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Nugroho WT, Dong Y, Pramanik A. Mechanical and Shape Memory Properties of Additively Manufactured Polyurethane (PU)/Halloysite Nanotube (HNT) Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1373. [PMID: 39195411 DOI: 10.3390/nano14161373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
This paper investigates the impact of halloysite nanotube (HNT) content on mechanical and shape memory properties of additively manufactured polyurethane (PU)/HNT nanocomposites. The inclusion of 8 wt% HNTs increases their tensile strength by 30.4% when compared with that of virgin PU at 44.75 MPa. Furthermore, consistently significant increases in tensile modulus, compressive strength and modulus, as well as specific energy absorption are also manifested by 47.2%, 34.0%, 125% and 72.7% relative to neat PU at 2.29 GPa, 3.88 MPa, 0.28 GPa and 0.44 kJ/kg respectively. However, increasing HNT content reduces lateral strain due to the restricted mobility of polymeric chains, leading to a decrease in negative Poisson's ratio (NPR). As such, shape recovery ratio and time of PU/HNT nanocomposites are reduced by 9 and 45% with the inclusion of 10 wt% HNTs despite an increasing shape fixity ratio up to 12% relative to those of neat PU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Triadji Nugroho
- School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
- Engineering Department, Politeknik Negeri Jember, GPO Box 164, Jember 68101, Indonesia
| | - Yu Dong
- School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Alokesh Pramanik
- School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
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2
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Djonyabe Habiba R, Malça C, Branco R. Exploring the Potential of Recycled Polymers for 3D Printing Applications: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2915. [PMID: 38930283 PMCID: PMC11205834 DOI: 10.3390/ma17122915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The integration of recycled polymers into additive manufacturing (AM) processes offers a promising opportunity for advancing sustainability within the manufacturing industry. This review paper summarizes existing research and developments related to the use of recycled materials in AM, focusing on distinct polymers, such as polylactic acid (PLA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), among others. Key topics explored include the availability of recycled filaments on the market, challenges associated with material variability and traceability, and efforts toward establishing ethical product standards and sustainability characterization methodologies. Regulatory considerations and standards development by organizations such as ASTM and ISO are discussed, along with recommendations for future advancements in improving the sustainability of filament recycling and achieving net-zero emissions in AM processes. The collective efforts outlined in this paper underscore the potential of recycled polymers in AM to foster a more sustainable and environmentally friendly manufacturing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Djonyabe Habiba
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Polytechnic Institute of Leiria (IPL), 2430 Marinha Grande, Portugal; (R.D.H.); (C.M.)
| | - Cândida Malça
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Polytechnic Institute of Leiria (IPL), 2430 Marinha Grande, Portugal; (R.D.H.); (C.M.)
- Coimbra Institute of Engineering (ISEC), Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra (IPC), Rua Pedro Nunes–Quinta da Nora, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Branco
- CEMMPRE, ARISE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luis Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
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3
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Wang S, He P, Geng Q, Huang H, Sang L, Yao Z. Investigation of Additive-Manufactured Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polyethylene Terephthalate Honeycomb for Application as Non-Pneumatic Tire Support Structure. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1091. [PMID: 38675009 PMCID: PMC11053850 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A non-pneumatic tire (NPT) overcomes the shortcomings of a traditional pneumatic tire such as wear, punctures and blowouts. In this respect, it shows great potential in improving driving safety, and has received great attention in recent years. In this paper, a carbon fiber-reinforced polyethylene terephthalate (PET/CF) honeycomb is proposed as a support structure for NPTs, which can be easily prepared using 3D printing technology. The experimental results showed that the PET/CF has high strength and modulus and provides excellent mechanical properties. Then, a finite element (FE) model was established to predict the compression performance of auxetic honeycombs. Good agreement was achieved between the experimental data and FE analysis. The influence of the cell parameters on the compressive performance of the support structure were further analyzed. Both the wall thickness and the vertically inclined angle could modulate the mechanical performance of the NPT. Finally, the application of vertical force is used to analyze the static load of the structure. The PET/CF honeycomb as the support structure of the NPT showed outstanding bearing capacity and stiffness in contrast with elastomer counterparts. Consequently, this study broadens the material selection for NPTs and proposes a strategy for manufacturing a prototype, which provides a reference for the design and development of non-pneumatic tires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (S.W.); (P.H.); (Q.G.)
| | - Pan He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (S.W.); (P.H.); (Q.G.)
| | - Quanqiang Geng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (S.W.); (P.H.); (Q.G.)
| | - Hui Huang
- School of Control Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
| | - Lin Sang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zaiqi Yao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety Technology, Geely Automobile Research Institute (Ningbo) Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315336, China
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4
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Głowacka J, Derpeński Ł, Frydrych M, Sztorch B, Bartoszewicz B, Przekop RE. Robotization of Three-Point Bending Mechanical Tests Using PLA/TPU Blends as an Example in the 0-100% Range. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6927. [PMID: 37959523 PMCID: PMC10650072 DOI: 10.3390/ma16216927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the development of an automated three-point bending testing system using a robot to increase the efficiency and precision of measurements for PLA/TPU polymer blends as implementation high-throughput measurement methods. The system operates continuously and characterizes the flexural properties of PLA/TPU blends with varying TPU concentrations. This study aimed to determine the effect of TPU concentration on the strength and flexural stiffness, surface properties (WCA), thermal properties (TGA, DSC), and microscopic characterization of the studied blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Głowacka
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 10 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (J.G.); (M.F.); (B.S.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 8 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Derpeński
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 45C Wiejska, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (Ł.D.); (B.B.)
| | - Miłosz Frydrych
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 10 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (J.G.); (M.F.); (B.S.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 8 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Bogna Sztorch
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 10 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (J.G.); (M.F.); (B.S.)
| | - Błażej Bartoszewicz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 45C Wiejska, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (Ł.D.); (B.B.)
| | - Robert E. Przekop
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 10 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (J.G.); (M.F.); (B.S.)
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Billings C, Siddique R, Liu Y. Photocurable Polymer-Based 3D Printing: Advanced Flexible Strain Sensors for Human Kinematics Monitoring. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4170. [PMID: 37896414 PMCID: PMC10611242 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vat photopolymerization-based additive manufacturing (AM) is critical in improving solutions for wearable sensors. The ability to add nanoparticles to increase the polymer resin's mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties creates a strong proposition for investigating custom nanocomposites for the medical field. This work uses a low-cost biocompatible polymer resin enhanced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and a digital light processing-based AM system to develop accurate strain sensors. These sensors demonstrate the ability to carry a 244% maximum strain while lasting hundreds of cycles without degradation at lower strain ranges. In addition, the printing process allows for detailed prints to be accomplished at a sub-30 micron spatial resolution while also assisting alignment of the MWCNTs in the printing plane. Moreover, high-magnification imagery demonstrates uniform MWCNT dispersion by utilizing planetary shear mixing and identifying MWCNT pullout at fracture locations. Finally, the proposed nanocomposite is used to print customized and wearable strain sensors for finger motion monitoring and can detect different amounts of flexion and extension. The 3D printed nanocomposite sensors demonstrate characteristics that make it a strong candidate for the applications of human kinematics monitoring and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Billings
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, 865 Asp Ave., Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Ridwan Siddique
- Norman North High School, 1809 Stubbeman Ave., Norman, OK 73069, USA;
| | - Yingtao Liu
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, 865 Asp Ave., Norman, OK 73019, USA
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Nugroho WT, Dong Y, Pramanik A, Zhang Z, Ramakrishna S. Co-Influence of Nanofiller Content and 3D Printing Parameters on Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)/Halloysite Nanotube (HNT) Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1975. [PMID: 37446491 DOI: 10.3390/nano13131975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) belongs to a polyurethane family that possesses an elongation much higher than 300%, despite having low mechanical strength, which can be overcome by incorporating clay-based halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) as additives to manufacture TPU/HNT nanocomposites. This paper focuses on the co-influence of HNT content and 3D printing parameters on the mechanical properties of 3D printed TPU/HNT nanocomposites in terms of tensile properties, hardness, and abrasion resistance via fused deposition modelling (FDM). The optimum factor-level combination for different responses was determined with the aid of robust statistical Taguchi design of experiments (DoEs). Material characterisation was also carried out to evaluate the surface morphology, nanofiller dispersion, chemical structure, thermal stability, and phase behaviour corresponding to the DoE results obtained. It is evidently shown that HNT level and infill density play a significant role in impacting mechanical properties of 3D-printed TPU/HNT nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Triadji Nugroho
- School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, P.O. Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Yu Dong
- School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, P.O. Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Alokesh Pramanik
- School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, P.O. Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Zhixiao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
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7
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Dezianian S, Azadi M. Multi-Material Metamaterial Topology Optimization to Minimize the Compliance and the Constraint of Weight: Application of Non-Pneumatic Tire Additive-Manufactured with PLA/TPU Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081927. [PMID: 37112074 PMCID: PMC10142926 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In non-pneumatic tires, metamaterial cells could replace the pneumatic part of the tire. In this research, to achieve a metamaterial cell suitable for a non-pneumatic tire with the objective function of increasing compressive strength and bending fatigue lifetime, an optimization was carried out for three types of geometries: a square plane, a rectangular plane, and the entire circumference of the tire, as well as three types of materials: polylactic acid (PLA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), and void. The topology optimization was implemented by the MATLAB code in 2D mode. Finally, to check the quality of cell 3D printing and how the cells were connected, the optimal cell fabricated by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method was evaluated using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The results showed that in the optimization of the square plane, the sample with the minimum remaining weight constraint equal to 40% was selected as the optimal case, while in the optimization of the rectangular plane and the entire circumference of tire, the sample with the minimum remaining weight constraint equal to 60% was selected as the optimal case. From checking the quality of 3D printing of multi-materials, it was concluded that the PLA and TPU materials were completely connected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokouh Dezianian
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan 35131-19111, Iran
| | - Mohammad Azadi
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan 35131-19111, Iran
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8
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Desai SM, Sonawane RY, More AP. Thermoplastic polyurethane for three‐dimensional printing applications: A review. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.6041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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9
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Effects of Post-UV-Curing on the Flexural and Absorptive Behaviour of FDM-3D-Printed Poly(lactic acid) Parts. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020348. [PMID: 36679230 PMCID: PMC9866767 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of the post-ultraviolet-curing process on the flexural, absorptive, and morphological properties of poly(lactic acid) specimens produced using a fused deposition modelling technique 3D printer were experimentally investigated. In this direction, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min post-UV-curing processes were applied to poly(lactic acid) three-point bending and absorption specimens produced at 190 and 200 °C. Three-point bending tests and morphological analyses were applied after the post-ultraviolet-curing process, and absorption tests were applied by immersing the post-ultraviolet-cured specimens in a distilled water bath for 1-, 3-day, and 1-, 2-, and 4-week exposure times. The changes in flexural strain properties for each experimental parameter were also simulated by the computer-aided finite element analysis and compared with the experimental results. It was observed that the post-ultraviolet-curing process increased the flexural strength of the poly(lactic acid) specimens produced at both 190 and 200 °C with the same increasing trend up to 30 min of exposure, and the most significant increase was determined in the specimens that were subjected to post-ultraviolet-curing for 30 min. Although the flexural strengths of the post-ultraviolet-cured specimens were higher than the non-cured specimens in all conditions, it was detected that they tended to decrease after 30 min.
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10
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Talevi G, Pannone L, Monaco C, Bori E, Cappello IA, Candelari M, Ramak R, La Meir M, Gharaviri A, Chierchia GB, Innocenti B, de Asmundis C. Development of a 3D printed surgical guide for Brugada syndrome substrate ablation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1029685. [DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1029685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundBrugada syndrome (BrS) is a disease associated with ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Epicardial ablation has demonstrated high therapeutic efficacy in preventing ventricular arrhythmias. The purpose of this research is to define a workflow to create a patient-specific 3D-printed tool to be used as a surgical guide for epicardial ablation in BrS.MethodsDue to their mechanical properties and biocompatibility, the MED625FLX and TPU95A were used for cardiac 3D surgical guide printing. ECG imaging was used to define the target region on the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). CT scan imaging was used to design the model based on patient anatomy. A 3D patient-specific heart phantom was also printed for fitting test. Sterilization test was finally performed.Results3D printed surgical models with both TPU95A and MED625FLX models were in agreement with pre-specified imputed measurements. The phantom test showed retention of shape and correct fitting of the surgical tool to the reproduced phantom anatomy, as expected, for both materials. The surgical guide adapted to both the RVOT and the left anterior descending artery. Two of the 3D models produced in MED265FLX showed damage due to the sterilization process.ConclusionsA 3D printed patient-specific surgical guide for epicardial substrate ablation in BrS is feasible if a specific workflow is followed. The design of the 3D surgical guide ensures proper fitting on the heart phantom with good stability. Further investigations for clinical use are eagerly awaited.
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Shin EJ, Jung YS, Choi HY, Lee S. Synthesis and fabrication of biobased thermoplastic polyurethane filament for
FDM 3D
printing. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Shin
- Department of Organic Materials and Polymer Engineering Dong‐A University Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Sook Jung
- Department of Organic Materials and Polymer Engineering Dong‐A University Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Yeol Choi
- Department of Fashion Design Dong‐A University Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhee Lee
- Department of Fashion Design Dong‐A University Busan Republic of Korea
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12
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Thermoplastic starch based blends as a highly renewable filament for fused deposition modeling 3D printing. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:175-184. [PMID: 35926678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
3D printing technology is considered as a highly flexible method which can achieve a various customized end products. The employment of bio-based materials can significantly decrease the environmental footprint of the end 3D printing products. This study presents the preparation of thermoplastic starch (TPS)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) composite that dedicated for the FDM 3D printing technology, the ratio of TPS:PLA:PBAT was fixed at 50:40:10 wt%. In addition, the chain extender ADR4468 (CE) was added to improve the brittleness of the blends to obtain better 3D printing filament. The mechanical properties of blends were improved by the addition of CE with 113 % increase in elongation at break and the 190 % raise in impact strength. Dynamic rheological analysis showed the maximum degree of complex viscosity and melt strength when the content of CE reached 1 wt%. The successful printability of TPS-based filament was demonstrated by accurate and complex printing samples. This paper provided a method to prepare highly renewable filaments for 3D printing.
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3D-Printed Soft Pneumatic Robotic Digit Based on Parametric Kinematic Model for Finger Action Mimicking. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142786. [PMID: 35890561 PMCID: PMC9323582 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A robotic digit with shape modulation, allowing personalized and adaptable finger motions, can be used to restore finger functions after finger trauma or neurological impairment. A soft pneumatic robotic digit consisting of pneumatic bellows actuators as biomimetic artificial joints is proposed in this study to achieve specific finger motions. A parametric kinematic model is employed to describe the tip motion trajectory of the soft pneumatic robotic digit and guide the actuator parameter design (i.e., the pressure supply, actuator material properties, and structure requirements of the adopted pneumatic bellows actuators). The direct 3D printing technique is adopted in the fabrication process of the soft pneumatic robotic digit using the smart material of thermoplastic polyurethane. Each digit joint achieves different ranges of motion (ROM; bending angles of distal, proximal, and metacarpal joint are 107°, 101°, and 97°, respectively) under a low pressure of 30 kPa, which are consistent with the functional ROM of a human finger for performing daily activities. Theoretical model analysis and experiment tests are performed to validate the effectiveness of the digit parametric kinematic model, thereby providing evidence-based technical parameters for the precise control of dynamic pressure dosages to achieve the required motions.
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14
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Liu H, Tian J, Pan G, Xie Y, Yao Q. Preparation of the Flexible Green Body of YAG Ceramic Fiber by Melt Spinning. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102096. [PMID: 35631978 PMCID: PMC9147338 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
YAG ceramic fiber, with its high thermal conductivity and easy to achieve limit size, provides design flexibility as a laser gain medium. Its mainstream forming method was mainly high-pressure extrusion, but there were disadvantages, such as lack of flexibility. In this work, the flexible green body of YAG ceramic fiber was prepared by melt spinning. The melting characteristics of TPU with four different Shore hardnesses were systematically investigated. The microstructure, element homogeneity of the surface and fracture SEM images of the prepared ceramic fiber were also analyzed in detail. The optimized process parameters of YAG ceramic fiber preparation were as follows: the melting temperature was 220 °C, the screw feed rate of the double-cone screw extruder was F = 15.0 mm/min and the TPU-95A# was used. The ceramic fiber with the mass ratio of TPU-95A# to ceramic powder = 4:6 had the best microstructure quality. It had good flexibility and could be knotted with a bending radius of about 2.5 mm, and the tensile strength reached approximately 20 MPa. These results are crucial for advancing YAG ceramic fiber applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China; (H.L.); (J.T.); (Y.X.)
- School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Junjie Tian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China; (H.L.); (J.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Gangwei Pan
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China;
| | - Yongjin Xie
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China; (H.L.); (J.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Qing Yao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China; (H.L.); (J.T.); (Y.X.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Del Rosario M, Heil HS, Mendes A, Saggiomo V, Henriques R. The Field Guide to 3D Printing in Optical Microscopy for Life Sciences. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2100994. [PMID: 34693666 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The maker movement has reached the optics labs, empowering researchers to create and modify microscope designs and imaging accessories. 3D printing has a disruptive impact on the field, improving accessibility to fabrication technologies in additive manufacturing. This approach is particularly useful for rapid, low-cost prototyping, allowing unprecedented levels of productivity and accessibility. From inexpensive microscopes for education such as the FlyPi to the highly complex robotic microscope OpenFlexure, 3D printing is paving the way for the democratization of technology, promoting collaborative environments between researchers, as 3D designs are easily shared. This holds the unique possibility of extending the open-access concept from knowledge to technology, allowing researchers everywhere to use and extend model structures. Here, it is presented a review of additive manufacturing applications in optical microscopy for life sciences, guiding the user through this new and exciting technology and providing a starting point to anyone willing to employ this versatile and powerful new tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Del Rosario
- Optical Cell Biology, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Hannah S Heil
- Optical Cell Biology, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Afonso Mendes
- Optical Cell Biology, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Vittorio Saggiomo
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708WG, The Netherlands
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- Optical Cell Biology, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, 2780-156, Portugal
- Quantitative Imaging and Nanobiophysics, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
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Wang J, Hu S, Yang B, Jin G, Zhou X, Lin X, Wang R, Lu Y, Zhang L. Novel Three-Dimensional-Printing Strategy Based on Dynamic Urea Bonds for Isotropy and Mechanical Robustness of Large-Scale Printed Products. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:1994-2005. [PMID: 34963290 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing via fused deposition modeling (FDM) has become one of the most widely used technologies owing to its ease of operation and effective cost. However, the disappointing interlayer adhesion produced by FDM often results in inferior mechanical properties, which has become a technical bottleneck for industrial production. Herein, we demonstrate a facile and efficient printing strategy to enhance interlayer adhesion by introducing a self-healing mechanism into the printing material, thereby concurrently enhancing the mechanical properties and isotropy of the printed products. This strategy relies on the self-healing property of three-dimensional-printing materials. This self-healing property is endowed by introducing dynamic urea bonds on the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) molecular chains, and then, such dynamic bonds can be activated through thermal heating. Accordingly, the synthesized TPU reveals an efficient self-healing property and excellent printability owing to the existence of dynamic reversible covalent bonds. Moreover, objects with complex structures can be split and printed and then assembled using this strategy, avoiding the need for supporting structures and realizing the rapid prototyping of large-sized objects. The printing strategy proposed paves a candidate way to overcome the current challenges in obtaining high-quality products via FDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shikai Hu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guangzhi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinxin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiang Lin
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Runguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yonglai Lu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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León-Calero M, Reyburn Valés SC, Marcos-Fernández Á, Rodríguez-Hernandez J. 3D Printing of Thermoplastic Elastomers: Role of the Chemical Composition and Printing Parameters in the Production of Parts with Controlled Energy Absorption and Damping Capacity. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203551. [PMID: 34685310 PMCID: PMC8540301 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a disruptive technology that enables one to manufacture complex structures reducing both time and manufacturing cost. Among the materials commonly used for AM, thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) are of high interest due to their energy absorption capacity, energy efficiency, cushion factor or damping capacity. Previous investigations have exclusively focused on the optimization of the printing parameters of commercial TPE filaments and the structures to analyse the mechanical properties of the 3D printed parts. In the present paper, the chemical, thermal and mechanical properties for a wide range of commercial thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) filaments were investigated. For this purpose, TGA, DSC, 1H-NMR and filament tensile strength experiments were carried out in order to determine the materials characteristics. In addition, compression tests have been carried out to tailor the mechanical properties depending on the 3D printing parameters such as: infill density (10, 20, 50, 80 and 100%) and infill pattern (gyroid, honeycomb and grid). The compression tests were also employed to calculate the specific energy absorption (SEA) and specific damping capacity (SDC) of the materials in order to establish the role of the chemical composition and the geometrical characteristics (infill density and type of infill pattern) on the final properties of the printed part. As a result, optimal SEA and SDC performances were obtained for a honeycomb pattern at a 50% of infill density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina León-Calero
- Adática Engineering, Av. Leonardo Da Vinci, 8, Oficina 216, 28906 Getafe, Spain;
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Ángel Marcos-Fernández
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Interdisciplinary Platform for “Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy” (SUSPLAST-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (Á.M.-F.); (J.R.-H.); Tel.: +34-912587560 (J.R.-H.)
| | - Juan Rodríguez-Hernandez
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Interdisciplinary Platform for “Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy” (SUSPLAST-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (Á.M.-F.); (J.R.-H.); Tel.: +34-912587560 (J.R.-H.)
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Beloshenko V, Beygelzimer Y, Chishko V, Savchenko B, Sova N, Verbylo D, Voznyak A, Vozniak I. Mechanical Properties of Flexible TPU-Based 3D Printed Lattice Structures: Role of Lattice Cut Direction and Architecture. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2986. [PMID: 34503026 PMCID: PMC8433625 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the mechanical behavior of lattice materials based on flexible thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) with honeycomb and gyroid architecture fabricated by 3D printing. Tensile, compression, and three-point bending tests were chosen as mechanical testing methods. The honeycomb architecture was found to provide higher values of rigidity (by 30%), strength (by 25%), plasticity (by 18%), and energy absorption (by 42%) of the flexible TPU lattice compared to the gyroid architecture. The strain recovery is better in the case of gyroid architecture (residual strain of 46% vs. 31%). TPUs with honeycomb architecture are characterized by anisotropy of mechanical properties in tensile and three-point bending tests. The obtained results are explained by the peculiarities of the lattice structure at meso- and macroscopic level and by the role of the pore space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Beloshenko
- Donetsk Institute for Physics and Engineering Named after O.O. Galkin, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, pr. Nauki, 46, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.B.); (Y.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Yan Beygelzimer
- Donetsk Institute for Physics and Engineering Named after O.O. Galkin, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, pr. Nauki, 46, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.B.); (Y.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Vyacheslav Chishko
- Donetsk Institute for Physics and Engineering Named after O.O. Galkin, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, pr. Nauki, 46, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.B.); (Y.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Bogdan Savchenko
- Department of Applied Ecology, Technology of Polymers and Chemical Fibers, Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design, Nemirovicha Danchenko Str., 2, 03056 Kyiv, Ukraine; (B.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Nadiya Sova
- Department of Applied Ecology, Technology of Polymers and Chemical Fibers, Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design, Nemirovicha Danchenko Str., 2, 03056 Kyiv, Ukraine; (B.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Dmytro Verbylo
- Institute for Problems in Materials Science I.M. Frantsevich, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Krzhizhanovsky Str., 3, 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Andrei Voznyak
- Department of General Technical, Disciplines and Vocational Training, Kryvyi Rih State Pedagogical University, Gagarin Av. 54, 50086 Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine;
| | - Iurii Vozniak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza Str., 112, 90363 Lodz, Poland
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Bronzeri LB, Gauche C, Gudimard L, Courtial EJ, Marquette C, Felisberti MI. Amphiphilic and segmented polyurethanes based on poly(ε-caprolactone)diol and poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)diol: Synthesis, properties, and a preliminary performance study of the 3D printing. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Effects of 3D Printing-Line Directions for Stretchable Sensor Performances. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14071791. [PMID: 33916372 PMCID: PMC8038555 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Health monitoring sensors that are attached to clothing are a new trend of the times, especially stretchable sensors for human motion measurements or biological markers. However, price, durability, and performance always are major problems to be addressed and three-dimensional (3D) printing combined with conductive flexible materials (thermoplastic polyurethane) can be an optimal solution. Herein, we evaluate the effects of 3D printing-line directions (45°, 90°, 180°) on the sensor performances. Using fused filament fabrication (FDM) technology, the sensors are created with different print styles for specific purposes. We also discuss some main issues of the stretch sensors from Carbon Nanotube/Thermoplastic Polyurethane (CNT/TPU) and FDM. Our sensor achieves outstanding stability (10,000 cycles) and reliability, which are verified through repeated measurements. Its capability is demonstrated in a real application when detecting finger motion by a sensor-integrated into gloves. This paper is expected to bring contribution to the development of flexible conductive materials-based on 3D printing.
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