1
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Chen B, Debsharma T, Fenimore LM, Wang T, Chen Y, Purwanto NS, Torkelson JM. Rapidly Self-Healable and Melt-Extrudable Polyethylene Reprocessable Network Enabled with Dialkylamino Disulfide Dynamic Chemistry. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400460. [PMID: 39047164 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Catalyst-free, radical-based reactive processing is used to transform low-density polyethylene (LDPE) into polyethylene covalent adaptable networks (PE CANs) using a dialkylamino disulfide crosslinker, BiTEMPS methacrylate (BTMA). Two versions of BTMA are used, BTMA-S2, with nearly exclusively disulfide bridges, and BTMA-Sn, with a mixture of oligosulfide bridges, to produce S2 PE CAN and Sn PE CAN, respectively. The two PE CANs exhibit identical crosslink densities, but the S2 PE CAN manifests faster stress relaxation, with average relaxation times ∼4.5 times shorter than those of Sn PE CAN over a 130 to 160 °C temperature range. The more rapid dynamics of the S2 PE CAN translate into a shorter compression-molding reprocessing time at 160 °C of only 5 min (vs 30 min for the Sn PE CAN) to achieve full recovery of crosslink density. Both PE CANs are melt-extrudable and exhibit full recovery within experimental uncertainty of crosslink density after extrusion. Both PE CANs are self-healable, with a crack fully repaired and the original tensile properties restored after 30 min for the S2 PE CAN or 60 min for the Sn PE CAN at a temperature slightly above the LDPE melting point and without the assistance of external forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boran Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Tapas Debsharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Logan M Fenimore
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yixuan Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Nathan S Purwanto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - John M Torkelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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2
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Guerrero F, De la Flor S, Serra À. Preparation and Characterization of Novel Poly(thiourethane)-Poly(isocyanurate) Covalent Adaptable Networks: Effect of the Catalysts. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400330. [PMID: 38924588 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Poly(thiourethane)-based covalent adaptable networks are synthesized by reacting a trimer of hexamethylene diisocyanate (Desmodur N3300) containing isocyanurate groups in its structure with 1,6-hexanedithiol. The catalysts evaluated for this process include dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL), lanthanum triflate (La(OTf)3), and a thermal precursor of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (BGDBU). The use of DBTDL results in the initiation of curing upon mixing, while the other two catalysts exhibit a latency period in the reactive mixture, with curing starting at about 90 °C. Notably, the use of the lanthanum salt produces an additional minor exothermic reaction at 80 °C. This phenomenon corresponds to the trimerization of isocyanates rending isocyanurates, leaving a portion of unreacted thiols. Materials prepared with BGDBU or La(OTf)3 present shorter relaxation times than those prepared with DBTDL. Nevertheless, the materials containing the lanthanum salt do not reach complete relaxation, likely due to the reinforcement of the permanent network through increased isocyanurate content. The formation of isocyanurates produces a stoichiometric imbalance, leaving unreacted thiols. This transforms the exchange process into a dual mechanism involving a dissociative process of thiourethanes to isocyanate and thiol, along with an interchange through thiol attacking the thiourethane group. The materials exhibit good recyclability and self-healing characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Guerrero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n Edif. N4, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Silvia De la Flor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Àngels Serra
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n Edif. N4, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
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Perin D, Dorigato A, Pegoretti A. Compatibilization of Polyamide 6/Cyclic Olefinic Copolymer Blends for the Development of Multifunctional Thermoplastic Composites with Self-Healing Capability. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1880. [PMID: 38673237 PMCID: PMC11052209 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the self-healing properties of PA6/COC blends, in particular, the impact of three compatibilizers on the rheological, microstructural, and thermomechanical properties. Dynamic rheological analysis revealed that ethylene glycidyl methacrylate (E-GMA) played a crucial role in reducing interfacial tension and promoting PA6 chain entanglement with COC domains. Mechanical tests showed that poly(ethylene)-graft-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MAH) and polyolefin elastomer-graft-maleic anhydride (POE-g-MAH) compatibilizers enhanced elongation at break, while E-GMA had a milder effect. A thermal healing process at 140 °C for 1 h was carried out on specimens broken in fracture toughness tests, performed under quasi-static and impact conditions, and healing efficiency (HE) was evaluated as the ratio of critical stress intensity factors of healed and virgin samples. All the compatibilizers increased HE, especially E-GMA, achieving 28.5% and 68% in quasi-static and impact conditions, respectively. SEM images of specimens tested in quasi-static conditions showed that all the compatibilizers induced PA6 plasticization and crack corrugation, thus hindering COC flow in the crack zone. Conversely, under impact conditions, E-GMA led to the formation of brittle fractures with planar surfaces, promoting COC flow and thus higher HE values. This study demonstrated that compatibilizers, loading mode, and fracture surface morphologies strongly influenced self-healing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Perin
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (A.D.); (A.P.)
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Carbonell-Blasco MP, Moyano MA, Hernández-Fernández C, Sierra-Molero FJ, Pastor IM, Alonso DA, Arán-Aís F, Orgilés-Calpena E. Polyurethane Adhesives with Chemically Debondable Properties via Diels-Alder Bonds. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:21. [PMID: 38201686 PMCID: PMC10780649 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) represent a pioneering advance in polymer science, offering unprecedented versatility in materials design. Unlike conventional adhesives with irreversible bonds, CAN-based polyurethane adhesives have the unique ability to undergo chemical restructuring through reversible bonds. One of the strategies for incorporating these types of reactions in polyurethanes is by functionalisation with Diels-Alder (DA) adducts. By taking advantage of the reversible nature of the DA chemistry, the adhesive undergoes controlled crosslinking and decrosslinking processes, allowing for precise modulation of bond strength. This adaptability is critical in applications requiring reworkability or recyclability, as it allows for easy disassembly and reassembly of bonded components without compromising the integrity of the material. This study focuses on the sustainable synthesis and characterisation of a solvent-based polyurethane adhesive, obtained by functionalising a polyurethane prepolymer with DA diene and dienophiles. The characterisation of the adhesives was carried out using different experimental techniques: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Brookfield viscosity, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and T-peel strength testing of leather/adhesive/rubber joints to determine the adhesive properties, both before and after the application of external stimuli. The conversion of both the DA and retro-Diels-Alder (r-DA) reactions was confirmed by 1H-NMR. The adhesive properties were not altered by the functionalisation of the adhesive prepolymer, showing similar thermal resistance and good rheological and adhesive properties, even exceeding the most demanding technical requirements for upper-to-sole joints in footwear. After the application of an external thermal stimuli, the bonded materials separated without difficulty and without damage, thus facilitating their separation, recovery and recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pilar Carbonell-Blasco
- Footwear Technology Centre, Campo Alto Campo, Elda, 03600 Alicante, Spain; (M.A.M.); (C.H.-F.); (F.A.-A.); (E.O.-C.)
| | - María Alejandra Moyano
- Footwear Technology Centre, Campo Alto Campo, Elda, 03600 Alicante, Spain; (M.A.M.); (C.H.-F.); (F.A.-A.); (E.O.-C.)
| | - Carlota Hernández-Fernández
- Footwear Technology Centre, Campo Alto Campo, Elda, 03600 Alicante, Spain; (M.A.M.); (C.H.-F.); (F.A.-A.); (E.O.-C.)
| | - Francisco J. Sierra-Molero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (F.J.S.-M.); (I.M.P.); (D.A.A.)
| | - Isidro M. Pastor
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (F.J.S.-M.); (I.M.P.); (D.A.A.)
| | - Diego A. Alonso
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (F.J.S.-M.); (I.M.P.); (D.A.A.)
| | - Francisca Arán-Aís
- Footwear Technology Centre, Campo Alto Campo, Elda, 03600 Alicante, Spain; (M.A.M.); (C.H.-F.); (F.A.-A.); (E.O.-C.)
| | - Elena Orgilés-Calpena
- Footwear Technology Centre, Campo Alto Campo, Elda, 03600 Alicante, Spain; (M.A.M.); (C.H.-F.); (F.A.-A.); (E.O.-C.)
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5
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Ahmed S, Jeong JE, Kim JC, Lone S, Cheong IW. Self-healing polymers for surface scratch regeneration. RSC Adv 2023; 13:35050-35064. [PMID: 38046629 PMCID: PMC10690873 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06676b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been a significant increase in academic and industrial interest in self-healing polymers (SHPs) due to their remarkable ability to regenerate scratched surfaces and materials of astronomical significance. Scientists have been inspired by the magical repairing mechanism of the living world. They transformed the fiction of self-healing into reality by designing engrossing polymeric materials that could self-repair mechanical abrasions repeatedly. As a result, the durability of the materials is remarkably improved. Thus, the idea of studying SHPs passively upholds economic and environmental sustainability. However, the critical areas of self-healing (including healing efficiency, healing mechanism, and thermo-mechanical property changes during healing) are under continuous scientific improvisation. This review highlights recent notable advances of SHPs for application in regenerating scratched surfaces with various distinctive underlying mechanisms. The primary focus of the work is aimed at discussing the impact of SHPs on scratch-healing technology. Beyond that, insights regarding scratch testing, methods of investigating polymer surfaces, wound depths, the addition of healing fillers, and the environmental conditions maintained during the healing process are reviewed thoroughly. Finally, broader future perspectives on the challenges and prospects of SHPs in healing surface scratches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Ahmed
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyungpook National University Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Jeong
- Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Ulsan 44412 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Chul Kim
- Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Ulsan 44412 Republic of Korea
| | - Saifullah Lone
- Department of Chemistry, iDREAM (Interdisciplinary Division for Renewable Energy & Advanced Materials), NIT Srinagar 190006 India
| | - In Woo Cheong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyungpook National University Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
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6
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Bischoff DJ, Lee T, Kang KS, Molineux J, O'Neil Parker W, Pyun J, Mackay ME. Unraveling the rheology of inverse vulcanized polymers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7553. [PMID: 37985754 PMCID: PMC10662295 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple relaxation times are used to capture the numerous stress relaxation modes found in bulk polymer melts. Herein, inverse vulcanization is used to synthesize high sulfur content (≥50 wt%) polymers that only need a single relaxation time to describe their stress relaxation. The S-S bonds in these organopolysulfides undergo dissociative bond exchange when exposed to elevated temperatures, making the bond exchange dominate the stress relaxation. Through the introduction of a dimeric norbornadiene crosslinker that improves thermomechanical properties, we show that it is possible for the Maxwell model of viscoelasticity to describe both dissociative covalent adaptable networks and living polymers, which is one of the few experimental realizations of a Maxwellian material. Rheological master curves utilizing time-temperature superposition were constructed using relaxation times as nonarbitrary horizontal shift factors. Despite advances in inverse vulcanization, this is the first complete characterization of the rheological properties of this class of unique polymeric material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Bischoff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Taeheon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Kyung-Seok Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Jake Molineux
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Pyun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Michael E Mackay
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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7
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Jiang Y, Ng ELL, Han DX, Yan Y, Chan SY, Wang J, Chan BQY. Self-Healing Polymeric Materials and Composites for Additive Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4206. [PMID: 37959886 PMCID: PMC10649664 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-healing polymers have received widespread attention due to their ability to repair damage autonomously and increase material stability, reliability, and economy. However, the processability of self-healing materials has yet to be studied, limiting the application of rich self-healing mechanisms. Additive manufacturing effectively improves the shortcomings of conventional processing while increasing production speed, accuracy, and complexity, offering great promise for self-healing polymer applications. This article summarizes the current self-healing mechanisms of self-healing polymers and their corresponding additive manufacturing methods, and provides an outlook on future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixue Jiang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Evelyn Ling Ling Ng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Danielle Xinyun Han
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Yinjia Yan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), and Ningbo Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Siew Yin Chan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - John Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Qi Yu Chan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
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8
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Liang H, Wei Y, Ji Y. Magnetic-responsive Covalent Adaptable Networks. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201177. [PMID: 36645376 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) are reprocessable polymers whose structural arrangement is based on the recombination of dynamic covalent bonds. Composite materials prepared by incorporating magnetic particles into CANs attract much attention due to their remote and precise control, fast response speed, high biological safety and strong penetration of magnetic stimuli. These properties often involve magnetothermal effect and direct magnetic-field guidance. Besides, some of them can also respond to light, electricity or pH values. Thus, they are favorable for soft actuators since various functions are achieved such as magnetic-assisted self-healing (heating or at ambient temperature), welding (on land or under water), shape-morphing, and so on. Although magnetic CANs just start to be studied in recent two years, their advances are promised to expand the practical applications in both cutting-edge academic and engineering fields. This review aims to summarize recent progress in magnetic-responsive CANs, including their design, synthesis and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yen Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology and Institute of Biomedical Technology, Chung-Yuan Christian University Chung-Li, 32023, Taiwan, P. R. China
| | - Yan Ji
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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9
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Mouren A, Avérous L. Sustainable cycloaliphatic polyurethanes: from synthesis to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:277-317. [PMID: 36520183 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00509c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PUs) are a versatile and major polymer family, mainly produced via polyaddition between polyols and polyisocyanates. A large variety of fossil-based building blocks is commonly used to develop a wide range of macromolecular architectures with specific properties. Due to environmental concerns, legislation, rarefaction of some petrol fractions and price fluctuation, sustainable feedstocks are attracting significant attention, e.g., plastic waste and biobased resources from biomass. Consequently, various sustainable building blocks are available to develop new renewable macromolecular architectures such as aromatics, linear aliphatics and cycloaliphatics. Meanwhile, the relationship between the chemical structures of these building blocks and properties of the final PUs can be determined. For instance, aromatic building blocks are remarkable to endow materials with rigidity, hydrophobicity, fire resistance, chemical and thermal stability, whereas acyclic aliphatics endow them with oxidation and UV light resistance, flexibility and transparency. Cycloaliphatics are very interesting as they combine most of the advantages of linear aliphatic and aromatic compounds. This original and unique review presents a comprehensive overview of the synthesis of sustainable cycloaliphatic PUs using various renewable products such as biobased terpenes, carbohydrates, fatty acids and cholesterol and/or plastic waste. Herein, we summarize the chemical modification of the main sustainable cycloaliphatic feedstocks, synthesis of PUs using these building blocks and their corresponding properties and subsequently present their major applications in hot-topic fields, including building, transportation, packaging and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Mouren
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.
| | - Luc Avérous
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.
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10
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Ahmed N, Niaz B, Ahmed S, Javid MT, Ali M, Tariq M. Mechanically robust and highly elastic thermally induced shape memory polyurethane based composites for smart and sustainable robotic applications. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Ahmed
- School of Packaging Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
- Department of Chemistry Hazara University Mansehra Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Basit Niaz
- Department of Chemistry Hazara University Mansehra Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Saad Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry‐Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | | | - Muhammad Ali
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry‐Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Advanced Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry‐Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
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11
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Zhang J, Shi X, Lu H, Yu K, Fu YQ. Self-Toughening and Interfacial Welding of Covalent Adaptable Networks Undergoing Hydro-Chemo-Mechanical Coupling. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin150080, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin150080, PR China
| | - Haibao Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin150080, PR China
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado80217, United States
| | - Yong-Qing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon TyneNE1 8ST, U.K
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12
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Aayanifard Z, Khan A, Naveed M, Schager J, Rabnawaz M. Rapid depolymerization of PET by employing an integrated melt-treatment and diols. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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13
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Hauguel C, Pozzo J, Hamze A, Provot O. Recent Advances in Synthesis of Pyrrolo[3,2‐
b
]indole and Indolo[3,2‐
b
]indole Derivatives. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Hauguel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS 92290 Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Jean‐Luc Pozzo
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR5255 351 cours Libération F-33405 Bordeaux France
| | - Abdallah Hamze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS 92290 Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Olivier Provot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS 92290 Châtenay-Malabry France
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14
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Dugas LD, Walker WD, Shankar R, Hoppmeyer KS, Thornell TL, Morgan SE, Storey RF, Patton DL, Simon YC. Diketoenamine-based Vitrimers via Thiol-ene photopolymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200249. [PMID: 35856189 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Likened to both thermosets and thermoplastics, vitrimers are a unique class of materials that combine remarkable stability, healability, and reprocessability. Herein, we describe a photopolymerized thiol-ene-based vitrimer that undergoes dynamic covalent exchanges through uncatalyzed transamination of enamines derived from cyclic β-triketones, whereby the low energy barrier for exchange facilitates reprocessing and enables rapid depolymerization. Accordingly, we devised an alkene-functionalized β-triketone, 5,5-dimethyl-2-(pent-4-enoyl)cyclohexane-1,3-dione, which was reacted with 1,6-diaminohexane in a stoichiometrically imbalanced fashion (∼1:0.85 primary amine:triketone). The resulting networks exhibited subambient glass transition temperature (Tg = 5.66°C) by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Using a Maxwell stress-relaxation fit, the topology freezing temperature (Tv ) was calculated to be -32°C. Small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) rheological analysis enabled us to identify a practical critical temperature above which the vitrimer could be successfully reprocessed (Tv,eff ). Via the introduction of excess primary amines, we could readily degrade the networks into monomeric precursors, which were in turn reacted with diamines to regenerate reprocessable networks. Photopolymerization provides unique spatiotemporal control over the network topology, thereby opening the path for further investigation of vitrimer properties. As such, this work expands the toolbox of chemical upcycling of networks and enables their wider implementation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan D Dugas
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - William D Walker
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Rahul Shankar
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Keely S Hoppmeyer
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Travis L Thornell
- US Army, Engineering Research & Development Center, Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Sarah E Morgan
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Robson F Storey
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Derek L Patton
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Yoan C Simon
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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15
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Mohd Sani NF, Yee HJ, Othman N, Talib AA, Shuib RK. Intrinsic self-healing rubber: A review and perspective of material and reinforcement. POLYMER TESTING 2022; 111:107598. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2022.107598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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16
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Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Vitrimers with Low Topology Freezing Transition Temperature. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122456. [PMID: 35746032 PMCID: PMC9229622 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitrimers are crosslinked polymeric materials that behave like fluids when heated, regulated by the kinetics of internal covalent bond-exchange that occurs rapidly at or above the topology freezing transition temperature (Tv) of the vitrimer, making these materials readily reprocessable and recyclable. We report two novel multiphase vitrimeric materials prepared by the cross-linking of two polymers, namely poly(triethylene glycol sebacate) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate), using zinc acetate or tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate as catalysts, which exhibit significantly low Tv temperatures of 39 °C and 29 °C, respectively. The transesterification reactions allow rapid and pronounced stress relaxation at high temperatures, following the Arrhenius law. The lower Tv of these vitrimers could be attributable to the flexible long chains of these polymers and the significant excess of OH moieties present along the main chain of the polymer. The design of such multiphase vitrimers is not only useful for the practical application of vitrimers to reduce plastic waste but could also facilitate further development of functional polymer materials that can be reprocessed at low temperatures.
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17
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Liu Z, Ma Y, Xiang Y, Shen X, Shi Z, Gao J. Integrating Boronic Esters and Anthracene into Covalent Adaptable Networks toward Stimuli-Responsive Elastomers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1104. [PMID: 35335435 PMCID: PMC8954286 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymer materials have a promising potential application in many areas. However, integrating multi-stimuli into one elastomer is still a challenge. Here, we utilized boronic esters and anthracene to prepare a cross-linked poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS) which was endowed with responsiveness to three stimuli (light, heat, and alcohols). SBS was first functionalized with a certain amount of dihydroxyl groups via a thiol-ene "click" reaction between unsaturated double bonds in PB block and thioglycerol. Then, 9-anthraceneboronic acid was applied to form a cross-linked SBS network upon heat and ultraviolet radiation (λ = 365 nm). The prepared elastomer was demonstrated to be stimuli-responsive based on the dynamic nature of boronic esters and the reversible dimerization of anthracene. In addition, the mechanical properties of the elastomer could be regulated continuously owing to the stimulus responsiveness to ultraviolet or heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Liu
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China; (Z.L.); (Y.X.); (X.S.)
| | - Youwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation & Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Yixin Xiang
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China; (Z.L.); (Y.X.); (X.S.)
| | - Xianrong Shen
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China; (Z.L.); (Y.X.); (X.S.)
| | - Zixing Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation & Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Jiangang Gao
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China; (Z.L.); (Y.X.); (X.S.)
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18
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19
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Tarazona NA, Machatschek R, Balcucho J, Castro-Mayorga JL, Saldarriaga JF, Lendlein A. Opportunities and challenges for integrating the development of sustainable polymer materials within an international circular (bio)economy concept. MRS ENERGY & SUSTAINABILITY : A REVIEW JOURNAL 2022; 9:28-34. [PMID: 37521367 PMCID: PMC9127038 DOI: 10.1557/s43581-021-00015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Highlights The production and consumption of commodity polymers have been an indispensable part of the development of our modern society. Owing to their adjustable properties and variety of functions, polymer-based materials will continue playing important roles in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)s, defined by the United Nations, in key areas such as healthcare, transport, food preservation, construction, electronics, and water management. Considering the serious environmental crisis, generated by increasing consumption of plastics, leading-edge polymers need to incorporate two types of functions: Those that directly arise from the demands of the application (e.g. selective gas and liquid permeation, actuation or charge transport) and those that enable minimization of environmental harm, e.g., through prolongation of the functional lifetime, minimization of material usage, or through predictable disintegration into non-toxic fragments. Here, we give examples of how the incorporation of a thoughtful combination of properties/functions can enhance the sustainability of plastics ranging from material design to waste management. We focus on tools to measure and reduce the negative impacts of plastics on the environment throughout their life cycle, the use of renewable sources for their synthesis, the design of biodegradable and/or recyclable materials, and the use of biotechnological strategies for enzymatic recycling of plastics that fits into a circular bioeconomy. Finally, we discuss future applications for sustainable plastics with the aim to achieve the SDGs through international cooperation. Abstract Leading-edge polymer-based materials for consumer and advanced applications are necessary to achieve sustainable development at a global scale. It is essential to understand how sustainability can be incorporated in these materials via green chemistry, the integration of bio-based building blocks from biorefineries, circular bioeconomy strategies, and combined smart and functional capabilities. Graphic abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Tarazona
- Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstraße 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Rainhard Machatschek
- Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstraße 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jennifer Balcucho
- Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstraße 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Jinneth Lorena Castro-Mayorga
- Department of Bioproducts, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), 250047 Mosquera-Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Juan F. Saldarriaga
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes (UniAndes), 111711 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstraße 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
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20
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Haida P, Signorato G, Abetz V. Blended vinylogous urethane/urea vitrimers derived from aromatic alcohols. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01237a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An in-depth investigation of the condensation, substitution and transamination reactions in blended vinylogous urethane/urea vitrimers derived from commercially relevant alcohols, proven by detailed model studies and 16 prepared vitrimer networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Haida
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gloria Signorato
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Volker Abetz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
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21
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Rajappan SC, Davis BJ, Dishner IT, Thornell TL, Peyrefitte JJ, Simon YC. Reversible hetero-Diels–Alder amine hardener as drop-in replacement for healable epoxy coatings. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00917f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Replacing commercial hardeners with bio-sourced fatty acids linked by hetero Diels–Alder (HDA) motifs enabled epoxy-amine coatings with intrinsic self-healing properties. The HDA-based coatings demonstrate scratch healing at 95 °C within 15 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinu C. Rajappan
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Dr. #5050, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Brad J. Davis
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Dr. #5050, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Isaiah T. Dishner
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Dr. #5050, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Travis L. Thornell
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - John J. Peyrefitte
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Dr. #5050, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Yoan C. Simon
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Dr. #5050, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
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22
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Baek S, Lee J, Kim H, Cha I, Song C. Self-Healable and Recyclable Biomass-Derived Polyurethane Networks through Carbon Dioxide Immobilization. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4381. [PMID: 34960932 PMCID: PMC8707029 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to growing environmental issues, research on carbon dioxide (CO2) use is widely conducted and efforts are being made to produce useful materials from biomass-derived resources. However, polymer materials developed by a combined strategy (i.e., both CO2-immobilized and biomass-derived) are rare. In this study, we synthesized biomass-derived poly(carbonate-co-urethane) (PCU) networks using CO2-immobilized furan carbonate diols (FCDs) via an ecofriendly method. The synthesis of FCDs was performed by directly introducing CO2 into a biomass-derived 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan. Using mechanochemical synthesis (ball-milling), the PCU networks were effortlessly prepared from FCDs, erythritol, and diisocyanate, which were then hot-pressed into films. The thermal and thermomechanical properties of the PCU networks were thoroughly characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic (thermal) mechanical analysis, and using a rheometer. The self-healing and recyclable properties of the PCU films were successfully demonstrated using dynamic covalent bonds. Interestingly, transcarbamoylation (urethane exchange) occurred preferentially as opposed to transcarbonation (carbonate exchange). We believe our approach presents an efficient means for producing sustainable polyurethane copolymers using biomass-derived and CO2-immobilized diols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Changsik Song
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (S.B.); (J.L.); (H.K.); (I.C.)
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23
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Li Q, Ma S, Li P, Wang B, Yu Z, Feng H, Liu Y, Zhu J. Fast Reprocessing of Acetal Covalent Adaptable Networks with High Performance Enabled by Neighboring Group Participation. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Division of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Songqi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Division of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Pengyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Division of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Binbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Division of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Division of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Hongzhi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Division of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Division of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Division of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
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Nair A, Kansal D, Khan A, Rabnawaz M. New alternatives to single‐use plastics: Starch and chitosan‐
graft
‐polydimethylsiloxane‐coated paper for water‐ and oil‐resistant applications. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Nair
- School of Packaging Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Dhwani Kansal
- School of Packaging Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Ajmir Khan
- School of Packaging Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Muhammad Rabnawaz
- School of Packaging Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
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25
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Sugane K, Shibata M. Self-healing thermoset polyurethanes utilizing host‒guest interaction of cyclodextrin and adamantane. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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26
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Build-To-Specification Vanillin and Phloroglucinol Derived Biobased Epoxy-Amine Vitrimers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112645. [PMID: 33182799 PMCID: PMC7697130 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resins are widely used in the composite industry due to their dimensional stability, chemical resistance, and thermo-mechanical properties. However, these thermoset resins have important drawbacks. (i) The vast majority of epoxy matrices are based on non-renewable fossil-derived materials, and (ii) the highly cross-linked molecular architecture hinders their reprocessing, repairing, and recycling. In this paper, those two aspects are addressed by combining novel biobased epoxy monomers derived from renewable resources and dynamic crosslinks. Vanillin (lignin) and phloroglucinol (sugar bioconversion) precursors have been used to develop bi- and tri-functional epoxy monomers, diglycidyl ether of vanillyl alcohol (DGEVA) and phloroglucinol triepoxy (PHTE) respectively. Additionally, reversible covalent bonds have been incorporated in the network by using an aromatic disulfide-based diamine hardener. Four epoxy matrices with different ratios of epoxy monomers (DGEVA/PHTE wt%: 100/0, 60/40, 40/60, and 0/100) were developed and fully characterized in terms of thermal and mechanical properties. We demonstrate that their performances are comparable to those of commonly used fossil fuel-based epoxy thermosets with additional advanced reprocessing functionalities.
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