1
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Hu Y, Chen W, Gouda M, Yao H, Zuo X, Yu H, Zhang Y, Ding L, Zhu F, Wang Y, Li X, Zhou J, He Y. Fungal fermentation of Fuzhuan brick tea: A comprehensive evaluation of sensory properties using chemometrics, visible near-infrared spectroscopy, and electronic nose. Food Res Int 2024; 186:114401. [PMID: 38729704 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Fuzhuan brick tea (FBT) fungal fermentation is a key factor in achieving its unique dark color, aroma, and taste. Therefore, it is essential to develop a rapid and reliable method that could assess its quality during FBT fermentation process. This study focused on using electronic nose (e-nose) and spectroscopy combination with sensory evaluations and physicochemical measurements for building machine learning (ML) models of FBT. The results showed that the fused data achieved 100 % accuracy in classifying the FBT fermentation process. The SPA-MLR method was the best prediction model for FBT quality (R2 = 0.95, RMSEP = 0.07, RPD = 4.23), and the fermentation process was visualized. Where, it was effectively detecting the degree of fermentation relationship with the quality characteristics. In conclusion, the current study's novelty comes from the established real-time method that could sensitively detect the unique post-fermentation quality components based on the integration of spectral, and e-nose and ML approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Mostafa Gouda
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, National Research Centre, Dokki, Gizah 12622, Egypt
| | - Huan Yao
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Xinxin Zuo
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huahao Yu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lejia Ding
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fengle Zhu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jihong Zhou
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yong He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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2
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Ekramirad N, Doyle L, Loeb J, Santra D, Adedeji AA. Hyperspectral Imaging and Machine Learning as a Nondestructive Method for Proso Millet Seed Detection and Classification. Foods 2024; 13:1330. [PMID: 38731705 PMCID: PMC11083050 DOI: 10.3390/foods13091330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Millet is a small-seeded cereal crop with big potential. There are many different cultivars of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) with different characteristics, bringing forth the issue of sorting which are important for growers, processors, and consumers. Current methods of grain cultivar detection and classification are subjective, destructive, and time-consuming. Therefore, there is a need to develop nondestructive methods for sorting the cultivars of proso millet. In this study, the feasibility of using near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging (900-1700 nm) to discriminate between different cultivars of proso millet seeds was evaluated. A total of 5000 proso millet seeds were randomly obtained and investigated from the ten most popular cultivars in the United States, namely Cerise, Cope, Earlybird, Huntsman, Minco, Plateau, Rise, Snowbird, Sunrise, and Sunup. To reduce the large dimensionality of the hyperspectral imaging, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied, and the first two principal components were used as spectral features for building the classification models because they had the largest variance. The classification performance showed prediction accuracy rates as high as 99% for classifying the different cultivars of proso millet using a Gradient tree boosting ensemble machine learning algorithm. Moreover, the classification was successfully performed using only 15 and 5 selected spectral features (wavelengths), with an accuracy of 98.14% and 97.6%, respectively. The overall results indicate that NIR hyperspectral imaging could be used as a rapid and nondestructive method for the classification of proso millet seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Ekramirad
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (N.E.); (L.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Lauren Doyle
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (N.E.); (L.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Julia Loeb
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (N.E.); (L.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Dipak Santra
- Panhandle Research and Extension Center, 4502 Avenue I, Scottsbluff, NE 69361, USA;
| | - Akinbode A. Adedeji
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (N.E.); (L.D.); (J.L.)
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3
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Yang S, Cao Y, Li C, Castagnini JM, Barba FJ, Shan C, Zhou J. Enhancing grain drying methods with hyperspectral imaging technology: A visualanalysis. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 8:100695. [PMID: 38362161 PMCID: PMC10867766 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This study proposes a recognition model for different drying methods of grain using hyperspectral imaging technology (HSI) and multivariate analysis. Fresh harvested grain samples were dried using three different methods: rotating ventilation drying, mechanical drying, and natural drying. Hyperspectral images of the samples were collected within the 388-1065 nm band range. The spectral features of the samples were extracted using principal component analysis (PCA), while the texture features were extracted using second-order probability statistical filtering. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) drying models with different characteristics were established. At the same time, a BPNN (Back-propagation neural network, BPNN) based on spectral texture fusion features was established to compare the recognition effects of different models. Texture analysis indicated that the mean-image had the clearest contour, and the texture characteristics of mechanical drying were smaller than those of rotating ventilation drying and natural drying. The BPNN model established using spectral-texture feature variables showed the best performance in distinguishing grain in different drying modes, with a prediction model obtained based on the correlation coefficients of special variables. The spectral and texture feature values were fused for pseudo-color visualization expression, and the three drying methods of grain showed different colors. This study provides a reference for non-destructive and rapid detection of grain with different drying methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicheng Yang
- Huanggang Public Testing Center, No.128 Huangzhou Avenue, Huanggang City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Academy of State Administration of Grain, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Chuanjie Li
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural Reclamation University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Juan Manuel Castagnini
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vi-cent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Francisco Jose Barba
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vi-cent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Changyao Shan
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, 6150, Australia
| | - Jianjun Zhou
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vi-cent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Re-search Council (IATA-CSIC), Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Spain
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Franco C, Osorio M, Peyre G. Automatic seed classification for four páramo plant species by neural networks and optic RGB images. NEOTROPICAL BIODIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2022.2161243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Franco
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of the Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuela Osorio
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gwendolyn Peyre
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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Zhang X, Gong Z, Liang X, Sun W, Ma J, Wang H. Line Laser Scanning Combined with Machine Learning for Fish Head Cutting Position Identification. Foods 2023; 12:4518. [PMID: 38137322 PMCID: PMC10742530 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish head cutting is one of the most important processes during fish pre-processing. At present, the identification of cutting positions mainly depends on manual experience, which cannot meet the requirements of large-scale production lines. In this paper, a fast and contactless identification method of cutting position was carried out by using a constructed line laser data acquisition system. The fish surface data were collected by a linear laser scanning sensor, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensions of the dorsal and abdominal boundary data. Based on the dimension data, Least Squares Support Vector Machines (LS-SVMs), Particle Swarm Optimization-Back Propagation (PSO-BP) networks, and Long and Short Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks were applied for fish head cutting position identification model establishment. According to the results, the LSTM model was considered to be the best prediction model with a determination coefficient (R2) value, root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and residual predictive deviation (RPD) of 0.9480, 0.2957, 0.1933, and 3.1426, respectively. This study demonstrated the reliability of combining line laser scanning techniques with machine learning using LSTM to identify the fish head cutting position accurately and quickly. It can provide a theoretical reference for the development of intelligent processing and intelligent cutting equipment for fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (X.Z.); (Z.G.); (W.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Ze Gong
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (X.Z.); (Z.G.); (W.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Xinyu Liang
- School of Food Science & Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China;
| | - Weichen Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (X.Z.); (Z.G.); (W.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Junxiao Ma
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (X.Z.); (Z.G.); (W.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Huihui Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (X.Z.); (Z.G.); (W.S.); (J.M.)
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116034, China
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6
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Jaćević V, Dumanović J, Alomar SY, Resanović R, Milovanović Z, Nepovimova E, Wu Q, Franca TCC, Wu W, Kuča K. Research update on aflatoxins toxicity, metabolism, distribution, and detection: A concise overview. Toxicology 2023; 492:153549. [PMID: 37209941 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Serious health risks associated with the consumption of food products contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs) are worldwide recognized and depend predominantly on consumed AF concentration by diet. A low concentration of aflatoxins in cereals and related food commodities is unavoidable, especially in subtropic and tropic regions. Accordingly, risk assessment guidelines established by regulatory bodies in different countries help in the prevention of aflatoxin intoxication and the protection of public health. By assessing the maximal levels of aflatoxins in food products which are a potential risk to human health, it's possible to establish appropriate risk management strategies. Regarding, a few factors are crucial for making a rational risk management decision, such as toxicological profile, adequate information concerning the exposure duration, availability of routine and some novel analytical techniques, socioeconomic factors, food intake patterns, and maximal allowed levels of each aflatoxin in different food products which may be varied between countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Jaćević
- Department for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Poison Control Centre, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jelena Dumanović
- Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Suliman Y Alomar
- King Saud University, College of Science, Zoology Department, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Radmila Resanović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Milovanović
- Special Police Unit, Ministry of Interior, Trebevićka 12/A, 11 030 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, 434023 Jingzhou, Hubei, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tanos Celmar Costa Franca
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22290-270, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Wenda Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Yang H, Wang C, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Luo B. Recognition of maize seed varieties based on hyperspectral imaging technology and integrated learning algorithms. PeerJ Comput Sci 2023; 9:e1354. [PMID: 37346683 PMCID: PMC10280578 DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Purity is an important factor of maize seed quality that affects yield, and traditional seed purity identification methods are costly or time-consuming. To achieve rapid and accurate detection of the purity of maize seeds, a method for identifying maize seed varieties, using random subspace integrated learning and hyperspectral imaging technology, was proposed. A hyperspectral image of the maize seed endosperm was collected to obtain a spectral image cube with a wavelength range of 400∼1,000 nm. Methods, including Standard Normal Variate (SNV), multiplicative Scatter Correction (MSC), and Savitzky-Golay First Derivative (SG1) were used to preprocess raw spectral data. Iteratively retains informative variables (IRIV) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) were used to reduce the dimensions of the spectral data. A recognition model of maize seed varieties was established using k-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), line discrimination analysis (LDA) and decision tree (DT). Among the preprocessing methods, MSC has the best effect. Among the dimensionality reduction methods, IRIV has the best performance. Among the base classifiers, LDA had the highest precision. To improve the precision in identifying maize seed varieties, LDA was used as the base classifier to establish a random subspace ensemble learning (RSEL) model. Using MSC-IRIV-RSEL, precision increased from 0.9333 to 0.9556, and the Kappa coefficient increased from 0.9174 to 0.9457. This study shows that the method based on hyperspectral imaging technology combined with subspace ensemble learning algorithm is a new method for maize seed purity recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Research Center of Intelligent Equipment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Agricultural Intelligent Equipment Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Research Center of Intelligent Equipment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Agricultural Intelligent Equipment Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Research Center of Intelligent Equipment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Agricultural Intelligent Equipment Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ya’nan Zhou
- Research Center of Intelligent Equipment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Agricultural Intelligent Equipment Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Luo
- Research Center of Intelligent Equipment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Agricultural Intelligent Equipment Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, China
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8
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Huang H, Fei X, Hu X, Tian J, Ju J, Luo H, Huang D. Analysis of the spectral and textural features of hyperspectral images for the nondestructive prediction of amylopectin and amylose contents of sorghum. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.105018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Jia Z, Ou C, Sun S, Wang J, Liu J, Sun M, Ma W, Li M, Jia S, Mao P. Integrating optical imaging techniques for a novel approach to evaluate Siberian wild rye seed maturity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1170947. [PMID: 37152128 PMCID: PMC10157248 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1170947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Advances in optical imaging technology using rapid and non-destructive methods have led to improvements in the efficiency of seed quality detection. Accurately timing the harvest is crucial for maximizing the yield of higher-quality Siberian wild rye seeds by minimizing excessive shattering during harvesting. This research applied integrated optical imaging techniques and machine learning algorithms to develop different models for classifying Siberian wild rye seeds based on different maturity stages and grain positions. The multi-source fusion of morphological, multispectral, and autofluorescence data provided more comprehensive information but also increases the performance requirements of the equipment. Therefore, we employed three filtering algorithms, namely minimal joint mutual information maximization (JMIM), information gain, and Gini impurity, and set up two control methods (feature union and no-filtering) to assess the impact of retaining only 20% of the features on the model performance. Both JMIM and information gain revealed autofluorescence and morphological features (CIELab A, CIELab B, hue and saturation), with these two filtering algorithms showing shorter run times. Furthermore, a strong correlation was observed between shoot length and morphological and autofluorescence spectral features. Machine learning models based on linear discriminant analysis (LDA), random forests (RF) and support vector machines (SVM) showed high performance (>0.78 accuracies) in classifying seeds at different maturity stages. Furthermore, it was found that there was considerable variation in the different grain positions at the maturity stage, and the K-means approach was used to improve the model performance by 5.8%-9.24%. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that feature filtering algorithms combined with machine learning algorithms offer high performance and low cost in identifying seed maturity stages and that the application of k-means techniques for inconsistent maturity improves classification accuracy. Therefore, this technique could be employed classification of seed maturity and superior physiological quality for Siberian wild rye seeds.
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10
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Xu P, Sun W, Xu K, Zhang Y, Tan Q, Qing Y, Yang R. Identification of Defective Maize Seeds Using Hyperspectral Imaging Combined with Deep Learning. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010144. [PMID: 36613360 PMCID: PMC9818215 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed quality affects crop yield and the quality of agricultural products, and traditional identification methods are time-consuming, complex, and irreversibly destructive. This study aims to establish a fast, non-destructive, and effective approach for defect detection in maize seeds based on hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology combined with deep learning. Raw spectra collected from maize seeds (200 each healthy and worm-eaten) were pre-processed using detrending (DE) and multiple scattering correction (MSC) to highlight the spectral differences between samples. A convolutional neural network architecture (CNN-FES) based on a feature selection mechanism was proposed according to the importance of wavelength in the target classification task. The results show that the subset of 24 feature wavelengths selected by the proposed CNN-FES can capture important feature information in the spectral data more effectively than the conventional successive projections algorithm (SPA) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) algorithms. In addition, a convolutional neural network architecture (CNN-ATM) based on an attentional classification mechanism was designed for one-dimensional spectral data classification and compared with three commonly used machine learning methods, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM). The results show that the classification performance of the designed CNN-ATM on the full wavelength does not differ much from the above three methods, and the classification accuracy is above 90% on both the training and test sets. Meanwhile, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of CNN-ATM based on feature wavelength modeling can reach up to 97.50%, 98.28%, and 96.77% at the highest, respectively. The study shows that hyperspectral imaging-based defect detection of maize seed is feasible and effective, and the proposed method has great potential for the processing and analysis of complex hyperspectral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- College of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Wenbin Sun
- College of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Kang Xu
- College of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qian Tan
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yiren Qing
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ranbing Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0898-66267576
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11
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Guo C, Liu L, Sun H, Wang N, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Li A, Bai Z, Liu X, Dong H, Li C. Predicting F v /F m and evaluating cotton drought tolerance using hyperspectral and 1D-CNN. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1007150. [PMID: 36330250 PMCID: PMC9623111 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1007150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm is significant in abiotic plant stress. Current acquisition methods must deal with the dark adaptation of plants, which cannot achieve rapid, real-time, and high-throughput measurements. However, increased inputs on different genotypes based on hyperspectral model recognition verified its capabilities of handling large and variable samples. Fv/Fm is a drought tolerance index reflecting the best drought tolerant cotton genotype. Therefore, Fv/Fm hyperspectral prediction of different cotton varieties, and drought tolerance evaluation, are worth exploring. In this study, 80 cotton varieties were studied. The hyperspectral cotton data were obtained during the flowering, boll setting, and boll opening stages under normal and drought stress conditions. Next, One-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNN), Categorical Boosting (CatBoost), Light Gradient Boosting Machines (LightBGM), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Decision Trees (DT), Random Forests (RF), Gradient elevation decision trees (GBDT), Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), Extra Trees (ET), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) were modeled with F v /F m. The Savitzky-Golay + 1D-CNN model had the best robustness and accuracy (RMSE = 0.016, MAE = 0.009, MAPE = 0.011). In addition, the F v /F m prediction drought tolerance coefficient and the manually measured drought tolerance coefficient were similar. Therefore, cotton varieties with different drought tolerance degrees can be monitored using hyperspectral full band technology to establish a 1D-CNN model. This technique is non-destructive, fast and accurate in assessing the drought status of cotton, which promotes smart-scale agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province/College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Liantao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province/College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hongchun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province/College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province/College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province/College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yongjiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province/College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jijie Zhu
- Cotton Research Center, Shandong Key Lab for Cotton Culture and Physiology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Anchang Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province/College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhiying Bai
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province/College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province/College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hezhong Dong
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Cundong Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province/College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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12
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Jia Z, Sun M, Ou C, Sun S, Mao C, Hong L, Wang J, Li M, Jia S, Mao P. Single Seed Identification in Three Medicago Species via Multispectral Imaging Combined with Stacking Ensemble Learning. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22197521. [PMID: 36236620 PMCID: PMC9572871 DOI: 10.3390/s22197521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Multispectral imaging (MSI) has become a new fast and non-destructive detection method in seed identification. Previous research has usually focused on single models in MSI data analysis, which always employed all features and increased the risk to efficiency and that of system cost. In this study, we developed a stacking ensemble learning (SEL) model for successfully identifying a single seed of sickle alfalfa (Medicago falcata), hybrid alfalfa (M. varia), and alfalfa (M. sativa). SEL adopted a three-layer structure, i.e., level 0 with principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) as models of dimensionality reduction and feature extraction (DRFE); level 1 with support vector machine (SVM), multiple logistic regression (MLR), generalized linear models with elastic net regularization (GLMNET), and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) as basic learners; and level 3 with XGBoost as meta-learner. We confirmed that the values of overall accuracy, kappa, precision, sensitivity, specificity, and sensitivity in the SEL model were all significantly higher than those in basic models alone, based on both spectral features and a combination of morphological and spectral features. Furthermore, we also developed a feature filtering process and successfully selected 5 optimal features out of 33 ones, which corresponded to the contents of chlorophyll, anthocyanin, fat, and moisture in seeds. Our SEL model in MSI data analysis provided a new way for seed identification, and the feature filter process potentially could be used widely for development of a low-cost and narrow-channel sensor.
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Aoun M, Siegel C, Windham G, Williams W, Nelson R. Application of reflectance spectroscopy to identify maize genotypes and aflatoxin levels in single kernels. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2021.2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spectroscopy is a rapid, non-destructive, and low-cost analytical technique that has the potential to complement more resource-intensive analytical methods. We explored the use of spectral methods to differentiate maize genotypes and assess aflatoxin (AF) contamination in maize kernels. We compared the performance of two instruments: a research-grade ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) spectrometer that measures reflectance from 304 -1,085 nm, and a miniaturised NIR spectrometer that measures reflectance from 740-1,070 nm. Both systems were used to predict AF levels in maize kernels from a single genotype and across 10 genotypes, and to predict genotype for the latter. A partial least square discriminant analysis model was trained on 70% of the kernels and tested on the remaining 30%. The classification accuracy for 10 maize genotypes was 71-72% using the UV-Vis-NIR instrument on 1,170 kernels, and 65-66% using the NIR device on 740 kernels. The classification accuracy for 247 AF-contaminated kernels of a single genotype using the UV-Vis-NIR instrument was 71, 82, and 92% for AF thresholds of 20, 100, and 1000 μg/kg, respectively. Using the same spectrometer on 872 kernels from 10 genotypes, AF classification accuracy was 67, 90, and 95% in validation sets for AF thresholds of 20, 100, and 1000 μg/kg, respectively. The UV-Vis-NIR instrument and the NIR device had similar classification accuracies for AF thresholds of 100 and 1000 μg/kg, whereas the NIR device had higher accuracy for the AF threshold of 20 μg/kg. Reflectance spectroscopy outperformed visual sorting and the bright greenish yellow fluorescence test in identifying AF levels. Applying spectral analysis to estimate mycotoxin levels and to identify maize genotypes could contribute to regional toxin surveillance and action efforts. Further, using AF-associated spectral features for grain sorting can reduce AF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Aoun
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - C. Siegel
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - G.L. Windham
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - W.P. Williams
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - R.J. Nelson
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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14
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Shiddiq M, Herman H, Arief DS, Fitra E, Husein IR, Ningsih SA. Wavelength selection of multispectral imaging for oil palm fresh fruit ripeness classification. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:5289-5298. [PMID: 36256213 DOI: 10.1364/ao.450384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Multispectral imaging has been recently proposed for high-speed sorting and grading machine vision of fruits. It is a prospective method applied in yet traditional sorting and grading of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB). The ripeness of oil palm FFBs determines the quality of crude palm oil (CPO). Implementation of multispectral imaging for the task needs wavelength selection from hyperspectral datasets. This study aimed to obtain the optimum wavelengths and use them for oil palm FFB classification based on three ripeness levels. We have selected eight optimum wavelengths using principal component analysis (PCA) regression which represented the ripeness levels.
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Shi J, Wang Y, Liu C, Li Z, Huang X, Guo Z, Zhang X, Zhang D, Zou X. Application of spectral features for separating homochromatic foreign matter from mixed congee. Food Chem X 2021; 11:100128. [PMID: 34485896 PMCID: PMC8405897 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A method that can separate homochromatic FM in mixed congee was proposed. Spectral features of FM and mixed congee were extracted to build recognition model. The SVM model achieved high identification rates (99.17%) for homochromatic FM. The proposed method is better than computer vision in separating homochromatic FM.
Foreign matter (FM) in mixed congee not only reduces the quality of the congee but may also harm consumers. However, the common computer vision methods with poor recognition ability for the homochromatic FM. This study used hyperspectral reflectance images with the pattern recognition model to detect homochromatic FM on the mixed congee surface. First, spectral features corresponding to homochromatic FM and background were extracted from hyperspectral images. Then, based on the optimal spectral preprocessing method, LDA, K-nearest neighbor, backpropagation artificial neural network, and support vector machine (SVM) were used to classify the spectral features. The results revealed that the SVM model input with raw spectra principal components exhibited optimal identification rates of 99.17%. Finally, most of the pixels for homochromatic FM were classified correctly by using the SVM model. To summarized, hyperspectral images combined with pattern recognition are an effective method for recognizing homochromatic FM in mixed congee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyong Shi
- Agricultural Product Processing and Storage Lab, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yueying Wang
- Agricultural Product Processing and Storage Lab, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Chuanpeng Liu
- Agricultural Product Processing and Storage Lab, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Agricultural Product Processing and Storage Lab, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- Agricultural Product Processing and Storage Lab, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Zhiming Guo
- Agricultural Product Processing and Storage Lab, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xinai Zhang
- Agricultural Product Processing and Storage Lab, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Agricultural Product Processing and Storage Lab, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xiaobo Zou
- Agricultural Product Processing and Storage Lab, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
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Application of Multispectral Camera in Monitoring the Quality Parameters of Fresh Tea Leaves. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13183719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The production of high-quality tea by Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Ktze is the goal pursued by both producers and consumers. Rapid, nondestructive, and low-cost monitoring methods for monitoring tea quality could improve the tea quality and the economic benefits associated with tea. This research explored the possibility of monitoring tea leaf quality from multi-spectral images. Threshold segmentation and manual sampling methods were used to eliminate the image background, after which the spectral features were constructed. Based on this, the texture features of the multi-spectral images of the tea canopy were extracted. Three machine learning methods, partial least squares regression, support vector machine regression, and random forest regression (RFR), were used to construct and train multiple monitoring models. Further, the four key quality parameters of tea polyphenols, total sugars, free amino acids, and caffeine content were estimated using these models. Finally, the effects of automatic and manual image background removal methods, different regression methods, and texture features on the model accuracies were compared. The results showed that the spectral characteristics of the canopy of fresh tea leaves were significantly correlated with the tea quality parameters (r ≥ 0.462). Among the sampling methods, the EXG_Ostu sampling method was best for prediction, whereas, among the models, RFR was the best fitted modeling algorithm for three of four quality parameters. The R2 and root-mean-square error values of the built model were 0.85 and 0.16, respectively. In addition, the texture features extracted from the canopy image improved the prediction accuracy of most models. This research confirms the modeling application of a combination of multi-spectral images and chemometrics, as a low-cost, fast, reliable, and nondestructive quality control method, which can effectively monitor the quality of fresh tea leaves. This provides a scientific reference for the research and development of portable tea quality monitoring equipment that has general applicability in the future.
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Performance Analysis of MAU-9 Electronic-Nose MOS Sensor Array Components and ANN Classification Methods for Discrimination of Herb and Fruit Essential Oils. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9090243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of MAU-9 electronic sensory methods, based on artificial olfaction detection of volatile emissions using an experimental metal oxide semiconductor (MOS)-type electronic-nose (e-nose) device, have provided novel means for the effective discovery of adulterated and counterfeit essential oil-based plant products sold in worldwide commercial markets. These new methods have the potential of facilitating enforcement of regulatory quality assurance (QA) for authentication of plant product genuineness and quality through rapid evaluation by volatile (aroma) emissions. The MAU-9 e-nose system was further evaluated using performance-analysis methods to determine ways for improving on overall system operation and effectiveness in discriminating and classifying volatile essential oils derived from fruit and herbal edible plants. Individual MOS-sensor components in the e-nose sensor array were performance tested for their effectiveness in contributing to discriminations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) analyzed in headspace from purified essential oils using artificial neural network (ANN) classification. Two additional statistical data-analysis methods, including principal regression (PR) and partial least squares (PLS), were also compared. All statistical methods tested effectively classified essential oils with high accuracy. Aroma classification with PLS method using 2 optimal MOS sensors yielded much higher accuracy than using all nine sensors. The accuracy of 2-group and 6-group classifications of essentials oils by ANN was 100% and 98.9%, respectively.
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Sun H, Zhang L, Li H, Rao Z, Ji H. Nondestructive identification of barley seeds varieties using hyperspectral data from two sides of barley seeds. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Liu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering China Agricultural University China
| | - Zhenhong Rao
- College of Science China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Haiyan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture China Agricultural University Beijing China
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Feng L, Wu B, Zhu S, He Y, Zhang C. Application of Visible/Infrared Spectroscopy and Hyperspectral Imaging With Machine Learning Techniques for Identifying Food Varieties and Geographical Origins. Front Nutr 2021; 8:680357. [PMID: 34222304 PMCID: PMC8247466 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.680357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Food quality and safety are strongly related to human health. Food quality varies with variety and geographical origin, and food fraud is becoming a threat to domestic and global markets. Visible/infrared spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging techniques, as rapid and non-destructive analytical methods, have been widely utilized to trace food varieties and geographical origins. In this review, we outline recent research progress on identifying food varieties and geographical origins using visible/infrared spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging with the help of machine learning techniques. The applications of visible, near-infrared, and mid-infrared spectroscopy as well as hyperspectral imaging techniques on crop food, beverage, fruits, nuts, meat, oil, and some other kinds of food are reviewed. Furthermore, existing challenges and prospects are discussed. In general, the existing machine learning techniques contribute to satisfactory classification results. Follow-up researches of food varieties and geographical origins traceability and development of real-time detection equipment are still in demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Feng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baohua Wu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Susu Zhu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chu Zhang
- School of Information Engineering, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
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20
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Yang S, Li C, Mei Y, Liu W, Liu R, Chen W, Han D, Xu K. Discrimination of corn variety using Terahertz spectroscopy combined with chemometrics methods. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 252:119475. [PMID: 33530032 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High-oil corn is a high-quality variety of corn possessing higher oil content with greater caloric energy than normal corn. Hence, controlling the purity and authenticity of high-oil corn is of great importance in current crop research. The aim of this study is to develop a novel method for corn variety discrimination using Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy and signal classification analysis. In brief, the method involves feature extraction and variable selection of raw signals from Terahertz time-domain waveforms (THz-TDW) and absorption spectrum (THz-AS), and the use of classifiers on those treated signals to establish the discrimination models. Principle component analysis (PCA) were used for feature extraction with THz-TDW, while three different methods of variable selection were implemented with THz-AS, including uninformative variables elimination (UVE), uninformative variables elimination-successive projections algorithm (UVE-SPA) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS). Then, two classification algorithms, Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and support vector machine (SVM), were employed and compared in the discrimination models. Bootstrapped Latin partitions (BLP) method with 10 bootstraps and 5 Latin-partitions was applied to validate these models. Our modeling results suggest SVM as the better classification algorithm achieving higher identifying accuracy, such that the PCA-SVM model for THz-TDW has achieved 94.7% accuracy. The results also indicate variable selection as an important step to create an accurate and robust discrimination model for THZ-AS. The CARS-SVM model with radial basic function (RBF) has achieved 100% average accuracy in prediction set, while the UVE-SVM and UVE-SPA-SVM have achieved 91.2% and 99.1% accuracy, respectively. These results demonstrate that high-oil corn and normal corn can be identified successfully by using THz spectroscopy with discriminant analysis, suggesting our techniques to provide an efficient and practical reference for classifying crop varieties in agriculture research, while expanding the application of THz spectroscopy in the related field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Chenxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
| | - Yang Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Wen Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
| | - Rong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Wenliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Donghai Han
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Kexin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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Jangra S, Chaudhary V, Yadav RC, Yadav NR. High-Throughput Phenotyping: A Platform to Accelerate Crop Improvement. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 1:31-53. [PMID: 36939738 PMCID: PMC9590473 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-020-00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Development of high-throughput phenotyping technologies has progressed considerably in the last 10 years. These technologies provide precise measurements of desired traits among thousands of field-grown plants under diversified environments; this is a critical step towards selection of better performing lines as to yield, disease resistance, and stress tolerance to accelerate crop improvement programs. High-throughput phenotyping techniques and platforms help unraveling the genetic basis of complex traits associated with plant growth and development and targeted traits. This review focuses on the advancements in technologies involved in high-throughput, field-based, aerial, and unmanned platforms. Development of user-friendly data management tools and softwares to better understand phenotyping will increase the use of field-based high-throughput techniques, which have potential to revolutionize breeding strategies and meet the future needs of stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Jangra
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology, and Bioinformatics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004 India
| | - Vrantika Chaudhary
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology, and Bioinformatics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004 India
| | - Ram C. Yadav
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology, and Bioinformatics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004 India
| | - Neelam R. Yadav
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology, and Bioinformatics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004 India
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Bianchini VDJM, Mascarin GM, Silva LCAS, Arthur V, Carstensen JM, Boelt B, Barboza da Silva C. Multispectral and X-ray images for characterization of Jatropha curcas L. seed quality. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:9. [PMID: 33499879 PMCID: PMC7836195 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of non-destructive methods with less human interference is of great interest in agricultural industry and crop breeding. Modern imaging technologies enable the automatic visualization of multi-parameter for characterization of biological samples, reducing subjectivity and optimizing the analysis process. Furthermore, the combination of two or more imaging techniques has contributed to discovering new physicochemical tools and interpreting datasets in real time. RESULTS We present a new method for automatic characterization of seed quality based on the combination of multispectral and X-ray imaging technologies. We proposed an approach using X-ray images to investigate internal tissues because seed surface profile can be negatively affected, but without reaching important internal regions of seeds. An oilseed plant (Jatropha curcas) was used as a model species, which also serves as a multi-purposed crop of economic importance worldwide. Our studies included the application of a normalized canonical discriminant analyses (nCDA) algorithm as a supervised transformation building method to obtain spatial and spectral patterns on different seedlots. We developed classification models using reflectance data and X-ray classes based on linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The classification models, individually or combined, showed high accuracy (> 0.96) using reflectance at 940 nm and X-ray data to predict quality traits such as normal seedlings, abnormal seedlings and dead seeds. CONCLUSIONS Multispectral and X-ray imaging have a strong relationship with seed physiological performance. Reflectance at 940 nm and X-ray data can efficiently predict seed quality attributes. These techniques can be alternative methods for rapid, efficient, sustainable and non-destructive characterization of seed quality in the future, overcoming the intrinsic subjectivity of the conventional seed quality analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor de Jesus Martins Bianchini
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture "Luiz de Queiroz", University of São Paulo, 11 Padua Dias Ave, Box 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Environment, Rodovia SP 340, Km 127.5, Jaguariúna, 13820-000, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Cristina Aparecida Santos Silva
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Environment, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, 303 Centenario Ave., Sao Dimas, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-000, Brazil
| | - Valter Arthur
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Environment, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, 303 Centenario Ave., Sao Dimas, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-000, Brazil
| | | | - Birte Boelt
- Department of Agroecology, Science and Technology, Aarhus University, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Clíssia Barboza da Silva
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Environment, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, 303 Centenario Ave., Sao Dimas, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-000, Brazil.
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Nondestructive Detection of Authenticity of Thai Jasmine Rice Using Multispectral Imaging. J FOOD QUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/6642220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of authenticity is essential to the development and management of Thai jasmine rice industry. In this study, the multispectral imaging system (405–970 nm) was used for the detection of adulteration in Thai jasmine rice combined with chemometric methods including principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares (PLS), least squares-support vector machines (LS-SVM), and backpropagation neural network (BPNN). Three varieties of rice that were similar to Thai jasmine rice in appearance were selected to perform the classification and quantitative prediction experiments by multispectral images. For the classification experiment, four varieties of rice samples could be easily classified with accuracy achieved to 92% by the BPNN model. For the quantitative prediction of adulteration proportion experiments, the results showed that, among the different chemometric methods, LS-SVM achieved the best prediction performance comparing the results of coefficient of determination, root-mean-square error (RMSEP), bias, and residual predictive deviation (RPD). It can be concluded that multispectral imaging technology with chemometric methods can be applied in the rapid and nondestructive detection of authenticity of Thai jasmine rice.
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Cultivar Discrimination of Single Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) Seed via Multispectral Imaging Combined with Multivariate Analysis. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20226575. [PMID: 33217897 PMCID: PMC7698633 DOI: 10.3390/s20226575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate discrimination of alfalfa cultivars is crucial for producers, consumers, and market regulators. However, the conventional routine of alfalfa cultivars discrimination is time-consuming and labor-intensive. In this study, the potential of a new method was evaluated that used multispectral imaging combined with object-wise multivariate image analysis to distinguish alfalfa cultivars with a single seed. Three multivariate analysis methods including principal component analysis (PCA), linear discrimination analysis (LDA), and support vector machines (SVM) were applied to distinguish seeds of 12 alfalfa cultivars based on their morphological and spectral traits. The results showed that the combination of morphological features and spectral data could provide an exceedingly concise process to classify alfalfa seeds of different cultivars with multivariate analysis, while it failed to make the classification with only seed morphological features. Seed classification accuracy of the testing sets was 91.53% for LDA, and 93.47% for SVM. Thus, multispectral imaging combined with multivariate analysis could provide a simple, robust and nondestructive method to distinguish alfalfa seed cultivars.
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Corn seed variety classification based on hyperspectral reflectance imaging and deep convolutional neural network. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00646-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zhang D, Chen G, Zhang H, Jin N, Gu C, Weng S, Wang Q, Chen Y. Integration of spectroscopy and image for identifying fusarium damage in wheat kernels. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 236:118344. [PMID: 32330824 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) was studied for the detection of varying degrees of damage in wheat kernels caused by Fusarium head blight (Gibberella zeae), a major disease in wheat worldwide. A total of 810 wheat kernel samples were collected from a field trial with the three levels of Fusarium infection, healthy, moderate, and severe. Hyperspectral image of the wheat kernels was acquired over a wavelength range of 400-1000 nm. The raw spectral data were pre-processed, and then the optimal wavelengths were selected using principal component analysis (PCA), successive projection algorithm (SPA) and random forest (RF). The image features were extracted based on the optimal wavelengths, and then the spectral features and image features were combined as fusion features. Support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF) and naive Bayes (NB) were employed to build the classification models to identify the degrees of Fuasrium damage based on spectral and fusion features. The best performance was obtained by using the SPA-RF method to select the optimal wavelengths and corresponding image features, with a classification accuracy of 96.44%. The method developed from this study can provide a more effective way to identify the degrees of Fusarium damage in wheat kernels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Gao Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Water Management and Systems Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Ning Jin
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; Department of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Institute of Energy, Jinzhong 030600, China
| | - Chunyan Gu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Shizhuang Weng
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Qian Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yu Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
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Liu L, Wang Z, Li J, Zhang X, Wang R. A Non-Invasive Analysis of Seed Vigor by Infrared Thermography. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:plants9060768. [PMID: 32575514 PMCID: PMC7356526 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper establishes robust regression models for fast and efficient estimation of seed vigor based on high-resolution infrared thermography. High seed quality is of great significance for agricultural and silvicultural purposes, and seed vigor is a crucial agent of seed quality. In this study, we used the non-invasive technology of infrared thermal imaging to analyze seed vigor of Ulmus pumila L. and Oryza sativa L. Temperatures of young age and aged seeds during thermal decay were monitored over time. We found that the thermal decay dynamics of U. pumila seeds were highly differential among seeds with differential vigor. Furthermore, a regression model was developed to estimate seed vigor based on its thermal decay dynamics. Similarly, a close relationship was also found between thermal decay processes and seed vigor in O. sativa. These results suggest that infrared thermography can be widely applied in non-invasive examination of seed vigor and allows fast and efficient seed screening for agricultural and silvicultural purposes in the future.
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ElMasry G, ElGamal R, Mandour N, Gou P, Al-Rejaie S, Belin E, Rousseau D. Emerging thermal imaging techniques for seed quality evaluation: Principles and applications. Food Res Int 2020; 131:109025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Liu J, Liu S, Shi T, Wang X, Chen Y, Liu F, Men H. A modified feature fusion method for distinguishing seed strains using hyperspectral data. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2019-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPrecise classification of seeds is important for agriculture. Due to the slight physical and chemical difference between different types of wheat and high correlation between bands of images, it is easy to fall into the local optimum when selecting the characteristic band of using the spectral average only. In this paper, in order to solve this problem, a new variable fusion strategy was proposed based on successive projection algorithm and the variable importance in projection algorithm to obtain a comprehensive and representative variable feature for higher classification accuracy, within spectral mean and spectral standard deviation, so the 25 feature bands obtained are classified by support vector machine, and the classification accuracy rate reached 83.3%. It indicates that the new fusion strategy can mine the effective features of hyperspectral data better to improve the accuracy of the model and it can provide a theoretical basis for the hyperspectral classification of tiny kernels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- College of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China
- Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, GA, USA
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Simeng Liu
- College of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China
| | - Tie Shi
- College of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yizhou Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA
| | - Fulong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hong Men
- College of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China
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Wang J, Zhang C, Shi Y, Long M, Islam F, Yang C, Yang S, He Y, Zhou W. Evaluation of quinclorac toxicity and alleviation by salicylic acid in rice seedlings using ground-based visible/near-infrared hyperspectral imaging. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:30. [PMID: 32165910 PMCID: PMC7059665 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate potential effects of herbicide phytotoxic on crops, a major challenge is a lack of non-destructive and rapid methods to detect plant growth that could allow characterization of herbicide-resistant plants. In such a case, hyperspectral imaging can quickly obtain the spectrum for each pixel in the image and monitor status of plants harmlessly. METHOD Hyperspectral imaging covering the spectral range of 380-1030 nm was investigated to determine the herbicide toxicity in rice cultivars. Two rice cultivars, Xiushui 134 and Zhejing 88, were respectively treated with quinclorac alone and plus salicylic acid (SA) pre-treatment. After ten days of treatments, we collected hyperspectral images and physiological parameters to analyze the differences. The score images obtained were used to explore the differences among samples under diverse treatments by conducting principal component analysis on hyperspectral images. To get useful information from original data, feature extraction was also conducted by principal component analysis. In order to classify samples under diverse treatments, full-spectra-based support vector classification (SVC) models and extracted-feature-based SVC models were established. The prediction maps of samples under different treatments were constructed by applying the SVC models using extracted features on hyperspectral images, which provided direct visual information of rice growth status under herbicide stress. The physiological analysis with the changes of stress-responsive enzymes confirmed the differences of samples under different treatments. RESULTS The physiological analysis showed that SA alleviated the quinclorac toxicity by stimulating enzymatic activity and reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species. The score images indicated there were spectral differences among the samples under different treatments. Full-spectra-based SVC models and extracted-feature-based SVC models obtained good results for the aboveground parts, with classification accuracy over 80% in training, validation and prediction set. The SVC models for Zhejing 88 presented better results than those for Xiushui 134, revealing the different herbicide tolerance between rice cultivars. CONCLUSION We develop a reliable and effective model using hyperspectral imaging technique which enables the evaluation and visualization of herbicide toxicity for rice. The reflectance spectra variations of rice could reveal the stress status of herbicide toxicity in rice along with the physiological parameters. The visualization of the herbicide toxicity in rice would help to provide the intuitive vision of herbicide toxicity in rice. A monitoring system for detecting herbicide toxicity and its alleviation by SA will benefit from the remarkable success of SVC models and distribution maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Chu Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Ying Shi
- Institute of Crop Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Meijuan Long
- Institute of Crop Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Faisal Islam
- Institute of Crop Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Chong Yang
- Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Guangdong Bioengineering Institute (Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute), Guangzhou, 510316 China
| | - Su Yang
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Yong He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Weijun Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
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Hruska Z, Yao H, Kincaid R, Tao F, Brown RL, Cleveland TE, Rajasekaran K, Bhatnagar D. Spectral-Based Screening Approach Evaluating Two Specific Maize Lines With Divergent Resistance to Invasion by Aflatoxigenic Fungi. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3152. [PMID: 32038584 PMCID: PMC6988685 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to control aflatoxin contamination in food and/or feed grains, a segment of research has focused on host resistance to eliminate aflatoxin from susceptible crops, including maize. To this end, screening tools are key to identifying resistant maize genotypes. The traditional field screening techniques, the kernel screening laboratory assay (KSA), and analytical methods (e.g., ELISA) used for evaluating corn lines for resistance to fungal invasion, all ultimately require sample destruction. A technological advancement on the basic BGYF presumptive screening test, fluorescence hyperspectral imaging offers an option for non-destructive and rapid image-based screening. The present study aimed to differentiate fluorescence spectral signatures of representative resistant and susceptible corn hybrids infected by a toxigenic (SRRC-AF13) and an atoxigenic (SRRC-AF36) strain of Aspergillus flavus, at several time points (5, 7, 10, and 14 days), in order to evaluate fluorescence hyperspectral imaging as a viable technique for early, non-invasive aflatoxin screening in resistant and susceptible corn lines. The study utilized the KSA to promote fungal growth and aflatoxin production in corn kernels inoculated under laboratory conditions and to provide actual aflatoxin values to relate with the imaging data. Each time point consisted of 78 kernels divided into four groups (30-susceptible, 30-resistant, 9-susceptible control, and 9-resistant control), per inoculum. On specified days, kernels were removed from the incubator and dried at 60°C to terminate fungal growth. Dry kernels were imaged with a VNIR hyperspectral sensor (image spectral range of 400–1000 nm), under UV excitation centered at 365 nm. Following imaging, kernels were submitted for the chemical AflaTest assay (VICAM). Fluorescence emissions were compared for all samples over 14 days. Analysis of strain differences separating the fluorescence emission peaks of resistant from the susceptible strain indicated that the emission peaks of the resistant strain and the susceptible strains differed significantly (p < 0.01) from each other, and there was a significant difference in fluorescence intensity between the treated and control kernels of both strains. These results indicate a viable role of fluorescence hyperspectral imaging for non-invasive screening of maize lines with divergent resistance to invasion by aflatoxigenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Hruska
- Geosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University, MSU Science and Technology, Stennis Space Center, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Haibo Yao
- Geosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University, MSU Science and Technology, Stennis Space Center, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Russell Kincaid
- Geosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University, MSU Science and Technology, Stennis Space Center, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Feifei Tao
- Geosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University, MSU Science and Technology, Stennis Space Center, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Robert L Brown
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Thomas E Cleveland
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | | | - Deepak Bhatnagar
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Detecting Green Mold Pathogens on Lemons Using Hyperspectral Images. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10041209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hyperspectral images in the spectral wavelength range of 500 nm to 650 nm are used to detect green mold pathogens, which are parasitic on the surface of lemons. The images reveal that the spectral range of 500 nm to 560 nm is appropriate for detecting the early stage of development of the pathogen in the lemon, because the spectral intensity is proportional to the infection degree. Within the range, it was found that the dominant spectral wavelengths of the fresh lemon and the green mold pathogen are 580 nm and 550 nm, respectively, with the 550 nm being the most sensitive in detecting the pathogen with spectral imaging. The spectral intensity ratio of the infected lemon to the fresh one in the spectral range of 500 nm to 560 nm increases with the increasing degree of the infection. Therefore, the ratio can be used to effectively estimate the degree of lemons infecting by the green mold pathogens. It also shows that the sudden decrease of the spectral intensity corresponding to the dominant spectral wavelength of the fresh lemon, together with the neighboring spectral wavelengths can be used to classify fresh and contaminated lemons. The spectral intensity ratio of discriminating the fresh lemon from the infected one is calculated as 1.15.
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Kandpal LM, Lee J, Bae H, Kim MS, Baek I, Cho BK. Near-Infrared Transmittance Spectral Imaging for Nondestructive Measurement of Internal Disorder in Korean Ginseng. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20010273. [PMID: 31947811 PMCID: PMC6983111 DOI: 10.3390/s20010273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The grading of ginseng (Panax ginseng) including the evaluation of internal quality attributes is essential in the ginseng industry for quality control. Assessment for inner whitening, a major internal disorder, must be conducted when identifying high quality ginseng. Conventional methods for detecting inner whitening in ginseng root samples use manual inspection, which is time-consuming and inaccurate. This study develops an internal quality measurement technique using near-infrared transmittance spectral imaging to evaluate inner whitening in ginseng samples. Principle component analysis (PCA) was used on ginseng hypercube data to evaluate the developed technique. The transmittance spectra and spectral images of ginseng samples exhibiting inner whitening showed weak intensity characteristics compared to normal ginseng in the region of 900-1050 nm and 1150-1400 nm respectively, owing to the presence of whitish internal tissues that have higher optical density. On the basis of the multivariate analysis method, even a simple waveband ratio image has the great potential to quickly detect inner whitening in ginseng samples, since these ratio images show a significant difference between whitened and non-whitened regions. Therefore, it is possible to develop an efficient and rapid spectral imaging system for the real-time detection of inner whitening in ginseng using minimal spectral wavebands. This novel strategy for the rapid, cost-effective, non-destructive detection of ginseng's inner quality can be a key component for the automation of ginseng grading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Mohan Kandpal
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 341-34, Korea; (L.M.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Jayoung Lee
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 341-34, Korea; (L.M.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Hyungjin Bae
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 341-34, Korea; (L.M.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Moon S. Kim
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Powder Mill Rd. Bldg. 303, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (M.S.K.); (I.B.)
| | - Insuck Baek
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Powder Mill Rd. Bldg. 303, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (M.S.K.); (I.B.)
| | - Byoung-Kwan Cho
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 341-34, Korea; (L.M.K.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-821-6715
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Bai X, Zhang C, Xiao Q, He Y, Bao Y. Application of near-infrared hyperspectral imaging to identify a variety of silage maize seeds and common maize seeds. RSC Adv 2020; 10:11707-11715. [PMID: 35496579 PMCID: PMC9050551 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra11047j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Common maize seeds and silage maize seeds are similar in appearance and are difficult to identify with the naked eye. Four varieties of common maize seeds and four varieties of silage maize seeds were identified by near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) combined with chemometrics. The pixel-wise principal component analysis was used to distinguish the differences among different varieties of maize seeds. The object-wise spectra of each single seed sample were extracted to build classification models. Support vector machine (SVM) and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) classification models were established using two different classification strategies. First, the maize seeds were directly classified into eight varieties with the prediction accuracy of the SVM model and RBFNN model over 86%. Second, the seeds of silage maize and common maize were firstly classified with the classification accuracy over 88%, then the seeds were classified into four varieties, respectively. The classification accuracy of silage maize seeds was over 98%, and the classification accuracy of common maize seeds was over 97%. The results showed that the varieties of common maize seeds and silage maize seeds could be classified by NIR-HSI combined with chemometrics, which provided an effective means to ensure the purity of maize seeds, especially to isolate common seeds and silage seeds. NIR-HSI and chemometrics were used to identify different varieties of common and silage maize seeds.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulin Bai
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing
| | - Chu Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing
| | - Qinlin Xiao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing
| | - Yong He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing
| | - Yidan Bao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing
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Zhu S, Zhang J, Chao M, Xu X, Song P, Zhang J, Huang Z. A Rapid and Highly Efficient Method for the Identification of Soybean Seed Varieties: Hyperspectral Images Combined with Transfer Learning. Molecules 2019; 25:E152. [PMID: 31905957 PMCID: PMC6982693 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Convolutional neural network (CNN) can be used to quickly identify crop seed varieties. 1200 seeds of ten soybean varieties were selected, hyperspectral images of both the front and the back of the seeds were collected, and the reflectance of soybean was derived from the hyperspectral images. A total of 9600 images were obtained after data augmentation, and the images were divided into a training set, validation set, and test set with a 3:1:1 ratio. Pretrained models (AlexNet, ResNet18, Xception, InceptionV3, DenseNet201, and NASNetLarge) after fine-tuning were used for transfer training. The optimal CNN model for soybean seed variety identification was selected. Furthermore, the traditional machine learning models for soybean seed variety identification were established by using reflectance as input. The results show that the six models all achieved 91% accuracy in the validation set and achieved accuracy values of 90.6%, 94.5%, 95.4%, 95.6%, 96.8%, and 97.2%, respectively, in the test set. This method is better than the identification of soybean seed varieties based on hyperspectral reflectance. The experimental results support a novel method for identifying soybean seeds rapidly and accurately, and this method also provides a good reference for the identification of other crop seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhongwen Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology/Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Xinxiang 453003, China; (S.Z.); (J.Z.)
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Mahato DK, Lee KE, Kamle M, Devi S, Dewangan KN, Kumar P, Kang SG. Aflatoxins in Food and Feed: An Overview on Prevalence, Detection and Control Strategies. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2266. [PMID: 31636616 PMCID: PMC6787635 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins produced by the Aspergillus species are highly toxic, carcinogenic, and cause severe contamination to food sources, leading to serious health consequences. Contaminations by aflatoxins have been reported in food and feed, such as groundnuts, millet, sesame seeds, maize, wheat, rice, fig, spices and cocoa due to fungal infection during pre- and post-harvest conditions. Besides these food products, commercial products like peanut butter, cooking oil and cosmetics have also been reported to be contaminated by aflatoxins. Even a low concentration of aflatoxins is hazardous for human and livestock. The identification and quantification of aflatoxins in food and feed is a major challenge to guarantee food safety. Therefore, developing feasible, sensitive and robust analytical methods is paramount for the identification and quantification of aflatoxins present in low concentrations in food and feed. There are various chromatographic and sensor-based methods used for the detection of aflatoxins. The current review provides insight into the sources of contamination, occurrence, detection techniques, and masked mycotoxin, in addition to management strategies of aflatoxins to ensure food safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipendra K. Mahato
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Madhu Kamle
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, India
| | | | - Krishna N. Dewangan
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, India
| | - Sang G. Kang
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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38
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Zhang Y, Guo W. Moisture content detection of maize seed based on visible/near‐infrared and near‐infrared hyperspectral imaging technology. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Wenchuan Guo
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi 712100 China
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39
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Feng L, Zhu S, Liu F, He Y, Bao Y, Zhang C. Hyperspectral imaging for seed quality and safety inspection: a review. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:91. [PMID: 31406499 PMCID: PMC6686453 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0476-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Hyperspectral imaging has attracted great attention as a non-destructive and fast method for seed quality and safety assessment in recent years. The capability of this technique for classification and grading, viability and vigor detection, damage (defect and fungus) detection, cleanness detection and seed composition determination is illustrated by presentation of applications in quality and safety determination of seed in this review. The summary of hyperspectral imaging technology for seed quality and safety inspection for each category is also presented, including the analyzed spectral range, sample varieties, sample status, sample numbers, features (spectral features, image features, feature extraction methods), signal mode and data analysis strategies. The successful application of hyperspectral imaging in seed quality and safety inspection proves that many routine seed inspection tasks can be facilitated with hyperspectral imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Feng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Susu Zhu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Yong He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Yidan Bao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Chu Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058 China
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Mirzaei M, Marofi S, Abbasi M, Solgi E, Karimi R, Verrelst J. Scenario-based discrimination of common grapevine varieties using in-field hyperspectral data in the western of Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION : ITC JOURNAL 2019; 80:26-37. [PMID: 36081710 PMCID: PMC7613368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jag.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Field spectroscopy is an accurate, rapid and nondestructive technique for monitoring of agricultural plant characteristics. Among these, identification of grapevine varieties is one of the most important factors in viticulture and wine industry. This study evaluated the discriminatory ability of field hyperspectral data and statistical techniques in case of five common grapevine varieties in the western of Iran. A total of 3000 spectral samples were acquired at leaf and canopy levels. Then, in order to identify the best approach, two types of hyperspectral data (wavelengths from 350 to 2500 nm and 32 spectral indices), two data reduction methods (PLSR and ANOVA-PCA) and two classification algorithms (LDA and SVM) were applied in a total of 16 scenarios. Results showed that the grapevine varieties were discriminated with overall accuracy of 89.88%-100% in test sets. Among the data reduction methods, the combination of ANOVA and PCA yielded higher performance as opposed to PLSR. Accordingly, optimal wavelengths in discrimination of studied grapevine varieties were located in vicinity of 695, 752, 1148, 1606 nm and 582, 687, 1154, 1927 nm at leaf and canopy levels, respectively. Optimal spectral indices were R680, WI, SGB and RATIO975_2, DattA, Greenness at leaf and canopy levels, respectively. Also, the importance of spectral regions in discriminating studied grapevine varieties was ranked as near-infrared > mid-infrared and red edge region > visible. As a general conclusion, the canopyspectral indices-ANOVA-PCA-SVM scenario discriminated the studied species most accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mirzaei
- Grape Environmental Science Department, Research Institute for Grapes and Raisin (RIGR), Malayer University, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Safar Marofi
- Grape Environmental Science Department, Research Institute for Grapes and Raisin (RIGR), Malayer University, Islamic Republic of Iran
- Corresponding author. (S. Marofi)
| | - Mozhgan Abbasi
- Faculty of Natural Resource and Earth Science, Shahrekord University, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Eisa Solgi
- Faculty of Natural Resource and Environment, Malayer University, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Rholah Karimi
- Green Space Design group, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Jochem Verrelst
- Image Processing Laboratory (IPL), Parc Científic, Universitat de València, 46980, Paterna, València, Spain
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Lin L, Qu F, Nie P, Zhang H, Chu B, He Y. Rapid and Quantitative Determination of Sildenafil in Cocktail Based on Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091790. [PMID: 31075815 PMCID: PMC6539339 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sildenafil (SD) and its related compounds are the most common adulterants found in herbal preparations used as sexual enhancer or man’s virility products. However, the abuse of SD threatens human health such as through headache, back pain, rhinitis, etc. Therefore, it is important to accurately detect the presence of SD in alcoholic beverages. In this study, the Opto Trace Raman 202 (OTR 202) was used as a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) active colloids to detect SD. The results demonstrated that the limit of detection (LOD) of SD was found to be as low as 0.1 mg/L. Moreover, 1235, 1401, 1530, and 1584 cm−1 could be qualitatively determined as SD characteristic peaks. In a practical application, SD in cocktail could be easily detected using SERS based on OTR 202. Also, there was a good linear correlation between the intensity of Raman peaks at 1235, 1401, 1530, and 1584 cm−1 and the logarithm of SD concentration in cocktail was in the range of 0.1–10 mg/L (0.9822 < R2 < 0.9860). The relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 12.7% and the recovery ranged from 93.0%–105.8%. Moreover, the original 500–1700 cm−1 SERS spectra were pretreated and the partial least squares (PLS) was applied to establish the prediction model between SERS spectra and SD content in cocktail and the highest determination coefficient (Rp2) reached 0.9856. In summary, the SD in cocktail could be rapidly and quantitatively determined by SERS, which was beneficial to provide a rapid and accurate scheme for the detection of SD in alcoholic beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lin
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Fangfang Qu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Pengcheng Nie
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Bingquan Chu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Yong He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Rapid-Detection Sensor for Rice Grain Moisture Based on NIR Spectroscopy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9081654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice grain moisture has a great impact on th production and storage storage quality of rice. The main objective of this study was to design and develop a rapid-detection sensor for rice grain moisture based on the Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) characteristic band, aiming to realize its accurate and on-line measurement. In this paper, the NIR spectral information of grain samples with different moisture content was obtained using a portable NIR spectrometer. Then, the partial least squares (PLS) and competitive adaptive reweighted squares (CARS) were applied to model and analyze the spectral data to find the rice grain moisture NIR spectroscopy. As a result, the 1450 nm band was sensitive to the rice grain moisture and a rapid-detection sensor was developed with a 1450 nm light emitting diode (LED) light source, InGaAs photodiode, lens and filter, whose basic principle is to establish the relationship between the rice grain moisture and the measured voltage signal. To evaluate the sensor performance, rice grain samples with 13–30% moisture content were detected, the coefficient of determination R2 was 0.936, and the sum of squares for error (SSE) was 23.44. It is concluded that this study provides a spectroscopic measuring method, as well as developing an effective and accurate sensor for the rapid determination of rice grain moisture, which is of great significance for monitoring the quality of rice grain during its production, transportation and storage process.
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Cultivar Classification of Single Sweet Corn Seed Using Fourier Transform Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Discriminant Analysis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9081530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Seed purity is a key indicator of crop seed quality. The conventional methods for cultivar identification are time-consuming, expensive, and destructive. Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy combined with discriminant analyses, was studied as a rapid and nondestructive technique to classify the cultivars of sweet corn seeds. Spectra with a range of 1000–2500 nm collected from 760 seeds of two cultivars were used for the discriminant analyses. Thereafter, 126 feature wavelengths were identified from 1557 wavelengths using a genetic algorithm (GA) to build simplified classification models. Four classification algorithms, namely K-nearest neighbor (KNN), soft independent method of class analogy (SIMCA), partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and support vector machine discriminant analysis (SVM-DA) were tested on full-range wavelengths and feature wavelengths, respectively. With the full-range wavelengths, all four algorithms achieved a high classification accuracy range from 97.56% to 99.59%, and the SVM-DA worked better than other models. From the feature wavelengths, no significant decline in accuracies was observed in most of the models and a high accuracy of 99.19% was still obtained by the PLS-DA model. This study demonstrated that using the FT-NIR technique with discriminant analyses could be a feasible way to classify sweet corn seed cultivars and the proper classification model could be embedded in seed sorting machinery to select high-purity seeds.
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ElMasry G, Mandour N, Al-Rejaie S, Belin E, Rousseau D. Recent Applications of Multispectral Imaging in Seed Phenotyping and Quality Monitoring-An Overview. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19051090. [PMID: 30836613 PMCID: PMC6427362 DOI: 10.3390/s19051090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
As a synergistic integration between spectroscopy and imaging technologies, spectral imaging modalities have been emerged to tackle quality evaluation dilemmas by proposing different designs with effective and practical applications in food and agriculture. With the advantage of acquiring spatio-spectral data across a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum, the state-of-the-art multispectral imaging in tandem with different multivariate chemometric analysis scenarios has been successfully implemented not only for food quality and safety control purposes, but also in dealing with critical research challenges in seed science and technology. This paper will shed some light on the fundamental configuration of the systems and give a birds-eye view of all recent approaches in the acquisition, processing and reproduction of multispectral images for various applications in seed quality assessment and seed phenotyping issues. This review article continues from where earlier review papers stopped but it only focused on fully-operated multispectral imaging systems for quality assessment of different sorts of seeds. Thence, the review comprehensively highlights research attempts devoted to real implementations of only fully-operated multispectral imaging systems and does not consider those ones that just utilized some key wavelengths extracted from hyperspectral data analyses without building independent multispectral imaging systems. This makes this article the first attempt in briefing all published papers in multispectral imaging applications in seed phenotyping and quality monitoring by providing some examples and research results in characterizing physicochemical quality traits, predicting physiological parameters, detection of defect, pest infestation and seed health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal ElMasry
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia.
- Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ring Road Km 4.5, Ismailia P.O. Box 41522, Egypt.
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, 42 rue Georges Morel CS 60057, F-49071 Beaucouzé CEDEX, Angers, France.
| | - Nasser Mandour
- Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ring Road Km 4.5, Ismailia P.O. Box 41522, Egypt.
| | - Salim Al-Rejaie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Etienne Belin
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, 42 rue Georges Morel CS 60057, F-49071 Beaucouzé CEDEX, Angers, France.
- Laboratoire Angevin de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes (LARIS), Université d'Angers, 62 avenue Notre Dame du Lac, 49000 Angers, France.
| | - David Rousseau
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, 42 rue Georges Morel CS 60057, F-49071 Beaucouzé CEDEX, Angers, France.
- Laboratoire Angevin de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes (LARIS), Université d'Angers, 62 avenue Notre Dame du Lac, 49000 Angers, France.
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Zhang J, Dai L, Cheng F. Classification of Frozen Corn Seeds Using Hyperspectral VIS/NIR Reflectence Imaging. Molecules 2019; 24:E149. [PMID: 30609734 PMCID: PMC6337657 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A VIS/NIR hyperspectral imaging system was used to classify three different degrees of freeze-damage in corn seeds. Using image processing methods, the hyperspectral image of the corn seed embryo was obtained first. To find a relatively better method for later imaging visualization, four different pretreatment methods (no pretreatment, multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), standard normal variation (SNV) and 5 points and 3 times smoothing (5-3 smoothing)), four wavelength selection algorithms (successive projection algorithm (SPA), principal component analysis (PCA), X-loading and full-band method) and three different classification modeling methods (partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and support vector machine (SVM)) were applied to make a comparison. Next, the visualization images according to a mean spectrum to mean spectrum (M2M) and a mean spectrum to pixel spectrum (M2P) were compared in order to better represent the freeze damage to the seed embryos. It was concluded that the 5-3 smoothing method and SPA wavelength selection method applied to the modeling can improve the signal-to-noise ratio, classification accuracy of the model (more than 90%). The final classification results of the method M2P were better than the method M2M, which had fewer numbers of misclassified corn seed samples and the samples could be visualized well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Limin Dai
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Fang Cheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Miao A, Zhuang J, Tang Y, He Y, Chu X, Luo S. Hyperspectral Image-Based Variety Classification of Waxy Maize Seeds by the t-SNE Model and Procrustes Analysis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E4391. [PMID: 30545028 PMCID: PMC6308723 DOI: 10.3390/s18124391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Variety classification is an important step in seed quality testing. This study introduces t-distributed stochastic neighbourhood embedding (t-SNE), a manifold learning algorithm, into the field of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) and proposes a method for classifying seed varieties. Images of 800 maize kernels of eight varieties (100 kernels per variety, 50 kernels for each side of the seed) were imaged in the visible- near infrared (386.7⁻1016.7 nm) wavelength range. The images were pre-processed by Procrustes analysis (PA) to improve the classification accuracy, and then these data were reduced to low-dimensional space using t-SNE. Finally, Fisher's discriminant analysis (FDA) was used for classification of the low-dimensional data. To compare the effect of t-SNE, principal component analysis (PCA), kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) and locally linear embedding (LLE) were used as comparative methods in this study, and the results demonstrated that the t-SNE model with PA pre-processing has obtained better classification results. The highest classification accuracy of the t-SNE model was up to 97.5%, which was much more satisfactory than the results of the other models (up to 75% for PCA, 85% for KPCA, 76.25% for LLE). The overall results indicated that the t-SNE model with PA pre-processing can be used for variety classification of waxy maize seeds and be considered as a new method for hyperspectral image analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Miao
- College of Automation, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
| | - Jiajun Zhuang
- College of Automation, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
| | - Yu Tang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yong He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xuan Chu
- College of Automation, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
| | - Shaoming Luo
- College of Automation, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
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Rapid Identification of Genetically Modified Maize Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-018-2216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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48
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Identification of Hybrid Okra Seeds Based on Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging Technology. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8101793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared (874–1734 nm) hyperspectral imaging technology combined with chemometrics was used to identify parental and hybrid okra seeds. A total of 1740 okra seeds of three different varieties, which contained the male parent xiaolusi, the female parent xianzhi, and the hybrid seed penzai, were collected, and all of the samples were randomly divided into the calibration set and the prediction set in a ratio of 2:1. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to explore the separability of different seeds based on the spectral characteristics of okra seeds. Fourteen and 86 characteristic wavelengths were extracted by using the successive projection algorithm (SPA) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), respectively. Another 14 characteristic wavelengths were extracted by using CARS combined with SPA. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and support vector machine (SVM) were developed based on the characteristic wavelength and full-band spectroscopy. The experimental results showed that the SVM discriminant model worked well and that the correct recognition rate was over 93.62% based on full-band spectroscopy. As for the discriminative model that was based on characteristic wavelength, the SVM model based on the CARS algorithm was better than the other two models. Combining the CARS+SVM calibration model and image processing technology, a pseudo-color map of sample prediction was generated, which could intuitively identify the species of okra seeds. The whole process provided a new idea for agricultural breeding in the rapid screening and identification of hybrid okra seeds.
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Potential of hyperspectral imaging for rapid identification of true and false honeysuckle tea leaves. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-018-9834-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hashim N, Onwude DI, Osman MS. Evaluation of Chilling Injury in Mangoes Using Multispectral Imaging. J Food Sci 2018; 83:1271-1279. [PMID: 29660789 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Commodities originating from tropical and subtropical climes are prone to chilling injury (CI). This injury could affect the quality and marketing potential of mango after harvest. This will later affect the quality of the produce and subsequent consumer acceptance. In this study, the appearance of CI symptoms in mango was evaluated non-destructively using multispectral imaging. The fruit were stored at 4 °C to induce CI and 12 °C to preserve the quality of the control samples for 4 days before they were taken out and stored at ambient temperature for 24 hr. Measurements using multispectral imaging and standard reference methods were conducted before and after storage. The performance of multispectral imaging was compared using standard reference properties including moisture content (MC), total soluble solids (TSS) content, firmness, pH, and color. Least square support vector machine (LS-SVM) combined with principal component analysis (PCA) were used to discriminate CI samples with those of control and before storage, respectively. The statistical results demonstrated significant changes in the reference quality properties of samples before and after storage. The results also revealed that multispectral parameters have a strong correlation with the reference parameters of L* , a* , TSS, and MC. The MC and L* were found to be the best reference parameters in identifying the severity of CI in mangoes. PCA and LS-SVM analysis indicated that the fruit were successfully classified into their categories, that is, before storage, control, and CI. This indicated that the multispectral imaging technique is feasible for detecting CI in mangoes during postharvest storage and processing. PRACTICAL APPLICATION This paper demonstrates a fast, easy, and accurate method of identifying the effect of cold storage on mango, nondestructively. The method presented in this paper can be used industrially to efficiently differentiate different fruits from each other after low temperature storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhashila Hashim
- Dept. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Univ. Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,SMART Farming Technology Research Center (SFTRC), Faculty of Engineering, Univ. Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Daniel I Onwude
- Dept. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Univ. Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Dept. of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Univ. of Uyo, 52101 Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Muhamad Syafiq Osman
- Dept. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Univ. Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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