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Sultan SME, Yousef AF, Ali WM, Mohamed AAA, Ahmed ARM, Shalaby ME, Teiba II, Hassan AM, Younes NA, Kotb EF. Cold atmospheric plasma enhances morphological and biochemical attributes of tomato seedlings. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:420. [PMID: 38760701 PMCID: PMC11102223 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04961-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a physical technology with notable effects on living organisms. In the present study, tomato seeds (Solanum lycopersicum var. Bassimo Mill.) were exposed to CAP for various time intervals, ranging from 1 to 5 min, in both continuous and intermittent periods, and were compared with a control group that received no CAP treatment. Seedlings grown from treated seeds exhibited improvements in levels of growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, and metabolite contents when compared to the control group. Seedlings from seeds treated with S04 displayed significant increases in shoot and root lengths, by 32.45% and 20.60% respectively, compared to the control group. Moreover, seedlings from seeds treated with S01 showed a 101.90% increase in total protein, whereas those treated with S02 experienced a 119.52% increase in carbohydrate content. These findings highlight the substantial improvements in growth characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, and metabolite levels in seedlings from treated seeds relative to controls. Total antioxidant capacity was boosted by CAP exposure. The activities of enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidases were stimulated by S02 and exceeded control treatment by (177.48%, 137.41%, and 103.32%), respectively. Additionally, exposure to S04 increased the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants like flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and tannins over the control group (38.08%, 30.10%, 117.19%, and 94.44%), respectively. Our results indicate that CAP-seed priming is an innovative and cost-effective approach to enhance the growth, bioactive components, and yield of tomato seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadoun M E Sultan
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Al-Azhar (Assiut Branch), Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Fathy Yousef
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Al-Azhar (Assiut Branch), Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Waleed M Ali
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Al-Azhar (Assiut Branch), Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Amal A A Mohamed
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, 81528, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Raddy M Ahmed
- Department of Agronomy (Biochemistry), Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University (Assiut Branch), Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Shalaby
- Department of Plant production, Collage of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Islam I Teiba
- Microbiology, Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - A M Hassan
- Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Al-Azhar (Assiut Branch), Assiut, 71542, Egypt
| | - Nabil A Younes
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Al-Azhar (Assiut Branch), Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - E F Kotb
- Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Al-Azhar (Assiut Branch), Assiut, 71542, Egypt.
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Kalachova T, Jindřichová B, Pospíchalová R, Fujera J, Artemenko A, Jančík J, Antonova A, Kylián O, Prukner V, Burketová L, Šimek M, Homola T. Plasma Treatment Modifies Element Distribution in Seed Coating and Affects Further Germination and Plant Growth through Interaction with Soil Microbiome. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5609-5624. [PMID: 38467054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of plasma-seed interaction on germination and early plant development, focusing on Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus. The investigation delves into changes in chemical composition, water absorption, and surface morphology induced by plasma filaments generated in synthetic air. These analyses were conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Although plasma treatment enhanced water absorption and modified surface chemistry, its impact on germination demonstrated species- and context-dependent variations. Notably, the accelerated germination and morphogenesis of seedlings in microbiome-enriched (MB+) soil could be achieved also in microbiome-deprived (MB-) soil by short-term plasma treatment of seeds. Remarkably, the positive effects of plasma treatment on early developmental events (germination, morphogenesis) and later events (formation of inflorescences) were more pronounced in the context of MB- soil but were accompanied by a slight decrease in disease resistance, which was not detected in MB+ soil. The results underscore the intricate dynamics of plasma-plant interactions and stress the significance of accounting for the soil microbiome while designing experiments with potential field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Kalachova
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 313, 165 00 Prague 6, Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Jindřichová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 313, 165 00 Prague 6, Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Pospíchalová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 313, 165 00 Prague 6, Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Fujera
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, U Slovanky 2525/1a, 182 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Artemenko
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Jančík
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 313, 165 00 Prague 6, Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Anzhela Antonova
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 313, 165 00 Prague 6, Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Kylián
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Prukner
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, U Slovanky 2525/1a, 182 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Burketová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 313, 165 00 Prague 6, Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Šimek
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, U Slovanky 2525/1a, 182 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Homola
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, U Slovanky 2525/1a, 182 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic
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3
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Biazar E, Aavani F, Zeinali R, Kheilnezhad B, Taheri K, Yahyaei Z. Delivery Systems for Plasma-reactive Species and their Applications in the Field of Biomedicine. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:1497-1514. [PMID: 38251691 DOI: 10.2174/0115672018268207231124014915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is an ionized matter with potential applications in various medical fields, ranging from wound healing and disinfection to cancer treatment. CAP's clinical usefulness stems from its ability to act as an adjustable source of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), which are known to function as pleiotropic signaling agents within cells. Plasma-activated species, such as RONS, have the potential to be consistently and precisely released by carriers, enabling their utilization in a wide array of biomedical applications. Furthermore, understanding the behavior of CAP in different environments, including water, salt solutions, culture medium, hydrogels, and nanoparticles, may lead to new opportunities for maximizing its therapeutic potential. This review article sought to provide a comprehensive and critical analysis of current biomaterial approaches for the targeted delivery of plasma-activated species in the hope to boost therapeutic response and clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Biazar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Aavani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Regenerative Orofacial Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Reza Zeinali
- Group of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universität Politècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Sant Nebridi, 22, Terrassa 08222, Spain
| | - Bahareh Kheilnezhad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
| | - Kiana Taheri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Zahra Yahyaei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
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Badr G, El-Hossary FM, Lasheen FEDM, Negm NZ, Khalaf M, Salah M, Sayed LH, Abdel-Maksoud MA, Elminshawy A. Cold atmospheric plasma induces the curing mechanism of diabetic wounds by regulating the oxidative stress mediators iNOS and NO, the pyroptotic mediators NLRP-3, Caspase-1 and IL-1β and the angiogenesis mediators VEGF and Ang-1. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115934. [PMID: 38000357 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) accelerates the wound healing process, however the underlying molecular pathways behind this effect remain unclear. Thus, the goal of the proposed investigation is to elucidate the therapeutic advantages of CAP on angiogenesis, pyroptotic, oxidative stress, and inflammatory mediators during the wound-healing mechanisms associated with diabetes. Intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/Kg) of body weight was used to induce type-1 diabetes. Seventy-five male mice were randomized into 3 groups: the control non-diabetic group, the diabetic group that was not treated, and the diabetic group that was treated with CAP. The key mediators of pyroptosis and its impact on the slow healing process of diabetic wounds were examined using histological investigations employing H&E staining, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and Western blotting analysis. Angiogenesis proteins (VEGF, Ang-1, and HO-1) showed a significant decline in expression concentrations in the diabetic wounds, indicating that diabetic animals' wounds were less likely to heal. Furthermore, compared to the controls, the major mediators of pyroptosis (NLRP-3, IL-1β, and caspase-1), oxidative stress (iNOS and NO), and inflammation (TNF-α and IL-6) have higher expression levels in the diabetic wounds. These factors substantially impede the healing mechanism of diabetic wounds. Interestingly, our results disclosed the therapeutic impacts of CAP treatment in the healing process of diabetic wounds via significantly regulating the expression levels of angiogenesis, pyroptosis, oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory mediators. Our findings demonstrated the curative likelihood of CAP and the underlying mechanisms for enhancing the healing process of diabetic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Badr
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Fayez M El-Hossary
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, 82524 Sohag, Egypt
| | | | - Niemat Z Negm
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, 82524 Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Khalaf
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, 82524 Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Salah
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt; Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Leila H Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mostafa A Abdel-Maksoud
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Elminshawy
- Deptartment of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Guragain RP, Baniya HB, Guragain DP, Pradhan SP, Subedi DP. From seed to sprout: Unveiling the potential of non-thermal plasma for optimizing cucumber growth. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21460. [PMID: 37954337 PMCID: PMC10637995 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Numerous strategies for enhancing seed germination and growth have been employed over the decades. Despite these advancements, there continues to be a demand for more effective techniques, driven by the growing global population. Recently, various forms of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma have garnered attention as environmentally friendly, safe, and cost-effective methods to enhance the agricultural and food sectors. This study explores the remarkable impact of non-thermal plasma (NTP) treatment on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seed germination. Methods A cost-effective, custom-designed power supply operating at line frequency was used for treating seeds, with exposure times ranging from 1 to 7 min. Various germination parameters, including water contact angle measurements, mass loss, water imbibition rate, and seedling length, were evaluated to assess the impact of plasma treatment on seed germination. Results Cucumber seeds exposed to NTP treatment for 3 min and 5 min durations showed significant germination improvements, notably a 57.9 ± 4.25 % higher final germination percentage, 14.5 ± 3.75 % reduced mean germination time, and a remarkable 90.6 ± 4.64 % increase in germination index compared to the control. These results suggest that NTP treatment enhanced seed coat permeability, triggered essential biochemical processes, and expedited water absorption and nutrient assimilation, ultimately fostering faster and more synchronized germination. Conclusions Our findings underscore the potential of NTP as an innovative approach to improving seed germination in agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hom Bahadur Baniya
- Department of Physics, Amrit Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Deepesh Prakash Guragain
- Department of Electronics and Communication, Nepal Engineering College, Pokhara University, Changunarayan, Bhaktapur, Nepal
| | - Suman Prakash Pradhan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Deepak Prasad Subedi
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
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Helium Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Effects on Two Cultivars of Triticum aestivum L. Foods 2023; 12:foods12010208. [PMID: 36613422 PMCID: PMC9818699 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of cold plasma in the treatment of seeds before sowing presents a promising technique for sustainable agriculture. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of cold plasma treatment on the morphology of wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum L. 'Dacic' and 'Otilia'), their germination, biochemical composition, and the nutritional quality of wheat grass. Wheat seeds were morphologically and elementally characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), X-ray computer tomography (CT), and particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Helium was used as a working gas for plasma generation and the analysis of the species produced showed the presence of NOγ, OH, N2 and N2+ and O. Evaluation of germination and plant growth for 10 days (wheat grass stage) highlighted a specific trend for each cultivar. The biochemical analysis of wheat grass highlighted an increase in the chlorophyll content in the plasma-treated variants, an increase in the flavonoid and polyphenol content in 'Dacic'-treated variant, while the soluble protein content, antioxidant activity, and color were not affected. The analysis of the nutritional quality of wheat grass by the FT-NIR analytical technique highlighted an increase in the ash content in the plasma-treated wheat cultivars, while the humidity, proteins, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and energy values were not affected.
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Leti LI, Gerber IC, Mihaila I, Galan PM, Strajeru S, Petrescu DE, Cimpeanu MM, Topala I, Gorgan DL. The Modulatory Effects of Non-Thermal Plasma on Seed’s Morphology, Germination and Genetics—A Review. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11162181. [PMID: 36015483 PMCID: PMC9415020 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is a novel and promising technique in the agricultural field that has the potential to improve vegetal material by modulating the expression of various genes involved in seed germination, plant immune response to abiotic stress, resistance to pathogens, and growth. Seeds are most frequently treated, in order to improve their ability to growth and evolve, but the whole plant can also be treated for a fast adaptive response to stress factors (heat, cold, pathogens). This review focuses mainly on the application of NTP on seeds. Non-thermal plasma treated seeds present both external and internal changes. The external ones include the alterations of seed coat to improve hydrophilicity and the internal ones refer to interfere with cellular processes that are later visible in metabolic and plant biology modifications. The usage of plasma aims to decrease the usage of fertilizers and pesticides in order to reduce the negative impact on natural ecosystem and to reduce the costs of production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia-Ioana Leti
- Plant Genetic Resources Bank, 720224 Suceava, Romania
- Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 700505 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ioana Cristina Gerber
- Integrated Center of Environmental Science Studies in the North-Eastern Development Region, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ilarion Mihaila
- Integrated Center of Environmental Science Studies in the North-Eastern Development Region, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Paula-Maria Galan
- Plant Genetic Resources Bank, 720224 Suceava, Romania
- Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 700505 Iasi, Romania
| | | | | | | | - Ionut Topala
- Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 700505 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (D.-L.G.)
| | - Dragos-Lucian Gorgan
- Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 700505 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (D.-L.G.)
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Priatama RA, Pervitasari AN, Park S, Park SJ, Lee YK. Current Advancements in the Molecular Mechanism of Plasma Treatment for Seed Germination and Plant Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4609. [PMID: 35562997 PMCID: PMC9105374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma has been used in various fields such as plasma medicine, agriculture, food safety and storage, and food manufacturing. In the field of plasma agriculture, plasma treatment improves seed germination, plant growth, and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, allows pesticide removal, and enhances biomass and yield. Currently, the complex molecular mechanisms of plasma treatment in plasma agriculture are fully unexplored, especially those related to seed germination and plant growth. Therefore, in this review, we have summarized the current progress in the application of the plasma treatment technique in plants, including plasma treatment methods, physical and chemical effects, and the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of low-temperature plasma treatment. Additionally, we have discussed the interactions between plasma and seed germination that occur through seed coat modification, reactive species, seed sterilization, heat, and UV radiation in correlation with molecular phenomena, including transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. This review aims to present the mechanisms underlying the effects of plasma treatment and to discuss the potential applications of plasma as a powerful tool, priming agent, elicitor or inducer, and disinfectant in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryza A. Priatama
- Institute of Plasma Technology, Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, 37 Dongjangsan-ro, Gunsan 54004, Korea; (R.A.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Aditya N. Pervitasari
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea;
| | - Seungil Park
- Institute of Plasma Technology, Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, 37 Dongjangsan-ro, Gunsan 54004, Korea; (R.A.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Soon Ju Park
- Division of Biological Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Young Koung Lee
- Institute of Plasma Technology, Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, 37 Dongjangsan-ro, Gunsan 54004, Korea; (R.A.P.); (S.P.)
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Milhan NVM, Chiappim W, Sampaio ADG, Vegian MRDC, Pessoa RS, Koga-Ito CY. Applications of Plasma-Activated Water in Dentistry: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084131. [PMID: 35456947 PMCID: PMC9029124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of water by non-thermal plasma creates a liquid with active constituents referred to as plasma-activated water (PAW). Due to its active constituents, PAW may play an important role in different fields, such as agriculture, the food industry and healthcare. Plasma liquid technology has received attention in recent years due to its versatility and good potential, mainly focused on different health care purposes. This interest has extended to dentistry, since the use of a plasma–liquid technology could bring clinical advantages, compared to direct application of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas (NTAPPs). The aim of this paper is to discuss the applicability of PAW in different areas of dentistry, according to the published literature about NTAPPs and plasma–liquid technology. The direct and indirect application of NTAPPs are presented in the introduction. Posteriorly, the main reactors for generating PAW and its active constituents with a role in biomedical applications are specified, followed by a section that discusses, in detail, the use of PAW as a tool for different oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noala Vicensoto Moreira Milhan
- Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, São José dos Campos Institute of Science & Technology, São Paulo State University, UNESP, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil; (A.d.G.S.); (M.R.d.C.V.); (C.Y.K.-I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-12-991851206
| | - William Chiappim
- Plasma and Processes Laboratory, Department of Physics, Aeronautics Institute of Technology, Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes 50, São José dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil; (W.C.); (R.S.P.)
| | - Aline da Graça Sampaio
- Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, São José dos Campos Institute of Science & Technology, São Paulo State University, UNESP, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil; (A.d.G.S.); (M.R.d.C.V.); (C.Y.K.-I.)
| | - Mariana Raquel da Cruz Vegian
- Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, São José dos Campos Institute of Science & Technology, São Paulo State University, UNESP, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil; (A.d.G.S.); (M.R.d.C.V.); (C.Y.K.-I.)
| | - Rodrigo Sávio Pessoa
- Plasma and Processes Laboratory, Department of Physics, Aeronautics Institute of Technology, Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes 50, São José dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil; (W.C.); (R.S.P.)
| | - Cristiane Yumi Koga-Ito
- Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, São José dos Campos Institute of Science & Technology, São Paulo State University, UNESP, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil; (A.d.G.S.); (M.R.d.C.V.); (C.Y.K.-I.)
- Department of Environment Engineering, São José dos Campos Institute of Science & Technology, São Paulo State University, UNESP, São Paulo 12247-016, Brazil
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