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Dellai J, Gilles MA, Remy O, Claudon L, Dietrich G. Development and Evaluation of a Hybrid Measurement System to Determine the Kinematics of the Wrist. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2543. [PMID: 38676160 PMCID: PMC11053611 DOI: 10.3390/s24082543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Optical Motion Capture Systems (OMCSs) are considered the gold standard for kinematic measurement of human movements. However, in situations such as measuring wrist kinematics during a hairdressing activity, markers can be obscured, resulting in a loss of data. Other measurement methods based on non-optical data can be considered, such as magneto-inertial measurement units (MIMUs). Their accuracy is generally lower than that of an OMCS. In this context, it may be worth considering a hybrid system [MIMU + OMCS] to take advantage of OMCS accuracy while limiting occultation problems. The aim of this work was (1) to propose a methodology for coupling a low-cost MIMU (BNO055) to an OMCS in order to evaluate wrist kinematics, and then (2) to evaluate the accuracy of this hybrid system [MIMU + OMCS] during a simple hairdressing gesture. During hair cutting gestures, the root mean square error compared with the OMCS was 4.53° (1.45°) for flexion/extension, 5.07° (1.30°) for adduction/abduction, and 3.65° (1.19°) for pronation/supination. During combing gestures, they were significantly higher, but remained below 10°. In conclusion, this system allows for maintaining wrist kinematics in case of the loss of hand markers while preserving an acceptable level of precision (<10°) for ergonomic measurement or entertainment purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Dellai
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), 54519 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (M.A.G.); (O.R.); (L.C.)
- Institut des Sciences du Sport Santé de Paris (URP 3625), Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Martine A. Gilles
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), 54519 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (M.A.G.); (O.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Olivier Remy
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), 54519 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (M.A.G.); (O.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Laurent Claudon
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), 54519 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (M.A.G.); (O.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Gilles Dietrich
- Institut des Sciences du Sport Santé de Paris (URP 3625), Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France;
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2
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Francisco L, Duarte J, Albuquerque C, Albuquerque D, Pires IM, Coelho PJ. Mobile Data Gathering and Preliminary Analysis for the Functional Reach Test. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1301. [PMID: 38400459 PMCID: PMC10892343 DOI: 10.3390/s24041301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The functional reach test (FRT) is a clinical tool used to evaluate dynamic balance and fall risk in older adults and those with certain neurological diseases. It provides crucial information for developing rehabilitation programs to improve balance and reduce fall risk. This paper aims to describe a new tool to gather and analyze the data from inertial sensors to allow automation and increased reliability in the future by removing practitioner bias and facilitating the FRT procedure. A new tool for gathering and analyzing data from inertial sensors has been developed to remove practitioner bias and streamline the FRT procedure. The study involved 54 senior citizens using smartphones with sensors to execute FRT. The methods included using a mobile app to gather data, using sensor-fusion algorithms like the Madgwick algorithm to estimate orientation, and attempting to estimate location by twice integrating accelerometer data. However, accurate position estimation was difficult, highlighting the need for more research and development. The study highlights the benefits and drawbacks of automated balance assessment testing with mobile device sensors, highlighting the potential of technology to enhance conventional health evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Francisco
- Electrotechnical Department, Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - João Duarte
- Electrotechnical Department, Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Carlos Albuquerque
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3004-011 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Higher School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
- Child Studies Research Center (CIEC), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Daniel Albuquerque
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Águeda, Universidade de Aveiro, 3750-127 Águeda, Portugal; (D.A.); (I.M.P.)
| | - Ivan Miguel Pires
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Águeda, Universidade de Aveiro, 3750-127 Águeda, Portugal; (D.A.); (I.M.P.)
| | - Paulo Jorge Coelho
- Electrotechnical Department, Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers at Coimbra (INESC Coimbra), 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal
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3
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García-Luna MA, Jimenez-Olmedo JM, Pueo B, Manchado C, Cortell-Tormo JM. Concurrent Validity of the Ergotex Device for Measuring Low Back Posture. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:98. [PMID: 38275578 PMCID: PMC10812927 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Highlighting the crucial role of monitoring and quantifying lumbopelvic rhythm for spinal curvature, the Ergotex IMU, a portable, lightweight, cost-effective, and energy-efficient technology, has been specifically designed for the pelvic and lumbar area. This study investigates the concurrent validity of the Ergotex device in measuring sagittal pelvic tilt angle. We utilized an observational, repeated measures design with healthy adult males (mean age: 39.3 ± 7.6 y, body mass: 82.2 ± 13.0 kg, body height: 179 ± 8 cm), comparing Ergotex with a 3D optical tracking system. Participants performed pelvic tilt movements in anterior, neutral, and posterior conditions. Statistical analysis included paired samples t-tests, Bland-Altman plots, and regression analysis. The findings show minimal systematic error (0.08° overall) and high agreement between the Ergotex and optical tracking, with most data points falling within limits of agreement of Bland-Altman plots (around ±2°). Significant differences were observed only in the anterior condition (0.35°, p < 0.05), with trivial effect sizes (ES = 0.08), indicating that these differences may not be clinically meaningful. The high Pearson's correlation coefficients across conditions underscore a robust linear relationship between devices (r > 0.9 for all conditions). Regression analysis showed a standard error of estimate (SEE) of 1.1° with small effect (standardized SEE < 0.26 for all conditions), meaning that the expected average deviation from the true value is around 1°. These findings validate the Ergotex as an effective, portable, and cost-efficient tool for assessing sagittal pelvic tilt, with practical implications in clinical and sports settings where traditional methods might be impractical or costly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. García-Luna
- Health, Physical Activity, and Sports Technology Research Group, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain; (M.A.G.-L.); (B.P.), (J.M.C.-T.)
| | - Jose M. Jimenez-Olmedo
- Health, Physical Activity, and Sports Technology Research Group, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain; (M.A.G.-L.); (B.P.), (J.M.C.-T.)
| | - Basilio Pueo
- Health, Physical Activity, and Sports Technology Research Group, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain; (M.A.G.-L.); (B.P.), (J.M.C.-T.)
| | - Carmen Manchado
- Sports Coaching and Performance Research Group, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain;
| | - Juan M. Cortell-Tormo
- Health, Physical Activity, and Sports Technology Research Group, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain; (M.A.G.-L.); (B.P.), (J.M.C.-T.)
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4
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Chen Y, Rong H. A Customized Extended Kalman Filter for Removing the Impact of the Magnetometer's Measurements on Inclination Determination. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9756. [PMID: 38139602 PMCID: PMC10748211 DOI: 10.3390/s23249756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Normally, a three-dimensional orientation determination algorithm that is used in a magnetic and inertial measurement unit calculates the inclination (including both the pitch and roll) of rigid bodies by fusing the measurements of the gyroscope, as well as the measurements of both the accelerometer and the magnetometer. The measurements of the magnetometer can be helpful in improving the inclination estimation accuracy; however, once the measurements of the magnetometer are disturbed by ferromagnetic materials, the inclination estimation accuracy could be significantly decreased. Hence, a better approach should be followed in terms of not employing the measurements of the magnetometer for inclination determination. In order to achieve this goal, the component of the measurement of the magnetometer that is used for the improvement of the inclination estimation accuracy, along with the measurement of the accelerometer at each sampling time instant, is abandoned. Consequently, the remaining component of the measurement of the magnetometer, which is perpendicular to the measurement of the accelerometer, is used for the azimuth determination. After applying this process, the extended Kalman filter (EKF) is proposed for the inclination and azimuth estimations. Through experiments, the EKF is compared with three algorithms that were recently proposed with the same objective as this work, and the extracted outcomes show that the EKF approach clearly outperforms these three algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China;
| | - Hailong Rong
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Rail Transit, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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Menzies FA, Walsh J, Boyd AJ, Turner AP. Assessment of contact involvements and scrums in international rugby union match-play using video analysis and microsensor technology methods. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:2129-2137. [PMID: 38329895 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2313837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
This study sought to assess the validity of contact involvement (CI) detection using microsensor technology (MST, Catapult Vector) within the context of a Tier One national rugby union (RU) squad, consisting of 44 players. Sensitivity of MST units to detect CI and scrums was assessed in eight test matches, by comparison with match data obtained by video analysis. This paper is the first to assess the sensitivity of MST to the full range of skilled CI which occur in RU, including evaluating "non-performance" collisions, such as incidental collisions or foul play. Sensitivity to tackles made (52.9-84.9%) and ruck hits (53.3-87.2%) was lower than previous research, although ball carries (71.9-93.5%) showed broadly similar sensitivity to established results. The sensitivity of the MST to detect scrums was substantially lower than previous findings, with large positional variation evident (51.4-91.5%). Further refinement of MST software should be considered in order to facilitate valid monitoring of RU performance and injury risk. An additional finding was that video analysis generally demonstrated satisfactory intrarater reliability. This result supports the use of video analysis as a reliable method of assessing RU performance, including CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser A Menzies
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- High Performance Department, Scottish Rugby Union, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jack Walsh
- High Performance Department, Scottish Rugby Union, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andy J Boyd
- High Performance Department, Scottish Rugby Union, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anthony P Turner
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Cerfoglio S, Lopomo NF, Capodaglio P, Scalona E, Monfrini R, Verme F, Galli M, Cimolin V. Assessment of an IMU-Based Experimental Set-Up for Upper Limb Motion in Obese Subjects. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9264. [PMID: 38005650 PMCID: PMC10674635 DOI: 10.3390/s23229264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, wearable systems based on inertial sensors opened new perspectives for functional motor assessment with respect to the gold standard motion capture systems. The aim of this study was to validate an experimental set-up based on 17 body-worn inertial sensors (Awinda, Xsens, The Netherlands), addressing specific body segments with respect to the state-of-the art system (VICON, Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK) to assess upper limb kinematics in obese, with respect to healthy subjects. Twenty-three obese and thirty healthy weight individuals were simultaneously acquainted with the two systems across a set of three tasks for upper limbs (i.e., frontal arm rise, lateral arm rise, and reaching). Root Mean Square error (RMSE) was computed to quantify the differences between the measurements provided by the systems in terms of range of motion (ROM), whilst their agreement was assessed via Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC) and Bland-Altman (BA) plots. In addition, the signal waveforms were compared via one-dimensional statistical parametrical mapping (SPM) based on a paired t-test and a two-way ANOVA was applied on ROMs. The overall results partially confirmed the correlation and the agreement between the two systems, reporting only a moderate correlation for shoulder principal rotation angle in each task (r~0.40) and for elbow/flexion extension in obese subjects (r = 0.66), whilst no correlation was found for most non-principal rotation angles (r < 0.40). Across the performed tasks, an average RMSE of 34° and 26° was reported in obese and healthy controls, respectively. At the current state, the presence of bias limits the applicability of the inertial-based system in clinics; further research is intended in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Cerfoglio
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (S.C.); (M.G.); (V.C.)
- Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Unit and Research Laboratory in Biomechanics, Rehabilitation and Ergonomics, San Giuseppe Hospital, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 28824 Piancavallo, Italy;
| | - Nicola Francesco Lopomo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (N.F.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Paolo Capodaglio
- Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Unit and Research Laboratory in Biomechanics, Rehabilitation and Ergonomics, San Giuseppe Hospital, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 28824 Piancavallo, Italy;
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Emilia Scalona
- Dipartimento di Specialità Medico-Chirurgiche, Scienze Radiologiche e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Monfrini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (N.F.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Federica Verme
- Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Unit and Research Laboratory in Biomechanics, Rehabilitation and Ergonomics, San Giuseppe Hospital, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 28824 Piancavallo, Italy;
| | - Manuela Galli
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (S.C.); (M.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Veronica Cimolin
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (S.C.); (M.G.); (V.C.)
- Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Unit and Research Laboratory in Biomechanics, Rehabilitation and Ergonomics, San Giuseppe Hospital, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 28824 Piancavallo, Italy;
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7
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Bao T, Gao J, Wang J, Chen Y, Xu F, Qiao G, Li F. A global bibliometric and visualized analysis of gait analysis and artificial intelligence research from 1992 to 2022. Front Robot AI 2023; 10:1265543. [PMID: 38047061 PMCID: PMC10691112 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2023.1265543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gait is an important basic function of human beings and an integral part of life. Many mental and physical abnormalities can cause noticeable differences in a person's gait. Abnormal gait can lead to serious consequences such as falls, limited mobility and reduced life satisfaction. Gait analysis, which includes joint kinematics, kinetics, and dynamic Electromyography (EMG) data, is now recognized as a clinically useful tool that can provide both quantifiable and qualitative information on performance to aid in treatment planning and evaluate its outcome. With the assistance of new artificial intelligence (AI) technology, the traditional medical environment has undergone great changes. AI has the potential to reshape medicine, making gait analysis more accurate, efficient and accessible. In this study, we analyzed basic information about gait analysis and AI articles that met inclusion criteria in the WoS Core Collection database from 1992-2022, and the VosViewer software was used for web visualization and keyword analysis. Through bibliometric and visual analysis, this article systematically introduces the research status of gait analysis and AI. We introduce the application of artificial intelligence in clinical gait analysis, which affects the identification and management of gait abnormalities found in various diseases. Machine learning (ML) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) are the most often utilized AI methods in gait analysis. By comparing the predictive capability of different AI algorithms in published studies, we evaluate their potential for gait analysis in different situations. Furthermore, the current challenges and future directions of gait analysis and AI research are discussed, which will also provide valuable reference information for investors in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Bao
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Orthopedics Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiasi Gao
- Institute for AI Industry Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyi Wang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Orthopedics Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Orthopedics Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Orthopedics Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanzhong Qiao
- Orthopedics Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Li
- Institute for Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Orthopedics Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Lee R, Akhundov R, James C, Edwards S, Snodgrass SJ. Variations in Concurrent Validity of Two Independent Inertial Measurement Units Compared to Gold Standard for Upper Body Posture during Computerised Device Use. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6761. [PMID: 37571544 PMCID: PMC10422555 DOI: 10.3390/s23156761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Inertial measurement units (IMUs) may provide an objective method for measuring posture during computer use, but research is needed to validate IMUs' accuracy. We examine the concurrent validity of two different IMU systems in measuring three-dimensional (3D) upper body posture relative to a motion capture system (Mocap) as a potential device to assess postures outside a laboratory environment. We used 3D Mocap and two IMU systems (Wi-Fi and Bluetooth) to capture the upper body posture of twenty-six individuals during three physical computer working conditions (monitor correct, monitor raised, and laptop). Coefficient of determination (R2) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) compared IMUs to Mocap. Head/neck segment [HN], upper trunk segment [UTS], and joint angle [HN-UTS] were the primary variables. Wi-Fi IMUs demonstrated high validity for HN and UTS (sagittal plane) and HN-UTS (frontal plane) for all conditions, and for HN rotation movements (both for the monitor correct and monitor raised conditions), others moderate to poor. Bluetooth IMUs for HN, and UTS (sagittal plane) for the monitor correct, laptop, and monitor raised conditions were moderate. Frontal plane movements except UTS (monitor correct and laptop) and all rotation had poor validity. Both IMU systems were affected by gyroscopic drift with sporadic data loss in Bluetooth IMUs. Wi-Fi IMUs had more acceptable accuracy when measuring upper body posture during computer use compared to Mocap, except for trunk rotations. Variation in IMU systems' performance suggests validation in the task-specific movement(s) is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Lee
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Active Living Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Riad Akhundov
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Griffith Centre for Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Carole James
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Discipline of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Suzi Edwards
- Active Living Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Discipline of Exercise & Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine & Health, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Suzanne J. Snodgrass
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Active Living Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
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9
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Belluscio V, Cartocci G, Terbojevich T, Di Feo P, Inguscio BMS, Ferrari M, Quaresima V, Vannozzi G. Facilitating or disturbing? An investigation about the effects of auditory frequencies on prefrontal cortex activation and postural sway. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1197733. [PMID: 37425019 PMCID: PMC10324668 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1197733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Auditory stimulation activates brain areas associated with higher cognitive processes, like the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and plays a role in postural control regulation. However, the effects of specific frequency stimuli on upright posture maintenance and PFC activation patterns remain unknown. Therefore, the study aims at filling this gap. Twenty healthy adults performed static double- and single-leg stance tasks of 60s each under four auditory conditions: 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 Hz, binaurally delivered through headphones, and in quiet condition. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure PFC activation through changes in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration, while an inertial sensor (sealed at the L5 vertebra level) quantified postural sway parameters. Perceived discomfort and pleasantness were rated through a 0-100 visual analogue scale (VAS). Results showed that in both motor tasks, different PFC activation patterns were displayed at the different auditory frequencies and the postural performance worsened with auditory stimuli, compared to quiet conditions. VAS results showed that higher frequencies were considered more discomfortable than lower ones. Present data prove that specific sound frequencies play a significant role in cognitive resources recruitment and in the regulation of postural control. Furthermore, it supports the importance of exploring the relationship among tones, cortical activity, and posture, also considering possible applications with neurological populations and people with hearing dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Belluscio
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Cartocci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- BrainSigns Ltd, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Di Feo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Ferrari
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Valentina Quaresima
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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10
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De Lazzari B, Mascia G, Vannozzi G, Camomilla V. Estimating the Standing Long Jump Length from Smartphone Inertial Sensors through Machine Learning Algorithms. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050546. [PMID: 37237616 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The length of the standing long jump (SLJ) is widely recognized as an indicator of developmental motor competence or sports conditional performance. This work aims at defining a methodology to allow athletes/coaches to easily measure it using the inertial measurement units embedded on a smartphone. A sample group of 114 trained young participants was recruited and asked to perform the instrumented SLJ task. A set of features was identified based on biomechanical knowledge, then Lasso regression allowed the identification of a subset of predictors of the SLJ length that was used as input of different optimized machine learning architectures. Results obtained from the use of the proposed configuration allow an estimate of the SLJ length with a Gaussian Process Regression model with a RMSE of 0.122 m in the test phase, Kendall's τ < 0.1. The proposed models give homoscedastic results, meaning that the error of the models does not depend on the estimated quantity. This study proved the feasibility of using low-cost smartphone sensors to provide an automatic and objective estimate of SLJ performance in ecological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice De Lazzari
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, Lazio, 00135 Roma, Italy
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, Lazio, 00135 Roma, Italy
- GoSport s.r.l., Via Basento, Lazio, 00198 Roma, Italy
| | - Guido Mascia
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, Lazio, 00135 Roma, Italy
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, Lazio, 00135 Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, Lazio, 00135 Roma, Italy
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, Lazio, 00135 Roma, Italy
| | - Valentina Camomilla
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, Lazio, 00135 Roma, Italy
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, Lazio, 00135 Roma, Italy
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11
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Monfrini R, Rossetto G, Scalona E, Galli M, Cimolin V, Lopomo NF. Technological Solutions for Human Movement Analysis in Obese Subjects: A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23063175. [PMID: 36991886 PMCID: PMC10059733 DOI: 10.3390/s23063175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has a critical impact on musculoskeletal systems, and excessive weight directly affects the ability of subjects to realize movements. It is important to monitor the activities of obese subjects, their functional limitations, and the overall risks related to specific motor tasks. From this perspective, this systematic review identified and summarized the main technologies specifically used to acquire and quantify movements in scientific studies involving obese subjects. The search for articles was carried out on electronic databases, i.e., PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. We included observational studies performed on adult obese subjects whenever reporting quantitative information concerning their movement. The articles must have been written in English, published after 2010, and concerned subjects who were primarily diagnosed with obesity, thus excluding confounding diseases. Marker-based optoelectronic stereophotogrammetric systems resulted to be the most adopted solution for movement analysis focused on obesity; indeed, wearable technologies based on magneto-inertial measurement units (MIMUs) were recently adopted for analyzing obese subjects. Further, these systems are usually integrated with force platforms, so as to have information about the ground reaction forces. However, few studies specifically reported the reliability and limitations of these approaches due to soft tissue artifacts and crosstalk, which turned out to be the most relevant problems to deal with in this context. In this perspective, in spite of their inherent limitations, medical imaging techniques-such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and biplane radiography-should be used to improve the accuracy of biomechanical evaluations in obese people, and to systematically validate less-invasive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Monfrini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Gianluca Rossetto
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Emilia Scalona
- Dipartimento di Specialità Medico-Chururgiche, Scienze Radiologiche e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Manuela Galli
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Veronica Cimolin
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, MI, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Piancavallo, 28824 Oggebbio, VB, Italy
| | - Nicola Francesco Lopomo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, BS, Italy
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12
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Mascia G, De Lazzari B, Camomilla V. Machine learning aided jump height estimate democratization through smartphone measures. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1112739. [PMID: 36845828 PMCID: PMC9947475 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1112739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The peak height reached in a countermovement jump is a well established performance parameter. Its estimate is often entrusted to force platforms or body-worn inertial sensors. To date, smartphones may possibly be used as an alternative for estimating jump height, since they natively embed inertial sensors. Methods For this purpose, 43 participants performed 4 countermovement jumps (172 in total) on two force platforms (gold standard). While jumping, participants held a smartphone in their hands, whose inertial sensor measures were recorded. After peak height was computed for both instrumentations, twenty-nine features were extracted, related to jump biomechanics and to signal time-frequency characteristics, as potential descriptors of soft tissues or involuntary arm swing artifacts. A training set (129 jumps - 75%) was created by randomly selecting elements from the initial dataset, the remaining ones being assigned to the test set (43 jumps - 25%). On the training set only, a Lasso regularization was applied to reduce the number of features, avoiding possible multicollinearity. A multi-layer perceptron with one hidden layer was trained for estimating the jump height from the reduced feature set. Hyperparameters optimization was performed on the multi-layer perceptron using a grid search approach with 5-fold cross validation. The best model was chosen according to the minimum negative mean absolute error. Results The multi-layer perceptron greatly improved the accuracy (4 cm) and precision (4 cm) of the estimates on the test set with respect to the raw smartphone measures estimates (18 and 16 cm, respectively). Permutation feature importance was performed on the trained model in order to establish the influence that each feature had on the outcome. The peak acceleration and the braking phase duration resulted the most influential features in the final model. Despite not being accurate enough, the height computed through raw smartphone measures was still among the most influential features. Discussion The study, implementing a smartphone-based method for jump height estimates, paves the way to method release to a broader audience, pursuing a democratization attempt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Mascia
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Science, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy,Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice De Lazzari
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Science, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy,Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Camomilla
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Science, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy,Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy,Correspondence: Valentina Camomilla,
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13
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Brasiliano P, Mascia G, Di Feo P, Di Stanislao E, Alvini M, Vannozzi G, Camomilla V. Impact of Gait Events Identification through Wearable Inertial Sensors on Clinical Gait Analysis of Children with Idiopathic Toe Walking. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:277. [PMID: 36837977 PMCID: PMC9962364 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic toe walking (ITW) is a gait deviation characterized by forefoot contact with the ground and excessive ankle plantarflexion over the entire gait cycle observed in otherwise-typical developing children. The clinical evaluation of ITW is usually performed using optoelectronic systems analyzing the sagittal component of ankle kinematics and kinetics. However, in standardized laboratory contexts, these children can adopt a typical walking pattern instead of a toe walk, thus hindering the laboratory-based clinical evaluation. With these premises, measuring gait in a more ecological environment may be crucial in this population. As a first step towards adopting wearable clinical protocols embedding magneto-inertial sensors and pressure insoles, this study analyzed the performance of three algorithms for gait events identification based on shank and/or foot sensors. Foot strike and foot off were estimated from gait measurements taken from children with ITW walking barefoot and while wearing a foot orthosis. Although no single algorithm stands out as best from all perspectives, preferable algorithms were devised for event identification, temporal parameters estimate and heel and forefoot rocker identification, depending on the barefoot/shoed condition. Errors more often led to an erroneous characterization of the heel rocker, especially in shoed condition. The ITW gait specificity may cause errors in the identification of the foot strike which, in turn, influences the characterization of the heel rocker and, therefore, of the pathologic ITW behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Brasiliano
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Mascia
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Di Feo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Di Stanislao
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
- “ITOP SpA Officine Ortopediche”, Via Prenestina Nuova 307/A, 00036 Palestrina, Italy
| | - Martina Alvini
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
- “ITOP SpA Officine Ortopediche”, Via Prenestina Nuova 307/A, 00036 Palestrina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Camomilla
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
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14
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Neurauter R, Gerstmayr J. A novel motion-reconstruction method for inertial sensors with constraints. MULTIBODY SYSTEM DYNAMICS 2022; 57:181-209. [PMID: 36818598 PMCID: PMC9925548 DOI: 10.1007/s11044-022-09863-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Motion reconstruction for rigid bodies and rigid-body frames using data from inertial measurement units (IMUs) is a challenging task. Position and orientation determination by means of IMUs is erroneous, as deterministic and stochastic errors accumulate over time. The former of which errors can be minimized by standard calibration approaches, however, sensor calibration with respect to a common reference coordinate system to correct misalignment, has not been fully addressed yet. The latter stochastic errors are mostly reduced using sensor fusion. In this paper, we present a novel motion-reconstruction method utilizing optimization to correct measured IMU data by means of correction polynomials to minimize the deviation of motion constraints. In addition, we perform gyrometer and accelerometer calibration with an industrial manipulator to address deterministic IMU errors, especially misalignment. To evaluate the performance of the novel methods, two types of experiments, one at constant orientation and another with simultaneous translation and rotation, were conducted utilizing the manipulator. The experiments were repeated for five individual IMUs successively. Application of the calibration and optimization methods yielded an average decrease of 95% in the maximum position error compared to the results of common motion reconstruction. Moreover, the average position error over the measurement duration decreased by nearly 90%. The proposed method is applicable to velocity, position, and orientation constraints for every experiment that starts and ends at standstill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Neurauter
- Department of Mechatronics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 13, Innsbruck, 6020 Austria
| | - Johannes Gerstmayr
- Department of Mechatronics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 13, Innsbruck, 6020 Austria
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15
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Potter MV, Cain SM, Ojeda LV, Gurchiek RD, McGinnis RS, Perkins NC. Evaluation of Error-State Kalman Filter Method for Estimating Human Lower-Limb Kinematics during Various Walking Gaits. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8398. [PMID: 36366096 PMCID: PMC9654083 DOI: 10.3390/s22218398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Inertial measurement units (IMUs) offer an attractive way to study human lower-limb kinematics without traditional laboratory constraints. We present an error-state Kalman filter method to estimate 3D joint angles, joint angle ranges of motion, stride length, and step width using data from an array of seven body-worn IMUs. Importantly, this paper contributes a novel joint axis measurement correction that reduces joint angle drift errors without assumptions of strict hinge-like joint behaviors of the hip and knee. We evaluate the method compared to two optical motion capture methods on twenty human subjects performing six different types of walking gait consisting of forward walking (at three speeds), backward walking, and lateral walking (left and right). For all gaits, RMS differences in joint angle estimates generally remain below 5 degrees for all three ankle joint angles and for flexion/extension and abduction/adduction of the hips and knees when compared to estimates from reflective markers on the IMUs. Additionally, mean RMS differences in estimated stride length and step width remain below 0.13 m for all gait types, except stride length during slow walking. This study confirms the method's potential for non-laboratory based gait analysis, motivating further evaluation with IMU-only measurements and pathological gaits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V. Potter
- Department of Physics and Engineering, Francis Marion University, Florence, SC 29506, USA
| | - Stephen M. Cain
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Lauro V. Ojeda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Reed D. Gurchiek
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ryan S. McGinnis
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Noel C. Perkins
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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16
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Reliability of wearable sensors-based parameters for the assessment of knee stability. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274817. [PMID: 36137143 PMCID: PMC9499276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture represents one of the most recurrent knee injuries in soccer players. To allow a safe return to sport after ACL reconstruction, standardised and reliable procedures/criteria are needed. In this context, wearable sensors are gaining momentum as they allow obtaining objective information during sport-specific and in-the-field tasks. This paper aims at proposing a sensor-based protocol for the assessment of knee stability and at quantifying its reliability. Seventeen soccer players performed a single leg squat and a cross over hop test. Each participant was equipped with two magnetic-inertial measurement units located on the tibia and foot. Parameters related to the knee stability were obtained from linear acceleration and angular velocity signals. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and minimum detectable change (MDC) were calculated to evaluate each parameter reliability. The ICC ranged from 0.29 to 0.84 according to the considered parameter. Specifically, angular velocity-based parameters proved to be more reliable than acceleration-based counterparts, particularly in the cross over hop test (average ICC values of 0.46 and 0.63 for acceleration- and angular velocity-based parameters, respectively). An exception was represented, in the single leg squat, by parameters extracted from the acceleration trajectory on the tibial transverse plane (0.60≤ICC≤0.76), which can be considered as promising candidates for ACL injury risk assessment. Overall, greater ICC values were found for the dominant limb, with respect to the non-dominant one (average ICC: 0.64 and 0.53, respectively). Interestingly, this between-limb difference in variability was not always mirrored by LSI results. MDC values provide useful information in the perspective of applying the proposed protocol on athletes with ACL reconstruction. Thus, The outcome of this study sets the basis for the definition of reliable and objective criteria for return to sport clearance after ACL injury.
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17
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Schall MC, Chen H, Cavuoto L. Wearable inertial sensors for objective kinematic assessments: A brief overview. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2022; 19:501-508. [PMID: 35853137 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2022.2100407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Schall
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Howard Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Lora Cavuoto
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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18
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Mascia G, Brasiliano P, Di Feo P, Cereatti A, Camomilla V. A functional calibration protocol for ankle plantar-dorsiflexion estimate using magnetic and inertial measurement units: Repeatability and reliability assessment. J Biomech 2022; 141:111202. [PMID: 35751925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ankle joint complex presents a tangled functional anatomy, which understanding is fundamental to effectively estimate its kinematics on the sagittal plane. Protocols based on the use of magnetic and inertial measurement units (MIMUs) currently do not take in due account this factor. To this aim, a joint coordinate system for the ankle joint complex is proposed, along with a protocol to perform its anatomical calibration using MIMUs, consisting in a combination of anatomical functional calibrations of the tibiotalar axis and static acquisitions. Protocol repeatability and reliability were tested according to the metrics proposed in Schwartz et al. (2004) involving three different operators performing the protocol three times on ten participants, undergoing instrumented gait analysis through both stereophotogrammetry and MIMUs. Instrumental reliability was evaluated comparing the MIMU-derived kinematic traces with the stereophotogrammetric ones, obtained with the same protocol, through the linear fit method. A total of 270 gait cycles were considered. Results showed that the protocol was repeatable and reliable for what concerned the operators (0.4 ± 0.4 deg and 0.8 ± 0.5 deg, respectively). Instrumental reliability analysis showed a mean RMSD of 3.0 ± 1.3 deg, a mean offset of 9.4 ± 8.4 deg and a mean linear relationship strength of R2 = 0.88 ± 0.08. With due caution, the protocol can be considered both repeatable and reliable. Further studies should pay attention to the other ankle degrees of freedom as well as on the angular convention to compute them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Mascia
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Roma, Italy; Department of Human, Sports, and Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Brasiliano
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Roma, Italy; Department of Human, Sports, and Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Di Feo
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Roma, Italy; Department of Human, Sports, and Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Cereatti
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Roma, Italy; Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Polytechnic of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Camomilla
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Roma, Italy; Department of Human, Sports, and Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Roma, Italy.
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19
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Quinzi F, Camomilla V, Sbriccoli P, Piacentini MF, Vannozzi G. Assessing motor competence in kicking in individuals with Down syndrome through wearable motion sensors. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2022; 66:558-567. [PMID: 35083813 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kicking a ball is a very frequent action in sport and leisure time activities and a low proficiency in this skill could limit the participation in recreational sport activities. This issue is emphasised in individuals with Down syndrome (IDS) for which data about motor competence in kicking are limited to children. Here, we aim at evaluating the kicking competence of IDS combining a qualitative and a quantitative method. METHODS Twenty-three adult IDS and 21 typically developed individuals (ITD) volunteered to participate in the study. Peak-to-peak 3D linear acceleration and angular velocity were recorded at 200 samples/s using two inertial measurement units placed on the lower back and lateral malleolus of the dominant limb during kicking. Motor competence in kicking was assessed according to the criteria proposed in the test of gross motor development version 3 (TGMD-3). RESULTS Individuals with Down syndrome showed lower motor competence (ITD: 5.9 ± 1.2; IDS: 3.2 ± 2.0) and lower angular velocities about the cranio-caudal (ITD: 3.0 ± 1.8; IDS: 2.1 ± 1.1 rad/s) and medio-lateral axes (ITD: 4.5 ± 1.5; IDS: 3.0 ± 1.1 rad/s) of the trunk compared with ITD. Shank angular velocity about the medio-lateral axis was lower in IDS (ITD: 14.3.6 ± 4.0; IDS: 9.9 ± 2.8 rad/s). CONCLUSIONS The lower trunk angular velocity in IDS may limit the possibility to rely on the proximal-to-distal sequencing commonly observed in kicking and generate high shank angular velocity upon ball impact. The lower trunk angular velocity may result from orthopaedic features of the pelvic girdle and possibly from a poorer neuromuscular control of core muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Quinzi
- Department of Human Movement and Health Science, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
| | - V Camomilla
- Department of Human Movement and Health Science, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
| | - P Sbriccoli
- Department of Human Movement and Health Science, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
| | - M F Piacentini
- Department of Human Movement and Health Science, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
| | - G Vannozzi
- Department of Human Movement and Health Science, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
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20
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Patel G, Mullerpatan R, Agarwal B, Shetty T, Ojha R, Shaikh-Mohammed J, Sujatha S. Validation of wearable inertial sensor-based gait analysis system for measurement of spatiotemporal parameters and lower extremity joint kinematics in sagittal plane. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2022; 236:686-696. [DOI: 10.1177/09544119211072971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Wearable inertial sensor-based motion analysis systems are promising alternatives to standard camera-based motion capture systems for the measurement of gait parameters and joint kinematics. These wearable sensors, unlike camera-based gold standard systems, find usefulness in outdoor natural environment along with confined indoor laboratory-based environment due to miniature size and wireless data transmission. This study reports validation of our developed (i-Sens) wearable motion analysis system against standard motion capture system. Gait analysis was performed at self-selected speed on non-disabled volunteers in indoor ( n = 15) and outdoor ( n = 8) environments. Two i-Sens units were placed at the level of knee and hip along with passive markers (for indoor study only) for simultaneous 3D motion capture using a motion capture system. Mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was computed for spatiotemporal parameters from the i-Sens system versus the motion capture system as a true reference. Mean and standard deviation of kinematic data for a gait cycle were plotted for both systems against normative data. Joint kinematics data were analyzed to compute the root mean squared error (RMSE) and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Kinematic plots indicate a high degree of accuracy of the i-Sens system with the reference system. Excellent positive correlation was observed between the two systems in terms of hip and knee joint angles (Indoor: hip 3.98° ± 1.03°, knee 6.48° ± 1.91°, Outdoor: hip 3.94° ± 0.78°, knee 5.82° ± 0.99°) with low RMSE. Reliability characteristics (defined using standard statistical thresholds of MAPE) of stride length, cadence, walking speed in both outdoor and indoor environment were well within the “Good” category. The i-Sens system has emerged as a potentially cost-effective, valid, accurate, and reliable alternative to expensive, standard motion capture systems for gait analysis. Further clinical trials using the i-Sens system are warranted on participants across different age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, TTK Center for Rehabilitation Research and Device Development (R2D2), IIT Madras, Chennai, India
- Biodesign Medical Technology, Synersense Private Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rajani Mullerpatan
- MGM School of Physiotherapy, MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Bela Agarwal
- MGM School of Physiotherapy, MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Triveni Shetty
- MGM School of Physiotherapy, MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Rajdeep Ojha
- Movement Analysis and Rehab Research Laboratories, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Javeed Shaikh-Mohammed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, TTK Center for Rehabilitation Research and Device Development (R2D2), IIT Madras, Chennai, India
| | - S Sujatha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, TTK Center for Rehabilitation Research and Device Development (R2D2), IIT Madras, Chennai, India
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21
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Preatoni E, Bergamini E, Fantozzi S, Giraud LI, Orejel Bustos AS, Vannozzi G, Camomilla V. The Use of Wearable Sensors for Preventing, Assessing, and Informing Recovery from Sport-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries: A Systematic Scoping Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:3225. [PMID: 35590914 PMCID: PMC9105988 DOI: 10.3390/s22093225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wearable technologies are often indicated as tools that can enable the in-field collection of quantitative biomechanical data, unobtrusively, for extended periods of time, and with few spatial limitations. Despite many claims about their potential for impact in the area of injury prevention and management, there seems to be little attention to grounding this potential in biomechanical research linking quantities from wearables to musculoskeletal injuries, and to assessing the readiness of these biomechanical approaches for being implemented in real practice. We performed a systematic scoping review to characterise and critically analyse the state of the art of research using wearable technologies to study musculoskeletal injuries in sport from a biomechanical perspective. A total of 4952 articles were retrieved from the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases; 165 were included. Multiple study features-such as research design, scope, experimental settings, and applied context-were summarised and assessed. We also proposed an injury-research readiness classification tool to gauge the maturity of biomechanical approaches using wearables. Five main conclusions emerged from this review, which we used as a springboard to propose guidelines and good practices for future research and dissemination in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezio Preatoni
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; (E.P.); (L.I.G.)
- Centre for Health and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Elena Bergamini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (A.S.O.B.); (V.C.)
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Fantozzi
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
- Health Sciences and Technologies—Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucie I. Giraud
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; (E.P.); (L.I.G.)
| | - Amaranta S. Orejel Bustos
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (A.S.O.B.); (V.C.)
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (A.S.O.B.); (V.C.)
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Camomilla
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (A.S.O.B.); (V.C.)
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
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Measurement of uni-planar and sport specific trunk motion using magneto-inertial measurement units: The concurrent validity of Noraxon and Xsens systems relative to a retro-reflective system. Gait Posture 2022; 92:129-134. [PMID: 34844151 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a range of magneto-inertial measurement unit (MIMU) systems commercially available, however sensor specifications and fusion methods vary considerably between manufacturers. Such variability can influence the concurrent validity of MIMUs relative to reference standard measurement devices. Different MIMUs have been compared during static or low-velocity conditions, with higher-velocity movements assessed in robotic-based studies. However, there is a need for the concurrent validity of higher-velocity movements to be established in human-based studies. RESEARCH QUESTION This study aimed to assess the concurrent validity of two commercial MIMU systems (Noraxon and Xsens), relative to a 'gold-standard' retro-reflective motion capture system, when measuring trunk angles during uni-planar range of motion (ROM) and cricket bowling, which involves high-speed, multi-planar movements. METHODS For this criterion-based validity study, both MIMU systems incorporated comparable sensor specifications and employed Kalman filter sensor fusion algorithms. The MIMU based angles were compared with angles derived from concurrently captured three-dimensional retro-reflective data for 10 fast-medium bowlers. Statistical parametric mapping and root mean squared differences (RMSD) were computed for both MIMU systems. RESULTS One-dimensional statistical parametric mapping showed no significant differences for angles from both MIMU systems when compared with retro-reflective based angle outputs. The MIMU systems produced ROM RMSDs between 1.4 ± 1.0° and 2.6 ± 1.5°. One system displayed RMSDs between 4.6 ± 1.4° and 7.4 ± 1.9° during bowling, indicating functionally relevant differences to retro-reflective derived angles. There were some small but statistically significant differences in RMSDs between the MIMU systems. SIGNIFICANCE MIMU-based angle accuracy is poorer during high-speed, multi-planar movement than uni-planar tasks. Comparable MIMU systems can produce varying measurements during ROM and bowling tasks. It is likely that varying sample rates and sensor fusion algorithm parameters contributed to the differences.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Analyzing human motion is essential for diagnosing movement disorders and guiding rehabilitation for conditions like osteoarthritis, stroke, and Parkinson's disease. Optical motion capture systems are the standard for estimating kinematics, but the equipment is expensive and requires a predefined space. While wearable sensor systems can estimate kinematics in any environment, existing systems are generally less accurate than optical motion capture. Many wearable sensor systems require a computer in close proximity and use proprietary software, limiting experimental reproducibility. METHODS Here, we present OpenSenseRT, an open-source and wearable system that estimates upper and lower extremity kinematics in real time by using inertial measurement units and a portable microcontroller. RESULTS We compared the OpenSenseRT system to optical motion capture and found an average RMSE of 4.4 degrees across 5 lower-limb joint angles during three minutes of walking and an average RMSE of 5.6 degrees across 8 upper extremity joint angles during a Fugl-Meyer task. The open-source software and hardware are scalable, tracking 1 to 14 body segments, with one sensor per segment. A musculoskeletal model and inverse kinematics solver estimate Kinematics in real-time. The computation frequency depends on the number of tracked segments, but is sufficient for real-time measurement for many tasks of interest; for example, the system can track 7 segments at 30 Hz in real-time. The system uses off-the-shelf parts costing approximately $100 USD plus $20 for each tracked segment. SIGNIFICANCE The OpenSenseRT system is validated against optical motion capture, low-cost, and simple to replicate, enabling movement analysis in clinics, homes, and free-living settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Slade
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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24
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Development of AI Algorithm for Weight Training Using Inertial Measurement Units. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to the rapid development of Wearable Fitness Trackers (WFTs) and Smartphone Pedometer Apps (SPAs), people are keeping an eye on their health through fitness and heart rate tracking; therefore, home weight training exercises have received a lot of attention lately. A multi-procedure intelligent algorithm for weight training using two inertial measurement units (IMUs) is proposed in this paper. The first procedure is for motion tracking that estimates the arm orientation and calculates the positions of the wrist and elbow. The second procedure is for posture recognition based on deep learning, which identifies the type of exercise posture. The final procedure is for exercise prescription variables, which first infers the user’s exercise state based on the results of the previous two procedures, triggers the corresponding event, and calculates the key indicators of the weight training exercise (exercise prescription variables), including exercise items, repetitions, sets, training capacity, workout capacity, training period, explosive power, etc.). This study integrates the hardware and software as a complete system. The developed smartphone App is able to receive heart rate data, to analyze the user’s exercise state, and to calculate the exercise prescription variables automatically in real-time. The dashboard in the user interface of the smartphone App can display exercise information through Unity’s Animation System (avatar) and graphics, and records are stored by the SQLite database. The designed system was proven by two types of experimental verification tests. The first type is to control a stepper motor to rotate the designed IMU and to compare the rotation angle obtained from the IMU with the rotation angle of the controlled stepper motor. The average mean absolute error of estimation for 31 repeated experiments is 1.485 degrees. The second type is to use Mediapipe Pose to calculate the position of the wrist and the angles of upper arm and forearm between the Z-axis, and these calculated data are compared with the designed system. The root-mean-square (RMS) error of positions of the wrist is 2.43 cm, and the RMS errors of two angles are 5.654 and 4.385 degrees for upper arm and forearm, respectively. For posture recognition, 12 participants were divided into training group and test group. Eighty percent and 20% of 24,963 samples of 10 participants were used for the training and validation of the LSTM model, respectively. Three-thousand-three-hundred-and-fifty-nine samples of two participants were used to evaluate the performance of the trained LSTM model. The accuracy reached 99%, and F1 score was 0.99. When compared with the other LSTM-based variants, the accuracy of one-layer LSTM presented in this paper is still promising. The exercise prescription variables provided by the presented system are helpful for weight trainers/trainees to closely keep an eye on their fitness progress and for improving their health.
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Rivera B, Cano C, Luis I, Elias DA. A 3D-Printed Knee Wearable Goniometer with a Mobile-App Interface for Measuring Range of Motion and Monitoring Activities. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22030763. [PMID: 35161510 PMCID: PMC8839663 DOI: 10.3390/s22030763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wearable technology has been developed in recent years to monitor biomechanical variables in less restricted environments and in a more affordable way than optical motion capture systems. This paper proposes the development of a 3D printed knee wearable goniometer that uses a Hall-effect sensor to measure the knee flexion angle, which works with a mobile app that shows the angle in real-time as well as the activity the user is performing (standing, sitting, or walking). Detection of the activity is done through an algorithm that uses the knee angle and angular speeds as inputs. The measurements of the wearable are compared with a commercial goniometer, and, with the Aktos-t system, a commercial motion capture system based on inertial sensors, at three speeds of gait (4.0 km/h, 4.5 km/h, and 5.0 km/h) in nine participants. Specifically, the four differences between maximum and minimum peaks in the gait cycle, starting with heel-strike, were compared by using the mean absolute error, which was between 2.46 and 12.49 on average. In addition, the algorithm was able to predict the three activities during online testing in one participant and detected on average 94.66% of the gait cycles performed by the participants during offline testing.
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Scalera GM, Ferrarin M, Marzegan A, Rabuffetti M. Assessment of Stability of MIMU Probes to Skin-Marker-Based Anatomical Reference Frames During Locomotion Tasks: Effect of Different Locations on the Lower Limb. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:721900. [PMID: 35004633 PMCID: PMC8727529 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.721900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue artefacts (STAs) undermine the validity of skin-mounted approaches to measure skeletal kinematics. Magneto-inertial measurement units (MIMU) gained popularity due to their low cost and ease of use. Although the reliability of different protocols for marker-based joint kinematics estimation has been widely reported, there are still no indications on where to place MIMU to minimize STA. This study aims to find the most stable positions for MIMU placement, among four positions on the thigh, four on the shank, and three on the foot. Stability was investigated by measuring MIMU movements against an anatomical reference frame, defined according to a standard marker-based approach. To this aim, markers were attached both on the case of each MIMU (technical frame) and on bony landmarks (anatomical frame). For each MIMU, the nine angles between each versor of the technical frame with each versor of the corresponding anatomical frame were computed. The maximum standard deviation of these angles was assumed as the instability index of MIMU-body coupling. Six healthy subjects were asked to perform barefoot gait, step negotiation, and sit-to-stand. Results showed that (1) in the thigh, the frontal position was the most stable in all tasks, especially in gait; (2) in the shank, the proximal position is the least stable, (3) lateral or medial calcaneus and foot dorsum positions showed equivalent stability performances. Further studies should be done before generalizing these conclusions to different motor tasks and MIMU-body fixation methods. The above results are of interest for both MIMU-based gait analysis and rehabilitation approaches using wearable sensors-based biofeedback.
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Frediani G, Vannetti F, Bocchi L, Zonfrillo G, Carpi F. Monitoring Flexions and Torsions of the Trunk via Gyroscope-Calibrated Capacitive Elastomeric Wearable Sensors. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21206706. [PMID: 34695926 PMCID: PMC8539866 DOI: 10.3390/s21206706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reliable, easy-to-use, and cost-effective wearable sensors are desirable for continuous measurements of flexions and torsions of the trunk, in order to assess risks and prevent injuries related to body movements in various contexts. Piezo-capacitive stretch sensors, made of dielectric elastomer membranes coated with compliant electrodes, have recently been described as a wearable, lightweight and low-cost technology to monitor body kinematics. An increase of their capacitance upon stretching can be used to sense angular movements. Here, we report on a wearable wireless system that, using two sensing stripes arranged on shoulder straps, can detect flexions and torsions of the trunk, following a simple and fast calibration with a conventional tri-axial gyroscope on board. The piezo-capacitive sensors avoid the errors that would be introduced by continuous sensing with a gyroscope, due to its typical drift. Relative to stereophotogrammetry (non-wearable standard system for motion capture), pure flexions and pure torsions could be detected by the piezo-capacitive sensors with a root mean square error of ~8° and ~12°, respectively, whilst for flexion and torsion components in compound movements, the error was ~13° and ~15°, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Frediani
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; (G.F.); (G.Z.)
| | | | - Leonardo Bocchi
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Zonfrillo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; (G.F.); (G.Z.)
| | - Federico Carpi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; (G.F.); (G.Z.)
- IRCCS Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 50143 Florence, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Relationship between Sprint Capacity and Acceleration of Wrists in Wheelchair Basketball Players: Design and Reliability of a New Protocol. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910380. [PMID: 34639679 PMCID: PMC8508083 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The application of new technologies in wheelchair basketball (WB) is important for the advancement and improvement of athletic performance. The purposes of this study are twofold: (a) to develop a methodological design in order to assess WB players’ performance, using wireless inertial measurement units (WIMU®) and a laser system (BioLaserSport® with computer vision), in a 20 m sprint test on court and (b) to assess bilateral symmetry as a performance indicator and for injury prevention purposes, the study of which in previous research is unknown. For both aims, the relation of the acceleration of the players’ wrists to the speed achieved by the player in the wheelchair was explored. Ten elite WB players participated in an on-court 20 m sprint test during real training. BioLaserSport® with computer vision was used to assess the average velocity (Va) and maximum velocity (Vmax) of the WB players, and two WIMU® were used for the total acceleration (AcelT) of the players’ wrists. A very high correlation was obtained in the assessment of the Va (0.97) and AcelT of both wrists (0.90 and 0.85). There was a significant relationship between the average AcelT of the dominant wrist and the Va on-court sprint velocity (p < 0.05). Two players did not show good wrist symmetry. In conclusion, a new methodological protocol was developed, making it possible to assess the bilateral symmetries in elite WB players in on-court real training and the relation between the acceleration of players’ wrists and players’ wheelchair speed. Coaches can use this protocol to assess performance or for injury prevention, as it shows very good reliability, with high ICC values.
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Three-dimensional acceleration of the body center of mass in people with transfemoral amputation: Identification of a minimal body segment network. Gait Posture 2021; 90:129-136. [PMID: 34455201 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analysis of biomechanical parameters derived from the body center of mass (BCoM) 3D motion allows for the characterization of gait impairments in people with lower-limb amputation, assisting in their rehabilitation. In this context, magneto-inertial measurement units are promising as they allow to measure the motion of body segments, and therefore potentially of the BCoM, directly in the field. Finding a compromise between the accuracy of computed parameters and the number of required sensors is paramount to transfer this technology in clinical routine. RESEARCH QUESTION Is there a reduced subset of instrumented segments (BSN) allowing a reliable and accurate estimation of the 3D BCoM acceleration transfemoral amputees? METHODS The contribution of each body segment to the BCoM acceleration was quantified in terms of weight and similarity in ten people with transfemoral amputation. First, body segments and BCoM accelerations were obtained using an optoelectronic system and a full-body inertial model. Based on these findings, different scenarios were explored where the use of one sensor at pelvis/trunk level and of different networks of segment-mounted sensors for the BCoM acceleration estimation was simulated and assessed against force plate-based reference acceleration. RESULTS Trunk, pelvis and lower-limb segments are the main contributors to the BCoM acceleration in transfemoral amputees. The trunk and shanks BSN allows for an accurate estimation of the sagittal BCoM acceleration (Normalized RMSE ≤ 13.1 %, Pearson's correlations r ≥ 0.86), while five segments are necessary when the 3D BCoM acceleration is targeted (Normalized RMSE ≤ 13.2 %, Pearson's correlations r ≥ 0.91). SIGNIFICANCE A network of three-to-five segments (trunk and lower limbs) allows for an accurate estimation of 2D and 3D BCoM accelerations. The use of a single pelvis- or trunk-mounted sensor does not seem advisable. Future studies should be performed to confirm these results where inertial sensor measured accelerations are considered.
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Belluscio V, Casti G, Ferrari M, Quaresima V, Sappia MS, Horschig JM, Vannozzi G. Modifications in Prefrontal Cortex Oxygenation in Linear and Curvilinear Dual Task Walking: A Combined fNIRS and IMUs Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:6159. [PMID: 34577366 PMCID: PMC8471068 DOI: 10.3390/s21186159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increased oxygenated hemoglobin concentration of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been observed during linear walking, particularly when there is a high attention demand on the task, like in dual-task (DT) paradigms. Despite the knowledge that cognitive and motor demands depend on the complexity of the motor task, most studies have only focused on usual walking, while little is known for more challenging tasks, such as curved paths. To explore the relationship between cortical activation and gait biomechanics, 20 healthy young adults were asked to perform linear and curvilinear walking trajectories in single-task and DT conditions. PFC activation was assessed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, while gait quality with four inertial measurement units. The Figure-of-8-Walk-Test was adopted as the curvilinear trajectory, with the "Serial 7s" test as concurrent cognitive task. Results show that walking along curvilinear trajectories in DT led to increased PFC activation and decreased motor performance. Under DT walking, the neural correlates of executive function and gait control tend to be modified in response to the cognitive resources imposed by the motor task. Being more representative of real-life situations, this approach to curved walking has the potential to reveal crucial information and to improve people' s balance, safety, and life's quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Belluscio
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135 Roma, Italy; (V.B.); (G.C.)
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Casti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135 Roma, Italy; (V.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.F.); (V.Q.)
| | - Valentina Quaresima
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.F.); (V.Q.)
| | - Maria Sofia Sappia
- Artinis Medical Systems B.V., 6662 PW Elst, The Netherlands; (M.S.S.); (J.M.H.)
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Cognition, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jörn M. Horschig
- Artinis Medical Systems B.V., 6662 PW Elst, The Netherlands; (M.S.S.); (J.M.H.)
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135 Roma, Italy; (V.B.); (G.C.)
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Roma, Italy
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On the impact of the erroneous identification of inertial sensors' locations on segments and whole-body centers of mass accelerations: a sensitivity study in one transfemoral amputee. Med Biol Eng Comput 2021; 59:2115-2126. [PMID: 34467446 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-021-02431-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The kinematics of the body center of mass (bCoM) may provide crucial information supporting the rehabilitation process of people with transfemoral amputation. The use of magneto-inertial measurement units (MIMUs) is promising as it may allow in-the-field bCoM motion monitoring. Indeed, bCoM acceleration might be obtained by fusing the estimated accelerations of body segments' centers of mass (sCoM), the formers being computed from the measured accelerations by segment-mounted MIMUs and the known relative position between each pair of MIMU and underlying sCoM. This paper investigates how erroneous identifications of MIMUs positions impact the accuracy of estimated 3D sCoM and bCoM accelerations in transfemoral amputee gait. Using an experimental design approach, 215 simulations of erroneous identifications of MIMUs positions (up to 0.02 m in each direction) were simulated over seven recorded gait cycles of one participant. MIMUs located on the trunk and sound lower limbs were shown to explain up to 77% of the variance in the accuracy of the estimated bCoM acceleration, presumably due to the higher mass and/or angular velocity of these segments during gait of lower-limb amputees. Therefore, a special attention should be paid when identifying the positions of MIMUs located on segments contributing the most to the investigated motion. Sensitivity of the estimated vertical body center of mass acceleration to erroneous identifications of MIMU positions in the anteroposterior (AP), mediolateral (ML), and vertical (V) directions, expressed in percentage of the total variance of the estimation accuracy.
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Frediani G, Bocchi L, Vannetti F, Zonfrillo G, Carpi F. Wearable Detection of Trunk Flexions: Capacitive Elastomeric Sensors Compared to Inertial Sensors. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165453. [PMID: 34450895 PMCID: PMC8398997 DOI: 10.3390/s21165453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Continuous monitoring of flexions of the trunk via wearable sensors could help various types of workers to reduce risks associated with incorrect postures and movements. Stretchable piezo-capacitive elastomeric sensors based on dielectric elastomers have recently been described as a wearable, lightweight and cost-effective technology to monitor human kinematics. Their stretching causes an increase of capacitance, which can be related to angular movements. Here, we describe a wearable wireless system to detect flexions of the trunk, based on such sensors. In particular, we present: (i) a comparison of different calibration strategies for the capacitive sensors, using either an accelerometer or a gyroscope as an inclinometer; (ii) a comparison of the capacitive sensors’ performance with those of the accelerometer and gyroscope; to that aim, the three types of sensors were evaluated relative to stereophotogrammetry. Compared to the gyroscope, the capacitive sensors showed a higher accuracy. Compared to the accelerometer, their performance was lower when used as quasi-static inclinometers but also higher in case of highly dynamic accelerations. This makes the capacitive sensors attractive as a complementary, rather than alternative, technology to inertial sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Frediani
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; (G.F.); (G.Z.)
| | - Leonardo Bocchi
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | | | - Giovanni Zonfrillo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; (G.F.); (G.Z.)
| | - Federico Carpi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; (G.F.); (G.Z.)
- IRCCS Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 50143 Florence, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Inertial measurement units (IMUs) enable orientation, velocity, and position estimation in several application domains ranging from robotics and autonomous vehicles to human motion capture and rehabilitation engineering. Errors in orientation estimation greatly affect any of those motion parameters. The present work explains the main challenges in inertial orientation estimation (IOE) and presents an extensive benchmark dataset that includes 3D inertial and magnetic data with synchronized optical marker-based ground truth measurements, the Berlin Robust Orientation Estimation Assessment Dataset (BROAD). The BROAD dataset consists of 39 trials that are conducted at different speeds and include various types of movement. Thereof, 23 trials are performed in an undisturbed indoor environment, and 16 trials are recorded with deliberate magnetometer and accelerometer disturbances. We furthermore propose error metrics that allow for IOE accuracy evaluation while separating the heading and inclination portions of the error and introduce well-defined benchmark metrics. Based on the proposed benchmark, we perform an exemplary case study on two widely used openly available IOE algorithms. Due to the broad range of motion and disturbance scenarios, the proposed benchmark is expected to provide valuable insight and useful tools for the assessment, selection, and further development of inertial sensor fusion methods and IMU-based application systems.
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Raykov YP, Evers LJW, Badawy R, Bloem BR, Heskes TM, Meinders MJ, Claes K, Little MA. Probabilistic Modelling of Gait for Robust Passive Monitoring in Daily Life. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2021; 25:2293-2304. [PMID: 33180738 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2020.3037857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Passive monitoring in daily life may provide valuable insights into a person's health throughout the day. Wearable sensor devices play a key role in enabling such monitoring in a non-obtrusive fashion. However, sensor data collected in daily life reflect multiple health and behavior-related factors together. This creates the need for a structured principled analysis to produce reliable and interpretable predictions that can be used to support clinical diagnosis and treatment. In this work we develop a principled modelling approach for free-living gait (walking) analysis. Gait is a promising target for non-obtrusive monitoring because it is common and indicative of many different movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), yet its analysis has largely been limited to experimentally controlled lab settings. To locate and characterize stationary gait segments in free-living using accelerometers, we present an unsupervised probabilistic framework designed to segment signals into differing gait and non-gait patterns. We evaluate the approach using a new video-referenced dataset including 25 PD patients with motor fluctuations and 25 age-matched controls, performing unscripted daily living activities in and around their own houses. Using this dataset, we demonstrate the framework's ability to detect gait and predict medication induced fluctuations in PD patients based on free-living gait. We show that our approach is robust to varying sensor locations, including the wrist, ankle, trouser pocket and lower back.
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Quinzi F, Camomilla V, Bratta C, Piacentini MF, Sbriccoli P, Vannozzi G. Hopping skill in individuals with Down syndrome: A qualitative and quantitative assessment. Hum Mov Sci 2021; 78:102821. [PMID: 34022547 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2021.102821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) show a delayed acquisition of gross motor skills. Among gross motor skills, hopping is a particular form of jumping that can be performed using one leg. Despite its large use during play and physical activity, this skill in adults with DS has not received much attention so far. Here, we aim at investigating hopping skill in adults with DS both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view. METHODS Center of mass and dominant leg kinematics during hopping over distance were recorded from 24 adult individuals with DS and from 21 typically developed adults (TD) using two inertial measurement units positioned on the posterior aspect of the lower back and on the lateral malleolus of the hopping leg. From linear acceleration and angular velocity signals, hopping frequency (HF), cycle, stance and flight duration (CD, SD, FD), vertical stiffness (KV) and peak to peak linear acceleration and angular velocities about the cranio-caudal, antero-posterior and medio-lateral axes were extracted. A qualitative process assessment of the hopping skill was carried out using the performance criteria of the test for gross motor development (TGMD-3). The extracted parameters were submitted to analysis of covariance, with stature as a covariate to rule-out possible confounding effects. RESULTS The qualitative assessment highlighted a poorer hopping performance in the DS group compared to the TD group. DS participants showed higher HF and KV, shorter CD, SD, FD and lower angular velocity about the cranio-caudal axis compared to the TD group. Significant correlations between the temporal parameters of the quantitative assessment and the results of the qualitative assessment were observed. DISCUSSION The poorer motor competence in hopping in individuals with DS compared to TD peers may be related to the shorter flight time and higher vertical stiffness observed in TD peers. The adopted instrumental approach, overcoming the limitations of subjective evaluations, represents a promising opportunity to quantify motor competence in hopping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Quinzi
- University of Rome Foro Italico, Department of Human Movement and Health Science, Italy.
| | - Valentina Camomilla
- University of Rome Foro Italico, Department of Human Movement and Health Science, Italy
| | - Cecilia Bratta
- University of Rome Foro Italico, Department of Human Movement and Health Science, Italy
| | | | - Paola Sbriccoli
- University of Rome Foro Italico, Department of Human Movement and Health Science, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- University of Rome Foro Italico, Department of Human Movement and Health Science, Italy
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Simonetti E, Bergamini E, Vannozzi G, Bascou J, Pillet H. Estimation of 3D Body Center of Mass Acceleration and Instantaneous Velocity from a Wearable Inertial Sensor Network in Transfemoral Amputee Gait: A Case Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:3129. [PMID: 33946325 PMCID: PMC8125485 DOI: 10.3390/s21093129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of the body center of mass (BCoM) 3D kinematics provides insights on crucial aspects of locomotion, especially in populations with gait impairment such as people with amputation. In this paper, a wearable framework based on the use of different magneto-inertial measurement unit (MIMU) networks is proposed to obtain both BCoM acceleration and velocity. The proposed framework was validated as a proof of concept in one transfemoral amputee against data from force plates (acceleration) and an optoelectronic system (acceleration and velocity). The impact in terms of estimation accuracy when using a sensor network rather than a single MIMU at trunk level was also investigated. The estimated velocity and acceleration reached a strong agreement (ρ > 0.89) and good accuracy compared to reference data (normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) < 13.7%) in the anteroposterior and vertical directions when using three MIMUs on the trunk and both shanks and in all three directions when adding MIMUs on both thighs (ρ > 0.89, NRMSE ≤ 14.0% in the mediolateral direction). Conversely, only the vertical component of the BCoM kinematics was accurately captured when considering a single MIMU. These results suggest that inertial sensor networks may represent a valid alternative to laboratory-based instruments for 3D BCoM kinematics quantification in lower-limb amputees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Simonetti
- INI/CERAH, 47 Rue de l’Echat, 94000 Créteil, France;
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Métiers, 151 Boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France;
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135 Roma, Italy; (E.B.); (G.V.)
| | - Elena Bergamini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135 Roma, Italy; (E.B.); (G.V.)
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135 Roma, Italy; (E.B.); (G.V.)
| | - Joseph Bascou
- INI/CERAH, 47 Rue de l’Echat, 94000 Créteil, France;
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Métiers, 151 Boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Hélène Pillet
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Métiers, 151 Boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France;
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Caruso M, Sabatini AM, Laidig D, Seel T, Knaflitz M, Della Croce U, Cereatti A. Analysis of the Accuracy of Ten Algorithms for Orientation Estimation Using Inertial and Magnetic Sensing under Optimal Conditions: One Size Does Not Fit All. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:2543. [PMID: 33916432 PMCID: PMC8038545 DOI: 10.3390/s21072543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The orientation of a magneto and inertial measurement unit (MIMU) is estimated by means of sensor fusion algorithms (SFAs) thus enabling human motion tracking. However, despite several SFAs implementations proposed over the last decades, there is still a lack of consensus about the best performing SFAs and their accuracy. As suggested by recent literature, the filter parameters play a central role in determining the orientation errors. The aim of this work is to analyze the accuracy of ten SFAs while running under the best possible conditions (i.e., their parameter values are set using the orientation reference) in nine experimental scenarios including three rotation rates and three commercial products. The main finding is that parameter values must be specific for each SFA according to the experimental scenario to avoid errors comparable to those obtained when the default parameter values are used. Overall, when optimally tuned, no statistically significant differences are observed among the different SFAs in all tested experimental scenarios and the absolute errors are included between 3.8 deg and 7.1 deg. Increasing the rotation rate generally leads to a significant performance worsening. Errors are also influenced by the MIMU commercial model. SFA MATLAB implementations have been made available online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Caruso
- PolitoMed Lab—Biomedical Engineering Lab and Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Angelo Maria Sabatini
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Daniel Laidig
- Control Systems Group, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany; (D.L.); (T.S.)
| | - Thomas Seel
- Control Systems Group, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany; (D.L.); (T.S.)
| | - Marco Knaflitz
- PolitoMed Lab—Biomedical Engineering Lab and Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Ugo Della Croce
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Andrea Cereatti
- PolitoMed Lab—Biomedical Engineering Lab and Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.K.); (A.C.)
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Silva FO, Paiva LPS, Carvalho GS. Error Analysis of Accelerometer- and Magnetometer-Based Stationary Alignment. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21062040. [PMID: 33799343 PMCID: PMC8001527 DOI: 10.3390/s21062040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This paper revisits the stationary attitude initialization problem, i.e., the stationary alignment, of Attitude and Heading Reference Systems (AHRSs). A detailed and comprehensive error analysis is proposed for four of the most representative accelerometer- and magnetometer-based stationary attitude determination methods, namely, the Three-Axis Attitude Determination (TRIAD), the QUaternion ESTimator (QUEST), the Factored Quaternion Algorithm (FQA), and the Arc-TANgent (ATAN). For the purpose of the error analysis, constant biases in the accelerometer and magnetometer measurements are considered (encompassing, hence, the effect of hard-iron magnetism), in addition to systematic errors in the local gravity and Earth magnetic field models (flux density magnitude, declination angle, and inclination angle). The contributions of this paper are novel closed-form formulae for the residual errors (normality, orthogonality, and alignment errors) developed in the computed Direction Cosine Matrices (DCM). As a consequence, analytical insight is provided into the problem, allowing us to properly compare the performance of the investigated alignment formulations (in terms of ultimate accuracy), as well as to remove some misleading conclusions reported in previous works. The adequacy of the proposed error analysis is validated through simulation and experimental results.
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Rum L, Sten O, Vendrame E, Belluscio V, Camomilla V, Vannozzi G, Truppa L, Notarantonio M, Sciarra T, Lazich A, Mannini A, Bergamini E. Wearable Sensors in Sports for Persons with Disability: A Systematic Review. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21051858. [PMID: 33799941 PMCID: PMC7961424 DOI: 10.3390/s21051858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The interest and competitiveness in sports for persons with disabilities has increased significantly in the recent years, creating a demand for technological tools supporting practice. Wearable sensors offer non-invasive, portable and overall convenient ways to monitor sports practice. This systematic review aims at providing current evidence on the application of wearable sensors in sports for persons with disability. A search for articles published in English before May 2020 was performed on Scopus, Web-Of-Science, PubMed and EBSCO databases, searching titles, abstracts and keywords with a search string involving terms regarding wearable sensors, sports and disability. After full paper screening, 39 studies were included. Inertial and EMG sensors were the most commonly adopted wearable technologies, while wheelchair sports were the most investigated. Four main target applications of wearable sensors relevant to sports for people with disability were identified and discussed: athlete classification, injury prevention, performance characterization for training optimization and equipment customization. The collected evidence provides an overview on the application of wearable sensors in sports for persons with disability, providing useful indication for researchers, coaches and trainers. Several gaps in the different target applications are highlighted altogether with recommendation on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Rum
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. De Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (V.B.); (V.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Oscar Sten
- BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56025 Pisa, Italy; (O.S.); (E.V.); (L.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Eleonora Vendrame
- BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56025 Pisa, Italy; (O.S.); (E.V.); (L.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Valeria Belluscio
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. De Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (V.B.); (V.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Valentina Camomilla
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. De Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (V.B.); (V.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. De Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (V.B.); (V.C.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0636733522
| | - Luigi Truppa
- BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56025 Pisa, Italy; (O.S.); (E.V.); (L.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Marco Notarantonio
- Joint Veteran Center, Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, 00184 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (T.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Tommaso Sciarra
- Joint Veteran Center, Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, 00184 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (T.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Aldo Lazich
- Joint Veteran Center, Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, 00184 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (T.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Andrea Mannini
- BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56025 Pisa, Italy; (O.S.); (E.V.); (L.T.); (A.M.)
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 50143 Firenze, Italy
| | - Elena Bergamini
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. De Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (V.B.); (V.C.); (E.B.)
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Vargas-Valencia LS, Schneider FBA, Leal-Junior AG, Caicedo-Rodriguez P, Sierra-Arevalo WA, Rodriguez-Cheu LE, Bastos-Filho T, Frizera-Neto A. Sleeve for Knee Angle Monitoring: An IMU-POF Sensor Fusion System. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2021; 25:465-474. [PMID: 32324580 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2020.2988360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The knee flexion-extension angle is an important variable to be monitored in various clinical scenarios, for example, during physical rehabilitation assessment. The purpose of this work is to develop and validate a sensor fusion system based on a knee sleeve for monitoring of physical therapy. The system consists of merging data from two inertial measurement units (IMUs) and an intensity-variation based Polymer Optical Fiber (POF) curvature sensor using a quaternion-based Multiplicative Extended Kalman Filter (MEKF). The proposed data fusion method is magnetometer-free and deals with sensors' uncertainties through reliability intervals defined during gait. Walking trials were performed by twelve healthy participants using our knee sleeve system and results were validated against a gold standard motion capture system. Additionally, a comparison with other three knee angle estimation methods, which are exclusively based on IMUs, was carried out. The proposed system presented better performance (mean RMSE 3.3 °, LFM coefficients, a1 = 0.99 ± 0.04, a0 = 0.70 ± 2.29, R2 = 0.98 ± 0.01 and ρC 0.99) when compared to the other evaluated methods. Experimental results demonstrate the usability and feasibility of our system to estimate knee motion with high accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility. This wearable system may be suitable for motion assessment in rehabilitation labs in future studies.
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41
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Combining Radar and Optical Sensor Data to Measure Player Value in Baseball. SENSORS 2020; 21:s21010064. [PMID: 33374299 PMCID: PMC7796355 DOI: 10.3390/s21010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating a player’s talent level based on batted balls is one of the most important and difficult tasks facing baseball analysts. An array of sensors has been installed in Major League Baseball stadiums that capture seven terabytes of data during each game. These data increase interest among spectators, but also can be used to quantify the performances of players on the field. The weighted on base average cube model has been used to generate reliable estimates of batter performance using measured batted-ball parameters, but research has shown that running speed is also a determinant of batted-ball performance. In this work, we used machine learning methods to combine a three-dimensional batted-ball vector measured by Doppler radar with running speed measurements generated by stereoscopic optical sensors. We show that this process leads to an improved model for the batted-ball performances of players.
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42
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Auepanwiriyakul C, Waibel S, Songa J, Bentley P, Faisal AA. Accuracy and Acceptability of Wearable Motion Tracking for Inpatient Monitoring Using Smartwatches. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20247313. [PMID: 33352717 PMCID: PMC7766923 DOI: 10.3390/s20247313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) within an everyday consumer smartwatch offer a convenient and low-cost method to monitor the natural behaviour of hospital patients. However, their accuracy at quantifying limb motion, and clinical acceptability, have not yet been demonstrated. To this end we conducted a two-stage study: First, we compared the inertial accuracy of wrist-worn IMUs, both research-grade (Xsens MTw Awinda, and Axivity AX3) and consumer-grade (Apple Watch Series 3 and 5), and optical motion tracking (OptiTrack). Given the moderate to strong performance of the consumer-grade sensors, we then evaluated this sensor and surveyed the experiences and attitudes of hospital patients (N = 44) and staff (N = 15) following a clinical test in which patients wore smartwatches for 1.5–24 h in the second study. Results indicate that for acceleration, Xsens is more accurate than the Apple Series 5 and 3 smartwatches and Axivity AX3 (RMSE 1.66 ± 0.12 m·s−2; R2 0.78 ± 0.02; RMSE 2.29 ± 0.09 m·s−2; R2 0.56 ± 0.01; RMSE 2.14 ± 0.09 m·s−2; R2 0.49 ± 0.02; RMSE 4.12 ± 0.18 m·s−2; R2 0.34 ± 0.01 respectively). For angular velocity, Series 5 and 3 smartwatches achieved similar performances against Xsens with RMSE 0.22 ± 0.02 rad·s−1; R2 0.99 ± 0.00; and RMSE 0.18 ± 0.01 rad·s−1; R2 1.00± SE 0.00, respectively. Surveys indicated that in-patients and healthcare professionals strongly agreed that wearable motion sensors are easy to use, comfortable, unobtrusive, suitable for long-term use, and do not cause anxiety or limit daily activities. Our results suggest that consumer smartwatches achieved moderate to strong levels of accuracy compared to laboratory gold-standard and are acceptable for pervasive monitoring of motion/behaviour within hospital settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaiyawan Auepanwiriyakul
- Brain & Behaviour Lab, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (C.A.); (S.W.)
- Behaviour Analytics Lab, Data Science Institute, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sigourney Waibel
- Brain & Behaviour Lab, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (C.A.); (S.W.)
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK;
| | - Joanna Songa
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK;
| | - Paul Bentley
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK;
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (A.A.F.)
| | - A. Aldo Faisal
- Brain & Behaviour Lab, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (C.A.); (S.W.)
- Behaviour Analytics Lab, Data Science Institute, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- UKRI CDT in AI for Healthcare, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London W12 0NN, UK
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (A.A.F.)
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Thamsuwan O, Galvin K, Tchong-French M, Aulck L, Boyle LN, Ching RP, McQuade KJ, Johnson PW. Comparisons of physical exposure between workers harvesting apples on mobile orchard platforms and ladders, part 1: Back and upper arm postures. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2020; 89:103193. [PMID: 32771690 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study compared farmworkers' exposure to non-neutral postures using a new mobile platform apple harvesting method and the traditional method using ladders. Twenty-four workers were recruited and assigned into three groups: ladder workers (n = 8) picking apples from full trees using a ladder, mobile platform workers (n = 8) picking apples from upper part of the trees while standing on a moving platform, and ground-based mobile platform workers (n = 8) picking apples from lower part of the trees which the mobile platform workers left out. Upper arm and back inclinations were continuously monitored during harvesting using tri-axial accelerometers over full work shifts (~8 h). Upper arm posture was characterized as the percentage of time that upper arm flexion and abduction exceeded 30°, 60°, and 90°. Back posture was characterized as the percentage of time that torso angles (sagittal flexion or lateral bending) exceeded 10°, 20°, and 30°. The 10th, 50th, and 90th postural percentiles were also calculated. The platform workers had lower exposures to upper arm flexion and abduction than the ground and ladder workers. There were no differences in torso angles between the ladder and mobile platform workers; however, the ground workers were exposed to more and greater percentages of time in torso flexions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornwipa Thamsuwan
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Kit Galvin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maria Tchong-French
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lovenoor Aulck
- Information School, University of Washington, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Linda Ng Boyle
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Randal P Ching
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevin J McQuade
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter W Johnson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Chen H, Schall MC, Fethke NB. Measuring upper arm elevation using an inertial measurement unit: An exploration of sensor fusion algorithms and gyroscope models. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2020; 89:103187. [PMID: 32854821 PMCID: PMC9605636 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Many sensor fusion algorithms for analyzing human motion information collected with inertial measurement units have been reported in the scientific literature. Selecting which algorithm to use can be a challenge for ergonomists that may be unfamiliar with the strengths and limitations of the various options. In this paper, we describe fundamental differences among several algorithms, including differences in sensor fusion approach (e.g., complementary filter vs. Kalman Filter) and gyroscope error modeling (i.e., inclusion or exclusion of gyroscope bias). We then compare different sensor fusion algorithms considering the fundamentals discussed using laboratory-based measurements of upper arm elevation collected under three motion speeds. Results indicate peak displacement errors of <4.5° with a computationally efficient, non-proprietary complementary filter that did not account for gyroscope bias during each of the one-minute trials. Controlling for gyroscope bias reduced peak displacement errors to <3.0°. The complementary filters were comparable (<1° peak displacement difference) to the more complex Kalman filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, AL, USA.
| | - Mark C Schall
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Auburn University, AL, USA
| | - Nathan B Fethke
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Durand J, Prat A, Provot T, Bascou J, Simonetti E. Identification of gait stability indices for the rehabilitation follow-up of people with transtibial amputation: a preliminary study. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1812172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Durand
- Institution nationale des Invalides (INI)/CERAH, Créteil, France
| | - A. Prat
- Institution nationale des Invalides (INI)/CERAH, Créteil, France
| | - T. Provot
- EPF – Graduate School of Engineering, 3 bis rue Lakanal, Sceaux, France
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Paris, France
| | - J. Bascou
- Institution nationale des Invalides (INI)/CERAH, Créteil, France
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Paris, France
| | - E. Simonetti
- Institution nationale des Invalides (INI)/CERAH, Créteil, France
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Paris, France
- University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
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Belluscio V, Bergamini E, Tramontano M, Formisano R, Buzzi MG, Vannozzi G. Does Curved Walking Sharpen the Assessment of Gait Disorders? An Instrumented Approach Based on Wearable Inertial Sensors. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20185244. [PMID: 32937877 PMCID: PMC7570481 DOI: 10.3390/s20185244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gait and balance assessment in the clinical context mainly focuses on straight walking. Despite that curved trajectories and turning are commonly faced in our everyday life and represent a challenge for people with gait disorders. The adoption of curvilinear trajectories in the rehabilitation practice could have important implications for the definition of protocols tailored on individual’s needs. The aim of this study was to contribute toward the quantitative characterization of straight versus curved walking using an ecological approach and focusing on healthy and neurological populations. Twenty healthy adults (control group (CG)) and 20 patients with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) (9 severe, sTBI-S, and 11 very severe, sTBI-VS) performed a 10 m and a Figure-of-8 Walk Test while wearing four inertial sensors that were located on both tibiae, sternum and pelvis. Spatiotemporal and gait quality indices that were related to locomotion stability, symmetry, and smoothness were obtained. The results show that spatiotemporal, stability, and symmetry-related gait patterns are challenged by curved walking both in healthy subjects and sTBI-S, whereas no difference was displayed for sTBI-VS. The use of straight walking alone to assess gait disorders is thus discouraged, particularly in patients with good walking abilities, in favor of the adoption of complementary tests that were also based on curved paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Belluscio
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135 Roma, Italy; (V.B.); or (G.V.)
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Roma, Italy; (R.F.); (M.G.B.)
| | - Elena Bergamini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135 Roma, Italy; (V.B.); or (G.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0636-733-506
| | - Marco Tramontano
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135 Roma, Italy; (V.B.); or (G.V.)
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Roma, Italy; (R.F.); (M.G.B.)
| | - Rita Formisano
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Roma, Italy; (R.F.); (M.G.B.)
| | - Maria Gabriella Buzzi
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Roma, Italy; (R.F.); (M.G.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135 Roma, Italy; (V.B.); or (G.V.)
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Horenstein RE, Goudeau YR, Lewis CL, Shefelbine SJ. Using Magneto-Inertial Measurement Units to Pervasively Measure Hip Joint Motion during Sports. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20174970. [PMID: 32887517 PMCID: PMC7506643 DOI: 10.3390/s20174970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of wireless sensors to measure motion in non-laboratory settings continues to grow in popularity. Thus far, most validated systems have been applied to measurements in controlled settings and/or for prescribed motions. The aim of this study was to characterize adolescent hip joint motion of elite-level athletes (soccer players) during practice and recreationally active peers (controls) in after-school activities using a magneto-inertial measurement unit (MIMU) system. Opal wireless sensors (APDM Inc., Portland OR, USA) were placed at the sacrum and laterally on each thigh (three sensors total). Hip joint motion was characterized by hip acceleration and hip orientation for one hour of activity on a sports field. Our methods and analysis techniques can be applied to other joints and activities. We also provide recommendations in order to guide future work using MIMUs to pervasively assess joint motions of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Horenstein
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (R.E.H.); (Y.R.G.)
| | - Yohann R. Goudeau
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (R.E.H.); (Y.R.G.)
| | - Cara L. Lewis
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Sandra J. Shefelbine
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (R.E.H.); (Y.R.G.)
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence:
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Pavei G, Salis F, Cereatti A, Bergamini E. Body center of mass trajectory and mechanical energy using inertial sensors: a feasible stride? Gait Posture 2020; 80:199-205. [PMID: 32526617 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The description of the three-dimensional (3D) trajectory of the body center of mass (BCoM) provides useful insights on the mechanics of locomotion. The BCoM trajectory can be estimated from ground reaction forces, recorded by force platforms (GRF, gold standard), or from marker trajectories recorded by stereophotogrammetric systems (MKR). However, both instruments do not allow for monitoring locomotion in the real-life environment. In this perspective, magneto-inertial measurement units (MIMUs) are particularly attractive being wearable, thus enabling to collect movement data out of the laboratory. RESEARCH QUESTIONS To investigate the feasibility and accuracy of a recent marketed full-body MIMU-based method for the estimation of the 3D BCoM trajectory and energetics during walking. METHODS Twelve subjects walked at self-selected and slow speed along a 12 m long walkway. GRF and MKR were acquired using three force platforms and a stereophotogrammetric system. MIMU data were collected using a full-body MIMU-based motion capture system (Xsens MTw Awinda). The 3D BCoM trajectory, external mechanical work and energy recovery were extracted from the data acquired by the three measurement systems, using state-of-the-art methods. The accuracy of both MKR- and MIMU-based estimates compared with GRF was assessed for the BCoM trajectory (maximum, minimum, range, and RMSD), as well as for mechanical work and energy recovery. RESULTS A total number of 108 strides were analyzed. MIMU-based BCoM trajectory displayed larger errors in comparison with GRF (and MKR) for the trajectory ranges: 89 ± 47(93 ± 44)% in antero-posterior, 46 ± 25(40 ± 79)% medio-lateral and -13 ± 23(-5 ± 25)% vertical directions, leading to a 3D RMSD of 17 ± 5(12 ± 5) mm (mean ± SD). These discrepancies largely affected the estimation of both mechanical work and energy recovery (+115 ± 85% and -28 ± 21%, respectively). SIGNIFICANCE Preliminary findings highlighted that the tested MIMU-based method for BCoM trajectory estimation still lacks accuracy and that the quantification of energetics in real-life situations remains an open challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspare Pavei
- Laboratory of Physiomechanics of Locomotion, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Francesca Salis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Piazza Università 21, 07100, Sassari, Italy; Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), Piazza Università 21, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Andrea Cereatti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Piazza Università 21, 07100, Sassari, Italy; Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), Piazza Università 21, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Elena Bergamini
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), Piazza Università 21, 07100, Sassari, Italy; Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135 Rome, Italy.
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Topological Sequence Recognition Mechanism of Dynamic Connected Cars Using the Connected Mobile Virtual Fence (CMVF) System for Connected Car Technology. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10124347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To prevent traffic accidents, even autonomous vehicles, as well as connected cars, need to know the driving situation of other vehicles in the vicinity. In particular, in emergency situations, messages’ transmission among vehicles can face many problems such as the broadcast storm, message flooding, or message contention. Therefore, this paper proposes a topological sequence recognition mechanism that calculates the driving direction of vehicles, the geographical location and relative position associated with the driving direction, and the relative safety distance for each vehicle in connected subgroups of connected cars using the Connected Mobile Virtual Fence (CMVF) system. Thus, the proposed mechanism can alleviate issues with message dissemination as a vehicle will know the driving situations of other nearby vehicles. In addition, the proposed mechanism is found to be very effective, particularly in preventing secondary accidents due to traffic accidents in front of the vehicle so that emergency messages can be disseminated to the trailing vehicles. Finally, it is expected that the proposed mechanism will be reflected in the technology of connected cars and autonomous vehicles.
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Alizadeh Meghrazi M, Tian Y, Mahnam A, Bhattachan P, Eskandarian L, Taghizadeh Kakhki S, Popovic MR, Lankarany M. Multichannel ECG recording from waist using textile sensors. Biomed Eng Online 2020; 19:48. [PMID: 32546233 PMCID: PMC7296680 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-020-00788-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of wearable health monitoring systems is garnering tremendous interest in research, technology and commercial applications. Their ability of providing unique capabilities in continuous, real-time, and non-invasive tracking of the physiological markers of users can provide insights into the performance and health of individuals. Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals are of particular interest, as cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally. Monitoring heart health and its conditions such as ventricular disturbances and arrhythmias can be achieved through evaluating various features of ECG such as R-peaks, QRS complex, T-wave, and P-wave. Despite recent advances in biosensors for wearable applications, most of the currently available solutions rely solely on a single system attached to the body, limiting the ability to obtain reliable and multi-location biosignals. However, in engineering systems, sensor fusion, which is the optimal integration and processing of data from multiple sensors, has been a common theme and should be considered for wearables. In recent years, due to an increase in the availability and variety of different types of sensors, the possibility of achieving sensor fusion in wearable systems has become more attainable. Sensor fusion in multi-sensing systems results in significant enhancements of information inferences compared to those from systems with a sole sensor. One step towards the development of sensor fusion for wearable health monitoring systems is the accessibility to multiple reliable electrophysiological signals, which can be recorded continuously. RESULTS In this paper, we develop a textile-based multichannel ECG band that has the ability to measure ECG from multiple locations on the waist. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate that ECG signals can be reliably obtained from different locations on the waist where the shape of the QRS complex is nearly comparable with recordings from the chest using traditional gel electrodes. In addition, we develop a probabilistic approach-based on prediction and update strategies-to detect R-peaks from noisy textile data in different statuses, including sitting, standing, and jogging. In this approach, an optimal search method is utilized to detect R-peaks based on the history of the intervals between previously detected R-peaks. We show that the performance of our probabilistic approach in R-peak detection is significantly better than that based on Pan-Tompkins and optimal-threshold methods. CONCLUSION A textile-based multichannel ECG band was developed to track the heart rate changes from multiple locations on the waist. We demonstrated that (i) the ECG signal can be detected from different locations on the waist, and (ii) the accuracy of the detected R-peaks from textile sensors was improved by using our proposed probabilistic approach. Despite the limitations of the textile sensors that might compromise the quality of ECG signals, we anticipate that the textile-based multichannel ECG band can be considered as an effective wearable system to facilitate the development of sensor fusion methodology for pervasive and non-invasive health monitoring through continuous tracking of heart rate variability (HRV) from the waist. In addition, from the commercialization point of view, we anticipate that the developed band has the potential to be integrated into garments such as underwear, bras or pants so that individuals can use it on a daily basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Alizadeh Meghrazi
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Materials Science& Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yupeng Tian
- Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Ave, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Presish Bhattachan
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Ladan Eskandarian
- Department of Materials Science& Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sara Taghizadeh Kakhki
- Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Ave, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Milos R Popovic
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Milad Lankarany
- Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Ave, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada. .,Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada.
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