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Luo Y, Zhang Y, Xiong Z, Chen X, Sha A, Xiao W, Peng L, Zou L, Han J, Li Q. Peptides Used for Heavy Metal Remediation: A Promising Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6717. [PMID: 38928423 PMCID: PMC11203628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, heavy metal pollution has become increasingly prominent, severely damaging ecosystems and biodiversity, and posing a serious threat to human health. However, the results of current methods for heavy metal restoration are not satisfactory, so it is urgent to find a new and effective method. Peptides are the units that make up proteins, with small molecular weights and strong biological activities. They can effectively repair proteins by forming complexes, reducing heavy metal ions, activating the plant's antioxidant defense system, and promoting the growth and metabolism of microorganisms. Peptides show great potential for the remediation of heavy metal contamination due to their special structure and properties. This paper reviews the research progress in recent years on the use of peptides to remediate heavy metal pollution, describes the mechanisms and applications of remediation, and provides references for the remediation of heavy metal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jialiang Han
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610000, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (A.S.); (W.X.); (L.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610000, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (A.S.); (W.X.); (L.P.); (L.Z.)
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Vitelli V, Giamborino A, Bertolini A, Saba A, Andreucci A. Cadmium Stress Signaling Pathways in Plants: Molecular Responses and Mechanisms. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:6052-6068. [PMID: 38921032 PMCID: PMC11202648 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal (HM) pollution, specifically cadmium (Cd) contamination, is a worldwide concern for its consequences for plant health and ecosystem stability. This review sheds light on the intricate mechanisms underlying Cd toxicity in plants and the various strategies employed by these organisms to mitigate its adverse effects. From molecular responses to physiological adaptations, plants have evolved sophisticated defense mechanisms to counteract Cd stress. We highlighted the role of phytochelatins (PCn) in plant detoxification, which chelate and sequester Cd ions to prevent their accumulation and minimize toxicity. Additionally, we explored the involvement of glutathione (GSH) in mitigating oxidative damage caused by Cd exposure and discussed the regulatory mechanisms governing GSH biosynthesis. We highlighted the role of transporter proteins, such as ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCs) and heavy metal ATPases (HMAs), in mediating the uptake, sequestration, and detoxification of Cd in plants. Overall, this work offered valuable insights into the physiological, molecular, and biochemical mechanisms underlying plant responses to Cd stress, providing a basis for strategies to alleviate the unfavorable effects of HM pollution on plant health and ecosystem resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vitelli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Area, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.G.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Agnese Giamborino
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Area, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.G.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Andrea Bertolini
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Area, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.G.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessandro Saba
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Area, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.G.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
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Li M, Boisson-Dernier A, Bertoldi D, Ardini F, Larcher R, Grotti M, Varotto C. Elucidation of arsenic detoxification mechanism in Marchantia polymorpha: The role of ACR3. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134088. [PMID: 38555672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The arsenic-specific ACR3 transporter plays pivotal roles in As detoxification in yeast and a group of ancient tracheophytes, the ferns. Despite putative ACR3 genes being present in the genomes of bryophytes, whether they have the same relevance also in this lineage is currently unknown. In this study, we characterized the MpACR3 gene from the bryophyte Marchantia polymorpha L. through a multiplicity of functional approaches ranging from phylogenetic reconstruction, expression analysis, loss- and gain-of-function as well as genetic complementation with an MpACR3 gene tagged with a fluorescent protein. Genetic complementation demonstrates that MpACR3 plays a pivotal role in As tolerance in M. polymorpha, with loss-of-function Mpacr3 mutants being hypersensitive and MpACR3 overexpressors more tolerant to As. Additionally, MpACR3 activity regulates intracellular As concentration, affects its speciation and controls the levels of intracellular oxidative stress. The MpACR3::3xCitrine appears to localize at the plasma membrane and possibly in other endomembrane systems. Taken together, these results demonstrate the pivotal function of ACR3 detoxification in both sister lineages of land plants, indicating that it was present in the common ancestor to all embryophytes. We propose that Mpacr3 mutants could be used in developing countries as low-cost and low-technology visual bioindicators to detect As pollution in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingai Li
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Environment Area, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy.
| | - Aurélien Boisson-Dernier
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Daniela Bertoldi
- Department of Food and Transformation, Technology Transfer Centre of Fondazione Edmund Mach, E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38098 TN, Italy
| | - Francisco Ardini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Larcher
- Department of Food and Transformation, Technology Transfer Centre of Fondazione Edmund Mach, E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38098 TN, Italy
| | - Marco Grotti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudio Varotto
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Environment Area, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy.
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Maruta T, Tanaka Y, Yamamoto K, Ishida T, Hamada A, Ishikawa T. Evolutionary insights into strategy shifts for the safe and effective accumulation of ascorbate in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2664-2681. [PMID: 38452239 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Plants accumulate high concentrations of ascorbate, commonly in their leaves, as a redox buffer. While ascorbate levels have increased during plant evolution, the mechanisms behind this phenomenon are unclear. Moreover, has the increase in ascorbate concentration been achieved without imposing any detrimental effects on the plants? In this review, we focus on potential transitions in two regulatory mechanisms related to ascorbate biosynthesis and the availability of cellular dehydroascorbate (DHA) during plant evolution. The first transition might be that the trigger for the transcriptional induction of VTC2, which encodes the rate-limiting enzyme in ascorbate biosynthesis, has shifted from oxidative stress (in green algae) to light/photosynthesis (in land plants), probably enabling the continuous accumulation of ascorbate under illumination. This could serve as a preventive system against the unpredictable occurrence of oxidative stress. The second transition might be that DHA-degrading enzymes, which protect cells from the highly reactive DHA in green algae and mosses, have been lost in ferns or flowering plants. Instead, flowering plants may have increased glutathione concentrations to reinforce the DHA reduction capacity, possibly allowing ascorbate accumulation and avoiding the toxicity of DHA. These potential transitions may have contributed to strategies for plants' safe and effective accumulation of ascorbate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Maruta
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- Bioresource and Life Sciences, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tanaka
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- Bioresource and Life Sciences, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Kojiro Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ishida
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Akane Hamada
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- Bioresource and Life Sciences, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
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Dutta P, Prasad P, Indoilya Y, Gautam N, Kumar A, Sahu V, Kumari M, Singh S, Asthana AK, Bag SK, Chakrabarty D. Unveiling the molecular mechanisms of arsenic tolerance and resilience in the primitive bryophyte Marchantia polymorpha L. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123506. [PMID: 38360385 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
This study addresses the pressing issue of high arsenic (As) contaminations, which poses a severe threat to various life forms in our ecosystem. Despite this prevailing concern, all organisms have developed some techniques to mitigate the toxic effects of As. Certain plants, such as bryophytes, the earliest land plants, exhibit remarkable tolerance to wide range of harsh environmental conditions, due to their inherent competence. In this study, bryophytes collected from West Bengal, India, across varying contamination levels were investigated for their As tolerance capabilities. Assessment of As accumulation potential and antioxidant defense efficiency, including SOD, CAT, APX, GPX etc. revealed Marchantia polymorpha as the most tolerant species. It exhibited highest As accumulation, antioxidative proficiency, and minimal damage. Transcriptomic analysis of M. polymorpha exposed to 40 μM As(III) for 24 and 48 h identified several early responsive differentially expressing genes (DEGs) associated with As tolerance. These includes GSTs, GRXs, Hsp20s, SULTR1;2, ABCC2 etc., indicating a mechanism involving vacuolar sequestration. Interestingly, one As(III) efflux-transporter ACR3, an extrusion pump, known to combat As toxicity was found to be differentially expressed compared to control. The SEM-EDX analysis, further elucidated the operation of As extrusion mechanism, which contributes added As resilience in M. polymorpha. Yeast complementation assay using Δacr3 yeast cells, showed increased tolerance towards As(III), compared to the mutant cells, indicating As tolerant phenotype. Overall, these findings significantly enhance our understanding of As tolerance mechanisms in bryophytes. This can pave the way for the development of genetically engineered plants with heightened As tolerance and the creation of improved plant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Dutta
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Priti Prasad
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Yuvraj Indoilya
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Neelam Gautam
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Vinay Sahu
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India; Bryology Lab, PDSH Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Monica Kumari
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shivani Singh
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Asthana
- Bryology Lab, PDSH Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Bag
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Debasis Chakrabarty
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Hamada A, Tanaka Y, Ishikawa T, Maruta T. Chloroplast dehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione cooperatively determine the capacity for ascorbate accumulation under photooxidative stress conditions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:68-82. [PMID: 36694959 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate is an indispensable redox buffer essential for plant growth and stress acclimation. Its oxidized form, dehydroascorbate (DHA), undergoes rapid degradation unless it is recycled back into ascorbate by glutathione (GSH)-dependent enzymatic or non-enzymatic reactions, with the enzymatic reactions catalyzed by dehydroascorbate reductases (DHARs). Our recent study utilizing an Arabidopsis quadruple mutant (∆dhar pad2), which lacks all three DHARs (∆dhar) and is deficient in GSH (pad2), has posited that these GSH-dependent reactions operate in a complementary manner, enabling a high accumulation of ascorbate under high-light stress. However, as Arabidopsis DHAR functions in the cytosol or chloroplasts, it remained unclear which isoform played a more significant role in cooperation with GSH-dependent non-enzymatic reactions. To further comprehend the intricate network of ascorbate recycling systems in plants, we generated mutant lines lacking cytosolic DHAR1/2 or chloroplastic DHAR3, or both, in another GSH-deficient background (cad2). A comprehensive comparison of ascorbate profiles in these mutants under conditions of photooxidative stress induced by various light intensities or methyl viologen unequivocally demonstrated that chloroplastic DHAR3, but not cytosolic isoforms, works in concert with GSH to accumulate ascorbate. Our findings further illustrate that imbalances between stress intensity and recycling capacity significantly impact ascorbate pool size and tolerance to photooxidative stress. Additionally, it was found that the absence of DHARs and GSH deficiency do not impede ascorbate biosynthesis, at least in terms of transcription or activity of biosynthetic enzymes. This study provides insights into the robustness of ascorbate recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Hamada
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tanaka
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
- Bioresource and Life Sciences, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
- Bioresource and Life Sciences, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Takanori Maruta
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
- Bioresource and Life Sciences, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
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Seregin IV, Kozhevnikova AD. Phytochelatins: Sulfur-Containing Metal(loid)-Chelating Ligands in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2430. [PMID: 36768751 PMCID: PMC9917255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochelatins (PCs) are small cysteine-rich peptides capable of binding metal(loid)s via SH-groups. Although the biosynthesis of PCs can be induced in vivo by various metal(loid)s, PCs are mainly involved in the detoxification of cadmium and arsenic (III), as well as mercury, zinc, lead, and copper ions, which have high affinities for S-containing ligands. The present review provides a comprehensive account of the recent data on PC biosynthesis, structure, and role in metal(loid) transport and sequestration in the vacuoles of plant cells. A comparative analysis of PC accumulation in hyperaccumulator plants, which accumulate metal(loid)s in their shoots, and in the excluders, which accumulate metal(loid)s in their roots, investigates the question of whether the endogenous PC concentration determines a plant's tolerance to metal(loid)s. Summarizing the available data, it can be concluded that PCs are not involved in metal(loid) hyperaccumulation machinery, though they play a key role in metal(loid) homeostasis. Unraveling the physiological role of metal(loid)-binding ligands is a fundamental problem of modern molecular biology, plant physiology, ionomics, and toxicology, and is important for the development of technologies used in phytoremediation, biofortification, and phytomining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V. Seregin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya St., 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
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Jócsák I, Knolmajer B, Szarvas M, Rabnecz G, Pál-Fám F. Literature Review on the Effects of Heavy Metal Stress and Alleviating Possibilities through Exogenously Applied Agents in Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2161. [PMID: 36015464 PMCID: PMC9414348 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) are among the most important toxic agents since they reach the soil through various routes and accumulate in the food chain. Therefore, HMs induce problems in soil integrity and in plant, animal, and human health. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a significant crop worldwide, utilized in animal production. Furthermore, because of its nitrogen-absorbing ability via symbiotic strains of bacteria, it increases soil productivity. However, there are relatively few studies investigating the effects of HMs and their alleviation possibilities on alfalfa plants. Therefore, the goal of this review is to clarify the current state of research into HM-induced alterations in alfalfa and to determine the extent to which externally applied microorganisms and chemical compounds can mitigate the negative effects. The aim is to indicate areas of development towards further understanding of HM detoxification in alfalfa and to identify future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Jócsák
- Institute of Agronomy, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Street 40, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Bence Knolmajer
- Institute of Plant Protection, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Deák Ferenc Street 16, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Miklós Szarvas
- Institute of Agronomy, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Street 40, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Gyula Rabnecz
- Zorvet Ltd., Wlassics Gyula Street 58, H-1181 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Pál-Fám
- Institute of Agronomy, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Street 40, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
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Muraoka M, Ohno M, Nakai T, Matsuura H, Nagano K, Arai M, Hirata Y, Uyama H, Hirata K. Gamma-Glutamylcysteine Production Using Phytochelatin Synthase-Like Enzyme Derived from <i>Nostoc</i> sp. Covalently Immobilized on a Cellulose Carrier. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1191-1197. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Misa Muraoka
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Moeka Ohno
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Takuya Nakai
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Kazuya Nagano
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University
| | - Masayoshi Arai
- Natural Products for Drug Discovery Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | | | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Kazumasa Hirata
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University
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10
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Díaz S, Aguilera Á, de Figueras CG, de Francisco P, Olsson S, Puente-Sánchez F, González-Pastor JE. Heterologous Expression of the Phytochelatin Synthase CaPCS2 from Chlamydomonas acidophila and Its Effect on Different Stress Factors in Escherichia coli. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137692. [PMID: 35805349 PMCID: PMC9265389 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phytochelatins (PCs) are cysteine-rich small peptides, enzymatically synthesized from reduced glutathione (GSH) by cytosolic enzyme phytochelatin synthase (PCS). The open reading frame (ORF) of the phytochelatin synthase CaPCS2 gene from the microalgae Chlamydomonas acidophila was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli strain DH5α, to analyze its role in protection against various abiotic agents that cause cellular stress. The transformed E. coli strain showed increased tolerance to exposure to different heavy metals (HMs) and arsenic (As), as well as to acidic pH and exposure to UVB, salt, or perchlorate. In addition to metal detoxification activity, new functions have also been reported for PCS and PCs. According to the results obtained in this work, the heterologous expression of CaPCS2 in E. coli provides protection against oxidative stress produced by metals and exposure to different ROS-inducing agents. However, the function of this PCS is not related to HM bioaccumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Díaz
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, C. José Antonio Novais, 12, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Ángeles Aguilera
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain; (Á.A.); (C.G.d.F.); (P.d.F.); (J.E.G.-P.)
| | - Carolina G. de Figueras
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain; (Á.A.); (C.G.d.F.); (P.d.F.); (J.E.G.-P.)
| | - Patricia de Francisco
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain; (Á.A.); (C.G.d.F.); (P.d.F.); (J.E.G.-P.)
| | - Sanna Olsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (INIA, CSIC), Carretera de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Fernando Puente-Sánchez
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - José Eduardo González-Pastor
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain; (Á.A.); (C.G.d.F.); (P.d.F.); (J.E.G.-P.)
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11
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Gisdon FJ, Feiler CG, Kempf O, Foerster JM, Haiss J, Blankenfeldt W, Ullmann GM, Bombarda E. Structural and Biophysical Analysis of the Phytochelatin-Synthase-Like Enzyme from Nostoc sp. Shows That Its Protease Activity is Sensitive to the Redox State of the Substrate. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:883-897. [PMID: 35377603 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phytochelatins (PCs) are nonribosomal thiol-rich oligopeptides synthetized from glutathione (GSH) in a γ-glutamylcysteinyl transpeptidation reaction catalyzed by PC synthases (PCSs). Ubiquitous in plant and present in some invertebrates, PCSs are involved in metal detoxification and homeostasis. The PCS-like enzyme from the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. (NsPCS) is considered to be an evolutionary precursor enzyme of genuine PCSs because it shows sufficient sequence similarity for homology to the catalytic domain of the eukaryotic PCSs and shares the peptidase activity consisting in the deglycination of GSH. In this work, we investigate the catalytic mechanism of NsPCS by combining structural, spectroscopic, thermodynamic, and theoretical techniques. We report several crystal structures of NsPCS capturing different states of the catalyzed chemical reaction: (i) the structure of the wild-type enzyme (wt-NsPCS); (ii) the high-resolution structure of the γ-glutamyl-cysteine acyl-enzyme intermediate (acyl-NsPCS); and (iii) the structure of an inactive variant of NsPCS, with the catalytic cysteine mutated into serine (C70S-NsPCS). We characterize NsPCS as a relatively slow enzyme whose activity is sensitive to the redox state of the substrate. Namely, NsPCS is active with reduced glutathione (GSH), but is inhibited by oxidized glutathione (GSSG) because the cleavage product is not released from the enzyme. Our biophysical analysis led us to suggest that the biological function of NsPCS is being a part of a redox sensing system. In addition, we propose a mechanism how PCS-like enzymes may have evolved toward genuine PCS enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian J. Gisdon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Computational Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christian G. Feiler
- Department Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Oxana Kempf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Johannes M. Foerster
- Computational Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jonathan Haiss
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Department Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - G. Matthias Ullmann
- Computational Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Elisa Bombarda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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12
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Tools for In Vitro Propagation/Synchronization of the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha and Application of a Validated HPLC-ESI-MS-MS Method for Glutathione and Phytochelatin Analysis. STRESSES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/stresses2010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bryophytes, due to their poikilohydric nature and peculiar traits, are useful and versatile organisms for studies on metal accumulation and detoxification in plants. Among bryophytes, the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha is an excellent candidate as a model organism, having a key role in plant evolutionary history. In particular, M. polymorpha axenic cultivation of gametophytes offers several advantages, such as fast growth, easy propagation and high efficiency of crossing. Thus, the main purpose of this work was to promote and validate experimental procedures useful in the establishment of a standardized set-up of M. polymorpha gametophytes, as well as to study cadmium detoxification processes in terms of thiol-peptide production, detection and characterisation by HPLC-mass spectrometry. The results show how variations in the composition of the Murashige and Skoog medium impact the growth rate or development of this liverwort, and what levels of glutathione and phytochelatins are produced by gametophytes to counteract cadmium stress.
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13
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Chakdar H, Thapa S, Srivastava A, Shukla P. Genomic and proteomic insights into the heavy metal bioremediation by cyanobacteria. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127609. [PMID: 34772552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) pose a global ecological threat due to their toxic effects on aquatic and terrestrial life. Effective remediation of HMs from the environment can help to restore soil's fertility and ecological vigor, one of the key Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) set by the United Nations. The cyanobacteria have emerged as a potential option for bioremediation of HMs due to their unique adaptations and robust metabolic machineries. Generally, cyanobacteria deploy multifarious mechanisms such as biosorption, bioaccumulation, activation of metal transporters, biotransformation and induction of detoxifying enzymes to sequester and minimize the toxic effects of heavy metals. Therefore, understanding the physiological responses and regulation of adaptation mechanisms at molecular level is necessary to unravel the candidate genes and proteins which can be manipulated to improve the bioremediation efficiency of cyanobacteria. Chaperons, cellular metabolites (extracellular polymers, biosurfactants), transcriptional regulators, metal transporters, phytochelatins and metallothioneins are some of the potential targets for strain engineering. In the present review, we have discussed the potential of cyanobacteria for HM bioremediation and provided a deeper insight into their genomic and proteomic regulation of various tolerance mechanisms. These approaches might pave new possibilities of implementing genetic engineering strategies for improving bioremediation efficiency with a future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillol Chakdar
- Microbial Technology Unit II, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau 275103, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shobit Thapa
- Microbial Technology Unit II, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau 275103, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, ID 47907-2048, United States
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India; Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India.
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14
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Muraoka M, Ohno M, Tateishi M, Matsuura H, Nagano K, Hirata Y, Hirata K. Optimization of Reaction Conditions for γ-Glutamylcysteine Production from Glutathione Using a Phytochelatin Synthase-Like Enzyme from Nostoc sp. Pasteur Culture Collection 7120. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1832-1836. [PMID: 34853266 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
γ-Glutamylcysteine (γ-EC) has antioxidant properties similar to those of glutathione (GSH) and acts as its precursor in mammals. There are a few procedures for the production of γ-EC, such as chemical synthesis or enzymatic synthesis from glutamate and cysteine; however, they are very costly and not suitable for industrial production. A phytochelatin synthase-like enzyme derived from Nostoc sp. Pasteur Culture Collection 7120 (NsPCS) catalyzes the hydrolysis of GSH to γ-EC and glycine in the absence of ATP or other additives. Our research aims to establish an alternative γ-EC production procedure with low cost and high productivity. To this end, we optimized the reaction conditions of NsPCS and characterized its properties in this study. We found that 200 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0, at 37 °C, had the highest NsPCS activity among the conditions we tested. Under these conditions, NsPCS had a Km of 385 µM and a Vmax of 26 mol/min/mg-protein. In addition, NsPCS converted 100 mM GSH into γ-EC with high yields. These results suggest that the NsPCS reaction has great potential for the low-cost, industrial-scale production of γ-EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Muraoka
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Moeka Ohno
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Makoto Tateishi
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Kazuya Nagano
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | | | - Kazumasa Hirata
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
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15
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Rai R, Singh S, Rai KK, Raj A, Sriwastaw S, Rai LC. Regulation of antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems in cyanobacteria. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 168:353-372. [PMID: 34700048 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is common consequence of abiotic stress in plants as well as cyanobacteria caused by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), an inevitable product of respiration and photosynthetic electron transport. ROS act as signalling molecule at low concentration however, when its production exceeds the endurance capacity of antioxidative defence system, the organisms suffer oxidative stress. A highly toxic metabolite, methylglyoxal (MG) is also produced in cyanobacteria in response to various abiotic stresses which consequently augment the ensuing oxidative damage. Taking recourse to the common lineage of eukaryotic plants and cyanobacteria, it would be worthwhile to explore the regulatory role of glyoxalase system and antioxidative defense mechanism in combating abiotic stress in cyanobacteria. This review provides comprehensive information on the complete glyoxalase system (GlyI, GlyII and GlyIII) in cyanobacteria. Furthermore, it elucidates the recent understanding regarding the production of ROS and MG, noteworthy link between intracellular MG and ROS and its detoxification via synchronization of antioxidants (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) and glyoxalase systems using glutathione (GSH) as common co-factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Rai
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Shilpi Singh
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Rai
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Alka Raj
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sonam Sriwastaw
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - L C Rai
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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16
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Garcia-Calleja J, Cossart T, Pedrero Z, Santos JP, Ouerdane L, Tessier E, Slaveykova VI, Amouroux D. Determination of the Intracellular Complexation of Inorganic and Methylmercury in Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13971-13979. [PMID: 34591446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of mercury (Hg) complexation with low molecular weight (LMW) bioligands will help elucidate its speciation. In natural waters, the rate of this complexation is governed by physicochemical, geochemical, and biochemical parameters. However, the role of bioligands involved in Hg intracellular handling by aquatic microorganisms is not well documented. Here, we combine the use of isotopically labeled Hg species (inorganic and monomethylmercury, iHg and MeHg) with gas or liquid chromatography coupling to elemental and molecular mass spectrometry to explore the role of intracellular biogenic ligands involved in iHg and MeHg speciation in cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, a representative phytoplankton species. This approach allowed to track resulting metabolic and newly found intracellular Hg biocomplexes (e.g., organic thiols) in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 finding different intracellular Hg species binding affinities with both high and low molecular weight (HMW and LMW) bioligands in the exponential and stationary phase. Furthermore, the parallel detection with both elemental and molecular ionization sources allowed the sensitive detection and molecular identification of glutathione (GSH) as the main low molecular weight binding ligand to iHg ((GS)2-Hg) and MeHg (GS-MeHg) in the cytosolic fraction. Such a novel experimental approach expands our knowledge on the role of biogenic ligands involved in iHg and MeHg intracellular handling in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Garcia-Calleja
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les matériaux, Pau 64000, France
| | - Thibaut Cossart
- Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environment Sciences, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, University of Geneva, Uni Carl Vogt, 66 Bvd. Carl Vogt, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Zoyne Pedrero
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les matériaux, Pau 64000, France
| | - João P Santos
- Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environment Sciences, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, University of Geneva, Uni Carl Vogt, 66 Bvd. Carl Vogt, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Ouerdane
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les matériaux, Pau 64000, France
| | - Emmanuel Tessier
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les matériaux, Pau 64000, France
| | - Vera I Slaveykova
- Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environment Sciences, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, University of Geneva, Uni Carl Vogt, 66 Bvd. Carl Vogt, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Amouroux
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les matériaux, Pau 64000, France
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17
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Bellini E, Betti C, Sanità di Toppi L. Responses to Cadmium in Early-Diverging Streptophytes (Charophytes and Bryophytes): Current Views and Potential Applications. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:770. [PMID: 33919852 PMCID: PMC8070800 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several transition metals are essential for plant growth and development, as they are involved in various fundamental metabolic functions. By contrast, cadmium (Cd) is a metal that can prove extremely toxic for plants and other organisms in a dose-dependent manner. Charophytes and bryophytes are early-diverging streptophytes widely employed for biomonitoring purposes, as they are able to cope with high concentrations of toxic metal(loid)s without showing any apparent heavy damage. In this review, we will deal with different mechanisms that charophytes and bryophytes have evolved to respond to Cd at a cellular level. Particular attention will be addressed to strategies involving Cd vacuolar sequestration and cell wall immobilization, focusing on specific mechanisms that help achieve detoxification. Understanding the effects of metal(loid) pollution and accumulation on the morpho-physiological traits of charophytes and bryophytes can be in fact fundamental for optimizing their use as phytomonitors and/or phytoremediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Bellini
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.B.); (L.S.d.T.)
| | - Camilla Betti
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
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18
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Li M, Barbaro E, Bellini E, Saba A, Sanità di Toppi L, Varotto C. Ancestral function of the phytochelatin synthase C-terminal domain in inhibition of heavy metal-mediated enzyme overactivation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6655-6669. [PMID: 32936292 PMCID: PMC7586750 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phytochelatin synthases (PCSs) play essential roles in detoxification of a broad range of heavy metals in plants and other organisms. Until now, however, no PCS gene from liverworts, the earliest branch of land plants and possibly the first one to acquire a PCS with a C-terminal domain, has been characterized. In this study, we isolated and functionally characterized the first PCS gene from a liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha (MpPCS). MpPCS is constitutively expressed in all organs examined, with stronger expression in thallus midrib. The gene expression is repressed by Cd2+ and Zn2+. The ability of MpPCS to increase heavy metal resistance in yeast and to complement cad1-3 (the null mutant of the Arabidopsis ortholog AtPCS1) proves its function as the only PCS from M. polymorpha. Site-directed mutagenesis of the most conserved cysteines of the C-terminus of the enzyme further uncovered that two twin-cysteine motifs repress, to different extents, enzyme activation by heavy metal exposure. These results highlight an ancestral function of the PCS elusive C-terminus as a regulatory domain inhibiting enzyme overactivation by essential and non-essential heavy metals. The latter finding may be relevant for obtaining crops with decreased root to shoot mobility of cadmium, thus preventing its accumulation in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingai Li
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Enrico Barbaro
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Erika Bellini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Saba
- Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e dell’Area Critica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Varotto
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
- Correspondence: ,
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