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Spinelli G, Guarini R, Ivanov E, Calabrese E, Raimondo M, Longo R, Guadagno L, Vertuccio L. Nanoindentation Response of Structural Self-Healing Epoxy Resin: A Hybrid Experimental-Simulation Approach. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1849. [PMID: 39000703 PMCID: PMC11244422 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, self-healing polymers have emerged as a topic of considerable interest owing to their capability to partially restore material properties and thereby extend the product's lifespan. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the nanoindentation response in terms of hardness, reduced modulus, contact depth, and coefficient of friction of a self-healing resin developed for use in aeronautical and aerospace contexts. To achieve this, the bifunctional epoxy precursor underwent tailored functionalization to improve its toughness, facilitating effective compatibilization with a rubber phase dispersed within the host epoxy resin. This approach aimed to highlight the significant impact of the quantity and distribution of rubber domains within the resin on enhancing its mechanical properties. The main results are that pure resin (EP sample) exhibits a higher hardness (about 36.7% more) and reduced modulus (about 7% more), consequently leading to a lower contact depth and coefficient of friction (11.4% less) compared to other formulations that, conversely, are well-suited for preserving damage from mechanical stresses due to their capabilities in absorbing mechanical energy. Furthermore, finite element method (FEM) simulations of the nanoindentation process were conducted. The numerical results were meticulously compared with experimental data, demonstrating good agreement. The simulation study confirms that the EP sample with higher hardness and reduced modulus shows less penetration depth under the same applied load with respect to the other analyzed samples. Values of 877 nm (close to the experimental result of 876.1 nm) and 1010 nm (close to the experimental result of 1008.8 nm) were calculated for EP and the toughened self-healing sample (EP-R-160-T), respectively. The numerical results of the hardness provide a value of 0.42 GPa and 0.32 GPa for EP and EP-R-160-T, respectively, which match the experimental data of 0.41 GPa and 0.30 GPa. This validation of the FEM model underscores its efficacy in predicting the mechanical behavior of nanocomposite materials under nanoindentation. The proposed investigation aims to contribute knowledge and optimization tips about self-healing resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Spinelli
- Faculty of Transport Sciences and Technologies, University of Study "Giustino Fortunato", Via Raffaele Delcogliano 12, 82100 Benevento, Italy
- Open Laboratory on Experimental Micro and Nano Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Block 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rosella Guarini
- Open Laboratory on Experimental Micro and Nano Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Block 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Evgeni Ivanov
- Open Laboratory on Experimental Micro and Nano Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Block 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elisa Calabrese
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Marialuigia Raimondo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Raffaele Longo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Liberata Guadagno
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Luigi Vertuccio
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
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Calabrese E, Raimondo M, Sorrentino A, Russo S, Longo P, Mariconda A, Longo R, Guadagno L. Verification of the Self-Healing Ability of PP-co-HUPy Copolymers in Epoxy Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1509. [PMID: 38891456 PMCID: PMC11174561 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This work concerns the verification of the self-healing ability of PP-co-HUPy copolymers dispersed in epoxy systems. PP is the acronym for the Poly-PEGMA polymer, and HUPy refers to the HEMA-UPy copolymers based on ureidopyrimidinone (UPy) moieties. In particular, this work aims to verify whether this elastomer characterized by an intrinsic self-healing ability can activate supramolecular interactions among polymer chains of an epoxy resin, as in the elastomer alone. The elastomer includes a class of polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether methacrylate-based copolymers, with different percentages of urea-N-2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-methyl pyrimidine-N'-(hexamethylene-n-carboxyethyl methacrylate) (HEMA-UPy) co-monomers. The self-healing capability of these copolymers based on possible quadruple hydrogen bond interactions between polymer chains has been verified. The formulated epoxy samples did not show self-healing efficiency. This can be attributed to the formation of phase segregation that originates during the curing process of the samples, although the PP-co-HUPy copolymers are completely soluble in the liquid epoxy matrix EP. The morphological investigation highlighted the presence of crystals of PP-co-HUPy copolymers, which are in greater quantity in the sample containing the highest weight percentage (7.8 wt%) of HUPy units. Furthermore, the crystals act as promotors for increasing the curing degree (DC) of the epoxy systems containing HUPy units. DC goes from 91.6% for EP to 96.1% and 95.4% for the samples containing weight percentages of 2.5 and 7.8 wt% of HUPy units, respectively. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) shows storage modulus values for epoxy systems containing PP-co-HUPy units lower than that of the unfilled resin EP. The values of maximum in Tan δ (Tg), representing the temperature at which the glass transition occurs, are 220 for the unfilled resin EP, 228 for the sample containing 2.5 wt% of HEMA-UPy units, and 211 for the sample containing 7.8 wt% of HEMA-UPy units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Calabrese
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (E.C.); (R.L.)
| | - Marialuigia Raimondo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (E.C.); (R.L.)
| | - Andrea Sorrentino
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB-CNR), via Previati n. 1/E, 23900 Lecco, Italy;
| | - Simona Russo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (S.R.); (P.L.)
| | - Pasquale Longo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (S.R.); (P.L.)
| | - Annaluisa Mariconda
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Longo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (E.C.); (R.L.)
| | - Liberata Guadagno
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (E.C.); (R.L.)
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Passaro J, Bifulco A, Calabrese E, Imparato C, Raimondo M, Pantani R, Aronne A, Guadagno L. Hybrid Hemp Particles as Functional Fillers for the Manufacturing of Hydrophobic and Anti-icing Epoxy Composite Coatings. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:23596-23606. [PMID: 37426222 PMCID: PMC10324076 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of hydrophobic composite coatings is of great interest for several applications in the aerospace industry. Functionalized microparticles can be obtained from waste fabrics and employed as fillers to prepare sustainable hydrophobic epoxy-based coatings. Following a waste-to-wealth approach, a novel hydrophobic epoxy-based composite including hemp microparticles (HMPs) functionalized with waterglass solution, 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride, and either hexadecyltrimethoxysilane or 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane is presented. The resulting epoxy coatings based on hydrophobic HMPs were cast on aeronautical carbon fiber-reinforced panels to improve their anti-icing performance. Wettability and anti-icing behavior of the prepared composites were investigated at 25 °C and -30 °C (complete icing time), respectively. Samples cast with the composite coating can achieve up to 30 °C higher water contact angle and doubled icing time than aeronautical panels treated with unfilled epoxy resin. A low content (2 wt %) of tailored HMPs causes an increase of ∼26% in the glass transition temperature of the coatings compared to pristine resin, confirming the good interaction between the hemp filler and epoxy matrix at the interphase. Finally, atomic force microscopy reveals that the HMPs can induce the formation of a hierarchical structure on the surface of casted panels. This rough morphology, combined with the silane activity, allows the preparation of aeronautical substrates with enhanced hydrophobicity, anti-icing capability, and thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Passaro
- Department
of Industrial Engineering (DIIN), University
of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Aurelio Bifulco
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Elisa Calabrese
- Department
of Industrial Engineering (DIIN), University
of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Claudio Imparato
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Marialuigia Raimondo
- Department
of Industrial Engineering (DIIN), University
of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Roberto Pantani
- Department
of Industrial Engineering (DIIN), University
of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonio Aronne
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Liberata Guadagno
- Department
of Industrial Engineering (DIIN), University
of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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Sharma H, Krishnakumar B, Dickens TJ, Yun GJ, Kumar A, Rana S. A bibliometric survey of research trends in vitrimer. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17350. [PMID: 37441386 PMCID: PMC10333614 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent trends of vitrimer studies enhance the thermoset material with superior properties, therefore, it is particularly important to address the critical scientific inquiries in this area using their research metrics. The reported vitrimer systems have been highly required for future real-time applications; however, the inquisitiveness of material exchange mechanisms extends the research studies further. Significantly, more scientific information's are required to achieve the evident prospective outcomes via these materials. This article highlights the trends and developments of the most relevant publications, authors, articles, countries, and keywords in the vitrimer research field over the past 10 years. The represented bibliometric survey would elevate the basic understanding of the current vitrimer research stats and also help follow the particular research community to learn and develop insight. To generate bibliometric networks, bibliometric data has obtained from Scopus and visualised in VOS-viewer; as an overview of that, the highest number of publications were from China, United States, France, United Kingdom, and Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Sharma
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Balaji Krishnakumar
- Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, High-Performance Materials Institute, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Tarik J. Dickens
- Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, High-Performance Materials Institute, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Gun Jin Yun
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu Gwanak-ro 1, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
| | - Ajay Kumar
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Sravendra Rana
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
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Longo R, Vertuccio L, Speranza V, Pantani R, Raimondo M, Calabrese E, Guadagno L. Nanometric Mechanical Behavior of Electrospun Membranes Loaded with Magnetic Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1252. [PMID: 37049345 PMCID: PMC10097362 DOI: 10.3390/nano13071252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This work analyzes on nanoscale spatial domains the mechanical features of electrospun membranes of Polycaprolactone (PCL) loaded with Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles (FMNs) produced via an electrospinning process. Thermal and structural analyses demonstrate that FMNs affect the PCL crystallinity and its melting temperature. HarmoniX-Atomic Force Microscopy (H-AFM), a modality suitable to map the elastic modulus on nanometric domains of the sample surface, evidences that the FMNs affect the local mechanical properties of the membranes. The mechanical modulus increases when the tip reveals the magnetite nanoparticles. That allows accurate mapping of the FMNs distribution along the nanofibers mat through the analysis of a mechanical parameter. Local mechanical modulus values are also affected by the crystallinity degree of PCL influenced by the filler content. The crystallinity increases for a low filler percentage (<5 wt.%), while, higher magnetite amounts tend to hinder the crystallization of the polymer, which manifests a lower crystallinity. H-AFM analysis confirms this trend, showing that the distribution of local mechanical values is a function of the filler amount and crystallinity of the fibers hosting the filler. The bulk mechanical properties of the membranes, evaluated through tensile tests, are strictly related to the nanometric features of the complex nanocomposite system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Longo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (R.L.); (V.S.); (R.P.); (M.R.); (E.C.)
| | - Luigi Vertuccio
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy;
| | - Vito Speranza
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (R.L.); (V.S.); (R.P.); (M.R.); (E.C.)
| | - Roberto Pantani
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (R.L.); (V.S.); (R.P.); (M.R.); (E.C.)
| | - Marialuigia Raimondo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (R.L.); (V.S.); (R.P.); (M.R.); (E.C.)
| | - Elisa Calabrese
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (R.L.); (V.S.); (R.P.); (M.R.); (E.C.)
| | - Liberata Guadagno
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (R.L.); (V.S.); (R.P.); (M.R.); (E.C.)
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Thermal and Electrical Characterization of Polyester Resins Suitable for Electric Motor Insulation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061374. [PMID: 36987155 PMCID: PMC10053653 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper undertakes the thermal and electrical characterization of three commercial unsaturated polyester imide resins (UPIR) to identify which among them could better perform the insulation function of electric motors (high-power induction motors fed by pulse-wide modulation (PWM) inverters). The process foreseen for the motor insulation using these resins is Vacuum Pressure Impregnation (VPI). The resin formulations were specially selected because they are one-component systems; hence, before the VPI process, they do not require mixing steps with external hardeners to activate the curing process. Furthermore, they are characterized by low viscosity and a thermal class higher than 180 °C and are Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)-free. Thermal investigations using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) techniques prove their excellent thermal resistance up to 320 °C. Moreover, impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range of 100 Hz–1 MHz was analyzed to compare the electromagnetic performance of the considered formulations. They manifest an electrical conductivity starting from 10−10 S/m, a relative permittivity around 3, and a loss tangent value lower than 0.02, which appears almost stable in the analyzed frequency range. These values confirm their usefulness as impregnating resins in secondary insulation material applications.
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Guadagno L, Longo R, Aliberti F, Lamberti P, Tucci V, Pantani R, Spinelli G, Catauro M, Vertuccio L. Role of MWCNTs Loading in Designing Self-Sensing and Self-Heating Structural Elements. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:495. [PMID: 36770456 PMCID: PMC9920374 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This work proposes nanocomposites with carbon nanotubes characterized by self-sensing and self-heating properties. Recently, a growing interest in these two properties has been found in many industrial sectors, especially in the aerospace and automotive fields. While the self-sensing function allows diagnosing the presence of micro-damage in the material thanks to the detection of residual resistance, the self-heating function is exploited to properly tune the heating performance in terms of the heating rate and final temperature values. An electrical percolation value of around 0.5% by weight of carbon nanotubes was found by electrical characterization. The AC conductivity of the nanocomposites, in the range of 100 Hz to 1 MHz, evidences that beyond a CNTs amount of 0.5% wt/wt, they are characterized by a purely resistive behavior. The self-sensing analysis displayed a gauge factor value of 4.1. The solid thermal stability up to 300 °C makes the material suitable as a heating element at high temperatures. SEM investigations and temperature maps evidence a good dispersion of the conductive filler in the epoxy matrix and, consequently, good isotropy in heat distribution. As regards the trend of electrical resistance by varying the temperature, the electro-thermal investigation has shown the presence of both Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) and Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) behaviors with a predominance of NTC as soon as the temperature becomes closer to the glass transition temperature of the epoxy resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liberata Guadagno
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Raffaele Longo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Francesca Aliberti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Lamberti
- Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tucci
- Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Roberto Pantani
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Spinelli
- Faculty of Transport Sciences and Technologies University of Study “Giustino Fortunato”, Viale Raffaele Delcogliano 12, 82100 Benevento, Italy
- Open Laboratory on Experimental Micro and Nano Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Street, Block 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Michelina Catauro
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
| | - Luigi Vertuccio
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
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Singh P, Rana A, Karak N, Kumar I, Rana S, Kumar P. Sustainable smart anti-corrosion coating materials derived from vegetable oil derivatives: a review. RSC Adv 2023; 13:3910-3941. [PMID: 36756545 PMCID: PMC9890588 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07825b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainable development is a critical concern in this fast-paced technological world. Therefore, it is essential to employ renewable resources to move towards sustainable development goals (SDGs). The polyols attained from renewable resources, including lignin, chitosan, vegetable oils, cellulose, etc. and the polymers derived from them have attracted the attention of the majority of researchers, both in academia and industry. The development of bio-based polymers from vegetable oils start emerging with different properties to generate a value-added system. This review will give an impression to readers about how coatings generated from vegetable oils can find a way towards better protective properties against corrosion either by using fillers or by using molecular structure modifications in the system, thus covering a range of vegetable oil-based self-healing polymers and their application in anti-corrosion coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Singh
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Anuj Rana
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural UniversityHisar125004India
| | - Niranjan Karak
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur UniversityNapaam 784028India
| | - Indresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani 333 031India
| | - Sravendra Rana
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
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Dynamic Chemistry: The Next Generation Platform for Various Elastomers and Their Mechanical Properties with Self-Healing Performance. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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10
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Sanka RVSP, Rana S, Singh P, Mishra AK, Kumar P, Singh M, Sahoo NG, Binder WH, Yun GJ, Park C. Self-healing nanocomposites via N-doped GO promoted "click chemistry". SOFT MATTER 2022; 19:98-105. [PMID: 36472188 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01423h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
N-doped graphene stabilized Cu(I)-catalyzed self-healing nanocomposites are developed. This study found the use of N-doped graphene as both a nanostructured material for enhancing mechanical and conductive properties and a catalyst promoter (a scaffold for catalytic copper(I) particles), helpful to trigger self-healing via "click chemistry". Due to an increase in electron density on nitrogen atom doping, including the coordination of N-doped rGO with Cu+ ions, nitrogen-doped graphene-supported copper particles demonstrate a higher reaction yield at room temperature without adding any external ligand/base. In this study, only one component (an azide moiety containing a healing agent) was encapsulated, whereas another component (an alkyne moiety containing a healing agent) was as such (without encapsulation) homogeneously dispersed in a matrix. Triggered capsule rupture then induces the contact of the healing agents with the N-doped graphene-based catalyst and the alkyne molecules dispersed in the matrix, inducing a "click"-reaction, allowing onsite damage to be repaired as determined by mechanical measurements entirely. Tensile measurements were also performed using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to support the findings. Given the enormous importance of autonomic repair of materials damage, this concept here reports a trustworthy and reliable chemical system with a high level of robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Siva Prasanna Sanka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Institute of Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Sravendra Rana
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun, 248007, India.
| | - Poonam Singh
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun, 248007, India.
| | - Abhishek K Mishra
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun, 248007, India.
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun, 248007, India.
| | - Manjeet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004, Mizoram, India
| | - Nanda Gopal Sahoo
- Prof. Rajendra Singh Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Chemistry, D. S. B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, 263001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, Halle, 06120, Germany.
| | - Gun Jin Yun
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu Gwanak-ro 1, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea.
| | - Chanwook Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, IL, USA.
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Guadagno L, Raimondo M, Naddeo C, Vertuccio L, Russo S, Iannuzzo G, Calabrese E. Rheological, Thermal and Mechanical Characterization of Toughened Self-Healing Supramolecular Resins, Based on Hydrogen Bonding. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4322. [PMID: 36500943 PMCID: PMC9735688 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes the design of toughened self-healing supramolecular resins able to fulfill functional and structural requirements for industrial applications. These new nanocomposites are based on compounds acting as promotors of reversible self-healing interactions. Electrically conductive carbon nanotubes, selected among those allowing to reach the electrical percolation threshold (EPT) with a very low amount of nanofiller, were dispersed in the self-healing polymeric matrix to contrast the electrical insulating properties of epoxy matrices, as required for many applications. The formulated supramolecular systems are thermally stable, up to 360 °C. Depending on the chemical formulation, the self-healing efficiency η, assessed by the fracture test, can reach almost the complete self-repairing efficiency (η = 99%). Studies on the complex viscosity of smart nanocomposites highlight that the effect of the nanofiller dominates over those due to the healing agents. The presence of healing compounds anchored to the hosting epoxy matrix determines a relevant increase in the glass transition temperature (Tg), which results in values higher than 200 °C. Compared to the unfilled matrix, a rise from 189 °C to 223 °C is found for two of the proposed formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liberata Guadagno
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Marialuigia Raimondo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Carlo Naddeo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Luigi Vertuccio
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
| | - Salvatore Russo
- Leonardo Aircraft Division, Viale Dell’Aeronautica, 80038 Pomigliano d’Arco, Italy
| | - Generoso Iannuzzo
- Leonardo Aircraft Division, Viale Dell’Aeronautica, 80038 Pomigliano d’Arco, Italy
| | - Elisa Calabrese
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
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12
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Sharma H, Rana S, Singh P, Hayashi M, Binder WH, Rossegger E, Kumar A, Schlögl S. Self-healable fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites: overview and future prospects. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32569-32582. [PMID: 36425695 PMCID: PMC9661690 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05103f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To achieve sustainable development goals, approaches towards the preparation of recyclable and healable polymeric materials is highly attractive. Self-healing polymers and thermosets based on bond-exchangeable dynamic covalent bonds, so called "vitrimers" could be a great effort in this direction. In order to match the industrial importance, enhancement of mechanical strength without sacrificing the bond exchange capability is a challenging issue, however, such concerns can be overcome through the developments of fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites. This article covers the outstanding features of fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites, including their reprocessing, recycling and self-healing properties, together with practical applications and future perspectives of this unique class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Sharma
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Sravendra Rana
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Poonam Singh
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Mikihiro Hayashi
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduated School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 Halle 06120 Germany
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Chemistry of Functional Polymers, Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 A-8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Ajay Kumar
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Chemistry of Functional Polymers, Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 A-8700 Leoben Austria
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Preparation and properties of self-healing tung oil-based polymer networks driven by thermo-reversible Diels–Alder reaction. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
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14
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Bio-Vitrimers for Sustainable Circular Bio-Economy. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204338. [PMID: 36297916 PMCID: PMC9606967 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim to achieve sustainable development goals (SDG) and cut CO2-emission is forcing researchers to develop bio-based materials over conventional polymers. Since most of the established bio-based polymeric materials demonstrate prominent sustainability, however, performance, cost, and durability limit their utilization in real-time applications. Additionally, a sustainable circular bioeconomy (CE) ensures SDGs deliver material production, where it ceases the linear approach from production to waste. Simultaneously, sustainable circular bio-economy promoted materials should exhibit the prominent properties to involve and substitute conventional materials. These interceptions can be resolved through state-of-the-art bio-vitrimeric materials that display durability/mechanical properties such as thermosets and processability/malleability such as thermoplastics. This article emphasizes the current need for vitrimers based on bio-derived chemicals; as well as to summarize the developed bio-based vitrimers (including reprocessing, recycling and self-healing properties) and their requirements for a sustainable circular economy in future prospects.
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15
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Lee SJ, Jung YJ, Park J, Jang SH. Temperature Detectable Surface Coating with Carbon Nanotube/Epoxy Composites. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142369. [PMID: 35889593 PMCID: PMC9324561 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In the construction and machinery industry, heat is a major factor causing damage and destruction. The safety and efficiency of most machines and structures are greatly affected by temperature, and temperature management and control are essential. In this study, a carbon nanotube (CNT) based temperature sensing coating that can be applied to machines and structures having various structural types was fabricated, and characteristics analysis and temperature sensing performance were evaluated. The surface coating, which detects temperature through resistance change is made of a nanocomposite composed of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and epoxy (EP). We investigated the electrical properties by CNT concentration and temperature sensing performance of CNT/EP coating against static and cyclic temperatures. In addition, the applicability of the CNT/EP coating was investigated through a partially heating and cooling experiment. As a result of the experiment, the CNT/EP coating showed higher electrical conductivity as the CNT concentration increased. In addition, the CNT/EP coating exhibits high sensing performance in the high and sub−zero temperature ranges with a negative temperature coefficient of resistance. Therefore, the proposed CNT/EP coatings are promising for use as multi-functional coating materials for the detection of high and freezing temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jun Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Department of Smart City Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 15588, Korea;
| | - JeeWoong Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, The University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (S.-H.J.)
| | - Sung-Hwan Jang
- Department of Smart City Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 15588, Korea;
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 15588, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (S.-H.J.)
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16
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Islam M, Lantada AD, Mager D, Korvink JG. Carbon-Based Materials for Articular Tissue Engineering: From Innovative Scaffolding Materials toward Engineered Living Carbon. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101834. [PMID: 34601815 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbon materials constitute a growing family of high-performance materials immersed in ongoing scientific technological revolutions. Their biochemical properties are interesting for a wide set of healthcare applications and their biomechanical performance, which can be modulated to mimic most human tissues, make them remarkable candidates for tissue repair and regeneration, especially for articular problems and osteochondral defects involving diverse tissues with very different morphologies and properties. However, more systematic approaches to the engineering design of carbon-based cell niches and scaffolds are needed and relevant challenges should still be overcome through extensive and collaborative research. In consequence, this study presents a comprehensive description of carbon materials and an explanation of their benefits for regenerative medicine, focusing on their rising impact in the area of osteochondral and articular repair and regeneration. Once the state-of-the-art is illustrated, innovative design and fabrication strategies for artificially recreating the cellular microenvironment within complex articular structures are discussed. Together with these modern design and fabrication approaches, current challenges, and research trends for reaching patients and creating social and economic impacts are examined. In a closing perspective, the engineering of living carbon materials is also presented for the first time and the related fundamental breakthroughs ahead are clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monsur Islam
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Microstructure Technology Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Andrés Díaz Lantada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Universidad Politécnica de Madrid José Gutiérrez Abascal 2 Madrid 28006 Spain
| | - Dario Mager
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Microstructure Technology Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Jan G. Korvink
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Microstructure Technology Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
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17
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Self-healing epoxy networks based on cyclodextrin–adamantane host–guest interactions. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02790-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Farcas C, Galao O, Vertuccio L, Guadagno L, Romero-Sánchez MD, Rodríguez-Pastor I, Garcés P. Ice-Prevention and De-Icing Capacity of Epoxy Resin Filled with Hybrid Carbon-Nanostructured Forms: Self-Heating by Joule Effect. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092427. [PMID: 34578741 PMCID: PMC8465919 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, CNTs and graphite have been incorporated to provide electrical conductivity and self-heating capacity by Joule effect to an epoxy matrix. Additionally, both types of fillers, with different morphology, surface area and aspect ratio, were simultaneously incorporated (hybrid CNTs and graphite addition) into the same epoxy matrix to evaluate the effect of the self-heating capacity of carbon materials-based resins on de-icing and ice-prevention capacity. The self-heating capacity by Joule effect and the thermal conductivity of the differently filled epoxy resin were evaluated for heating applications at room temperature and at low temperatures for de-icing and ice-prevention applications. The results show that the higher aspect ratio of the CNTs determined the higher electrical conductivity of the epoxy resin compared to that of the epoxy resin filled with graphite, but the 2D morphology of graphite produced the higher thermal conductivity of the filled epoxy resin. The presence of graphite enhanced the thermal stability of the filled epoxy resin, helping avoid its deformation produced by the softening of the epoxy resin (the higher the thermal conductivity, the higher the heat dissipation), but did not contribute to the self-heating by Joule effect. On the other hand, the feasibility of electrically conductive epoxy resins for de-icing and ice-prevention applications by Joule effect was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Farcas
- Civil Engineering Department, University of Alicante, Ctra. San Vicente s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain; (C.F.); (O.G.); (P.G.)
| | - Oscar Galao
- Civil Engineering Department, University of Alicante, Ctra. San Vicente s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain; (C.F.); (O.G.); (P.G.)
| | - Luigi Vertuccio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (L.V.); (L.G.)
| | - Liberata Guadagno
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (L.V.); (L.G.)
| | - M. Dolores Romero-Sánchez
- Applynano Solutions, S.L. Parque Científico de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Pedro Garcés
- Civil Engineering Department, University of Alicante, Ctra. San Vicente s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain; (C.F.); (O.G.); (P.G.)
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19
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Taheri-Ledari R, Zhang W, Radmanesh M, Cathcart N, Maleki A, Kitaev V. Plasmonic photothermal release of docetaxel by gold nanoparticles incorporated onto halloysite nanotubes with conjugated 2D8-E3 antibodies for selective cancer therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:239. [PMID: 34380469 PMCID: PMC8359560 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00982-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Applied nanomaterials in targeted drug delivery have received increased attention due to tangible advantages, including enhanced cell adhesion and internalization, controlled targeted release, convenient detection in the body, enhanced biodegradation, etc. Furthermore, conjugation of the biologically active ingredients with the drug-containing nanocarriers (nanobioconjugates) has realized impressive opportunities in targeted therapy. Among diverse nanostructures, halloysite nanotubes (NHTs) with a rolled multilayer structure offer great possibilities for drug encapsulation and controlled release. The presence of a strong hydrogen bond network between the rolled HNT layers enables the controlled release of the encapsulated drug molecules through the modulation of hydrogen bonding either in acidic conditions or at higher temperatures. The latter can be conveniently achieved through the photothermal effect via the incorporation of plasmonic nanoparticles. RESULTS The developed nanotherapeutic integrated natural halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) as a carrier; gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for selective release; docetaxel (DTX) as a cytotoxic anticancer agent; human IgG1 sortilin 2D8-E3 monoclonal antibody (SORT) for selective targeting; and 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane as a linker for antibody attachment that also enhances the hydrophobicity of DTX@HNT/Au-SORT and minimizes DTX leaching in body's internal environment. HNTs efficiently store DTX at room temperature and release it at higher temperatures via disruption of interlayer hydrogen bonding. The role of the physical expansion and disruption of the interlayer hydrogen bonding in HNTs for the controlled DTX release has been studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS), electron microscopy (EM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at different pH conditions. HNT interlayer bond disruption has been confirmed to take place at a much lower temperature (44 °C) at low pH vs. 88 °C, at neutral pH thus enabling the effective drug release by DTX@HNT/Au-SORT through plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) by light interaction with localized plasmon resonance (LSPR) of AuNPs incorporated into the HNT pores. CONCLUSIONS Selective ovarian tumor targeting was accomplished, demonstrating practical efficiency of the designed nanocomposite therapeutic, DTX@HNT/Au-SORT. The antitumor activity of DTX@HNT/Au-SORT (apoptosis of 90 ± 0.3%) was confirmed by in vitro experiments using a caov-4 (ATCC HTB76) cell line (sortilin expression > 70%) that was successfully targeted by the sortilin 2D8-E3 mAb, tagged on the DTX@HNT/Au.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Taheri-Ledari
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Maral Radmanesh
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Nicole Cathcart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Maleki
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran.
| | - Vladimir Kitaev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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Sugarcane Bagasse-Derived Activated Carbon- (AC-) Epoxy Vitrimer Biocomposite: Thermomechanical and Self-Healing Performance. INT J POLYM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/5561755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitrimeric materials have emerged as fascinating and sustainable materials owing to their malleability, reprocessability, and recyclability. Sustainable vitrimeric materials can be prepared by reinforcing polymeric matrix with bioderived fillers. In the current work, a sustainable vitrimer is prepared by incorporating biomass-derived activated carbon (AC) filler into the epoxy matrix to achieve enhanced thermal and mechanical properties. Thus, prepared biocomposite vitrimers demonstrate a lower-temperature self-healing (70°C for 5 min) via disulfide exchanges, compared to the pristine epoxy vitrimers (80°C for 5 min). Significantly, the self-healing performances have been studied extensively with the flexural studies; and changes in material healing efficiency have been demonstrated based on the observed changes in modulus.
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21
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22
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Raimondo M, Calabrese E, Binder WH, Michael P, Rana S, Guadagno L. Tunneling Atomic Force Microscopy Analysis of Supramolecular Self-Responsive Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1401. [PMID: 33926010 PMCID: PMC8123594 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A big step forward for composite application in the sector of structural materials is given by the use of Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) functionalized with hydrogen bonding moieties, such as barbiturate and thymine, to activate self-healing mechanisms and integrate additional functionalities. These materials with multiple healing properties at the same damaged site, imparted by hydrogen bonds, will also have the potential to improve material reliability, extend the service life, reduce replacement costs, and improve product safety. This revolutionary approach is obtained by integrating the non-covalent interactions coupled with the conventional covalent approach used to cross-link the polymer. The objective of this work is to characterize rubber-toughened supramolecular self-healing epoxy formulations based on unfunctionalized and functionalized MWCNTs using Tunneling Atomic Force Microscopy (TUNA). This advanced technique clearly shows the effect produced by the hydrogen bonding moieties acting as reversible healing elements by their simultaneous donor and acceptor character, and covalently linked to MWCNTs to originate self-healing nanocomposites. In particular, TUNA proved to be very effective for the morphology study of both the unfunctionalized and functionalized carbon nanotube-based conductive networks, thus providing useful insights aimed at understanding the influence of the intrinsic nature of the nanocharge on the final properties of the multifunctional composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialuigia Raimondo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (E.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Elisa Calabrese
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (E.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany; (W.H.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Philipp Michael
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany; (W.H.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Sravendra Rana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, India;
| | - Liberata Guadagno
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (E.C.); (L.G.)
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23
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Peñas-Caballero M, Hernández Santana M, Verdejo R, Lopez-Manchado MA. Measuring self-healing in epoxy matrices: The need for standard conditions. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Guadagno L, Lamberti P, Tucci V, Vertuccio L. Self-Sensing Nanocomposites for Structural Applications: Choice Criteria. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:833. [PMID: 33805087 PMCID: PMC8064094 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy resins containing multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have proven to be suitable for manufacturing promising self-sensing materials to be applied in the automotive and aeronautic sectors. Different parameters concerning morphological and mechanical properties of the hosting matrices have been analyzed to choose the most suitable system for targeted applications. Two different epoxy precursors, the tetrafunctional tetraglycidyl methylene dianiline (TGMDA) and the bifunctional bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) have been considered. Both precursors have been hardened using the same hardener in stoichiometric conditions. The different functionality of the precursor strongly affects the crosslinking density and, as a direct consequence, the electrical and mechanical behavior. The properties exhibited by the two different formulations can be taken into account in order to make the most appropriate choice with respect to the sensing performance. For practical applications, the choice of one formulation rather than another can be performed on the basis of costs, sensitivity, processing conditions, and most of all, mechanical requirements and in-service conditions of the final product. The performed characterization shows that the nanocomposite based on the TGMDA precursor manifests better performance in applications where high values in the glass transition temperature and storage modulus are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liberata Guadagno
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
- NANO_MATES, Research Centre for Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology at the University of Salerno, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (P.L.); (V.T.)
| | - Patrizia Lamberti
- NANO_MATES, Research Centre for Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology at the University of Salerno, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (P.L.); (V.T.)
- Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tucci
- NANO_MATES, Research Centre for Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology at the University of Salerno, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (P.L.); (V.T.)
- Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Luigi Vertuccio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
- NANO_MATES, Research Centre for Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology at the University of Salerno, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (P.L.); (V.T.)
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Fu Q, Yan Q, Lv L, Fu H. Magnetic self-healing nanocomposite material introduced by thiol-epoxy click reaction. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Jia H, Gu SY. A near infrared induced self-healable composite based on disulfide bonds for flexible electronics. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Wang L, Zhang W, Samavat S, Deganello D, Teng KS. Vertically Aligned Graphene Prepared by Photonic Annealing for Ultrasensitive Biosensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:35328-35336. [PMID: 32657575 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene exhibits excellent physical, electronic, and chemical properties that are highly desirable for biosensing applications. However, most graphene biosensors are based on graphene lying flat on a substrate and therefore do not utilize its maximum specific surface area for ultrasensitive detection. Herein, we report the novel use of photonic annealing on a flexographically printed graphene-ethyl cellulose composite to produce vertically aligned graphene (VAG) biosensors for ultrasensitive detection of algal toxins in drinking water. These VAG structures, which maximized the specific surface area of graphene, were formed by partial removal of the polymeric binder upon applying intense pulsed light on the printed graphene. A label-free and low-cost VAG biosensor based on a non-faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique was fabricated. The biosensor exhibited a limit of detection of 1.2 ng/L for microcystin-LR in local tap water. Such an ultrasensitive VAG biosensor is suitable for low-cost mass production using an integrated roll-to-roll flexographic printing with rapid photonic annealing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lue Wang
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, U.K
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, U.K
| | - Siamak Samavat
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, U.K
| | - Davide Deganello
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, U.K
| | - Kar Seng Teng
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, U.K
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Krishnakumar B, Singh M, Parthasarthy V, Park C, Sahoo NG, Yun GJ, Rana S. Disulfide exchange assisted self-healing epoxy/PDMS/graphene oxide nanocomposites. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:2726-2730. [PMID: 36132387 PMCID: PMC9419268 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00282h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vitrimers, a class of polymeric networks that change their topology above a threshold temperature, have been investigated in recent years. In order to further extend their properties, in this research, we demonstrate disulfide exchange assisted polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)- and graphene oxide (GO)-involved epoxy vitrimers, which exhibit a reduction in glass transition temperature and storage modulus with increase in flexural strain and low-temperature self-healing. Stress relaxation and Arrhenius study were carried out for the analysis of vitrimeric behavior, where the prepared epoxy material displays self-healing at 80 °C for 5 min, whereas a low-temperature self-healing (60 °C) was observed for epoxy/PDMS/GO nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Krishnakumar
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Manjeet Singh
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Vijay Parthasarthy
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Chanwook Park
- Institute of Advanced Aerospace Technology, Seoul National University Gwanak-ro 1 Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Nanda Gopal Sahoo
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Chemistry, Kumaun University D.B.S. Campus Nainital Uttarakhand 263001 India
| | - Gun Jin Yun
- Institute of Advanced Aerospace Technology, Seoul National University Gwanak-ro 1 Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Sravendra Rana
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
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Varadwaj PR. Combined Molecular Dynamics and DFT Simulation Study of the Molecular and Polymer Properties of a Catechol-Based Cyclic Oligomer of Polyether Ether Ketone. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051054. [PMID: 32375392 PMCID: PMC7285100 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The geometrical, energetic, noncovalent, and material properties of a catechol-based cyclic oligomer of Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) called o-PEEK were investigated using Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) simulations. The DFT (and MD) calculation performed with the PBEsol functional (and COMPASS II force field) gave a density of 1.39 (and 1.36) gcm−3 and a volume of 2744.5 (and 2808.5) cm3 for o-PEEK and are comparable with the corresponding experimental values of 1.328 gcm−3 and 2884.6 cm3, respectively. The absolute values of the glass transition temperature (Tg) MD simulated using the unit-cell and 2 × 2 × 2 supercell geometries of the o-PEEK system were 424.4 and 428.6 K, respectively. Although these values slightly differ from each other, both are close to the experiment (Tg = 418.2 K). The results of the (charge) density gradient analysis suggest that the supramolecular assembly between the o-PEEK oligomers in the experimentally observed infinite semi-crystal is driven by a wide range of noncovalent interactions. While the individual local interactions between the oligomers were recognized to be weak-to-medium in strength and are theoretically difficult to quantify, the B97-D3/cc-pVTZ level stabilization energy responsible for the formation of each of the five binary complex configurations extracted from the PBEsol relaxed 2 × 2 × 2 supercell geometry of the o-PEEK system was calculated to vary between –3.5 and –33.0 kcal mol−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep R Varadwaj
- Nanoelectronics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 1 Chome-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba 305-8560, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan
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Mora AS, Tayouo R, Boutevin B, David G, Caillol S. A perspective approach on the amine reactivity and the hydrogen bonds effect on epoxy-amine systems. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Barra G, Guadagno L, Vertuccio L, Simonet B, Santos B, Zarrelli M, Arena M, Viscardi M. Different Methods of Dispersing Carbon Nanotubes in Epoxy Resin and Initial Evaluation of the Obtained Nanocomposite as a Matrix of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Laminate in Terms of Vibroacoustic Performance and Flammability. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12182998. [PMID: 31527471 PMCID: PMC6766336 DOI: 10.3390/ma12182998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Different industrial mixing methods and some of their combinations ((1) ultrasound; (2) mechanical stirring; (3) by roller machine; (4) by gears machine; and (5) ultrasound radiation + high stirring) were investigated for incorporating multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) into a resin based on an aeronautical epoxy precursor cured with diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS). The effect of different parameters, ultrasound intensity, number of cycles, type of blade, and gear speed on the nanofiller dispersion were analyzed. The inclusion of the nanofiller in the resin causes a drastic increase in the viscosity, preventing the homogenization of the resin and a drastic increase in temperature in the zones closest to the ultrasound probe. To face these challenges, the application of high-speed agitation simultaneously with the application of ultrasonic radiation was applied. This allowed, on the one hand, a homogeneous dispersion, and on the other hand, an improvement of the dissipation of heat generated by ultrasonic radiation. The most efficient method was a combination of ultrasound radiation assisted by a high stirring method with the calendar, which was used for the preparation of a carbon fiber reinforced panel (CFRP). The manufactured panel was subjected to dynamic and vibroacoustic tests in order to characterize structural damping and sound transmission loss properties. Under both points of view, the new formulation demonstrated an improved efficiency with reference to a standard CFRP equivalent panel. In fact, for this panel, the estimated damping value was well above the average of the typical values representative of the carbon fiber laminates (generally less than 1%), and also a good vibroacoustic performance was detected as the nanotube based panel exhibited a higher sound transmission loss (STL) at low frequencies, in correspondence with the normal mode participation region. The manufactured panel was also characterized in terms of fire performance using a cone calorimeter and the results were compared to those obtained using a commercially available monocomponent RTM6 (Hexcel composites) epoxy aeronautic resin with the same process and the same fabric and lamination. Compared to the traditional RTM6 resin, the panel with the epoxy nanofilled resin exhibits a significant improvement in fire resistance properties both in terms of a delay in the ignition time and in terms of an increase in the thermal resistance of the material. Compared to the traditional panel, made in the same conditions as the RTM6 resin, the time of ignition of the nanotube-based panel increased by 31 seconds while for the same panel, the heat release rate at peak, the average heat release rate, and the total heat release decreased by 21.4%, 48.5%, and 15%, respectively. The improvement of the fire performance was attributed to the formation of a non-intumescent char due to the simultaneous presence of GPOSS and carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Barra
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Salerno, Italy.
| | - Liberata Guadagno
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Salerno, Italy.
| | - Luigi Vertuccio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Salerno, Italy.
| | | | - Bricio Santos
- Nanotures, Jerez de la Frontera, 11400 Cadice, Spain.
| | - Mauro Zarrelli
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, P.le Fermi, 1, Portici, Naples 80055, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Arena
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Aerospace Section, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Claudio 21, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Massimo Viscardi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Aerospace Section, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Claudio 21, 80125 Naples, Italy.
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