Kiwifruit Monodehydroascorbate Reductase 3 Gene Negatively Regulates the Accumulation of Ascorbic Acid in Fruit of Transgenic Tomato Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17182. [PMID: 38139009 PMCID: PMC10742914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid is a potent antioxidant and a crucial nutrient for plants and animals. The accumulation of ascorbic acid in plants is controlled by its biosynthesis, recycling, and degradation. Monodehydroascorbate reductase is deeply involved in the ascorbic acid cycle; however, the mechanism of monodehydroascorbate reductase genes in regulating kiwifruit ascorbic acid accumulation remains unclear. Here, we identified seven monodehydroascorbate reductase genes in the genome of kiwifruit (Actinidia eriantha) and they were designated as AeMDHAR1 to AeMDHAR7, following their genome identifiers. We found that the relative expression level of AeMDHAR3 in fruit continued to decline during development. The over-expression of kiwifruit AeMDHAR3 in tomato plants improved monodehydroascorbate reductase activity, and, unexpectedly, ascorbic acid content decreased significantly in the fruit of the transgenic tomato lines. Ascorbate peroxidase activity also increased significantly in the transgenic lines. In addition, a total of 1781 differentially expressed genes were identified via transcriptomic analysis. Three kinds of ontologies were identified, and 106 KEGG pathways were significantly enriched for these differently expressed genes. Expression verification via quantitative real-time PCR analysis confirmed the reliability of the RNA-seq data. Furthermore, APX3, belonging to the ascorbate and aldarate metabolism pathway, was identified as a key candidate gene that may be primarily responsible for the decrease in ascorbic acid concentration in transgenic tomato fruits. The present study provides novel evidence to support the feedback regulation of ascorbic acid accumulation in the fruit of kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Jia
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (D.J.); (H.G.); (Y.H.); (G.L.); (L.L.)
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Huan Gao
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (D.J.); (H.G.); (Y.H.); (G.L.); (L.L.)
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yanqun He
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (D.J.); (H.G.); (Y.H.); (G.L.); (L.L.)
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Guanglian Liao
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (D.J.); (H.G.); (Y.H.); (G.L.); (L.L.)
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Liting Lin
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (D.J.); (H.G.); (Y.H.); (G.L.); (L.L.)
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Chunhui Huang
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (D.J.); (H.G.); (Y.H.); (G.L.); (L.L.)
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xiaobiao Xu
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (D.J.); (H.G.); (Y.H.); (G.L.); (L.L.)
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
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Wang P, Feng X, Jiang J, Yan P, Li Z, Luo W, Chen Y, Ye W. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Fruit Quality Formation in Actinidia eriantha Benth. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4079. [PMID: 38140408 PMCID: PMC10747155 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Actinidia chinensis Planch. is a fruit tree originating from China that is abundant in the wild. Actinidia eriantha Benth. is a type of A. chinensis that has emerged in recent years. The shape of A. eriantha is an elongated oval, and the skin is covered with dense, non-shedding milk-white hairs. The mature fruit has flesh that is bright green in colour, and the fruit has a strong flavour and a grass-like smell. It is appreciated for its rich nutrient content and unique flavour. Vitamin C, sugar, and organic acids are key factors in the quality and flavour composition of A. eriantha but have not yet been systematically analysed. Therefore, we sequenced the transcriptome of A. eriantha at three developmental stages and labelled them S1, S2, and S3, and comparisons of S1 vs. S2, S1 vs. S3, and S2 vs. S3 revealed 1218, 4019, and 3759 upregulated differentially expressed genes and 1823, 3415, and 2226 downregulated differentially expressed genes, respectively. Furthermore, the upregulated differentially expressed genes included 213 core genes, and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that they were enriched in hormones, sugars, organic acids, and many organic metabolic pathways. The downregulated differentially expressed genes included 207 core genes, which were enriched in the light signalling pathway. We further constructed the metabolic pathways of sugars, organic acids, and vitamin C in A. eriantha and identified the genes involved in vitamin C, sugar, and organic acid synthesis in A. eriantha fruits at different stages. During fruit development, the vitamin C content decreased, the carbohydrate compound content increased, and the organic acid content decreased. The gene expression patterns were closely related to the accumulation patterns of vitamin C, sugars, and organic acids in A. eriantha. The above results lay the foundation for the accumulation of vitamin C, sugars, and organic acids in A. eriantha and for understanding flavour formation in A. eriantha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Wang
- Sanming Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shaxian 365051, China; (P.W.); (J.J.); (Z.L.)
- The Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Innovative Utilization in Fujian Province (Mountain Area), Shaxian 365051, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Fruit Tree Research Institute of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Jinlan Jiang
- Sanming Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shaxian 365051, China; (P.W.); (J.J.); (Z.L.)
- The Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Innovative Utilization in Fujian Province (Mountain Area), Shaxian 365051, China
| | - Peipei Yan
- Sanming Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shaxian 365051, China; (P.W.); (J.J.); (Z.L.)
- The Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Innovative Utilization in Fujian Province (Mountain Area), Shaxian 365051, China
| | - Zunwen Li
- Sanming Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shaxian 365051, China; (P.W.); (J.J.); (Z.L.)
- The Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Innovative Utilization in Fujian Province (Mountain Area), Shaxian 365051, China
| | - Weihong Luo
- Institute of Horticultural Plant Bioengineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Yiting Chen
- Fruit Tree Research Institute of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Wei Ye
- Sanming Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shaxian 365051, China; (P.W.); (J.J.); (Z.L.)
- The Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Innovative Utilization in Fujian Province (Mountain Area), Shaxian 365051, China
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Marcotuli I, Mandrone M, Chiocchio I, Poli F, Gadaleta A, Ferrara G. Metabolomics and genetics of reproductive bud development in Ficus carica var. sativa (edible fig) and in Ficus carica var. caprificus (caprifig): similarities and differences. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1192350. [PMID: 37360723 PMCID: PMC10285451 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1192350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In figs, reproductive biology comprises cultivars requiring or not pollination, with female trees (edible fig) and male trees (caprifig) bearing different types of fruits. Metabolomic and genetic studies may clarify bud differentiation mechanisms behind the different fruits. We used a targeted metabolomic analysis and genetic investigation through RNA sequence and candidate gene investigation to perform a deep analysis of buds of two fig cultivars, 'Petrelli' (San Pedro type) and 'Dottato' (Common type), and one caprifig. In this work, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR-based metabolomics) has been used to analyze and compare buds of the caprifig and the two fig cultivars collected at different times of the season. Metabolomic data of buds collected on the caprifig, 'Petrelli', and 'Dottato' were treated individually, building three separate orthogonal partial least squared (OPLS) models, using the "y" variable as the sampling time to allow the identification of the correlations among metabolomic profiles of buds. The sampling times revealed different patterns between caprifig and the two edible fig cultivars. A significant amount of glucose and fructose was found in 'Petrelli', differently from 'Dottato', in the buds in June, suggesting that these sugars not only are used by the ripening brebas of 'Petrelli' but also are directed toward the developing buds on the current year shoot for either a main crop (fruit in the current season) or a breba (fruit in the successive season). Genetic characterization through the RNA-seq of buds and comparison with the literature allowed the identification of 473 downregulated genes, with 22 only in profichi, and 391 upregulated genes, with 21 only in mammoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marcotuli
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Manuela Mandrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Chiocchio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Poli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Agata Gadaleta
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ferrara
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
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Mao J, Gao Z, Lin M, Zhang X, Ning X, Gong X, Lu Y, Chen L, Wang X. Targeted multi-platform metabolome analysis and enzyme activity analysis of kiwifruit during postharvest ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1120166. [PMID: 36959943 PMCID: PMC10028114 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1120166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Kiwifruit is a climacteric fruit, in which the accumulation of flavor substances mainly occurs at the postharvest ripening stage. However, the dynamic changes in metabolite composition remain poorly understood. Here, targeted multi-platform metabolome analysis based on GC-MS and UPLC-MS/MS and enzyme activity analysis were performed at different postharvest ripening stages of kiwifruit. A total of 12 soluble sugars and 31 organic acids were identified. The main soluble sugars are sucrose, glucose and fructose, which exhibited similar variation tendencies along with the extension of ripening. The main organic acids are citric acid, quinic acid and malic acid, which showed different variation patterns. A total of 48 energy metabolites were identified, which were classified into two groups based on the content variation. The content of substances related to the respiratory metabolic pathway decreased gradually along with postharvest ripening, and there was obvious accumulation of downstream products such as amino acids at the late ripening stage. A total of 35 endogenous hormones were identified, among which seven cytokinins were highly accumulated at the later stage of softening. We further investigated the dynamic changes in the activities of 28 ripening-related enzymes. As a result, the activities of 13 enzymes were highly correlated with changes in starch, total pectin, and soluble sugars, and those of seven enzymes were closely associated with the change in firmness. In conclusion, this study comprehensively describes the dynamic changes in soluble sugars, organic acids, hormones, energy substances, and ripening-related enzyme activities during kiwifruit postharvest ripening, and provides a theoretical basis for the postharvest quality improvement of kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Mao
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhu Gao
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jinggangshan Institute of Biotechnology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Ji’an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Mengfei Lin
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Jinggangshan Institute of Biotechnology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Ji’an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinyi Ning
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xuchen Gong
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yupeng Lu
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Jinggangshan Institute of Biotechnology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Ji’an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Deng H, Li X, Wang Y, Ma Q, Zeng Y, Xiang Y, Chen M, Zhang H, Xia H, Liang D, Lv X, Wang J, Deng Q. Organic Acid Accumulation and Associated Dynamic Changes in Enzyme Activity and Gene Expression during Fruit Development and Ripening of Common Loquat and Its Interspecific Hybrid. Foods 2023; 12:foods12050911. [PMID: 36900427 PMCID: PMC10000456 DOI: 10.3390/foods12050911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Loquats have gained increasing attention from consumers and growers for their essential nutrients and unusual phenology, which could help plug a gap period at market in early spring. Fruit acid is a critical contributor to fruit quality. The dynamic changes in organic acid (OA) during fruit development and ripening of common loquat (Dawuxing, DWX) and its interspecific hybrid (Chunhua, CH) were compared, as well as the corresponding enzyme activity and gene expression. At harvest, titratable acid was significantly lower (p ≤ 0.01) in CH (0.11%) than in DWX loquats (0.35%). As the predominant OA compound, malic acid accounted for 77.55% and 48.59% of the total acid of DWX and CH loquats at harvest, followed by succinic acid and tartaric acid, respectively. PEPC and NAD-MDH are key enzymes that participate in malic acid metabolism in loquat. The OA differences in DWX loquat and its interspecific hybrid could be attributed to the coordinated regulation of multiple genes and enzymes associated with OA biosynthesis, degradation, and transport. The data obtained in this work will serve as a fundamental and important basis for future loquat breeding programs and even for improvements in loquat cultural practices.
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Srivarathan S, Phan ADT, Hong HT, Netzel G, Wright OR, Sultanbawa Y, Netzel ME. Nutritional composition and anti-nutrients of underutilized Australian indigenous edible halophytes – Saltbush, Seablite and Seapurslane. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Prolonged On-Vine vs. Cold of Actinidia eriantha: Differences in Fruit Quality and Aroma Substances during Soft Ripening Stage. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182860. [PMID: 36140991 PMCID: PMC9497916 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to find an efficient, economical and feasible method for soft ripening storage of kiwifruit, two softening methods (on-vine, cold) were utilized for the ‘Ganlv-2’ kiwifruit (Actinidia. eriantha) cultivar. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted on the quality changes in ‘Ganlv-2’ under different methods after fruit ripening by principal component analysis and mathematical modeling. Compared to kiwifruit under cold softening, kiwifruit treated with on-vine soft ripening had slightly greater sugar-acid ratios and flesh firmness and higher contents of dry matter, soluble solids, and soluble sugar. The titratable acid content was slightly lower in the on-vine group than in the cold group. The sensory evaluation results manifested little difference in fruit flavor between the two groups. However, at the end of the trial, the overripe taste of the on-vine group was lighter and the taste was sweeter than those of the cold group. More aromatic substances were emitted from the kiwifruit in the on-vine group. According to the mathematic model, there was no significant difference in fruit quality and flavor between the on-vine and traditional cold groups. The fruit in the on-vine group had a stronger flavor and lighter overripe flavor when they reached the edible state. This paper provided a novel storage method of A. eriantha, it can reduce the cost of traditional cold storage and reduce the pressure on centralized harvesting, and the feasibility of this method was verified from the fruit quality.
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Zhou H, Zhu W, Wang X, Bian Y, Jiang Y, Li J, Wang L, Yin P, Deng XW, Xu D. A missense mutation in WRKY32 converts its function from a positive regulator to a repressor of photomorphogenesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:373-389. [PMID: 34935148 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) mediates various cellular and physiological processes in plants by targeting a large number of substrates for ubiquitination and degradation. In this study, we reveal that a substitution of Pro for Leu at amino acid position 409 in WRKY32 largely suppresses the short hypocotyls and expanded cotyledon phenotypes of cop1-6. WRKY32P409L promotes hypocotyl growth and inhibits the opening of cotyledons in Arabidopsis. Loss of WRKY32 function mutant seedlings display elongated hypocotyls, whereas overexpression of WRKY32 leads to shortened hypocotyls. WRKY32 directly associates with the promoter regions of HY5 to activate its transcription. COP1 interacts with and targets WRKY32 for ubiquitination and degradation in darkness. WRKY32P409L exhibits enhanced DNA binding ability and affects the expression of more genes compared with WRKY32 in Arabidopsis. Our results not only reveal the basic role for WRKY32 in promoting photomorphogenesis, but also provide insights into manipulating plant growth by engineering key components of light signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xuncheng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yeting Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ping Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dongqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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11
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Marković S, Levstek L, Žigon D, Ščančar J, Milačič R. Speciation and Bio-Imaging of Chromium in Taraxacum officinale Using HPLC Post-column ID-ICP-MS, High Resolution MS and Laser Ablation ICP-MS Techniques. Front Chem 2022; 10:863387. [PMID: 35692691 PMCID: PMC9177994 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.863387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new analytical procedure for the speciation of chromium (Cr) in plants by high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) was developed using a strong anion-exchange Mono Q column for the separation of the Cr species. To optimize the analytical procedure, Cr complexes were first synthesized from Cr-nitrate with the addition of an excess of ligand (90°C). Cr-oxalate, Cr-malate, Cr-citrate, Cr-aconitate and Cr-quinate complexes and Cr-nitrate (pH 6.5) were chromatographically separated from Cr(VI) by applying linear gradient elution from 100% water to 100% NH4Cl at a flow rate of 1.5 ml min−1 in 10 min. The column recoveries ranged from 100 to 104%. The exception was Cr-aconitate (column recovery 33%), where a quantitative synthesis was not possible. Good repeatability of the measurements (relative standard deviations better than ± 3%) and low limits of detection (below 0.37 ng ml−1 Cr) were achieved for the individual Cr species. The developed analytical procedure was applied to Cr speciation for dandelions (Taraxacum officinale) grown in soil with a high Cr content and a study of the uptake and metabolism of Cr species in dandelions grown in soil with a low Cr content treated with solutions of Cr(VI) or Cr-nitrate (5000 ng ml−1 Cr, pH 6.5) for 48 h. The separated Cr species were quantified by post-column isotope dilution ICP-MS, while the identification was based on retention times and was also supported by mass spectra obtained with high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). The data indicate that for dandelions grown in Cr-rich soil and that treated with Cr-nitrate (pH 6.5), the Cr was mainly accumulated in the roots, while in plants treated with Cr(VI) (pH 6.5), the Cr was evenly distributed between the roots and the leaves. The Cr species found in dandelion roots and leaves were Cr-aconitate, Cr-malate, and Cr-quinate. The results revealed that Cr(VI) was completely reduced and metabolized to Cr(III) complexes. LA-ICP-MS data showed that the Cr in a leaf of dandelion grown in Cr-rich soil was localized mainly at the apex of the leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Marković
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lucija Levstek
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dušan Žigon
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Ščančar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Radmila Milačič
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Radmila Milačič,
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12
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Liao G, Liu Q, Xu X, He Y, Li Y, Wang H, Ye B, Huang C, Zhong M, Jia D. Metabolome and Transcriptome Reveal Novel Formation Mechanism of Early Mature Trait in Kiwifruit ( Actinidia eriantha). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:760496. [PMID: 34868156 PMCID: PMC8640357 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.760496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Kiwifruit (Actinidia eriantha) is a peculiar berry resource in China, and the maturation period is generally late. Fortunately, we found an early mature A. eriantha germplasm. In order to explore the formation mechanism of its early mature trait, we determined the main carbohydrate and endogenous hormone content of the fruit, and used off-target metabolomics and transcriptomics to identify key regulatory metabolites and genes. We found that early mature germplasm had faster starch conversion rate and higher sucrose, glucose, and fructose content when harvested, while with lower auxin (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), and zeatin (ZR) content. Through the non-targeted metabolome, 19 and 20 metabolites closely related to fruit maturity and early maturity were identified, respectively. At the same time, weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) showed that these metabolites were regulated by 73 and 99 genes, respectively, especially genes related to sugar metabolism were mostly. Based on above, the formation of early mature trait of A. eriantha was mainly due to the sucrose decomposition rate was reduced and the soluble solid content (SSC) accumulated at low levels of endogenous hormones, so as to reach the harvest standard earlier than the late mature germplasm. Finally, ten single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci were developed which can be used for the identification of early mature trait of A. eriantha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglian Liao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- College of Agronomy, Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Agronomy, Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaobiao Xu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- College of Agronomy, Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanqun He
- College of Agronomy, Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yiqi Li
- College of Agronomy, Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hailing Wang
- College of Agronomy, Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Ye
- College of Agronomy, Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunhui Huang
- College of Agronomy, Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Min Zhong
- College of Agronomy, Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dongfeng Jia
- College of Agronomy, Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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13
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Shi M, Ali MM, He Y, Ma S, Rizwan HM, Yang Q, Li B, Lin Z, Chen F. Flavonoids Accumulation in Fruit Peel and Expression Profiling of Related Genes in Purple ( Passiflora edulis f. edulis) and Yellow ( Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) Passion Fruits. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112240. [PMID: 34834602 PMCID: PMC8620868 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids play a key role as a secondary antioxidant defense system against different biotic and abiotic stresses, and also act as coloring compounds in various fruiting plants. In this study, fruit samples of purple (Passiflora edulis f. edulis) and yellow (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) passion fruit were collected at five developmental stages (i.e., fruitlet, green, veraison, maturation, and ripening stage) from an orchard located at Nanping, Fujian, China. The contents of flavonoid, anthocyanin, proanthocyanin, and their metabolites were determined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), activities of key enzymes involved in flavonoid metabolism were measured, and expression profiling of related genes was done using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results revealed that total flavonoids, anthocyanins, and procyanidins were found to be increased in the fruit peel of both cultivars with fruit maturity. Total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidins, flavonoid metabolites (i.e., rutin, luteolin, and quercetin), and anthocyanin metabolites (i.e., cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride, peonidin-3-O-glucoside, and pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside) were found abundant in the peel of purple passion fruit, as compared to yellow passion fruit. Principle component analysis showed that the enzymes, i.e., C4H, 4CL, UFGT, and GST were maybe involved in the regulation of flavonoids metabolism in the peel of passion fruit cultivars. Meanwhile, PePAL4, Pe4CL2,3, PeCHS2, and PeGST7 may play an important role in flavonoid metabolism in fruit peel of the passion fruit. This study provides new insights for future elucidation of key mechanisms regulating flavonoids biosynthesis in passion fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Shi
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.S.); (M.M.A.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (H.M.R.); (Q.Y.); (B.L.)
| | - Muhammad Moaaz Ali
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.S.); (M.M.A.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (H.M.R.); (Q.Y.); (B.L.)
| | - Yinying He
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.S.); (M.M.A.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (H.M.R.); (Q.Y.); (B.L.)
| | - Songfeng Ma
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.S.); (M.M.A.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (H.M.R.); (Q.Y.); (B.L.)
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.S.); (M.M.A.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (H.M.R.); (Q.Y.); (B.L.)
| | - Qiang Yang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.S.); (M.M.A.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (H.M.R.); (Q.Y.); (B.L.)
| | - Binqi Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.S.); (M.M.A.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (H.M.R.); (Q.Y.); (B.L.)
| | - Zhimin Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Faxing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.S.); (M.M.A.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (H.M.R.); (Q.Y.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (F.C.)
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14
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Lievre DL, Anderson R, Boldingh H, Cooney J, Seelye R, Gould N, Hunter D, Jensen D, Pereira T, Wohlers M, Clearwater M, Richardson A. Modifying Carbohydrate Supply to Fruit during Development Changes the Composition and Flavour of Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis 'Zesy002' Kiwifruit. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1328. [PMID: 34209861 PMCID: PMC8309063 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Consumer acceptance of fruit is determined by size, flavour and ripeness. In this study we investigated how altering the carbohydrate supply to Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis 'Zesy002' kiwifruit altered the balance between growth and accumulation of metabolites. Canes were phloem girdled and fruit thinned to a leaf-to-fruit ratio (L:F) of either 2 (Low carbohydrate) or 6 (High carbohydrate) at either 38 (Early) or 86 (Late) days after anthesis (DAA) and compared with ungirdled control canes with a L:F of 3. Fruit growth, metabolite accumulation, cytokinin concentrations and maturation were monitored and the sensory attributes of ripe fruit were assessed. The final weight of Early-High and Late-High carbohydrate fruit was 38% and 16% greater compared with control fruit. High carbohydrate fruit had increased starch, soluble sugar and cytokinin concentrations and fruit began to mature earlier and those with a Low carbohydrate had decreased concentrations and matured later compared with control fruit. Control fruit were described by consumers as more acidic and under-ripe compared with those from Early-High carbohydrate canes, but as sweeter than those from Low carbohydrate canes. This study showed that carbohydrate supply can have a major impact on the growth, sugar accumulation and maturity of 'Zesy002' fruit sinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Le Lievre
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; (D.L.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Rachelle Anderson
- Te Puke Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), 412 No. 1 Road, RD2, Te Puke 3182, New Zealand; (R.A.); (N.G.)
| | - Helen Boldingh
- PFR, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; (H.B.); (J.C.); (R.S.); (D.J.); (T.P.)
| | - Janine Cooney
- PFR, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; (H.B.); (J.C.); (R.S.); (D.J.); (T.P.)
| | - Richard Seelye
- PFR, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; (H.B.); (J.C.); (R.S.); (D.J.); (T.P.)
| | - Nick Gould
- Te Puke Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), 412 No. 1 Road, RD2, Te Puke 3182, New Zealand; (R.A.); (N.G.)
| | - Denise Hunter
- PFR, Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (D.H.); (M.W.)
| | - Dwayne Jensen
- PFR, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; (H.B.); (J.C.); (R.S.); (D.J.); (T.P.)
| | - Trisha Pereira
- PFR, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; (H.B.); (J.C.); (R.S.); (D.J.); (T.P.)
| | - Mark Wohlers
- PFR, Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (D.H.); (M.W.)
| | - Mike Clearwater
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; (D.L.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Annette Richardson
- PFR, Kerikeri Research Centre, 121 Keri Downs Road, RD1, Kerikeri 0294, New Zealand
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15
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Zhang X, Wei X, Ali MM, Rizwan HM, Li B, Li H, Jia K, Yang X, Ma S, Li S, Chen F. Changes in the Content of Organic Acids and Expression Analysis of Citric Acid Accumulation-Related Genes during Fruit Development of Yellow ( Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) and Purple ( Passiflora edulis f. edulis) Passion Fruits. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115765. [PMID: 34071242 PMCID: PMC8198880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic acids are key components that determine the taste and flavor of fruits and play a vital role in maintaining fruit quality and nutritive value. In this study, the fruits of two cultivars of passion fruit Yellow (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) and purple (Passiflora edulis f. edulis) were harvested at five different developmental stages (i.e., fruitlet, green, veraison, near-mature and mature stage) from an orchard located in subtropical region of Fujian Province, China. The contents of six organic acids were quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), activities of citric acid related enzymes were determined, and expression levels of genes involved in citric acid metabolism were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results revealed that citric acid was the predominant organic acid in both cultivars during fruit development. The highest citric acid contents were observed in both cultivars at green stage, which were reduced with fruit maturity. Correlation analysis showed that citrate synthase (CS), cytosolic aconitase (Cyt-ACO) and cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase (Cyt-IDH) may be involved in regulating citric acid biosynthesis. Meanwhile, the PeCS2, PeACO4, PeACO5 and PeIDH1 genes may play an important role in regulating the accumulation of citric acid. This study provides new insights for future elucidation of key mechanisms regulating organic acid biosynthesis in passion fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Z.); (M.M.A.); (H.M.R.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (K.J.); (X.Y.); (S.M.)
| | - Xiaoxia Wei
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Muhammad Moaaz Ali
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Z.); (M.M.A.); (H.M.R.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (K.J.); (X.Y.); (S.M.)
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Z.); (M.M.A.); (H.M.R.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (K.J.); (X.Y.); (S.M.)
| | - Binqi Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Z.); (M.M.A.); (H.M.R.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (K.J.); (X.Y.); (S.M.)
| | - Han Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Z.); (M.M.A.); (H.M.R.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (K.J.); (X.Y.); (S.M.)
| | - Kaijie Jia
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Z.); (M.M.A.); (H.M.R.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (K.J.); (X.Y.); (S.M.)
| | - Xuelian Yang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Z.); (M.M.A.); (H.M.R.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (K.J.); (X.Y.); (S.M.)
| | - Songfeng Ma
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Z.); (M.M.A.); (H.M.R.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (K.J.); (X.Y.); (S.M.)
| | - Shaojia Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Faxing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Z.); (M.M.A.); (H.M.R.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (K.J.); (X.Y.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (F.C.)
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