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Dubashynskaya NV, Bokatyi AN, Sall TS, Egorova TS, Demyanova EV, Dubrovskii YA, Murashko EA, Anufrikov YA, Shasherina AY, Vlasova EN, Skorik YA. Hyaluronan/B12-chitosan polyelectrolyte complex for oral colistin administration. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130177. [PMID: 38360229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) based on polysaccharides, including hyaluronic acid (HA) and chitosan (CS), are promising delivery systems for antimicrobial agents, including oral administration of the peptide antibiotic colistin (CT). Modification of CS with different targeting ligands to improve intestinal permeability is a suitable way to improve the oral bioavailability of polyelectrolyte particles. This study describes the procedure for obtaining CT-containing PECs based on HA and CS modified with cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12). In this case, vitamin B12 is used as a targeting ligand because it is absorbed in the ileum via specific transporter proteins. The resulting PECs had a hydrodynamic size of about 284 nm and a positive ζ-potential of about 26 mV; the encapsulation efficiency was 88.2 % and the CT content was 42.2 μg/mg. The developed systems provided a two-phase drug release: about 50 % of the CT was released in 0.5-1 h, and about 60 % of the antibiotic was cumulatively released in 5 h. The antimicrobial activity of encapsulated CT was maintained at the same level as the pure drug for at least 24 h (minimum inhibitory concentration against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 2 μg/mL for both). In addition, the apparent permeability coefficient of CT in the PEC formulation was 2.4 × 10-6 cm/s. Thus, the incorporation of CT into HA- and vitamin B12-modified CS-based PECs can be considered as a simple and convenient method to improve the oral delivery of CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natallia V Dubashynskaya
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Anton N Bokatyi
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Tatiana S Sall
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Acad. Pavlov St. 12, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Tatiana S Egorova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, St Petersburg 197110, Russia
| | - Elena V Demyanova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, St Petersburg 197110, Russia
| | - Yaroslav A Dubrovskii
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova 2, St. Petersburg 197341, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina A Murashko
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova 2, St. Petersburg 197341, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri A Anufrikov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, Peterhof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Y Shasherina
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, Peterhof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena N Vlasova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Yury A Skorik
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia.
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2
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Rajpersaud T, Tabandeh S, Leon L, Loverde SM. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Polyelectrolyte Complexes. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1468-1480. [PMID: 38366971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) are currently of great interest due to their applications toward developing new adaptive materials and their relevance in membraneless organelles. These complexes emerge during phase separation when oppositely charged polymers are mixed in aqueous media. Peptide-based PECs are particularly useful toward developing new drug delivery methods due to their inherent biocompatibility. The underlying peptide sequence can be tuned to optimize specific material properties of the complex, such as interfacial tension and viscosity. Given their applicability, it would be advantageous to understand the underlying sequence-dependent phase behavior of oppositely charged peptides. Here, we report microsecond molecular dynamic simulations to characterize the effect of hydrophobicity on the sequence-dependent peptide conformation for model polypeptide sequences that were previously reported by Tabandeh et al. These sequences are designed with alternating chirality of the peptide backbone. We present microsecond simulations of six oppositely charged peptide pairs, characterizing the sequence-dependent effect on peptide size, degree of hydrogen bonding, secondary structure, and conformation. This analysis recapitulates sensible trends in peptide conformation and degree of hydrogen bonding, consistent with experimentally reported results. Ramachandran plots reveal that backbone conformation at the single amino acid level is highly influenced by the neighboring sequence in the chain. These results give insight into how subtle changes in hydrophobic side chain size and chirality influence the strength of hydrogen bonding between the chains and, ultimately, the secondary structure. Furthermore, principal component analysis reveals that the minimum energy structures may be subtly modulated by the underlying sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Rajpersaud
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Sara Tabandeh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816, United States
| | - Lorraine Leon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816, United States
| | - Sharon M Loverde
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, 2800 Victory Boulevard, Staten Island, NY 10314, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, United States
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3
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Gholap AD, Kapare HS, Pagar S, Kamandar P, Bhowmik D, Vishwakarma N, Raikwar S, Garkal A, Mehta TA, Rojekar S, Hatvate N, Mohanto S. Exploring modified chitosan-based gene delivery technologies for therapeutic advancements. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129581. [PMID: 38266848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
One of the critical steps in gene therapy is the successful delivery of the genes. Immunogenicity and toxicity are major issues for viral gene delivery systems. Thus, non-viral vectors are explored. A cationic polysaccharide like chitosan could be used as a nonviral gene delivery vector owing to its significant interaction with negatively charged nucleic acid and biomembrane, providing effective cellular uptake. However, the native chitosan has issues of targetability, unpacking ability, and solubility along with poor buffer capability, hence requiring modifications for effective use in gene delivery. Modified chitosan has shown that the "proton sponge effect" involved in buffering the endosomal pH results in osmotic swelling owing to the accumulation of a greater amount of proton and chloride along with water. The major challenges include limited exploration of chitosan as a gene carrier, the availability of high-purity chitosan for toxicity reduction, and its immunogenicity. The genetic drugs are in their infancy phase and require further exploration for effective delivery of nucleic acid molecules as FDA-approved marketed formulations soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol D Gholap
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harshad S Kapare
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune 411018, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sakshi Pagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Pallavi Kamandar
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431203, India
| | - Deblina Bhowmik
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431203, India
| | - Nikhar Vishwakarma
- Department of Pharmacy, Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology and Sciences, Jabalpur 482003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sarjana Raikwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar 470003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Atul Garkal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujrat, India
| | - Tejal A Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujrat, India
| | - Satish Rojekar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Navnath Hatvate
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431203, India.
| | - Sourav Mohanto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka 575018, India
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4
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Visan AI, Cristescu R. Polysaccharide-Based Coatings as Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2227. [PMID: 37765196 PMCID: PMC10537422 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic polysaccharide-based coatings have recently emerged as versatile strategies to transform a conventional medical implant into a drug delivery system. However, the translation of these polysaccharide-based coatings into the clinic as drug delivery systems still requires a deeper understanding of their drug degradation/release profiles. This claim is supported by little or no data. In this review paper, a comprehensive description of the benefits and challenges generated by the polysaccharide-based coatings is provided. Moreover, the latest advances made towards the application of the most important representative coatings based on polysaccharide types for drug delivery are debated. Furthermore, suggestions/recommendations for future research to speed up the transition of polysaccharide-based drug delivery systems from the laboratory testing to clinical applications are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ioana Visan
- National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Ilfov, Romania
| | - Rodica Cristescu
- National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Ilfov, Romania
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Ab'lah N, Yusuf CYL, Rojsitthisak P, Wong TW. Reinvention of starch for oral drug delivery system design. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124506. [PMID: 37085071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a polysaccharide with varying amylose-to-amylopectin ratios as a function of its biological sources. It is characterized by low shear stress resistance, poor aqueous/organic solubility and gastrointestinal digestibility which limit its ease of processing and functionality display as an oral drug delivery vehicle. Modulation of starch composition through genetic engineering primarily alters amylose-to-amylopectin ratio. Greater molecular properties changes require chemical and enzymatic modifications of starch. Acetylation reduces water solubility and enzymatic digestibility of starch. Carboxymethylation turns starch acid-insoluble and aggregative at low pHs. The summative effects are sustaining drug release in the upper gut. Acid-insoluble carboxymethylated starch can be aminated to provide an ionic character essential for hydrogel formation which further reduces its drug release. Ionic starch can coacervate with oppositely charged starch, non-starch polyelectrolyte or drug into insoluble, controlled-release complexes. Enzymatically debranched and resistant starch has a small molecular size which confers chain aggregation into a helical hydrogel network that traps the drug molecules, protecting them from biodegradation. The modified starch has been used to modulate the intestinal/colon-specific or controlled systemic delivery of oral small molecule drugs and macromolecular therapeutics. This review highlights synthesis aspects of starch and starch derivatives, and their outcomes and challenges of applications in oral drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- NorulNazilah Ab'lah
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Smart Manufacturing Research Institute, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia; Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Dengkil 43800, Dengkil, Malaysia
| | - Chong Yu Lok Yusuf
- Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Jasin, 77300, Merlimau, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Pornchai Rojsitthisak
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, 10330 Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 10330 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tin Wui Wong
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Smart Manufacturing Research Institute, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia; Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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6
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Dvoretckaia A, Egorova T, Dzhuzha A, Levit M, Sivtsov E, Demyanova E, Korzhikova-Vlakh E. Polymyxin B Conjugates with Bio-Inspired Synthetic Polymers of Different Nature. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031832. [PMID: 36768160 PMCID: PMC9915011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and growth of bacterial resistance to antibiotics poses an enormous threat to humanity in the future. In this regard, the discovery of new antibiotics and the improvement of existing ones is a priority task. In this study, we proposed the synthesis of new polymeric conjugates of polymyxin B, which is a clinically approved but limited-use peptide antibiotic. In particular, three carboxylate-bearing polymers and one synthetic glycopolymer were selected for conjugation with polymyxin B (PMX B), namely, poly(α,L-glutamic acid) (PGlu), copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-phenylalanine (P(Glu-co-Phe)), copolymer of N-vinyl succinamic acid and N-vinylsuccinimide (P(VSAA-co-VSI)), and poly(2-deoxy-2-methacrylamido-D-glucose) (PMAG). Unlike PGlu and PMAG, P(Glu-co-Phe) and P(VSAA-co-VSI) are amphiphilic and form nanoparticles in aqueous media. A number of conjugates with different polymyxin B loading were synthesized and characterized. In addition, the complex conjugates of PGLu or PMAG with polymyxin B and deferoxamine (siderophore) were obtained. A release of PMX B from Schiff base and amide-linked polymer conjugates was studied in model buffer media with pH 7.4 and 5.8. In both cases, a more pronounced release was observed under slightly acidic conditions. The cytotoxicity of free polymers and PMX B as well as their conjugates was examined in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293T cell line). All conjugates demonstrated reduced cytotoxicity compared to the free antibiotic. Finally, the antimicrobial efficacy of the conjugates against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined and compared. The lowest values of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were observed for polymyxin B and polymyxin B/deferoxamine conjugated with PMAG. Among the polymers tested, PMAG appears to be the most promising carrier for delivery of PMX B in conjugated form due to the good preservation of the antimicrobial properties of PMX B and the ability of controlled drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dvoretckaia
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana Egorova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations FMBA of Russia, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Apollinariia Dzhuzha
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mariia Levit
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Eugene Sivtsov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), 190013 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena Demyanova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations FMBA of Russia, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgenia Korzhikova-Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
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7
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Recent Advances of Chitosan Formulations in Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810975. [PMID: 36142887 PMCID: PMC9504745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan, a naturally abundant cationic polymer, is chemically composed of cellulose-based biopolymers derived by deacetylating chitin. It offers several attractive characteristics such as renewability, hydrophilicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity towards gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi, etc., because of which it is receiving immense attention as a biopolymer for a plethora of applications including drug delivery, protective coating materials, food packaging films, wastewater treatment, and so on. Additionally, its structure carries reactive functional groups that enable several reactions and electrochemical interactions at the biomolecular level and improves the chitosan’s physicochemical properties and functionality. This review article highlights the extensive research about the properties, extraction techniques, and recent developments of chitosan-based composites for drug, gene, protein, and vaccine delivery applications. Its versatile applications in tissue engineering and wound healing are also discussed. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives for chitosan in biomedical applications are elucidated.
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8
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Chitosan and its derivatives as polymeric anti-viral therapeutics and potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 nanomedicine. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 290:119500. [PMID: 35550778 PMCID: PMC9020865 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic, COVID-19 has a global impact on the lives and livelihoods of people. It is characterized by a widespread infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), where infected patients may develop serious medical complications or even face death. Development of therapeutic is essential to reduce the morbidity and mortality of infected patients. Chitosan is a versatile biomaterial in nanomedicine and exhibits anti-microbial, anti-cancer and immunomodulatory properties. This review highlights the progress in chitosan design and application pertaining to the anti-viral effects of chitosan and chitosan derivatives (hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium, sulfate, carboxymethyl, bromine, sialylglycopolymer, peptide and phosphonium conjugates) as a function of molecular weight, degree of deacetylation, type of substituents and their degree and site of substitution. The physicochemical attributes of these polymeric therapeutics are identified against the possibility of processing them into nanomedicine which can confer a higher level of anti-viral efficacy. The designs of chitosan for the purpose of targeting SARS-CoV-2, as well as the ever-evolving strains of viruses with a broad spectrum anti-viral activity to meet pandemic preparedness at the early stages of outbreak are discussed.
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Jampilek J, Kralova K. Advances in Nanostructures for Antimicrobial Therapy. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072388. [PMID: 35407720 PMCID: PMC8999898 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial infections caused by a variety of drug-resistant microorganisms are more common, but there are fewer and fewer approved new antimicrobial chemotherapeutics for systemic administration capable of acting against these resistant infectious pathogens. Formulation innovations of existing drugs are gaining prominence, while the application of nanotechnologies is a useful alternative for improving/increasing the effect of existing antimicrobial drugs. Nanomaterials represent one of the possible strategies to address this unfortunate situation. This review aims to summarize the most current results of nanoformulations of antibiotics and antibacterial active nanomaterials. Nanoformulations of antimicrobial peptides, synergistic combinations of antimicrobial-active agents with nitric oxide donors or combinations of small organic molecules or polymers with metals, metal oxides or metalloids are discussed as well. The mechanisms of actions of selected nanoformulations, including systems with magnetic, photothermal or photodynamic effects, are briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Jampilek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarina Kralova
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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Antimicrobial Activity Enhancers: Towards Smart Delivery of Antimicrobial Agents. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030412. [PMID: 35326875 PMCID: PMC8944422 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of effective treatments against infectious diseases is an extensive and ongoing process due to the rapid adaptation of bacteria to antibiotic-based therapies. However, appropriately designed activity enhancers, including antibiotic delivery systems, can increase the effectiveness of current antibiotics, overcoming antimicrobial resistance and decreasing the chance of contributing to further bacterial resistance. The activity/delivery enhancers improve drug absorption, allow targeted antibiotic delivery, improve their tissue and biofilm penetration and reduce side effects. This review provides insights into various antibiotic activity enhancers, including polymer, lipid, and silver-based systems, designed to reduce the adverse effects of antibiotics and improve formulation stability and efficacy against multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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11
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Iudin D, Vasilieva M, Knyazeva E, Korzhikov-Vlakh V, Demyanova E, Lavrentieva A, Skorik Y, Korzhikova-Vlakh E. Hybrid Nanoparticles and Composite Hydrogel Systems for Delivery of Peptide Antibiotics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052771. [PMID: 35269910 PMCID: PMC8911036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing number of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria poses a global threat to human health. For this reason, the search for ways to enhance the antibacterial activity of existing antibiotics is now an urgent medical task. The aim of this study was to develop novel delivery systems for polymyxins to improve their antimicrobial properties against various infections. For this, hybrid core–shell nanoparticles, consisting of silver core and a poly(glutamic acid) shell capable of polymyxin binding, were developed and carefully investigated. Characterization of the hybrid nanoparticles revealed a hydrodynamic diameter of approximately 100 nm and a negative electrokinetic potential. The nanoparticles demonstrated a lack of cytotoxicity, a low uptake by macrophages, and their own antimicrobial activity. Drug loading and loading efficacy were determined for both polymyxin B and E, and the maximal loaded value with an appropriate size of the delivery systems was 450 µg/mg of nanoparticles. Composite materials based on agarose hydrogel were prepared, containing both the loaded hybrid systems and free antibiotics. The features of polymyxin release from the hybrid nanoparticles and the composite materials were studied, and the mechanisms of release were analyzed using different theoretical models. The antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated for both the polymyxin hybrid and the composite delivery systems. All tested samples inhibited bacterial growth. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the polymyxin B hybrid delivery system demonstrated a synergistic effect when compared with either the antibiotic or the silver nanoparticles alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Iudin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.I.); (M.V.); (Y.S.)
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, Peterhof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Marina Vasilieva
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.I.); (M.V.); (Y.S.)
| | - Elena Knyazeva
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.K.); (E.D.)
| | - Viktor Korzhikov-Vlakh
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, Peterhof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Elena Demyanova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.K.); (E.D.)
| | - Antonina Lavrentieva
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz University of Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Yury Skorik
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.I.); (M.V.); (Y.S.)
| | - Evgenia Korzhikova-Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.I.); (M.V.); (Y.S.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Lu L, Zhuang Z, Fan M, Liu B, Yang Y, Huang J, Da X, Mo J, Li Q, Lu H. Green formulation of Ag nanoparticles by Hibiscus rosa-sinensis: Introducing a navel chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of liver cancer. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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13
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Dubashynskaya NV, Raik SV, Dubrovskii YA, Demyanova EV, Shcherbakova ES, Poshina DN, Shasherina AY, Anufrikov YA, Skorik YA. Hyaluronan/Diethylaminoethyl Chitosan Polyelectrolyte Complexes as Carriers for Improved Colistin Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8381. [PMID: 34445088 PMCID: PMC8395075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the therapeutic characteristics of antibiotics is an effective strategy for controlling the growth of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to develop a colistin (CT) delivery system based on hyaluronic acid (HA) and the water-soluble cationic chitosan derivative, diethylaminoethyl chitosan (DEAECS). The CT delivery system was a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) obtained by interpolymeric interactions between the HA polyanion and the DEAECS polycation, with simultaneous inclusion of positively charged CT molecules into the resulting complex. The developed PEC had a hydrodynamic diameter of 210-250 nm and a negative surface charge (ζ-potential = -19 mV); the encapsulation and loading efficiencies were 100 and 16.7%, respectively. The developed CT delivery systems were characterized by modified release (30-40% and 85-90% of CT released in 15 and 60 min, respectively) compared to pure CT (100% CT released in 15 min). In vitro experiments showed that the encapsulation of CT in polysaccharide carriers did not reduce its antimicrobial activity, as the minimum inhibitory concentrations against Pseudomonas aeruginosa of both encapsulated CT and pure CT were 1 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natallia V. Dubashynskaya
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.V.D.); (S.V.R.); (D.N.P.)
| | - Sergei V. Raik
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.V.D.); (S.V.R.); (D.N.P.)
| | - Yaroslav A. Dubrovskii
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova 2, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, Peterhof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.Y.S.); (Y.A.A.)
- Research and Training Center of Molecular and Cellular Technologies, St. Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, Prof. Popova 14, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena V. Demyanova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.V.D.); (E.S.S.)
| | - Elena S. Shcherbakova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.V.D.); (E.S.S.)
| | - Daria N. Poshina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.V.D.); (S.V.R.); (D.N.P.)
| | - Anna Y. Shasherina
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, Peterhof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.Y.S.); (Y.A.A.)
| | - Yuri A. Anufrikov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, Peterhof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.Y.S.); (Y.A.A.)
| | - Yury A. Skorik
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.V.D.); (S.V.R.); (D.N.P.)
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14
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Dubashynskaya NV, Raik SV, Dubrovskii YA, Shcherbakova ES, Demyanova EV, Shasherina AY, Anufrikov YA, Poshina DN, Dobrodumov AV, Skorik YA. Hyaluronan/colistin polyelectrolyte complexes: Promising antiinfective drug delivery systems. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:157-165. [PMID: 34298050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-based modification of known antimicrobial agents is a rational and straightforward way to improve their safety and effectiveness. The aim of this study was to develop colistin (CT)-loaded polymeric carriers based on hyaluronic acid (HA) for potential application as antimicrobial agents against multi-resistant gram-negative microorganisms (including ESKAPE pathogens). CT-containing particles were obtained via a polyelectrolyte interaction between protonated CT amino groups and HA carboxyl groups (the CT-HA complex formation constant [logKCT-HA] was about 5.0). The resulting polyelectrolyte complexes had a size of 210-250 nm and a negative charge (ζ-potential -19 mV), with encapsulation and loading efficiencies of 100% and 20%, respectively. The developed CT delivery systems were characterized by modified release (45% and 85% of CT released in 15 and 60 min, respectively) compared to pure CT (100% CT released in 15 min). In vitro tests showed that the encapsulation of CT in polymer particles did not reduce its pharmacological activity; the minimum inhibitory concentrations of both encapsulated CT and pure CT were 1 μg/mL (against Pseudomonas aeruginosa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natallia V Dubashynskaya
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei V Raik
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation
| | - Yaroslav A Dubrovskii
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, Peterhof, St. Petersburg 198504, Russian Federation; Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova 2, St. Petersburg 197341, Russian Federation; St. Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, Prof. Popova 14, St. Petersburg 197376, Russian Federation
| | - Elena S Shcherbakova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, St Petersburg 197110, Russian Federation
| | - Elena V Demyanova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, St Petersburg 197110, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Y Shasherina
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, Peterhof, St. Petersburg 198504, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri A Anufrikov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, Peterhof, St. Petersburg 198504, Russian Federation
| | - Daria N Poshina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoliy V Dobrodumov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation
| | - Yury A Skorik
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation.
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15
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Scutera S, Argenziano M, Sparti R, Bessone F, Bianco G, Bastiancich C, Castagnoli C, Stella M, Musso T, Cavalli R. Enhanced Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Effect of New Colistin-Loaded Human Albumin Nanoparticles. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:57. [PMID: 33430076 PMCID: PMC7827731 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), such as Acinetobacter and Klebsiella, are responsible for severe hospital-acquired infections. Colistin, despite its toxicity and low tissue penetration, is considered the last resort antibiotic against these microorganisms. Of concern, the use of Colistin has recently been compromised by the emergence of Colistin resistance. Herein, we developed a new formulation consisting of multifunctional chitosan-coated human albumin nanoparticles for the delivery of Colistin (Col/haNPs). Col/haNPs were in vitro characterized for encapsulation efficiency, drug release, stability and cytotoxicity and were evaluated for antibacterial activity against MDR GNB (Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae). Col/haNPs showed sizes lower than 200 nm, high encapsulation efficiency (98.65%) and prolonged in vitro release of Colistin. The safety of the nanoformulation was demonstrated by a negligible cytotoxicity on human fibroblasts and hemolytic activity. Col/haNPs evidenced a high antibacterial effect with a significant decrease in MIC values compared to free Colistin, in particular against Col-resistant strains with a pronounced decline of bacterial growth over time. Moreover, Col/haNPs exhibited an inhibitory effect on biofilm formation that was 4 and 60 fold higher compared to free Colistin, respectively for Colistin susceptible and resistant A. baumannii. Our findings suggest that Col/haNPs could represent a promising Colistin nanocarrier with high antimicrobial activity on MDR GNB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Scutera
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (S.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Monica Argenziano
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (M.A.); (F.B.); (C.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Rosaria Sparti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (S.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Federica Bessone
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (M.A.); (F.B.); (C.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Gabriele Bianco
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Chiara Bastiancich
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (M.A.); (F.B.); (C.B.); (R.C.)
- Institute Neurophysiopathol, INP, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Carlotta Castagnoli
- Skin Bank, Department of General and Specialized Surgery, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Stella
- Burn Center, CTO Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Tiziana Musso
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (S.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (M.A.); (F.B.); (C.B.); (R.C.)
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16
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Plucinski A, Lyu Z, Schmidt BVKJ. Polysaccharide nanoparticles: from fabrication to applications. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:7030-7062. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00628b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The present review highlights the developments in polysaccharide nanoparticles with a particular focus on applications in biomedicine, cosmetics and food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zan Lyu
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, UK
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17
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Majcher MJ, Babar A, Lofts A, Leung A, Li X, Abu-Hijleh F, Smeets NMB, Mishra RK, Hoare T. In situ-gelling starch nanoparticle (SNP)/O-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) nanoparticle network hydrogels for the intranasal delivery of an antipsychotic peptide. J Control Release 2020; 330:738-752. [PMID: 33383097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Existing oral or injectable antipsychotic drug delivery strategies typically demonstrate low bioavailability to targeted brain regions, incentivizing the development of alternative delivery strategies. Delivery via the nasal cavity circumvents multiple barriers for reaching the brain but requires drug delivery vehicles with very specific properties to be effective. Herein, we report in situ-gelling and degradable bulk nanoparticle network hydrogels consisting of oxidized starch nanoparticles (SNPs) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) that enable intranasal delivery via spray, high nasal mucosal retention, and functional controlled release of the peptide drug PAOPA, a positive allosteric modulator of dopamine D2 receptor. PAOPA-loaded SNP-CMCh hydrogels can alleviate negative symptoms like behavioural abnormalities associated with schizophrenia (i.e. decreased social interaction time) for up to 72 h in an MK-801-induced pre-clinical rat model of schizophrenia at a low drug dosage (0.5 mg/kg); in comparison, conventional PAOPA administration via the intraperitoneal route requires twice the PAOPA dose to achieve a therapeutic effect that persists for only a few hours. This strategy offers potential for substantially decreasing re-administration frequencies and overall drug doses (and thus side-effects) of a range of potential antipsychotic drugs via a minimally-invasive administration route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Majcher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Ali Babar
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Andrew Lofts
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Ashlyn Leung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Fahed Abu-Hijleh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Niels M B Smeets
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Ram K Mishra
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Todd Hoare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
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18
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Phan VHG, Trang Duong HT, Tran PT, Thambi T, Ho DK, Murgia X. Self-Assembled Amphiphilic Starch Based Drug Delivery Platform: Synthesis, Preparation, and Interactions with Biological Barriers. Biomacromolecules 2020; 22:572-585. [PMID: 33346660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Core-shell structured nanoparticles (NPs) render the simultaneous coloading capacity of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs and may eventually enhance therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we employed a facile squalenoylation technology to synthesize a new amphiphilic starch derivative from partially oxidized starch, which self-assembled into core-shell starch NPs (StNPs) only at a squalenyl degree of substitution (DoS) of ∼1%. The StNPs characteristics could be tuned as the functions of the polymer molecular weight, DoS, and NPs concentration. The biopharmaceutical features of the StNPs, including colloidal stability, carrier properties, and biocompatibility, were carefully investigated. The interaction study between StNPs and mucin glycoproteins, the main organic component of mucus, revealed a moderate mucin interacting profile. Furthermore, the StNPs also showed good penetration through Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. These results nominate StNPs as a versatile drug delivery platform with potential applications for mucosal drug delivery and the treatment of persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Giang Phan
- Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Huu Thuy Trang Duong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Phu-Tri Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215, United States
| | | | - Duy-Khiet Ho
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xabier Murgia
- Kusudama Therapeutics, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, Donostia-San, Sebastián 20014, Spain
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19
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Ho DK, Christmann R, Murgia X, De Rossi C, Frisch S, Koch M, Schaefer UF, Loretz B, Desmaele D, Couvreur P, Lehr CM. Synthesis and Biopharmaceutical Characterization of Amphiphilic Squalenyl Derivative Based Versatile Drug Delivery Platform. Front Chem 2020; 8:584242. [PMID: 33195079 PMCID: PMC7604382 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.584242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited drug loading capacity (LC), mostly below 5% w/w, is a significant drawback of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems (DDS). Squalenoylation technology, which employs bioconjugation of squalenyl moiety and drug, allows self-assemble of nanoparticles (NPs) in aqueous media with significantly high LC (>30% w/w). The synthesis and particle preparation of squalenoylated prodrugs are, however, not facile for molecules with multiple reactive groups. Taking a different approach, we describe the synthesis of amphiphilic squalenyl derivatives (SqDs) as well as the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characterizations of their self-assembled NPs as DDSs. The SqDs included in this study are (i) cationic squalenyl diethanolamine (ii) PEGylated SqD (PEG 750 Da), (iii) PEGylated SqD (PEG 3,000 Da), and (iv) anionic squalenyl hydrogen sulfate. All four SqDs self-assemble into NPs in a size range from 100 to 200 nm in an aqueous solution. Furthermore, all NP derivatives demonstrate appropriate biocompatibility and adequate colloidal stability in physiological relevant pH environments. The mucoprotein binding of PEGylated NPs is reduced compared to the charged NPs. Most importantly, this technology allows excellent LC (at maximum of 45% w/w) of a wide range of multifunctional compounds, varying in physicochemical properties and molecular weight. Interestingly, the drug release profile can be tuned by different loading methods. In summary, the SqD-based NPs appear as versatile drug delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy-Khiet Ho
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rebekka Christmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Xabier Murgia
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Chiara De Rossi
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sarah Frisch
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Brigitta Loretz
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Didier Desmaele
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Institut Galien Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Institut Galien Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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20
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Namazi H, Pooresmaeil M, Hasani M. Oxidized starch/CuO bio-nanocomposite hydrogels as an antibacterial and stimuli-responsive agent with potential colon-specific naproxen delivery. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2020.1798431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Namazi
- Research Laboratory of Dendrimers and Nanopolymers, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN), Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Malihe Pooresmaeil
- Research Laboratory of Dendrimers and Nanopolymers, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Hasani
- Research Laboratory of Dendrimers and Nanopolymers, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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21
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Ho DK, De Rossi C, Loretz B, Murgia X, Lehr CM. Itaconic Acid Increases the Efficacy of Tobramycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080691. [PMID: 32707837 PMCID: PMC7463765 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for novel therapeutics against pulmonary infections, in particular Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) biofilm infections, has been intense to deal with the emergent rise of antimicrobial resistance. Despite the numerous achievements in drug discovery and delivery strategies, only a limited number of therapeutics reach the clinic. To allow a timely preclinical development, a formulation should be highly effective, safe, and most importantly facile to produce. Thus, a simple combination of known actives that enhances the therapeutic efficacy would be a preferential choice compared to advanced drug delivery systems. In this study, we propose a novel combination of an anti-inflammatory agent-itaconic acid (itaconate, IA)-and an approved antibiotic-tobramycin (Tob) or ciprofloxacin (Cipro). The combination of Tob and IA at a molar ratio of 1:5 increased the biofilm eradicating efficacy in the strain PA14 wild type (wt) by ~4-fold compared to Tob alone. In contrast, such effect was not observed for the combination of IA with Cipro. Subsequent studies on the influence of IA on bacterial growth, pyocyanin production, and Tob biofilm penetration indicated that complexation with IA enhanced the transport of Tob through the biofilm. We recommend the simple and effective combination of Tob:IA for further testing in advanced preclinical models of PA biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy-Khiet Ho
- HIPS–Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, HZI—Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (C.D.R.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.-K.H.); (X.M.); (C.-M.L.)
| | - Chiara De Rossi
- HIPS–Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, HZI—Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (C.D.R.); (B.L.)
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- HIPS–Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, HZI—Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (C.D.R.); (B.L.)
| | - Xabier Murgia
- HIPS–Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, HZI—Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (C.D.R.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.-K.H.); (X.M.); (C.-M.L.)
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- HIPS–Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, HZI—Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (C.D.R.); (B.L.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Correspondence: (D.-K.H.); (X.M.); (C.-M.L.)
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22
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Dubashynskaya NV, Skorik YA. Polymyxin Delivery Systems: Recent Advances and Challenges. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E83. [PMID: 32365637 PMCID: PMC7281078 DOI: 10.3390/ph13050083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymyxins are vital antibiotics for the treatment of multiresistant Gram-negative ESKAPE pathogen infections. However, their clinical value is limited by their high nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity, as well as their poor permeability and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. This review focuses on various polymyxin delivery systems that improve polymyxin bioavailability and reduce drug toxicity through targeted and controlled release. Currently, the most suitable systems for improving oral, inhalation, and parenteral polymyxin delivery are polymer particles, liposomes, and conjugates, while gels, polymer fibers, and membranes are attractive materials for topical administration of polymyxin for the treatment of infected wounds and burns. In general, the application of these systems protects polymyxin molecules from the negative effects of both physiological and pathological factors while achieving higher concentrations at the target site and reducing dosage and toxicity. Improving the properties of polymyxin will be of great interest to researchers who are focused on developing antimicrobial drugs that show increased efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yury A. Skorik
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. V.O. 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia;
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23
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Leitner S, Grijalvo S, Solans C, Eritja R, García-Celma MJ, Calderó G. Ethylcellulose nanoparticles as a new "in vitro" transfection tool for antisense oligonucleotide delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 229:115451. [PMID: 31826509 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oil-in-water nano-emulsions have been obtained in the HEPES 20 mM buffer solution / [Alkylamidoammonium:Kolliphor EL = 1:1] / [6 wt% ethylcellulose in ethyl acetate] system over a wide oil-to-surfactant range and above 35 wt% aqueous component at 25 °C. The nano-emulsion with an oil-to-surfactant ratio of 70/30 and 95 wt% aqueous component was used for nanoparticles preparation. These nanoparticles (mean diameter around 90 nm and zeta potential of +22 mV) were non-toxic to HeLa cells up to a concentration of 3 mM of cationic species. Successful complexation with an antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide targeting Renilla luciferase mRNA was achieved at cationic/anionic charge ratios above 16, as confirmed by zeta potential measurements and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, provided that no Fetal Bovine Serum is present in the cell culture medium. Importantly, Renilla luciferase gene inhibition shows an optimum efficiency (40%) for the cationic/anionic ratio 28, which makes these complexes promising for "in vitro" cell transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Leitner
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Grijalvo
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Solans
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Eritja
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M J García-Celma
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Fisicoquímica, Univ. de Barcelona, IN2UB, Unitat Associada d'I+D al CSIC, Av Joan XXIII, s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Calderó
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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24
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Ho DK, Nichols BLB, Edgar KJ, Murgia X, Loretz B, Lehr CM. Challenges and strategies in drug delivery systems for treatment of pulmonary infections. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 144:110-124. [PMID: 31493510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation therapy has been reported as the most effective treatment for respiratory bacterial infections due to the increasing relevance of drug bioavailability. Drug delivery systems (DDS) have the capacity to overcome pulmonary biological barriers limiting the bioavailability of inhaled anti-infectives. This is important to eradicate bacterial infections and to prevent the development of bacterial resistance. Despite substantial efforts in the field, the current state-of-the-art often fails to achieve those goals, and we still observe increasing bacterial resistance. We give a brief insight on benefits and challenges in pulmonary delivery of anti-infectives. In the context of drug delivery development for pulmonary infections, particularly focusing on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infections, this mini review will critically discuss the main requirements, as well as the recent strategies of drug delivery system synthesis and preparation. Finally, interaction of DDS with crucial pulmonary biological barriers will be of great importance for the success of future applications of the developed DDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy-Khiet Ho
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Brittany L B Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Kevin J Edgar
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Xabier Murgia
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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25
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Tabandeh S, Leon L. Engineering Peptide-Based Polyelectrolyte Complexes with Increased Hydrophobicity. Molecules 2019; 24:E868. [PMID: 30823653 PMCID: PMC6429441 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte complexation is a versatile platform for the design of self-assembled materials. Here we use rational design to create ionic hydrophobically-patterned peptides that allow us to precisely explore the role of hydrophobicity on electrostatic self-assembly. Polycations and polyanions were designed and synthesized with an alternating sequence of d- and l-chiral patterns of lysine or glutamic acid with either glycine, alanine or leucine due to their increasing hydrophobicity index, respectively. Two motifs were considered for the oppositely charged patterned peptides; one with equal residues of charged and uncharged amino acids and the other with increased charge density. Mass spectroscopy, circular dichroism, H- and F-NMR spectroscopy were used to characterize the polypeptides. Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) formed using the sequences were characterized using turbidity measurements, optical microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. Our results show that the critical salt concentration, a key measure of PEC stability, increased with both increasing charge density as well as hydrophobicity. Furthermore, by increasing the hydrophobicity, the amount of PEC formed increased with temperature, contrary to purely ionic PECs. Lastly, we assessed the encapsulation behavior of these materials using a hydrophobic dye. Concluding that encapsulation efficiency increased with hydrophobic content of the complexes providing insight for future work on the application of these materials for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tabandeh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | - Lorraine Leon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
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26
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Yasar H, Biehl A, De Rossi C, Koch M, Murgia X, Loretz B, Lehr CM. Kinetics of mRNA delivery and protein translation in dendritic cells using lipid-coated PLGA nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:72. [PMID: 30231888 PMCID: PMC6145106 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0401-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Messenger RNA (mRNA) has gained remarkable attention as an alternative to DNA-based therapies in biomedical research. A variety of biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs) has been developed including lipid-based and polymer-based systems for mRNA delivery. However, both systems still lack in achieving an efficient transfection rate and a detailed understanding of the mRNA transgene expression kinetics. Therefore, quantitative analysis of the time-dependent translation behavior would provide a better understanding of mRNA's transient nature and further aid the enhancement of appropriate carriers with the perspective to generate future precision nanomedicines with quick response to treat various diseases. RESULTS A lipid-polymer hybrid system complexed with mRNA was evaluated regarding its efficiency to transfect dendritic cells (DCs) by simultaneous live cell video imaging of both particle uptake and reporter gene expression. We prepared and optimized NPs consisting of poly (lactid-co-glycolid) (PLGA) coated with the cationic lipid 1, 2-di-O-octadecenyl-3-trimethylammonium propane abbreviated as LPNs. An earlier developed polymer-based delivery system (chitosan-PLGA NPs) served for comparison. Both NPs types were complexed with mRNA-mCherry at various ratios. While cellular uptake and toxicity of either NPs was comparable, LPNs showed a significantly higher transfection efficiency of ~ 80% while chitosan-PLGA NPs revealed only ~ 5%. Further kinetic analysis elicited a start of protein translation after 1 h, with a maximum after 4 h and drop of transgene expression after 48 h post-transfection, in agreement with the transient nature of mRNA. CONCLUSIONS Charge-mediated complexation of mRNA to NPs enables efficient and fast cellular delivery and subsequent protein translation. While cellular uptake of both NP types was comparable, mRNA transgene expression was superior to polymer-based NPs when delivered by lipid-polymer NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzey Yasar
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alexander Biehl
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Chiara De Rossi
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Xabi Murgia
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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27
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Papageorgiou GZ. Thinking Green: Sustainable Polymers from Renewable Resources. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E952. [PMID: 30960877 PMCID: PMC6403878 DOI: 10.3390/polym10090952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- George Z Papageorgiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
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28
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Ho DK, Frisch S, Biehl A, Terriac E, De Rossi C, Schwarzkopf K, Lautenschläger F, Loretz B, Murgia X, Lehr CM. Farnesylated Glycol Chitosan as a Platform for Drug Delivery: Synthesis, Characterization, and Investigation of Mucus–Particle Interactions. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3489-3501. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Duy-Khiet Ho
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), ‡Department of Pharmacy, §INM−Leibniz Institute for New Materials, and ⊥Korea Institute of Science and Technology, KIST Europe, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sarah Frisch
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), ‡Department of Pharmacy, §INM−Leibniz Institute for New Materials, and ⊥Korea Institute of Science and Technology, KIST Europe, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alexander Biehl
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), ‡Department of Pharmacy, §INM−Leibniz Institute for New Materials, and ⊥Korea Institute of Science and Technology, KIST Europe, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Chiara De Rossi
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), ‡Department of Pharmacy, §INM−Leibniz Institute for New Materials, and ⊥Korea Institute of Science and Technology, KIST Europe, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Konrad Schwarzkopf
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Klinikum Saarbrücken, 66119 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Brigitta Loretz
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), ‡Department of Pharmacy, §INM−Leibniz Institute for New Materials, and ⊥Korea Institute of Science and Technology, KIST Europe, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Xabier Murgia
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), ‡Department of Pharmacy, §INM−Leibniz Institute for New Materials, and ⊥Korea Institute of Science and Technology, KIST Europe, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), ‡Department of Pharmacy, §INM−Leibniz Institute for New Materials, and ⊥Korea Institute of Science and Technology, KIST Europe, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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