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Suyambulingam I, Sudherson DPS, Perumal SN, Perumal SN. Comprehensive characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from lemon grass (Cymbopogan citratus) oil extraction agro-industrial waste for cementitious composites applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132644. [PMID: 38821808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Presently, the construction industry demands components that are exceptionally strong and long-lasting. The initial important construction material is concrete, which contains between 1 % and 2 % of air voids. The structural damage caused by water that enters through the air spaces are improved with filler material. Chemical filler materials are environmentally harmful; therefore, eco-friendly materials are selected for this study. The environmentally benign character of agro-waste byproduct usage is a driving factor in the field of research. Numerous uses can be found for waste materials, especially after they have been repurposed. We used a byproduct of an essential oil extraction company, an extract made from the leaves of lemon grass (Cymbopogan citrus), in our research. Alkalization, slow pyrolysis, acid hydrolysis, and bleaching are only some of the chemical treatments that could be used to easily extract microcrystalline cellulose from the discarded waste material. In our study the chemicals used are mild harmful to the environment and a surface reactant (linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid) is utilised to bleach and purify the microcrystalline cellulose. Thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform spectroscopy were all used to learn more about the cellulose that had been extracted. The extracted cellulose powder comprises a high crystallinity index (68.14 %) and low crystallite size (5.13 nm) found using X-ray diffraction analysis. The smooth and porous surface is observable in scanning electron microscope analysis. The Differential scanning calorimeter curve shows the highest degradation temperature at 218.16 °C. The micro sized particles mostly range between 100 and 120 μm and are found using ImageJ. The surface roughness and permissible skewness of cellulose particles were examined using atomic force microscopy. The density of extracted cellulose is 1.092 g/cm3. The microcrystalline cellulose yield % was notably maximum (40.45 %). This cellulose was introduced in a M30 grade cement concrete as fillers up to 5 % by the weight of cement. The fresh and mechanical properties of the concrete was found to get improved with the addition of cellulose up to 3 %. As a result, the characteristics of cellulose boost its utility within the construction sector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sunesh Narayana Perumal
- Rohini College of Engineering and Technology, Palkulam, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu 629401, India
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Tefera G, Adali S, Bright G. Flexural failure properties of fiber-reinforced hybrid laminated beam subject to three-point bending. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9792. [PMID: 38684753 PMCID: PMC11058278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the flexural failure properties of a hybrid laminate beam subjected to three-point bending. A symmetrically laminated hybrid beam is constructed using high-strain and inexpensive glass fibre on the top layers and low-strain and expensive carbon fiber on the middle layers. Classical lamination plate theory is used to find the stress and strain distribution that occurs due to the bending moment on the compressive side. The theoretical failure limits of the laminated hybrid beam are analyzed considering the targeted span-to-depth ratios, volume fractions of the fibers and hybrid ratios using the Tsai-Wu failure criterion and Matlab codes. Using the graph of failure index versus hybrid ratios, the minimum thickness of carbon fiber needed for the delay of failure and cost efficiency of the laminated hybrid beam is identified by applying the linear interpolation method. The numerical results indicate that the failure index increases with the increasing loading span and decreases when the volume fraction of fiber increases. In particular, the placement of glass fiber on the top layer of the laminated hybrid beam might have contributed to obtaining higher strains and curvatures before the catastrophic failure properties of carbon fiber. The flexural stiffness of the laminates is found to increase when the hybrid ratio increases. Overall, it is noted that the theoretical analysis is one method that is less time-consuming and cost-effective than other alternative approaches, such as finite element methods and experimental tests to estimate the minimum thickness of high-stiffness and the expensive material needed to maintain the strength and stiffness of the hybrid composite structures over long periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getahun Tefera
- Discipline of Mechanical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Sarp Adali
- Discipline of Mechanical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Glen Bright
- Discipline of Mechanical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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3
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Okeola AA, Hernandez-Limon JE, Tatar J. Core-Shell Rubber Nanoparticle-Modified CFRP/Steel Ambient-Cured Adhesive Joints: Curing Kinetics and Mechanical Behavior. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:749. [PMID: 38591654 PMCID: PMC10856704 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Externally bonded wet-layup carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthening systems are extensively used in concrete structures but have not found widespread use in deficient steel structures. To address the challenges of the adhesive bonding of wet-layup CFRP to steel substrates, this study investigated the effect of core-shell rubber (CSR) nanoparticles on the curing kinetics, glass transition temperature (Tg) and mechanical properties of ambient-cured epoxy/CSR blends. The effects of silane coupling agent and CSR on the adhesive bond properties of CFRP/steel joints were also investigated. The results indicate that CSR nanoparticles have a mild catalytic effect on the curing kinetics of epoxy under ambient conditions. The effect of CSR on the Tg of epoxy was negligible. Epoxy adhesives modified with 5 to 20%wt. of CSR nanoparticles were characterized with improved ductility over brittle neat epoxy; however, the addition of CSR nanoparticles reduced tensile strength and modulus of the adhesives. An up to 250% increase in the single-lap shear strength of CFRP/steel joints was accomplished in CSR-modified joints over neat epoxy adhesive joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abass Abayomi Okeola
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (A.A.O.); (J.E.H.-L.)
| | - Jorge E. Hernandez-Limon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (A.A.O.); (J.E.H.-L.)
| | - Jovan Tatar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Center for Composite Materials, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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4
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Ortiz JD, Khedmatgozar Dolati SS, Malla P, Nanni A, Mehrabi A. FRP-Reinforced/Strengthened Concrete: State-of-the-Art Review on Durability and Mechanical Effects. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1990. [PMID: 36903105 PMCID: PMC10004140 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have gained increasing recognition and application in the field of civil engineering in recent decades due to their notable mechanical properties and chemical resistance. However, FRP composites may also be affected by harsh environmental conditions (e.g., water, alkaline solutions, saline solutions, elevated temperature) and exhibit mechanical phenomena (e.g., creep rupture, fatigue, shrinkage) that could affect the performance of the FRP reinforced/strengthened concrete (FRP-RSC) elements. This paper presents the current state-of-the-art on the key environmental and mechanical conditions affecting the durability and mechanical properties of the main FRP composites used in reinforced concrete (RC) structures (i.e., Glass/vinyl-ester FRP bars and Carbon/epoxy FRP fabrics for internal and external application, respectively). The most likely sources and their effects on the physical/mechanical properties of FRP composites are highlighted herein. In general, no more than 20% tensile strength was reported in the literature for the different exposures without combined effects. Additionally, some provisions for the serviceability design of FRP-RSC elements (e.g., environmental factors, creep reduction factor) are examined and commented upon to understand the implications of the durability and mechanical properties. Furthermore, the differences in serviceability criteria for FRP and steel RC elements are highlighted. Through familiarity with their behavior and effects on enhancing the long-term performance of RSC elements, it is expected that the results of this study will help in the proper use of FRP materials for concrete structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús D. Ortiz
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | | | - Pranit Malla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Antonio Nanni
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Armin Mehrabi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
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Zhang Q, Zhang X, Liu Q. Compression Behavior of Concrete Columns Strengthened with Fiber-Reinforced Inorganic Composites Based on Magnesium Phosphate Cement. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1258. [PMID: 36770264 PMCID: PMC9919692 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have become attractive for strengthening and repairing deteriorated concrete structures. However, their poor high-temperature resistance and durability in some extreme environments, such as frequent water-vapor erosion and temperature changes, limit their application. Magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) has been used to repair damaged concrete due to its excellent high-temperature resistance and durability. Therefore, this paper aims to study the compressive behavior of concrete columns strengthened with fiber-reinforced inorganic polymer (FRiP) composites based on magnesium phosphate cement so as to evaluate the confinement effect. Twenty-one cylindrical specimens were prepared to examine the axial compressive behavior of carbon-fiber-reinforced inorganic polymer (CFRiP) specimens based on magnesium phosphate cement confined by one to three layers of carbon-fiber fabrics. They are compared with concrete specimens strengthened with epoxy-based FRP and unconfined concrete specimens. The test results show that compared with the unconfined concrete specimen, the strength of the CFRiP-strengthened specimens based on magnesium phosphate increases by 1.69-2.50 times, and their ultimate strain is enlarged by 1.83-3.50 times. The strength and ultimate strain of the CFRiP-strengthened specimens based on magnesium phosphate are approximately 95% and 60% of those of the specimens strengthened with epoxy-based FRP, respectively. A semiempirical model of concrete confined by the CFRiP system based on magnesium phosphate cement is also proposed. The theoretical prediction is finally compared with the experimental results, indicating that the developed model provides a prediction close to the test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
- Key Laboratory of Building Structural Retrofitting and Underground Space Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jinan 250101, China
- Engineering Research Institute of Appraisal and Strengthening of Shandong Jianzhu University Co., Ltd., Jinan 250014, China
| | - Qiaoling Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
- Key Laboratory of Building Structural Retrofitting and Underground Space Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jinan 250101, China
- Engineering Research Institute of Appraisal and Strengthening of Shandong Jianzhu University Co., Ltd., Jinan 250014, China
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Parametric Design Studies of Mass-Related Global Warming Potential and Construction Costs of FRP-Reinforced Concrete Infrastructure. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122383. [PMID: 35745960 PMCID: PMC9227212 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibre-reinforced polymers (FRPs) are a promising corrosion-resistant alternative to steel reinforcement. FRPs are, however, generally costly and have a high energy demand during production. The question arises whether the high performance of FRPs and possible savings in concrete mass can counterbalance initial costs and environmental impact. In this paper, a parametric design study that considers a broad range of concrete infrastructure, namely a rail platform barrier, a retaining wall and a bridge, is conducted to assess the mass-related global warming potential and material costs. Design equations are parametrised to derive optimum reinforced concrete cross-sectional designs that fulfil the stated requirements for the serviceability limit state and ultimate limit state. Conventional steel reinforcement, glass and carbon FRP reinforcement options are evaluated. It is observed that the cross-sectional design has a significant influence on the environmental impact and cost, with local extrema for both categories determinable when the respective values become a minimum. When comparing the cradle-to-gate impact of the different materials, the fibre-reinforced polymer-reinforced structures are found to provide roughly equivalent or, in some cases, slightly more sustainable solutions than steel-reinforced structures in terms of the global warming potential, but the material costs are higher. In general, the size of the structure determines the cost competitiveness and sustainability of the FRP-reinforced concrete options with the rail platform barrier application showing the greatest potential.
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Tran QD, Nhut PV, Matsumoto Y. Multi-Bolted Connection for Pultruded Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer’s Structure: A Study on Strengthening by Multiaxial Glass Fiber Sheets. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081561. [PMID: 35458310 PMCID: PMC9026317 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pultruded Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers (PGFRPs) are becoming a new mainstream in civil construction because of their advantageous properties. One of two main elements, glass fibers, have been constructed by unidirectional glass roving in applicate progress. PGFRPs do not have high shear strength, which is determined by another element is the matrix. In the future, the demand for enhanced serviceability of existing PGFRP structures could be seen as unavoidable. Therefore, multi-bolted connection being the most typical type of connecting member, strengthening the connection performance of PGFRPs through connection is necessary. Previous researchers have studied several methods for improving connection capacity, including pasting glass fiber sheets (GFS). However, experimental research is lacking for multi-bolted connection. This study investigated several strategies of specimens, including the quantity of bolts (two bolts, four bolts, and five bolts); the end distance/diameter ratio (e = 2d; e = 3d) under tensile load; and three types of glass fiber sheets (GFS) (0°/90°, ±45° and chopped strand mat (CSM)). The experiment’s results showed the strengthening effects and the failure mode on the specimens. These findings could address the gap in knowledge that needs to be resolved with respect to PGFRPs’ composite design, through evaluation and discussion of their behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Duc Tran
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Aichi, Japan; (P.V.N.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Phan Viet Nhut
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Aichi, Japan; (P.V.N.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Technology and Education-The University of Danang, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Yukihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Aichi, Japan; (P.V.N.); (Y.M.)
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Mechanical Behavior of GFRP Laminates Exposed to Thermal and Moist Environmental Conditions: Experimental and Model Assessment. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081523. [PMID: 35458273 PMCID: PMC9030624 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an experimental and analytical study about the mechanical response at a different temperature on glass fiber-reinforced polymer laminates. The effect of different environmental conditions on compressive, tensile, stiffness, and viscoelastic behavior (storage modulus, loss modulus and damping ratio) of laminates were investigated. Before testing, laminates were preserved in a deep freezer at −80 °C, −20 °C, 0 °C, and room temperature (25 °C) for up to 60 days. Results confirmed that temperatures ranging from −80 to 50 °C, which were below the glass transition temperature of the epoxy resin, did not significantly affect the compressive, tensile, and stiffness performance of all laminates. When the testing temperature increased to 100 °C, the properties were decreased significantly due to the damaging of the fiber/matrix interface. Additionally, results obtained from dynamic mechanical analyses tests showed a drop-in storage modulus, high peaks in loss modulus and high damping factor at the glass transition region of the epoxy resin. The highest storage modulus, two phases of glassy states and highest damping ratio on the −80/G group of laminates were obtained. The accuracy of experimental results was assessed with empirical models on the storage modulus behavior of laminates. The empirical model developed by Gibson et al. provided accurate estimates of the storage modulus as a function of temperature and frequency. The remaining empirical models were less accurate and non-conservative estimations of laminates stiffness.
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Abd-Elnaiem AM, Salman OS, Hakamy A, Hussein SI. Mechanical Characteristics and Thermal Stability of Hybrid Epoxy and Acrylic Polymer Coating/Nanoclay of Various Thicknesses. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-022-02270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Sienkiewicz N, Dominic M, Parameswaranpillai J. Natural Fillers as Potential Modifying Agents for Epoxy Composition: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14020265. [PMID: 35054672 PMCID: PMC8782032 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resins as important organic matrices, thanks to their chemical structure and the possibility of modification, have unique properties, which contribute to the fact that these materials have been used in many composite industries for many years. Epoxy resins are repeatedly used in exacting applications due to their exquisite mechanical properties, thermal stability, scratch resistance, and chemical resistance. Moreover, epoxy materials also have really strong resistance to solvents, chemical attacks, and climatic aging. The presented features confirm the fact that there is a constant interest of scientists in the modification of resins and understanding its mechanisms, as well as in the development of these materials to obtain systems with the required properties. Most of the recent studies in the literature are focused on green fillers such as post-agricultural waste powder (cashew nuts powder, coconut shell powder, rice husks, date seed), grass fiber (bamboo fibers), bast/leaf fiber (hemp fibers, banana bark fibers, pineapple leaf), and other natural fibers (waste tea fibers, palm ash) as reinforcement for epoxy resins rather than traditional non-biodegradable fillers due to their sustainability, low cost, wide availability, and the use of waste, which is environmentally friendly. Furthermore, the advantages of natural fillers over traditional fillers are acceptable specific strength and modulus, lightweight, and good biodegradability, which is very desirable nowadays. Therefore, the development and progress of "green products" based on epoxy resin and natural fillers as reinforcements have been increasing. Many uses of natural plant-derived fillers include many plant wastes, such as banana bark, coconut shell, and waste peanut shell, can be found in the literature. Partially biodegradable polymers obtained by using natural fillers and epoxy polymers can successfully reduce the undesirable epoxy and synthetic fiber waste. Additionally, partially biopolymers based on epoxy resins, which will be presented in the paper, are more useful than commercial polymers due to the low cost and improved good thermomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sienkiewicz
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Midhun Dominic
- Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Kochi 682013, Kerala, India;
| | - Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai
- Department of Science, Faculty of Science & Technology, Alliance University, Chandapura-Anekal Main Road, Bengaluru 562106, Karnataka, India; or
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Nurazzi NM, Asyraf MRM, Rayung M, Norrrahim MNF, Shazleen SS, Rani MSA, Shafi AR, Aisyah HA, Radzi MHM, Sabaruddin FA, Ilyas RA, Zainudin ES, Abdan K. Thermogravimetric Analysis Properties of Cellulosic Natural Fiber Polymer Composites: A Review on Influence of Chemical Treatments. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162710. [PMID: 34451248 PMCID: PMC8399699 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural fiber such as bamboo fiber, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber, kenaf fiber, and sugar palm fiber-reinforced polymer composites are being increasingly developed for lightweight structures with high specific strength in the automotive, marine, aerospace, and construction industries with significant economic benefits, sustainability, and environmental benefits. The plant-based natural fibers are hydrophilic, which is incompatible with hydrophobic polymer matrices. This leads to a reduction of their interfacial bonding and to the poor thermal stability performance of the resulting fiber-reinforced polymer composite. Based on the literature, the effect of chemical treatment of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites had significantly influenced the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) together with the thermal stability performance of the composite structure. In this review, the effect of chemical treatments used on cellulose natural fiber-reinforced thermoplastic and thermosetting polymer composites has been reviewed. From the present review, the TGA data are useful as guidance in determining the purity and composition of the composites’ structures, drying, and the ignition temperatures of materials. Knowing the stability temperatures of compounds based on their weight, changes in the temperature dependence is another factor to consider regarding the effectiveness of chemical treatments for the purpose of synergizing the chemical bonding between the natural fiber with polymer matrix or with the synthetic fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Nurazzi
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - M. Rayung
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - M. N. F. Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - S. S. Shazleen
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
| | - M. S. A. Rani
- School of Materials and Minerals Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - A. R. Shafi
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
| | - H. A. Aisyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - M. H. M. Radzi
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar 02100, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - F. A. Sabaruddin
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - K. Abdan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (K.A.)
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12
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Frigione M, Rodríguez-Prieto A. Can Accelerated Aging Procedures Predict the Long Term Behavior of Polymers Exposed to Different Environments? Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162688. [PMID: 34451228 PMCID: PMC8398581 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During their useful life, polymers are subject to degradation processes due to exposure to specific environmental conditions over long times. These processes generally lead to changes, almost always irreversible, of properties and performances of polymers, changes which would be useful to be able to predict in advance. To meet this need, numerous investigations have been focused on the possibility to predict the long-term performance of polymers, if exposed to specific environments, by the so called “accelerated aging” tests. In such procedures, the long-term behavior of polymeric materials is typically predicted by subjecting them to cycles of radiations, temperatures, vapor condensation, and other external agents, at levels well above those found in true conditions in order to accelerate the degradation of polymers: this can produce effects that substantially deviate from those observable under natural exposure. Even following the standard codes, different environmental parameters are often used in the diverse studies, making it difficult to compare different investigations. The correlation of results from accelerated procedures with data collected after natural exposure is still a debated matter. Furthermore, since the environmental conditions are a function of the season and the geographical position, and are also characteristic of the type of exposure area, the environmental parameters to be used in accelerated aging tests should also consider these variables. These and other issues concerning accelerated aging tests applied to polymers are analyzed in the present work. However, bearing in mind the limitations of these practices, they can find useful applications for rating the durability of polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariaenrica Frigione
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Prov. le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0832-297215
| | - Alvaro Rodríguez-Prieto
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Industrial Inspection and Technical Assistance, SGS Tecnos, 28042 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Almudaihesh F, Grigg S, Holford K, Pullin R, Eaton M. An Assessment of the Effect of Progressive Water Absorption on the Interlaminar Strength of Unidirectional Carbon/Epoxy Composites Using Acoustic Emission. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:4351. [PMID: 34202169 PMCID: PMC8271434 DOI: 10.3390/s21134351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymers (CFRPs) in aerospace applications are expected to operate in moist environments where carbon fibres have high resistance to water absorption; however, polymers do not. To develop a truly optimised structure, it is important to understand this degradation process. This study aims to expand the understanding of the role of water absorption on fibrous/polymeric structures, particularly in a matrix-dominant property, namely interlaminar strength. This work used Acoustic Emission (AE), which could be integrated into any Structural Health Monitoring System for aerospace applications, optical strain measurements, and microscopy to provide an assessment of the gradual change in failure mechanisms due to the degradation of a polymer's structure with increasing water absorption. CFRP specimens were immersed in purified water and kept at a constant temperature of 90 °C for 3, 9, 24 and 43 days. The resulting interlaminar strength was investigated through short-beam strength (SBS) testing. The SBS values decreased as immersion times were increased; the decrease was significant at longer immersion times (up to 24.47%). Failures evolved with increased immersion times, leading to a greater number of delaminations and more intralaminar cracking. Failure modes, such as crushing and multiple delaminations, were observed at longer immersion times, particularly after 24 and 43 days, where a pure interlaminar shear failure did not occur. The observed transition in failure mechanism showed that failure of aged specimens was triggered by a crushing of the upper surface plies leading to progressive delamination at multiple ply interfaces in the upper half of the specimen. The crushing occurred at a load below that required to initiate a pure shear failure and hence represents an under prediction of the true SBS of the sample. This is a common test used to assess environmental degradation of composites and these results show that conservative knockdown factors may be used in design. AE was able to distinguish different material behaviours prior to final fracture for unaged and aged specimens suggesting that it can be integrated into an aerospace asset management system. AE results were validated using optical measurements and microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisel Almudaihesh
- Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen’s Building, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK; (S.G.); (K.H.); (R.P.); (M.E.)
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14
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Rudawska A, Frigione M. Cold-Cured Bisphenolic Epoxy Adhesive Filled with Low Amounts of CaCO 3: Effect of the Filler on the Durability to Aqueous Environments. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061324. [PMID: 33801866 PMCID: PMC7998940 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of aging exposures to three non-saline aqueous environments on the compressive mechanical properties of a calcium carbonate-filled bisphenolic epoxy adhesive, cold-cured with the addition of two curing agents suitable for the cure at ambient temperature (i.e., Mannich base and triethylenetetramine), were assessed. The amount of the added filler (CaCO3) varied from 1 to 3 g per 100 g of resin; the immersion times in each of the selected medium varied from 1 to 10 months. It was found that the mechanical properties measured in compression mode on cylindrical specimens of unfilled and CaCO3-loaded epoxy were scarcely influenced by the kind of curing agent employed; only the compressive modulus was limitedly affected by this parameter. Referring to the behavior when aged in water, the CaCO3-filled epoxies displayed noticeable growths in modulus, small reductions in strength, and limited variations in strain, with a certain influence of the exposure time, especially when comparing the properties at the lowest time with those at medium–long times. On the basis of the results of statistical MANOVA analysis, it can be concluded that among the compositional factors (i.e., the type of curing agent employed to cure the epoxy compounds and the micro-filler content), only the amount of CaCO3 filler significantly affects the compressive modulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rudawska
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36 St., 20-618 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48 81 5384232
| | - Mariaenrica Frigione
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
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15
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Durability of Externally Bonded Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites in Concrete Structures: A Critical Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050765. [PMID: 33671103 PMCID: PMC7957503 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer composites have been in use in civil infrastructure for decades, but their long-term performance is still difficult to predict due to many knowledge gaps in the understanding of degradation mechanisms. This paper summarizes critical durability issues associated with the application of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for rehabilitation of concrete structures. A variety of factors that affect the longevity of FRP composites are discussed: installation, quality control, material selection, and environmental conditions. Critical review of design approaches currently used in various international design guidelines is presented to identify potential opportunities for refinement of design guidance with respect to durability. Interdisciplinary approaches that combine materials science and structural engineering are recognized as having potential to develop composites with improved durability.
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16
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Ahmed RM, Ibrahiem AA, El-Bayoumi AS, Atta MM. Structural, mechanical, and dielectric properties of polyvinylchloride/graphene nano platelets composites. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2020.1845493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. M. Ahmed
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - A. A. Ibrahiem
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - A. S. El-Bayoumi
- Radiation Physics Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M. M. Atta
- Radiation Physics Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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17
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Glaskova-Kuzmina T, Aniskevich A, Papanicolaou G, Portan D, Zotti A, Borriello A, Zarrelli M. Hydrothermal Aging of an Epoxy Resin Filled with Carbon Nanofillers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1153. [PMID: 32443583 PMCID: PMC7284495 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of temperature and moisture on flexural and thermomechanical properties of neat and filled epoxy with both multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon nanofibers (CNF), and their hybrid components were investigated. Two regimes of environmental aging were applied: Water absorption at 70 °C until equilibrium moisture content and thermal heating at 70 °C for the same time period. Three-point bending and dynamic mechanical tests were carried out for all samples before and after conditioning. The property prediction model (PPM) was successfully applied for the prediction of the modulus of elasticity in bending of manufactured specimens subjected to both water absorption and thermal aging. It was experimentally confirmed that, due to addition of carbon nanofillers to the epoxy resin, the sorption, flexural, and thermomechanical characteristics were slightly improved compared to the neat system. Considering experimental and theoretical results, most of the epoxy composites filled with hybrid carbon nanofiller revealed the lowest effect of temperature and moisture on material properties, along with the lowest sorption characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrey Aniskevich
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia;
| | - George Papanicolaou
- Composite Materials Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece; (G.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Diana Portan
- Composite Materials Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece; (G.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Aldobenedetto Zotti
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.Z.); (A.B.); (M.Z.)
| | - Anna Borriello
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.Z.); (A.B.); (M.Z.)
| | - Mauro Zarrelli
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.Z.); (A.B.); (M.Z.)
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18
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Effect of Fibers Configuration and Thickness on Tensile Behavior of GFRP Laminates Exposed to Harsh Environment. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11091401. [PMID: 31455018 PMCID: PMC6780183 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study indicates the importance of using glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) laminates with appropriate thickness and fibers orientation when exposed to harsh environmental conditions. The effect of different environmental conditions on tensile properties of different GFRP laminates is investigated. Laminates were exposed to three environmental conditions: (1) Freeze/thaw cycles without the presence of moisture, (2) freeze/thaw cycles with the presence of moisture and (3) UV radiation and water vapor condensation cycles. The effect of fiber configuration and laminate thickness were investigated by considering three types of fiber arrangement: (1) Continuous unidirectional, (2) continuous woven and (3) chopped strand mat and two thicknesses (2 and 5 mm). Microstructure and tensile properties of the laminates after exposure to different periods of conditioning (0, 750, 1250 and 2000 h) were studied using SEM and tensile tests. Statistical analyses were used to quantify the obtained results and propose prediction models. The results showed that the condition comprising UV radiation and moisture condition was the most aggressive, while dry freeze/thaw environment was the least. Furthermore, the laminates with chopped strand mat and continuous unidirectional fibers respectively experienced the highest and the lowest reductions properties in all environmental conditions. The maximum reductions in tensile strength for chopped strand mat laminates were about 7%, 32%, and 42% in the dry freeze/thaw, wet freeze/thaw and UV with moisture environments, respectively. The corresponding decreases in the tensile strength for unidirectional laminates were negligible, 17% and 23%, whereas those for the woven laminates were and 7%, 24%, and 34%.
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19
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Awad SA, Mahini SS, Fellows CM. Modification of the resistance of two epoxy resins to accelerated weathering using calcium sulfate as a photostabilizer. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2019.1578179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sameer A. Awad
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Anbar, Anbar, Iraq
| | - Seyed S. Mahini
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
- School of Engineering, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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20
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Strength and Durability Study of Concrete Structures Using Aramid-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer. FIBERS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fib7020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) is an important material used for strengthening and retrofitting of reinforced concrete structures. Commonly used fibers are glass, carbon, and aramid fibers. The durability of structures can be extended by selecting an appropriate method of strengthening. FRP wrapping is one of the easiest methods for repair, retrofit, and maintenance of structural elements. Deterioration of structures may be due to moisture content, salt water, or contact with alkali solutions. Using FRP, additional strength can be gained by structural elements. This paper investigates the durability of aramid-fiber-wrapped concrete cube specimens subjected to acid attack and temperature rise. The study focuses on the durability of aramid-fiber-wrapped concrete by considering the compressive strength parameter of the concrete cube. Concrete cubes are prepared as specimens with a double wrapping of aramid fibers. Diluted hydrochloric acid solution is used for immersion of specimens for curing periods of 7, 30, and 70 days. The aramid-fiber wrapping reduces weight loss by 40% and improves compressive strength by 140%. In a fire resistance test, the specimens were kept in a hot air oven at a temperature of 200 °C at different time intervals. Even after fire attack, weight loss in specimens reduced by 60%, with about 150% enhancement in compressive strength due to aramid fiber.
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21
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Zhou L, Zheng Y, Taylor SE. Finite-Element Investigation of the Structural Behavior of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP)- Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) Decks Slabs in Thompson Bridge. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E678. [PMID: 30966712 PMCID: PMC6404165 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for a sustainable development and improved whole life performance of concrete infrastructure has led to the requirement of more durable and sustainable concrete bridges alongside accurate predictive analysis tools. Using the combination of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) with industrial by-products and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP), reinforcement is anticipated to address the concerns of high carbon footprint and corrosion in traditional steel-reinforced concrete structures. This paper presents a numerical investigation of the structural behavior of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP)-reinforced SCC deck slabs in a real bridge, named Thompson Bridge, constructed in Northern Ireland, U.K. A non-linear finite element (FE) model is proposed by using ABAQUS 6.10 in this study, which is aimed at extending the previous investigation of the field test in Thompson Bridge. The results of this field test were used to validate the accuracy of the proposed finite element model. The results showed good agreement between the test results and the numerical results; more importantly, the compressive membrane action (CMA) inside the slabs could be well demonstrated by this FE model. Subsequently, a series of parametric studies was conducted to investigate the influence of different parameters on the structural performance of the deck slabs in Thompson Bridge. The results of the analyses are discussed, and conclusions on the behavior of the SCC deck slabs reinforced by BFRP bars are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhu Zhou
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523080, China.
- Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Yu Zheng
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523080, China.
| | - Susan E Taylor
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG, UK.
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22
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Dmitrenko M, Penkova A, Kuzminova A, Missyul A, Ermakov S, Roizard D. Development and Characterization of New Pervaporation PVA Membranes for the Dehydration Using Bulk and Surface Modifications. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E571. [PMID: 30966604 PMCID: PMC6403536 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, the novel dense and supported membranes based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with improved transport properties were developed by bulk and surface modifications. Bulk modification included the blending of PVA with chitosan (CS) and the creation of a mixed-matrix membrane by introduction of fullerenol. This significantly altered the internal structure of PVA membrane, which led to an increase in permeability with high selectivity to water. Surface modification of the developed modified dense membranes, based on composites PVA-CS and PVA-fullerenol-CS, was performed through (i) making of a supported membrane with a thin selective composite layer and (ii) applying of the layer-by-layer assembly (LbL) method for coating of nano-sized polyelectrolyte (PEL) layers to increase the membrane productivity. The nature of polyelectrolyte type-(poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), CS), and number of PEL bilayers (2⁻10)-were studied. The structure of the composite membranes was investigated by FTIR, X-ray diffraction, and SEM. Transport properties were studied during the pervaporation separation of 80% isopropanol⁻20% water mixture. It was shown that supported membrane consisting of hybrid layer of PVA-fullerenol (5%)⁻chitosan (20%) with five polyelectrolyte bilayers (PSS, CS) deposited on it had the best transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dmitrenko
- St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Anastasia Penkova
- St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Anna Kuzminova
- St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Alexander Missyul
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sergey Ermakov
- St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Denis Roizard
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC, 1 rue Granville, 54000 Nancy, France.
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